AP PSYCH TEST
Arun's coworkers regularly describe him as being very agreeable. According to the behavioral perspective of personality, Arun's agreeableness most likely comes from A. being rewarded for exhibiting agreeable behavior as a child B. witnessing agreeable behavior and wishing to mimic that behavior C. a character trait that he inherited from his family D. having a secure attachment with his parents E. the superego successfully controlling the impulses of the id
A.
Dr. Anderson is a psychologist who currently has a patient who is having difficulty forming relationships with others. To help her patient work through his issues, Dr. Anderson focuses on developing with him a strong relationship that is characterized by unconditional positive regard. Dr. Anderson's approach is most consistent with which type of theory of personality? A. Humanist B. Psychodynamic C. Behaviorist D. Biological E. Trait
A.
Emotions are controlled primarily by the A. limbic system B. endocrine system C. occipital lobe D. hindbrain hindbrain E. corpus callosum
A.
Gayle's teacher wants to increase effective study habits in her students by using negative reinforcement. Gayle's teacher would most likely enforce this by (A) removing an unpleasant stimulus (B) removing a pleasant stimulus (C) introducing an unpleasant stimulus (D) introducing a pleasant stimulus (E) rewarding successive approximations of effective study habits
A.
Jenny and Anne are identical twins but were separated at birth and adopted by different families. When they meet each other as adults, they are interested to learn that they share some aspects of personality but differ in other aspects. Albert Bandura, known for the social learning theory of personality, would most likely attribute the differences in the twins' personalities to A. differences in the environmental stimuli they experienced and elicited from others during development B. subconscious desires to differentiate themselves from each other C. their substantial differences in genetic makeup D. the fact that genetic factors influence personality only in childhood E. the attachment style they developed during childhood
A.
Michael is a kindergartner who is habitually very kind to his classmates and always wants to play with others, even if it means sharing his toys. However, every morning when his mother leaves him at school, he becomes very upset and cries for a half hour. How would a trait theorist most likely characterize his relative levels of extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness? A. High on extraversion; high on neuroticism; high on agreeableness B. Low on extraversion; low on neuroticism; low on agreeableness C. High on extraversion; high on neuroticism; low on agreeableness D. High on extraversion; low on neuroticism; high on agreeableness E. Low on extraversion; high on neuroticism; low on agreeableness
A.
Monica is kicking a soccer ball with her brother in her front yard. When the ball rolls into the street, Monica runs into the street to retrieve it, and her father yells at her from the window. Monica becomes upset when her father raises his voice. How do the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion and the James-Lange theory of emotion differ in explaining Monica's response to her father's raised voice? A. The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's physiological arousal precedes her emotional state. B. The James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's emotional state and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's physiological arousal precedes her emotional state. C. The James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's emotional state and arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems from her cognitive appraisal of her father's disapproval combined with physiological arousal. D. The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems primarily from physiological factors, whereas the James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems from her cognitive appraisal of her father's disapproval combined with physiological arousal. E. The James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems primarily from physiological factors, whereas the Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems primarily from cognitive appraisal factors.
A.
Personality tests that use forced-choice questions are beneficial in identifying personality traits because they A. minimize desirability bias because test takers are choosing between two unrelated statements B. allow the psychologist to account for how the participant acts in a variety of different situations C. can test more personality facets than can other personality inventories D. allow test takers to give intermediate responses E. are subjective in nature, which allows a psychologist to draw more accurate conclusions from the data
A.
The best example of a biological predisposition to learning is which of the following? (A) After Ted got sick from eating sushi from the deli, he became nauseous whenever he thought of eating sushi. (B) Little Cardi gets in her toy car and imitates the way her mother drives a real car. (C) By using shaping techniques, a researcher can teach a chicken to play tic-tac-toe. (D) Rats can learn to run complex mazes even without food rewards present. (E) After getting kicked by a donkey, Sarah developed a fear of not only donkeys but also horses.
A.
