AP PSYCH FINAL FIRST SEMESTER PART 1

terminal branches of axon

Branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons

secondary reinforcer

Money most often modifies people's behavior because it is a powerful

medulla oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

cones

People who are color blind most likely have deficiencies in their

all-or-none principle/law

Refers to the fact that the action potential in the axon occurs either full-blown or not at all.

Acetylcholine

Researchers looking to create a drug to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease would most likely focus their efforts on which of the following neurotransmitters?

repolarization

Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell.

likely to be as similar and dissimilar to one another as are Vince's and Frankie's personalities

Ruth and Debbie are identical twins who were raised by the same family. Vince and Frankie are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised by different families. According to research on the heritability of personality traits, Ruth's and Debbie's personalities are statistically

Reticular formation

Significant damage to which of the following parts of the brain will most likely cause a person to fall into a deep coma from which the person will be unable to awaken?

Ervin always buckles his seat belt to stop the beeping sound his car makes when the seat belt is unbuckled.

The operant conditioning concept of negative reinforcement is illustrated in which of the following scenarios?

gaining insight into unconscious motives

The psychodynamic perspective proposes that dream analysis is a useful device for which of the following?

interneurons

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

peripheral nervous system

non central nervous system

cerebral cortex

outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

PET

positron emission tomography

amygdala

processing emotions, social stimuli, and memory

dendrites

receive input from other neurons through receptors on their surface

thalamus

relays sensory information

Unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Which of the following aspects of classical conditioning is demonstrated by Quadrant 1 in the figure?

A rat allowed to wander a maze for a few days can run it more quickly after a reward is later introduced.

Which of the following examples best illustrates latent learning?

A behavior strengthened by secondary reinforcement

Which of the following is a learned response?

An antidepressant, because they block serotonin and norepinephrine receptors.

Which of the following is classified as an antagonist?

A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday.

Which of the following is the best example of shaping?

While driving through the state of Mississippi, Lance was stopped for speeding and had to pay an expensive speeding ticket. As a result, he no longer goes over the speed limit when driving in Mississippi.

Which of the following operant conditioning concepts is an example of positive punishment?

cognitive

Which of the following perspectives suggests that depression is due to the unconscious conflicts and hostile feelings that originate in early childhood?

motor learning

Xi Bai was injured in a car accident and sustained damage to the cerebellum. Which of the following would Xi Bai anticipate to be disrupted by this injury?

communication within a neuron diagram

_____ communicates with combination of electrical and chemical signals

reticular formation

a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

reuptake

a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron

MEG

a non-invasive brain imaging technique that uses magnetic sensors to detect and record the magnetic fields produced by the brain's electrical activity

CT/CAT

a noninvasive medical imaging procedure that uses X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body

adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

motor cortex

an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

sensory (afferent) neurons

arriving to the brain

pons

bridge passes neurons one way to another

glial cells

cells in the nervous system that support

depolarization

change in the membrane potential from the resting membrane potential to a less negative or even positive potential

neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

parietal lobe

contains somatosensory cortex receives info about temperature, pressure, texture, and pain

cell body (soma)

contains the nucleus and other parts of the cell needed to sustain its life

Hypothalamus

controls the temperature and water balance of the body controls sex and hunger drive

antagonists

drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter

agonists

drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter

motor (efferent) neurons

exiting the brain

brain lesion

experimentally destroys brain tissue to study animal behaviors after such destruction

temporal lobe

handles auditory input and processes speech and music

norepinephrine

helps control alertness and arousal lack of calls depression

frontal lobes

higher level thought and reasoning

limbic system

hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus

dopamine

influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion role in parkinsons and schizophrenia

myelin sheath

insulation for axons and speeds up the rate which electrical rate transfers down them

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

endorphins

natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia.

acetylcholine (ACh)

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction

Substance P

A neurotransmitter that is involved in the transmission of pain messages to the brain.

Difficulty with speech production

A person with damage to Broca's area would most likely demonstrate which of the following symptoms?

evolutionary

A researcher conducted a study to investigate whether women in the first trimester of pregnancy score higher on levels of disgust than women who are in a later stage of pregnancy. The researcher believes that being more selective about food choices helps pregnant women avoid diseases that could harm their fetuses. A researcher from which of the following psychological perspectives would most likely be interested in examining this relationship?

Neural messages will travel slowly down the axon, leading to motor impairment.

