AP psych; unit 2

When we see certain outcomes as obvious based on what has occurred, we may be experiencing

hindsight bias

both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory- enhancing drug and which have received a placebo, this investigation involves the use of

the double-blind procedure

Alexandra is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. Belinda is told that the esteem-enhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been refused by research. Both women would consider the findings to be common sense. This best illustrates the power of

the hindsight bias

why would the median, rather than the mean, be the appropriate measure of central tendency in determining housing values in a particular community

the median is minimally affected by extreme scores

An experiment was designed to study the potential impact of alcohol consumption on emotional stability. A specification of the procedures used to measure emotional stability illustrates

the operational definition

The relief of pain following the ingestion of an inert substance that is presumed to have medicinal benefits illustrates

the placebo effect

professor Shalet contends that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea is best described as an

theory

why are researchers so careful about drawing conclusions regarding statistical significance

they want to make sure an observed difference isn't due to chance

In the hypothesis "students who study a list of terms in the morning just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list before falling asleep," what is the independent variable

time of day

A majority of respondents in a national survey agreed that "classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools."Only 33 percent of respondents in a similar survey agreed that "classroom prayer in public schools should be banned." These divergent findings best illustrate the importance of

wording effects

if psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and martial satisfaction are

negatively correlated

in the hypothesis "students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the dependent variable

number of terms remembered

Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic and military predictions will come true most clearly demonstrate

overconfidence

in a drug treatment study, participants given a pill containing no actual drug are receiving an

placebo

In order to learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all these students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be an

population

if college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are

positively correlated

what technique do researchers use to reduce the impact of confounding variables

random assignment

which technique most clearly minimizes the likelihood that any outcome differences between the experimental and control conditions can be attributed to age or personality differences in research participants

random assignment

Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population

random sampling

Which technique involves repeating the essence of an earlier research study with different participants and in different circumstances

replication

To graphically represent the correlation between two variables , researchers often construct a

scatterplot

which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of events

standard deviation

when the observed difference between the means of an experimental group and control group are not likely due to chance, researchers conclude that this difference is

statistically significant

professor woo noticed that the distribution of students scores on her last biology test had a extremely small standard deviation. this indicates that he

students scores tended to be very similar to one another

A researcher interested in investigating the attitudes or opinions of a large sample of people is most likely to use which research method

survey

random sampling is to ___ as random assignment is to ___

surveys; experiments

a hypothesis is a

testable prediction that gives direction to research

To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologists carefully investigates the clients current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used

the case study

the range is

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

which of the following is the best definition of illusory correlation

a perceived but nonexistent correlation

a researcher who publishes the results of a case study might be most worried about violating which ethical principle of human experimentation

confidentiality

following the scientific discovery that a specific brain structure is significantly larger in violent individuals than in those who are nonviolent, a news headline announced: "Enlarged brain structure triggers violent acts." The headline writer should most clearly be warned about the dangers of

confusing correlation with causation

In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug, research participants who receive a placebo are participating in the ___ condition.

control

to determine whether the strength of people's self-esteem is related to their income levels, researchers would most likely make use of it

correlation research

the enduring traditions, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a large group of people constitutes their

culture

American males shake hands in greeting; japanese men bow. However, people can communicate with a smile. what does this tell us about the role of culture in understanding our psychology

culture shapes our behavior, but certain underlying processes guide people everywhere

Historians of science describe which three attitudes as the basis of the scientific viewpoint

curiosity, skepticism, humility

The news media reported that a new pesticide was not harmful to humans. which of the following statements best exemplifies critical thinking in response to this report

"i wonder who funded this study?"

in 1963, stanley milgram reported that 65% of research participants at the request of the experimenter, would administer phony shocks that they considered real, to a stranger. He demonstrated how obedient humans can be to authority figures. Some critics contend that milgram's findings cannot be used to predict behavior in real life. How might Milgram respond to this criticism

"laboratory research allows you to identify general principles that do generalize to to other 'real world' contexts"

which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables

-0.12

based on the information provided in the chart above, which scatterplot best represents the relationship

chart going up in a line

in a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. this research is an example of

an experiment

Psychologists personal values and goals

can bias their observations and interpretations

A researcher who deceives participants about the goals of the research needs to fully inform them of the true nature of the study later, according to which ethical principle of human experimentation

debriefing

Dr. devries is interested in measuring how practice in problem solving affects this ability. The population of interest in high school seniors, and the sample consists of students who attend an exclusive college preparatory school. Half of the sample receives practice in solving particular types of problems, while the other half does not. Both groups take the same problem- solving test. Which of the following might best explain why Dr. DeVries may not be able to generalize his findings

his sample is not representative of the population

in 1920, behaviorist John B. Watson conditioned an 8 month-old infant, Albert. He was turned over to Dr. Watson without permission. This violates which ethical principle developed by the American Psychological Association.

informed consent

which of the following are considered to be limitations of psychological experiments conducted in laboratory environments

laboratories are artificial environments, so behavior might not apply to the real world

the biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it

may be unrepresentative of what is generally true

The arithmetic average of a distribution of scores is the

mean

To study the development of relationship, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among boys and girls in the school yard. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ

naturalistic observation