AP Psych Unit 1

Stucturalism

an early form of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of human mind

Cognitive

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information; (internal mental process, language, information processing, cognitive)

Behavioral

how we learn is observable; (learned, conditioned, see)

Basic Research Subfield

pure science aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

The University of Leipzig

Wilhelm Wundt created first psychological laboratory and studied the atoms of the mind (the fastest and simplest mental processes) Reaction Time experiment-Participants press a button (A) as soon as the sound occurred, and (B) when they were consciously aware of the sound

Psychiatry

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, practiced by physicians who provide medical and psychological treatments

Counseling Psychology

assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being

¨The quotation below is consistent with the views of which of the following schools of psychology? "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to be any type of specialist I might select - doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant, chief, and yes even beggar man and thief." a)Existentialism b)Structuralism c)Humanism d)Gestalt e)Behaviorism

e

¨Which of the following best represents a humanistic explanation for an anxiety disorder? a)Lower than normal levels of inhibitory neurotransmitters like GABA result in higher levels of anxiety. b)Irrational and maladaptive thought processes lead to increased levels of anxiety. c)Anxiety is either classically or operantly conditioned. d)Anxiety results from internal unconscious conflict. Anxiety results when an individual experiences a gap between his ideal self and his real self

e

Functionalism

focuses on how our mental and behavioral processes function; how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish William James- more fruitful to consider evolved functions of our thought and feelings; that they were adaptive and necessary to our survival

Applied Research Subfield

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Social Psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Developmental Psychology

the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

Psychometrics

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

Personality Psychology

the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Psychology

the study of behavior and mental processes

Human Factors Psychology

the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments

Cognitive Psychology

the study of human thinking

Biological

how the body and brain enable emotions; (physical words- brain structure, chemicals)

¨A psychotherapist who believes that deviant behavior can be traced either to genetic anomalies or to problems in the physical structure of the brain most likely subscribes to which of the following views of abnormality? a)Cognitive b)Behavioral c)Biomedical d)Sociological e)Psychoanalytic

c

¨Which perspective view the human condition as a mixture of unconscious desires and conflicts? a)Humanistic b)Trait c)Psychoanalytic d)Behavioral e)Cognitive

c

qWhich of the following would an industrial/organizational psychologist be LEAST likely to study? a)Managerial skills b)Employee motivation c)Job satisfaction d)Corporate profitability Pay incentive programs

d

¨An evolutionary psychologist would explain that humans desire social interaction, social acceptance, and social affiliation due to a need for a)achievement b)individualism c)behavioral change d)survival e)self-actualization

d

¨Which of the following psychological theories would explain posttraumatic stress disorder as being the result of irrational beliefs and ideas? a)Psychoanalytic b)Gestalt c)Evolutionary d)Cognitive e)Humanistic

d

¨Which type of psychologist would be interested primarily in studying whether people behave differently in groups than they do when alone? a)Experimental b)Cognitive c)Developmental d)Social e)Clinical

d

Humanistic Psychology (Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers)

emphasizes the importance of current environmental influences on our growth potential, and the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied; rejects psychoanalytic theory and does not focus on the meaning of early childhood memories

Socrates and Plato

mind is separable from the boyd and continues after the body dies; knowledge is innate, born with us

Clinical Psychology

studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

Industrial/Organizational Psychology

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

Margaret Floy Washburn

the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology and studied animal behavior

Nature vs Nurture

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

Educational Psychology

the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

Mary Calkins

a famous memory researcher who studied under William James at Harvard and was the first woman to be president of the APA

¨The evolutionary perspective (sociobiology) argues that a)Humans are motivated by a desire to maintain optimum hormonal levels b)Humans are genetically programmed to ensure that there is a new generation of the species c)Humans strive to minimize inconsistent thoughts and action d)There is a relationship among task difficult, physical arousal, and task performance e)Conditioning explains most human behavior

b

John Locke

believed the mind was tabula rosa Empiricism- the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should rely on observation and experimentation

Rene Descartes

concluded that fluid in the brain's cavities contained spirits that flowed from the brain, through the nerves, to our muscles, provoking movement; was right that nerve paths are important in enabling reflexes

John Watson (Behaviorism)

defined psychology as the science of behavior and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby; believed that psychology should be objective

Edward Titchener (Wundt's student)

developed structuralism and focused on introspection (looking inward) as a self-reflective process of understanding one's own thoughts

Sigmund Freud

emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on behavior; psychoanalytic theory

B.F.Skinner (Behaviorism)

emphasized the study of overt, observable behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology: "rat in a skinner box" exmperiment

Aristotle

had a love of data, derived principles form careful observations, knowledge is not preexisting but grows from experiences stored in our memories

Socio-Cultural

how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures; (attribution, conformity, obedience)

Psychoanalytic (psychodynamic)

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts; (unconscious, id ego or superego, parental influence)

Evolutionary

how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes; (survival and adaptation)

Humanistic

how we meet our needs for love and acceptance: (self, personal growth)

Freud's conception of the human psyche

id- acts on the pleasure principle ego- reality principle; modeates id and superego superego- internalized ideals

Francis Bacon

wrote about how the mind perceives order in random events; his beliefs revolved around the confirmation bias