The best method to understand the causal effect of a reward on an intrinsically motivated behavior is to A. conduct an experiment in which intrinsic motivation for a behavior is tested prior to administering a reward for that same behavior in a random sample of the participants and then measure the motivation after the reward is taken away B. conduct a case study in which one individual is interviewed extensively about his or her intrinsic motivation for a behavior and the effect of rewards C. conduct a cross-sectional study in which a large sample of individuals are interviewed extensively about their intrinsic motivation for a behavior and the effect of rewards D. conduct an experiment where a random sample of the participants are given a reward for a given behavior and measure whether the behavior increases E. conduct a correlational study where the relationship between participants' self-reported intrinsic motivation for a behavior is correlated with the rewards they receive for that behavior
A.
Which of the following describes sexual orientation? A. Developing an inherent attraction or romantic relationship with a given gender or genders B. Feeling gender is consistent throughout the life span C. Identifying as a specific gender D. Developing an overgeneralization about a group of individuals based on their gender E. Learning a set of expectations that one feels are appropriate for various genders
A.
Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the acquisition of a fear of snakes? (A) Randolph's brother frequently startled Randolph whenever he approached a snake, which caused Randolph to develop an intense fear of them. (B) Tim used to be afraid of snakes, but after a number of harmless interactions with them, his fear subsided. (C) Faye's fear of snakes went away when she had a few pleasant encounters with them, but after a period of time, the fear returned. (D) Vivian's long-held fear of snakes only applied to ones that were striped. (E) Chester received a painful bite from a snake years ago, and ever since he has feared not only snakes but also worms and caterpillars.
A.
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. Jimmy, an infant, is learning about the world by exploring with his hands and his mouth. B. Milen, a sixth grader, is learning a new math concept with the help of a more advanced math student. C. Frances, a toddler, is struggling between feelings of autonomy and self-doubt. D. Riaesha, a seventh grader, is learning because her teacher models an activity and then steps back, providing assistance as needed. E. Matthew, a three year old, tells his mother he wants to marry her when he grows up.
A.
Which scenario best illustrates what Erik Erikson would predict would happen in middle adulthood? A. Timothy has worked at a bank for many years, where he feels rather stifled. He then decides to volunteer to read books to young children because he finds this volunteerism fulfilling. B. Shanika works hard to accomplish new things and is very proud when she does. C. Jorge likes to reminisce about his life. He thinks of the things he is proud of and the times he was disappointed in his experiences. D. Anthony likes when he does things independently and feels bad when he cannot accomplish things on his own. E. Amelia has tried many different ways of defining herself over the past few years.
A.
Anthony is an adolescent who has a pimple on his cheek and thinks everyone is looking at it. Which of the following best explains what Anthony is experiencing? A. The personal fable phenomenon B. The imaginary audience phenomenon C. Moratorium D. Identity foreclosure E. Identity diffusion
B.
Cheryl has difficulty making friends. She frequently argues with her peers and is mean to them. Her poor peer relationships can be explained by the fact that A. she has a strong identity B. she has a tense relationship with her parents C. she is identity foreclosed D. she is experiencing adolescent egocentrism E. her cerebellum is not fully developed so she is overly emotional
B.
Domy was raised in a collectivistic culture, while Naureen was raised in an individualistic culture. Based on their upbringings, it is most safe to conclude that compared to Naureen, Domy is more likely to A. keep a journal in which she highlights the ways that she is special and unique B. skip going to a concert so she can have dinner with her family C. tell her boss that a coworker did not contribute to a project so that she could get full credit for the work D. speak up at a meeting to make sure her ideas are heard E. try to run faster on the treadmill at the gym than the person on the treadmill next to her
B.
Gender identity is when children begin to do which of the following? A. Believe that gender is consistent over the life span B. Identify as either male, female, or some blend of male and female C. Believe that there are set ways that people of different genders are supposed to behave D. Make generalizations about a gender group E. Develop a way of thinking about people of each gender
B.
