AP PSYCH UNIT 4

Four-year-old Scott fell down the stairs at his grandmother's house. Although he was not badly hurt, he was very frightened. Now, whenever his parents mention visiting his grandmother's house, he feels anxious and fearful. In classical conditioning terms, what are the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the scenario, respectively? a. Falling; anxiety :b. Grandmother's house; falling c. Fear; grandmother's house d. Anxiety; fear e. Grandmother's house; fear

:b. Grandmother's house; falling

The perception that we control our own fate is also called what? a Internal locus of control b External locus of control c Self-control d Learned helplessness e Emotion-focused coping

Internal locus of control

Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment is most closely associated with which of the following? a Operant conditioning b Latent learning c Observational learning d Classical conditioning e Cognitive maps

Observational learning

Elephants appear to have excellent _____ because they can remember large sections of their territory. a cognitive maps b insight c latent learning d mirror neurons e extrinsic motivation

cognitive maps

Which ability is likely to predict good adjustment, better grades, and social success? a Problem-focused coping b An external locus of control c Emotion-focused coping d Self-control e Learned helplessness

d Self-control

Robert Rescorla's contingency model of classical conditioning states that a any stimulus can become conditioned when paired with an unconditioned stimulus b contiguity of stimuli is sufficient for conditioning to occur c the only difference between the conditioned response and the unconditioned response is the stimulus used to elicit them d conditioning occurs only when one event reliably predicts another e reinforcement contingencies predict extinction

d conditioning occurs only when one event reliably predicts another

According to Albert Bandura, observational learning can occur even in the absence of a observed consequences of behavior b retention of the observed behavior over time c ability to reproduce the behavior d motivation to reproduce the behavior at a later time e direct attention to the behavior

observed consequences of behavior

A cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. After a few treatments, the having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room. The treatment room has become a. a conditioned reinforcer :b. conditioned stimulus. c. an unconditioned stimulus d. a primary reinforcer e. a neutral stimulus

:b. conditioned stimulus.

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus a. naturally triggers a response. b. is initially neutral, and then comes to trigger a response. c. is a naturally occurring response. d. prompts spontaneous recovery. e. is a reward offered for completing a behavior.

b. is initially neutral, and then comes to trigger a response.

When parents offer good-grade rewards to children who already enjoy studying, they may find that the children no longer enjoy studying and only enjoy the rewards. Which of the following have the parents accidentally removed from their children? a Insight learning b Extrinsic motivation c Intrinsic motivation d Latent learning e Emotion-focused coping

c Intrinsic motivation

In which of the following scenarios is someone showing evidence of extinction in classical conditioning? a. Marta always associated her mother's fruitcake with the happiness of the holidays. After being on her own for some time the fruitcake no longer had that association, but when a colleague brought a fruitcake to work she felt the happiness return. :b. Randy was always worried about his exams in high school and felt anxiety when in the building. However, now that he is a teacher at the same high school the anxiety has gone away.. c. After his first kiss at a school dance, Lester not only gets a warm feeling every time he hears the song that was playing during the kiss, but also whenever he hears a song by the same artist. d. After a painful procedure at the hospital, Erin experiences anxiety any time she sees a hospital. e. When Clara smells a certain cologne it makes her smile because it reminds her of her first boyfriend, but other colognes do not have that effect on her.

:b. Randy was always worried about his exams in high school and felt anxiety when in the building. However, now that he is a teacher at the same high school the anxiety has gone away..

Which of the following scenarios is an example of negative reinforcement? a. When the rat in an Operant Chamber presses the lever, the box delivers an electric shock. :b. When Toni finishes their homework, they do not have to take out the trash. c. When Lola the dog jumps on her owner, the owner takes a step away from her. d. When Ben received an A for his research project, his family treated him to dinner at his favorite restaurant. e. After staying out past her curfew, Sam is grounded the next weekend

:b. When Toni finishes their homework, they do not have to take out the trash.

A family uses the microwave to prepare their cat's food. The cat comes running into the room when the microwave timer sounds, but not when it hears the oven timer. The cat is demonstrating the concept of a. operant interval. :b. discrimination. c. generalization. d. spontaneous recovery. e. extinction.

:b. discrimination.

Barney is a somewhat distractible second-grade student who finds schoolwork a bit boring. After a couple of minutes of working silently, Barney often starts to misbehave until his teacher, Ms. Skinner, calls his name and scolds him. However, he enjoys this attention from her and continues to misbehave. With respect to Barney's misbehavior, Ms. Skinner's attention serves as :a. positive reinforcement. b. punishment c. differential reinforcement d. negative reinforcement e. primary reinforcement

:a. positive reinforcement.

Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement? a. Osel wears his seat belt because his driving teacher cited accident statistics in class. :b. Charles smokes because his anxiety is reduced when he does so. c. John stops shooting bad free-throws because his coach benches him when he does. d. Lillian used to walk to school but does not do so anymore because she was attacked by a dog last month. e. Brian studies hard because it earns him "A" grades in math.

:b. Charles smokes because his anxiety is reduced when he does so.

