ap psych unit 1 and 2

Which of the following is the strongest correlation?

-0.90

Given the standard deviation of 17 and a mean of 86, what is the Z-score of 69?

-1

2, 11, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 5 What is the mode of the number set above?

2

10, 3, 5, 7, 10, 3, 10, 5, 2 The numbers above represent the quiz results for a psychology class. What is the median score for the class?

5

12, 3, 3, 4, 8 What is the mean of the set of numbers above?`

6

A test has a mean of 80 with a standard deviation of 4. Which of the following scores is within one standard deviation of the mean?

77

Which of the following characterizes a behavioral approach to psychology?

A study of how reinforcement affects learning

Which of the following is true of the frequency distributions shown in the graphs above?

Distribution B has more variation than distributions A or C

What is the correct chronological order of the following perspectives of psychology, from past to present? Behaviorism Psychoanalysis Structuralism Humanism

III, II, I, IV

In a normal distribution, which of the following statements is true about the area that falls between one standard deviation above and one standard deviation below the mean?

It contains the middle 68% of the distribution.

Which of the following statements is true of behaviorism?

It holds that development is largely a product of learning.

Which of the following studies demonstrates a cross-sectional research design?

Testing first, third, and fifth graders at the beginning of the school year

A research group conducted a study investigating the connection between self-reported number of hours slept in a given week and scores on a happiness measure. Based on the scatterplot above, the group can report that there is

a positive correlation

Research finds that, in general, the higher an incoming college student scores on a given test, the higher the student's college grade point average (GPA). Which of the following best describes this relationship?

a positive correlation

In order to yield information that is generalizable to the population from which it was drawn, a sample must be

a representation of the population

Dr. Larson was interested in whether classical music helps students perform better on a test. Dr. Larson randomly assigned half of the study's participants to a group that listened to classical music while taking a test. The other half of the participants did not listen to music while taking a test. The research design Dr. Larson used is

an experiment

According to one theory of psychology, many people have mental illnesses because their maladaptive behaviors have proven rewarding for them in the past and thus have been continued. This belief is consistent with which of the following models?

behavioral

Which of the following approaches to psychology emphasizes observable responses over inner experiences when accounting for behavior?

behaviorist

Dr. Patel is conducting a study to test a hair-growth shampoo she is developing. She instructs fifty participants to use the hair-growth shampoo once daily for a month and another fifty to use a regular shampoo once a day for a month. Dr. Patel measures the participants' hair length at the beginning and the end of the thirty days. Which of the following is the dependent variable?

change in hair length

Although Paul seems bright and capable to his parents and friends, he has been failing in school. Paul agrees to speak with a psychologist, who suggests that his problems stem from internal processes such as unrealistic expectations and negative thinking. The psychologist's view is typical of which of the following models of behavior?

cognitive

Which theoretical perspective in psychology attempts to characterize the way in which humans store and process sensory information?

cognitive

Which of the following would an industrial-organizational psychologist be LEAST likely to study?

corporate profitability

In an experiment to test the effects of hunger on aggressive behavior, aggressive behavior would be the

dependent variable

Drawing a random sample of people from a town for an interview study of social attitudes ensures that

each person in the town has the same probability of being chosen for the study

An industrial-organizational psychologist would be most likely to study the

effectiveness of management training

Of the following, a behavioral psychologist is most likely to study the

effects of token economies on establishing social skills among children with emotional disturbances

Research on human mating preferences suggests that men place greater value on physical attractiveness and youthfulness, whereas women place greater value on social status and financial resources. Which of the following psychological points of view best explains this behavior?

evolutionary

Which of the following research approaches would be best for testing the hypothesis that the presence of certain odors causes people to gamble more?

experimental

A researcher uses debriefing when he

explains the true purpose of a study immediately after the study is complete

The most important reason to use operational definitions in psychological research is it

helps everyone involved with the research understand and collect data in the same manner

There is a strong positive correlation between ice cream sales and instances of snakebites. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this correlation?