Giraldo is unhappy at work. One explanation that is consistent with psychoanalytic theories of personality is that A. Giraldo feels he cannot really be himself at work, and this lack of self-actualization causes his unhappiness B. Giraldo feels critical of his choice not to go to college, and his defense mechanism is to blame his job for his unhappiness C. Giraldo feels he has no choice about his work duties, and this external locus of control leads to his unhappiness D. Giraldo thinks he is terrible at his job and everyone will soon find out, and this lack of self-efficacy leads to his unhappiness E. Giraldo is generally not a very friendly or happy person, and this trait of low agreeableness causes his unhappiness
B.
It is not possible to randomly assign the participants in Lawrence Kohlberg's studies on moral development into groups because A. Kohlberg did not believe there were distinct stages of moral development B. Kohlberg compared people of different ages C. deception would be necessary D. it would be unethical E. his research would then not be generalizable to groups other than men
B.
Rolf is beginning to learn to ski, but he is nervous about going down some of the steeper slopes. Which of the following potential explanatory factors would theorist Alfred Adler be most interested in exploring to understand Rolf's concerns? A. Rolf's need to overcome his feelings of isolation in the world B. Rolf's feelings about his older sister, who qualified for the Olympics in skiing C. Rolf's need to achieve self-actualization D. Rolf's neurotic personality E. Rolf's desire to prove to himself that he is capable of skiing down the steeper slopes, and his certainty that he has observed sufficient skilled skiers to emulate them
B.
When Jordan was one year old, he and his father were in a car accident. Neither he nor anyone else in the car was seriously injured, and as an adult he has no memory of the event, though his father developed anxiety around cars as a result. Jordan is now 26 years old. Despite not having been in any car accidents since he was one year old, Jordan has recently begun experiencing anxiety every time he gets in a car. According to psychoanalytic theories of personality, why is Jordan experiencing anxiety? A. His anxiety is likely genetic and not related to the accident at all. B. Despite not having any conscious memory of the accident, he remembers it in his subconscious, and that has begun to cause his anxiety. C. He has learned to be anxious regarding cars over time because he has witnessed his father being anxious. D. His anxiety was extinguished over time by not being reinforced by additional car accidents, but he is now experiencing spontaneous recovery of the anxiety. E. Anxiety most often begins to develop after the age of twenty-six.
B.
Which of the following is an example of a key element of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. Stephani's reading progressed the same from seventh grade to eighth grade as it did from first grade to second grade. B. Catherine finally realized her grandfather is her father's father. C. Erin excelled at math despite the fact that she did not have good math teachers. D. Courtney's ability to read was equally influenced by all the books in her home and her age. E. Spencer's vocabulary increased by the same number of words every ten years throughout his life.
B.
Which of the following scenarios most directly refutes trait theories of psychology? A. Benjamin takes a personality inventory and feels that it describes him very well. B. Victoria goes to the same restaurant and orders the same meal every day, but when she goes out to eat with friends, she likes to order the most interesting thing on the menu. C. Cristobal is habitually easily frustrated when he does not get his way. D. Assaf keeps his house very organized. E. Franklin gets along with just about everyone he meets and makes friends wherever he goes.
B.
Becky just watched a video of a child hitting a doll. According to Albert Bandura's research, Becky will now A. get a second doll B. hit her own doll C. hug her doll D. hide her doll E. stop playing with her doll
B. hit her own doll
Alison is completing a practicum in a psychiatric clinic, and her supervisor has asked her to select an appropriate test for a patient she suspects has a personality disorder but who is otherwise within the normal range for IQ and does not appear to have other cognitive issues. Of the following measures, which would be the most appropriate choice? A. The Rorschach test B. The Stanford-Binet test C. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®) D. The HEXACO Personality Inventory Revised (HEXACO PI - R) E. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI®)
C.
Annette, who lives in the United States, experienced menarche at age ten, while her great-grandmother experienced it at age fourteen. Which of the following most likely explains the difference between the age that Annette and the age that her great-grandmother experienced menarche? A. Annette's great-grandmother lived in a rural area, while Annette lives in a city. B. Annette's great-grandmother was shorter than Annette. C. Annette has better nutrition and medical care than her great-grandmother did. D. Annette is the youngest child in her family, while her great-grandmother was the oldest child in her family. E. Annette has more peers of the same age than her great-grandmother did.
C.