Andi's best friend always screamed when she was in high places, and now Andi also screams when she is in high places. Which of the following theorists would say that Andi screams because she saw her friend scream? a Albert Bandura b Carl Rogers c Sigmund Freud d William James e Charles Spearman

Albert Bandura

A particular group of brain cells seems to provide a basis for observational learning. Researchers call these specialized cells a afferent neurons b mirror neurons c Schwann cells d efferent neurons e motor neurons

b mirror neurons

Xander can no longer stomach the taste of sushi after he vomited from eating a spoiled serving of it. However, the appearance of sushi does not make him sick. Which of the following best accounts for why Xander becomes sick upon tasting sushi but not seeing sushi? a Latent learning, because sushi acts as a reinforcer. b Social learning, because Xander is probably imitating someone else who also got sick from the sushi. c Insight learning, because sushi acts as a reinforcer. d Negative punishment, because this example illustrates taste aversion. e Biological predisposition, because this example illustrates taste aversion.

Biological predisposition, because this example illustrates taste aversion.

Which of the following statements best describes the role of biological processes in classical conditioning? a Biological reinforcers foster learning more quickly than do environmental reinforcers. b Because all animals share a common cellular history, the laws of classical conditioning apply to all species. c Certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their survival. d Any novel or familiar stimulus could serve as a CS because the biological mechanisms underlying learning are very powerful. e A biologically-based unconditioned stimulus (UCS) must immediately follow a conditioned stimulus (CS) for learning to occur.

Certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their survival.

A monkey's choosing a circle from an array of geometric shapes in order to be rewarded with a banana is an example of a stimulus habituation b stimulus discrimination c latent learning d positive transference e disinhibition

b stimulus discrimination

Which of the following is the best advice to give parents whose young children refuse to eat their dinner? a Give the children a small reward each day that they eat their dinner. b Require that the children do extra chores if they do not finish dinner. c Give the children a small reward at the end of a week in which they have eaten dinner each night. d Do not allow them to watch television for a week for each day they do not eat dinner. e Allow the children to have dessert, even if they do not eat their dinner, in the hopes that they ill eat dinner the next day.

Give the children a small reward each day that they eat their dinner.

Steve's cat used to run away from loud music. Over time the cat stopped running away from the sound. Which of the following processes has occurred? a Generalization b Sensitization c Classical conditioning d Operant conditioning e Habituation

Habituation

A woman had been pondering a problem for days and was about to give up when, suddenly, the solution came to her. Her experience can be best described as what? a Cognitive mapping b Classical conditioning c Insight d Unconscious associative learning e Operant conditioning

Insight

Romina was at the park with her daughter and noticed several of the other mothers successfully redirecting their children's attention away from an ice-cream truck. Romina's daughter, who noticed the ice-cream truck, threw a tantrum when she did not get to buy some ice cream. The next time she took her daughter to the park, Romina made sure to notice the truck before her daughter did and redirected her behavior using the same techniques the other mothers used. Which learning principle does Romina's behavior demonstrate? a Classical conditioning b Latent learning c Positive reinforcement d Overjustification effect e Modeling

e Modeling

B. F. Skinner's claim that the environment determines an individual's behavior was criticized for a failing to explain how personality can change over time b failing to acknowledge cognitive influences on behavior c emphasizing unconscious influences on behavior d attributing behavior solely to genetics e failing to acknowledge situational factors

failing to acknowledge cognitive influences on behavior

Kelly, a first-year student at a local university, is surprised at how easily she can locate the building and classroom for each of her classes on the first day of school. Kelly attributes her success to the campus tour she took the previous spring. Which of the following concepts best supports Kelly's belief? a Stimulus generalization b Classical conditioning c Spontaneous recovery d Latent learning e Modeling

Latent learning

Which of the following most clearly demonstrates social learning theory? a Xanthe deletes his social media accounts after experiencing harsh bullying from others online. b Neville becomes dependent on alcohol because he finds that after drinking it he temporarily forgets his problems. c After getting sick from eating a spoiled oyster, Ethel never eats another oyster again. d Mavis learns a line dance by watching her friends perform it. e After writing his paper at the last minute, Raul gets a bad grade and never procrastinates again.

Mavis learns a line dance by watching her friends perform it. e

After observing his sibling walk across a balance beam, Joe's brain reacts in a way that will enable him to imitate the action later. Which part of his brain may be responsible for this? a Motor cortex b Mirror neurons c Aggression areas d Somatosensory cortex e Reward system

Mirror neurons

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of the brain's tendency to vicariously experience something we observe? a A confusion between reinforcers and rewards in an operant conditioning setting b Interference with associative learning c The elimination of classically conditioned responses to stimuli d The risk of misremembering our own actions e Actual physical injury

The risk of misremembering our own actions

Madeline wants her son to be well-behaved when they go to church. For every five minutes he sits sits still, she gives him a piece of candy. What type of learning is Madeline employing? a. Operant conditioning :b. Classical conditioning c. Higher-order learning d. Observational learning e. One-trial learning

a. Operant conditioning

Four-year-old Moesha screams and cries because she wants a candy bar. When her father, Bill, finally gives in and buys her the candy, she stops screaming. Bill tells the grocery clerk it will always be worth paying for candy to get Moesha to stop screaming. Bill's act of buying the candy is a. positively reinforced b. met with an aversive consequence :c. subject to classical conditioning d. an example of sublimation e. negatively reinforced

a. positively reinforced

Which of the following best reflects contemporary interpretations of classical conditioning? a. They take into account cognitive processes like expectancy. b. They are primarily based on the theory of contiguity. c. They make a clear distinction between long-term and short-term memory. d. They are in agreement with the interpretations of behaviorists like B. F. Skinner. e. They remain relatively unchanged from earlier interpretations by people like E. L. Thorndike.

a.They take into account cognitive processes like expectancy.