Betty was just diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Which of the following effects is she most likely to experience?

nervous system vs. endocrine system

1. Both control the body systems. 2. The nervous system works faster. 3. It can take hours or days for endocrine system to take effect once hormone is released. 4. The effect lasts longer for hormones in Endocrine System.

alcohol

A certain drug reduces the activity of the central nervous system, including the hippocampus and cerebellum. It affects several neurotransmitters, most notably gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Which of the following is most like the drug in question ?

reduced inhibition

A common psychological effect of alcohol intake is

leptin

A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite.

oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

adrenaline

A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress

ghrelin

A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

fMRI

A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans.

serotonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

positive reinforcement

Barney is a somewhat distractible second-grade student who finds schoolwork a bit boring. After a couple of minutes of working silently, Barney often starts to misbehave until his teacher, Ms. Skinner, calls his name and scolds him. However, he enjoys this attention from her and continues to misbehave. With respect to Barney's misbehavior, Ms. Skinner's attention serves as

depressant

Based on its effects on the central nervous system, alcohol can be classified as which of the following concepts?

reinforcement

Based on the data presented in the table, which consequence was used by the training staff for dog #2?

brain stem

Connects the brain and spinal cord

Broca's Area

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

Temporal lobes

Dr. Cruickshank conducted a study to examine whether cerebral cortex activity in the brain would be higher during memory retrieval for a test or during the initial learning process. She conducted brain scans on 10 volunteers while they were learning a new set of vocabulary words and while they were given a test on the same vocabulary words. In which lobes of the brain should Dr. Cruickshank expect to see activity when subjects process the sounds of the vocabulary words?

polarization

Division into two opposite positions

The distribution would be positively skewed.

Dr. Bijou developed a test that measured the extent to which people have fixed mindsets about intelligence. In her data set, the mean is higher than the median. Which of the following describes the type of distribution her data set would display?

Dr. Mizrahi did not get informed consent from his patients.

Dr. Mizrahi is designing a study to test whether antidepressants are more effective than placebos. Using electronic medical records, Dr. Mizrahi gathers a random sample of his patients who display a set of symptoms typically associated with major depressive disorder. He randomly assigns participants to receive an antidepressant medication or a placebo as a substitute for their daily multivitamin. Neither the participants nor Dr. Mizrahi know who is in which group. Which of the following should be of concern when trying to evaluate whether Dr. Mizrahi adhered to established ethical research guidelines?

debriefing

Dr. Yankovic is interested in whether humans display more anger on their faces when they are alone or with others. Subjects were told that the purpose of the experiment was to evaluate different personality traits using a personality inventory. However, the true purpose of the study was to expose subjects to a frustrating situation in which the personality inventory they are filling out keeps restarting and their information does not save. Subjects' faces are closely monitored in the alone condition and in the with others condition to see whether subjects display more anger when alone or with others. Which ethical guideline does Dr. Yankovic need to follow at the conclusion of the study?

each person in the town has the same probability of being chosen for the study

Drawing a random sample of people from a town for an interview study of social attitudes ensures that

Fixed ratio

For every twenty cell phones that Tom sells, he will get a $50 bonus. The bonuses are an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules?

negatively reinforced

Four-year-old Moesha screams and cries because she wants a candy bar. When her father, Bill, finally gives in and buys her the candy, she stops screaming. Bill tells the grocery clerk it will always be worth paying for candy to get Moesha to stop screaming. Bill's act of buying the candy is

people see a triangle with missing corners as a complete triangle because of the principle of closure

Gestalt psychologists studied how

perception

Gestalt psychology is concerned primarily with understanding which of the following?

both an unconditioned and a conditioned response

In experiments in classical conditioning, the dog's salivation to food and a tone was considered which of the following?

social-learning theory

Jeff always tells his children not to use bad language when something does not go the way they want. Unfortunately, Jeff uses bad language occasionally and his children have observed him do so. Now Jeff's children use bad language. This can be explained by

his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive

Johnny often hits his brother even though his brother does not do anything to antagonize him. Johnny's aggression is most likely due to a combination of which of the following factors?

Lock and Key Mechanism of Neurotransmitters

Key is transmitter substance, lock is receptor site on neuron

digesting food

The autonomic nervous system is most directly involved in

reuptake inhibitors

The drugs that block the reabsorption of neurotransmitters in the synapse during neural transmission are best identified as which of the following concepts?

pituitary gland

The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

synaptic cleft

The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell.

endocrine system

the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

phrenology

the detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental abilities.

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

somatic nervous system

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles

synapse

the gap between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

autonomic nervous system

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

axon

transmits neural message down its length then passes its information on to other cells