Carol Gilligan was critical of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. What is the basis of her critique? A. She thought he should have used more men in his study. B. She thought he should have conducted actual experiments. C. She thought his findings about men are not generalizable to women. D. She thought his research was unethical. E. She thought he should have only studied adolescents.
C.
Crystal has three children she loves and cares for very much. Denise has two children that she neglects. Crystal's children are very friendly and talk to people more often than Denise's children. Which of the following is the likely result of the children's attachment to their mothers? A. Denise's children will have better identity formation. B. Crystal used rewards and punishments more often than Denise. C. Crystal's children will have better socialization skills. D. Denise's children's schemas regarding parent-child relationships are quite strong E. Crystal's children will have resolved the Oedipal complex, and Denise's children will not have.
C.
Which of the following scenarios best describes the relationship between temperament and child-parent relationships? A. Garrett's parents reward him for having an easy temperament, so he remains an easy child. B. Stanley has an easy temperament, which has made him more sensitive to differences in parenting. C. Anthony has a difficult temperament, which has made him less sensitive to differences in parenting. D. Fred has a slow-to-warm-up temperament, which has led his parents to be distant with him. E. Sammy has a difficult temperament, but his parents love and care for him anyway.
E.
Diane is very disciplined and usually completes the goals she sets for herself. How would a trait theory of personality and a social cognitive theory of personality differ in their explanations of Diane's behavior? A. A trait theory might say that Diane is highly conscientious, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane has a fixed mind-set. B. A trait theory might say that Diane has a fixed mind-set, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane is highly open to experiences. C. A trait theory might say that Diane is highly conscientious, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane's belief about her own self-efficacy drives her behavior. D. A trait theory might say that Diane's belief about her own self-efficacy drives her behavior, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane is highly conscientious. E. A trait theory might say that Diane is highly open to experiences, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane has a fixed mind-set.
C.
Dr. Brenner works with people to help them decide what jobs would be most suitable for them. She wants her clients to take a personality inventory and believes that the five-factor model of personality is the best model to use to determine job fit. The test that will give her reliable results and best fit her view of personality is the A. Draw-A-Person test (DAP) B. Woodworth Personal Data Sheet C. NEO™ Personality Inventory-3 (NEO™-PI-3) D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale®—Fourth Edition (WAIS®-IV) E. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
C.
Esther is looking back on her life and feels she has had a good life overall but that there are some things she could have done better. How would Erik Erikson explain Esther's thoughts? A. She is starting to form her identity based on her past experiences. B. She is experiencing proactive interference, which is causing her to reevaluate her life choices. C. She is weighing whether she has succeeded in life, which is common in later adulthood. D. She is reevaluating her life because she is following hypothetico-deductive thinking. E. She is beginning to feel she can do things independently because she has had a good life.
C.
Gender typing is best defined as A. the belief or feeling that gender is constant throughout the life span B. an overgeneralization about a group of people based on their gender C. the process by which children become aware of their gender and thus behave accordingly by adopting attributes of members of the gender that they identify with D. the development of an attraction or romantic relationship with people of a given gender or genders E. a set of expectations about how people of certain genders should behave
C.
Lawrence Kohlberg sampled 72 boys ages 10-16 years, the majority of whom he followed up with every 3 years for 20 years. He conducted interviews with the participants in which he presented them with a series of moral dilemmas. The participants judged the actions as right or wrong and provided their reasons for their decision. What type of research was Kohlberg conducting, and what were his findings? A. Experimental; adolescents are typically in the conventional stage of moral reasoning B. Experimental; adolescents are typically in the preconventional stage of moral reasoning C. Longitudinal; adolescents are typically in the conventional stage of moral reasoning D. Longitudinal; adolescents are typically in the preconventional stage of moral reasoning E. Longitudinal; adolescents are typically in the postconventional stage of moral reasoning
C.