hot weather is related to both ice cream sales and snake activity

Which of the following perspectives argues that every person has the potential to become self-actualized?

humanistic

A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group. What is the dependent variable in this study?

incidence of aggressive behavior

Which of the following is a statistical approach concerned with forming conclusions about the effect of the independent variable on variations in the dependent variable?

inferential

A survey shows that children who have encyclopedias in their homes earn better grades in school than children whose homes lack encyclopedias. The researcher concludes that having encyclopedias at home improves grades. This conclusion is erroneous primarily because the researcher has incorrectly

inferred causation from correlation

The mean will be higher than the median in any distribution that

is positively skewed

Which of the following research methods is being used if the same subjects are tested at two, four, and six years of age?

longitudinal

Experimental research differs from correlational research in that experimental research

may reveal a casual relation

Jane Goodall lived among wild chimpanzees intermittently for decades, studying their social and family systems while keeping her interaction with the chimpanzees to a minimum. Her research method can most accurately be described as

naturalistic observation

Which of the following best describes the graph above?

negatively skewed distribution

A disadvantage of longitudinal studies is that

participants who drop out during the course of the study may be different in important ways from ones who do not drop out

In studying the behavior of five year olds in freeplay situations, a cognitive psychologist would be most interested in the children's

problem solving strategies

Of the following topics, which would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to study?

problem solving strategies in chess

The belief that human behavior is the result of unconscious drives and conflicts represents which of the following theoretical perspectives?

psychoanalytic

Of the following, an evolutionary psychologist will most likely investigate the

reason why many people have an innate fear of the dark

A psychologist gives the same test to a class of students at the beginning of the day and again at the end of the school day. The extent to which test scores are similar across the two administrations demonstrates which of the following test properties?

reliability

In developmental psychology, one advantage of cross-sectional over longitudinal studies is that cross-sectional research

requires comparatively little time

Research shows that women who are referred by a physician to participate in a study of eating disorders have more severe problems than women who volunteer on their own to participate in the study. If research on eating disorders regularly involves only women referred by physicians, the results of the studies might be limited because of the presence of

sampling bias

The correlation between two measures obtained on a group of individuals is graphically represented as a

scatter plot

Introspection, a research tool used by early psychologists, is a technique which involves

self-examination of mental processes

Researchers find that there is a significant, positive correlation between the number of hours students sleep and their grades. The researchers would be justified in concluding that

students who earn good grades tend to sleep more than those who do not

An evolutionary psychologist would explain that humans desire social interaction, social acceptance, and social affiliation due to a need for

survival

Cognitive psychologists are most likely to study

the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving

A researcher is trying to determine whether a new painkilling medicine is effective in reducing headaches. Twenty adult participants sit in a noisy environment for 30 minutes and then rate the severity of their headaches on a scale from 0 (none) to 5 (intense). Group M (the medicine group) receives a normal dose of the medicine. Group C (the control group) rests quietly. After 20 minutes, all participants again complete the headache rating scale. The statistically significant differences in headache severity on the posttest appear in the graph below. Which of the following is the independent variable in this experiment?

the medicine

Professor Ahad has forty-three students in section one of the psychology classes she teaches and fifty-two students in section two. Section one meets at eight a.m. and, section two meets at one p.m. Professor Ahad gives all of her students the same final exam, and those in section two score significantly higher than those in section one. Professor Ahad concludes that her section one students are academically inferior to students in section two. The biggest problem with Professor Ahad's conclusion is that

time of day is a confounding variable

A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group. What is the independent variable in this study?

type of tv program viewed

John B. Watson is best known as the founder of

Behaviorism

What is the best way to ensure that results of a study are generalizable to a population?

By using a random selection of people in that population

Ivan Pavlov was most well known for which of the following?

Conditioning dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell

A person displays a set of rare behaviors that psychologists had not known about previously, because nobody had ever shown them before. The best strategy to investigate the nature of those behaviors is

a case study

In experimental psychology, a significant difference refers to a

a difference not likely due to chance