Rogelio has a number of health problems and would like to avoid medication as much as possible. He is considering biofeedback as an alternative form of treatment. Biofeedback would most benefit which of Rogelio's health problems? (A) Obesity, because Rogelio can use the cues from biofeedback to control his eating (B) Arthritis, because Rogelio can use the cues from biofeedback to learn to relax (C) Tension headaches, because Rogelio can use the cues from biofeedback to learn to relax (D) Depression, because Rogelio can use the cues from biofeedback to keep him from having depressive thoughts (E) Indigestion, because Rogelio can use the cues from biofeedback to control his indigestion
C.
Russ went for a run, and Nelly took a nap. They then watched a horror movie together. Usually, Russ and Nelly are about equally scared when they watch horror movies. In this situation, Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion predicts that A. Nelly will be more scared of the movie because she is well rested from the nap B. Nelly will find the movie funny because she is well rested from the nap C. Russ will be more scared of the movie because he is aroused from the run D. Russ will find the movie funny because he is aroused from the run E. Russ and Nelly will be equally scared of the movie
C.
Sebastian wants to earn an "A" in his biology course but finds it difficult to stay motivated to study every night. His teacher recommends that he surround himself with peers who study regularly to increase his studying behavior. Sebastian's teacher made her recommendation based on the learning concept of (A) acquisition (B) classical conditioning (C) modeling (D) generalization (E) discrimination
C.
Several researchers from an introductory psychology course observed infants, toddlers, and young children at a day care for one week. Over the course of the week, the researchers observed the gross and fine motor skills of all the children. After reviewing the data, the researchers were able to conclude that A. infants gain control of their arm muscles before they gain control of their neck muscles B. young children master fine motor skills more quickly than gross motor skills C. young children master gross motor skills more quickly than fine motor skills D. infants master using their fingers more quickly than their torso E. infants master controlling their feet more quickly than lifting their head
C.
To develop his theory about personality, Freud interviewed his patients during therapy sessions, typically multiple sessions per week. The patients laid on a couch while Freud asked questions and listened to the patients' responses. What was one of Freud's main contributions to personality theory, and which method did he use? A. The existence of archetypes and the collective unconscious; case studies B. The existence of archetypes and the collective unconscious; personality inventories C. Personality is related to balance among the id, the ego, and the superego; case studies D. Personality is related to balance among the id, the ego, and the superego; personality inventories E. Many individuals are plagued by inferiority complexes that can develop into psychological issues; case studies
C.
Which of the following correctly explains the evidence (as well as the person responsible for the discovery) that stress leads to three distinct stages of physiological change: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion? Hans Selye conducted interviews with human participants identifying their emotional state during different lengths of time living under stressful conditions. A. Hans Selye conducted interviews with human participants identifying their emotional state during different lengths of time living under stressful conditions. B. Hans Selye conducted a study comparing the cortisol and blood sugar levels in rats before and during a stressful situation. C.. Hans Selye conducted a study measuring cortisol and blood sugar levels in rats during different amounts of time living under stressful conditions. D. Richard Lazarus conducted a study measuring cortisol and blood sugar levels in rats during different amounts of time living under stressful conditions. E. Richard Lazarus conducted interviews with human participants identifying their emotional state during different lengths of time living under stressful conditions.
C.
A therapist who is an adherent of the humanistic personality theory would most likely focus on which of the following? A. The underlying and consistent behavioral traits that differ across individuals B. Differences in rewards and punishments as the source of behavioral differences C. Unconscious motives guiding people's behavior D. The pursuit of self-actualization E. The influence of the beliefs about the self on behavior
D.
According to the drive-reduction theory of motivation, drives arise because of physiological imbalances in A. the gonads B. the cochleae C. the parathyroid glands D. homeostasis E. the synapses
D.
After surveying 100 parents, researchers concluded that 90 percent of babies can walk by the age of 10 months. Why is this an inappropriate conclusion? A. The researchers should have conducted an experiment. B. The cerebellum is completely developed by ten months. C. A case study would have yielded more reliable data. D. At 10 months, ninety percent of toddlers have not reached the developmental milestones to walk. E. At 10 months, seventy percent of toddlers can walk.
D.
Before starting her day working at a day-care center, Meredith takes a few moments to smile at herself in the mirror. No matter how she is feeling before she comes in, she finds that smiling helps her feel happier before beginning her day. Meredith's experience is evidence for A. general adaptation theory B. cognitive dissonance theory C. unconditional positive regard D. the facial feedback hypothesis E. desirability bias
D.
Chidi is very selfless, cooperative, and trusting of other people. According to the Big Five model of personality, these characteristics make him A. low in agreeableness B. high in extroversion C. low in neuroticism D. high in agreeableness E. low in extroversion
D.
Chronic stress is most likely to lead to A. increased cognitive function B. increased tolerance for stressful situations C. decreased blood pressure decreased blood pressure D. decreased functioning of the immune system E. decreased production of cortisol
D.
Dr. Dameron wants to test whether the Yerkes-Dodson law holds true for the players on a college basketball team. Dr. Dameron will manipulate arousal in the players by giving them different doses of caffeine. Which method would best allow Dr. Dameron to test the causal effects of arousal on performance in the players, and what results should he expect to find? A. Give three different groups of players low, medium, and high doses of caffeine during a practice game. The performance of the high-dose group is predicted to be best. B. Give each player a low dose, then a medium dose, then a high dose of caffeine during three consecutive practice games. Their performance while on the low dose is predicted to be best. C. Give each player a low dose, then a medium dose, then a high dose of caffeine during three consecutive practice games. Their performance while on the high dose is predicted to be best. D. Give three different groups of players low, medium, and high doses of caffeine during a practice game. The performance of the medium-dose group is predicted to be best. E. Give each player a low dose, then a medium dose, then a high dose of caffeine during three consecutive practice games. Their performance while on the medium dose is predicted to be best.
D.
Dr. Howard wants to evaluate a patient's personality with respect to motivation. The patient does not read very well and does not have a very long attention span. Which of the following tests will provide reliable results in the most practical manner? A. The Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire® (16PF®) B. The NEO™ Personality Inventory-3 (NEO™-PI-3) C. The Freudian Personality Type Test D. The Thematic Apperception Test E. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®)
D.
If a personality survey with high internal consistency includes two different questions related to the personality dimension of agreeableness, then which of the following is true? A. It is impossible to predict how people will answer the second question based on how they answered the first question. B. If people give an extreme answer to the first question, they will tend to give the opposite extreme answer to the second question. C. People will tend to give dissimilar answers to both questions. D. People will tend to give similar answers to both questions. E. If people give a moderate answer to the first question, they will tend to give an extreme answer to the second question.
D.
In which scenario does sunblock serve as a conditioned stimulus? (A) Ernesto received a free lifetime supply of sunblock when he won a trivia contest. (B) Sophia broke out in a painful rash when she spread sunscreen on her skin because she is allergic to an ingredient in it. (C) Helen pictures sunblock on her mantle to help her remember to buy some at the store. (D) Lowell feels relaxed when he smells sunblock because it reminds him of his vacations at the beach. (E) Sarah avoids sunblock because people compliment her on her tan when she goes without it.
D.
Lynda stayed out past her curfew. As a result, her parents revoked her driving privileges. Which of the following statements is true of Lynda's parents? (A) Lynda's parents are using negative reinforcement to decrease her behavior of staying out past curfew. (B) Lynda's parents are using positive reinforcement to decrease her driving behavior. (C) Lynda's parents are using positive punishment to increase her good behavior. (D) Lynda's parents are using negative punishment to decrease her behavior of staying out past curfew. (E) Lynda's parents are using negative reinforcement to increase her driving behavior.
D.
Molly is potty training her daughter, Mia. Every time Mia begins to urinate in her diaper, Molly says the word "bathroom" in the hope that Mia will begin to urinate when she hears this word while sitting on the toilet. Molly's efforts most resemble the studies of (A) B. F. Skinner, who studied operant conditioning (B) Edward Tolman, who studied latent learning (C) Sigmund Freud, who studied psychodynamic effect (D) Ivan Pavlov, who studied classical conditioning (E) Stanley Milgram, who studied obedience
D.
Tanya is trying to remember a phone number, so she repeats it until she remembers it. Which of the following best explains why Tanya has chosen this way to remember? A. Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, because she is using her frontal cortex. B. Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, because this theory addresses encoding and storing information. C. The information processing theory, because she is using deep processing. D. The information processing theory, because this theory addresses encoding and storing information. E. The information processing theory, because she is using a mnemonic device.
D.
The neurotransmitter dopamine is most closely associated with A. alertness B. obsession and compulsion C. irritability D. reward-seeking behavior E. appetite
D.
Which of the following is the best example of social learning? (A) Rita is a passenger in her friend's car every day on the way to work. One day her friend is sick so Rita has to drive herself. She is able to navigate with no problem. (B) Jezabeth was scratched by a cat, so now she is afraid of cats. (C) Delilah was mildly shocked when she tried to remove her smoke detector batteries, so she now flinches whenever she has to change the smoke detector batteries. (D) Sydney starts using the same word choices and vocal inflections as members of the popular group at her school. (E) Jerome gives his dog a treat every time his dog does not jump on guests, and eventually the dog stops jumping on guests even without a treat.
D.
Which of the following scenarios most accurately describes biofeedback? (A) Taneesha became sick after eating funnel cake at the fair, so now she gags every time she smells funnel cake. (B) Rune conditioned his dog to salivate to a buzzer. He then paired the buzzer with a light flash, and his dog eventually began to salivate to the light flash. (C) Julie's employer stopped paying her, so she stopped coming to work. (D) Stacy participated in an experiment in which she wore a heart-rate monitor, watched the readout of her heart rate, and received points based on how many beats per minute she reduced her heart rate. (E) Meike stopped giving her dog treats from the dinner table. Eventually, Meike's dog stopped begging. Two months later, the dog started begging again.
D.
According to Kurt Lewin's motivational conflict theory, approach-avoidance conflict occurs when a situation has A. only neutral aspects B. only a strong negative aspect C. only a mildly negative aspect D. only a strong positive aspect E. both positive and negative aspects
E.
As a teenager, Amy often changed her wardrobe, her hair color, and the decorations in her bedroom. These actions are most strongly connected with Erik Erikson's theory of A. moral development B. sexual development C. social development D. cognitive development E. identity development
E.
Stress can most likely contribute to heart disease because A. heart medication is very expensive, so having heart disease increases stress B. stress blocks stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, so blood pressure goes up C. too much stress has an effect on inherited risk factors D. the fight-or-flight reaction stops food digestion, so people gain weight E. cortisol released during stress reduces the flexibility of blood vessels, so the heart has to work harder
E.
Studies have shown that identical twins raised together are more similar in relation to when they meet normative physical milestones than identical twins raised apart. Studies have also shown that identical twins are more similar in relation to when they meet normative physical milestones than ordinary siblings. What research method and explanation best fit the studies and their results? Correlational research, because both heredity and environment are important in development. A. Case studies, because heredity is more important than environment in development. B. Correlational research, because environment is more important than heredity in development. C. Experiments, because both heredity and environment are important in development. D. Case studies, because environment is more important than heredity in development. E. Correlational research, because both heredity and environment are important in development.
E.
Which of the following scenarios demonstrates stimulus generalization? (A) Martin's brother screams at him when he starts to pet a cat, and now Martin is terrified of cats. (B) Tabitha used to be afraid of flying on airplanes, but after flying often for work she is no longer afraid of flying. (C) Craig's fear of public speaking went away after he gave a good presentation last semester, but his fear of public speaking has returned during the current semester. (D) Julia is scared of golden retriever dogs but not Chihuahua dogs. (E) Markus was stung by a wasp, and now he is scared of not only wasps but also bees.
E.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the application of operant conditioning to learning? (A) Punishment is the most effective way to increase good study habits, because students do not want to get punished. (B) Immediately reinforcing correct responses hurts students' ability to learn new material, because they learn new material better when their correct responses are reinforced later. (C) Negative reinforcement decreases student focus, because students do want to get negatively reinforced. (D) Modeling good study habits enhances student learning, because students benefit from observing others' study habits. (E) Immediately reinforcing correct responses enhances student learning, because immediate reinforcement has shown to be most effective with regard to learning.
E.