The importance of enrichment and stimulation of the brain during critical periods in development can be seen in all of the following EXCEPT a an increase in the number of neurons b an increase in the size of neurons c higher levels of neurotransmitters d strengthening of already existing connections between neurons e an increase in the number of connections between neurons

an increase in the number of neurons

Which of the following sets of concepts is central to social learning theory? a Generalization, spontaneous recovery, and discrimination b Observation, imitation, and modeling c Higher-order learning, negative reinforcement, and variable ratio d Acquisition, extinction, and counter-conditioning e Fixed interval, variable interval, and fixed ratio

b Observation, imitation, and modeling

In classical conditioning, a person learns to anticipate events by a. employing cognitive learning. b. associating two stimuli. c. associating a response with its consequence. d. using operant behaviors. e. avoiding spontaneous recovery.

b. associating two stimuli.

After several trials during which a dog is given a certain kind of food at the same time that a specific tone is ounded, there is evidence of conditioning if the dog salivates when :b. the tone only is presented c. a different kind of food is presented without a tone d. the food and tone are presented together e. the food only is presented

b.the tone only is presented

Firefighters are often required to walk through local buildings and drive trucks around the areas they serve as part of their training. The most likely purpose of this type of training is to develop a functional fixedness b an algorithm c a cognitive map d a mental set e a prototype

c a cognitive map

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely to be repeated is known as what? a. Discrimination b. Operant conditioning c. Law of effect d. Shaping e. Respondent behavior

c. Law of effect

For extinction to occur, which of the following must be true of the conditioned response (CR), the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)? a. The CS and the UCS are repeatedly paired, and the CR gains strength. b. The CR occurs after the CS but does not occur after other stimuli. c. The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength. d. The CR occurs after a stimulus that is similar to the CS. e. When the CR loses strength, a rest period is given, after which the CS again elicits the CR.

c. The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength.

The principles of operant conditioning are best illustrated by a. exposing a client to anxiety-provoking stimuli :b. replacing a response to a stimulus with an alternative response c. a token economy to reinforce adaptive behaviors d. deep relaxation techniques e. development of intrinsic motivation

c. a token economy to reinforce adaptive behaviors

Paola has been classically conditioned to fear a red light because it has been paired with a loud noise. If the light is repeatedly presented without the loud noise she will eventually stop being afraid of the light. In this instance, _____ has occurred. a: spontaneous recovery b :discrimination c: extinction d :generalization e: acquisition

c: extinction

Jeff always tells his children not to use bad language when something does not go the way they want. Unfortunately, Jeff uses bad language occasionally and his children have observed him do so. Now Jeff's children use bad language. This can be explained by a self-efficacy b learned helplessness c classical conditioning d social learning theory e representativeness

d social learning theory

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the difference between classical and operant conditioning? a Classical conditioning involves a learner's active response in order to obtain reinforcement, whereas in operant conditioning the learner is passive. b Classical conditioning involves the acquisition of voluntary responses, whereas operant conditioning involves reflexes. c Classical conditioning was first demonstrated by Edward Thorndike's studies with cats, whereas operant conditioning was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov's studies with dogs. d Classical conditioning involves the formation of associations between two stimuli, whereas operant conditioning involves the formation of associations between responses and their consequences. e Classical conditioning relies mostly on negative reinforcement, whereas operant conditioning relies mostly on positive reinforcement.

d. Classical conditioning involves the formation of associations between two stimuli, whereas operant conditioning involves the formation of associations between responses and their consequences.

The purpose of reinforcement is to a. cause a behavior to diminish. b. cause a behavior to occur for only a limited amount of time. c. cause a behavior to stop. d. cause a behavior to continue. e. strengthen the spontaneous recovery process.

d. cause a behavior to continue.

The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response is called a discrimination. b classical conditioning. c operant conditioning. d acquisition. e spontaneous recovery.

e spontaneous recovery.

Andrene is having difficulties with her roommate. A problem-focused coping strategy for Andrene would be a going directly to her roommate to see if they can work things out b thinking she has to rely on luck to work things out with her roommate c waiting until her lease runs out to move in order to save money, even though she wants to move right away d feeling like she is powerless in the situation because she grew up with a sister that was mean to her e learning to meditate so she can relax when her roommate is annoying her

going directly to her roommate to see if they can work things out

Dylan has difficulty solving a physics problem in class. The next day, he suddenly thinks of a solution to the problem as he is watching a friend play the guitar. The thought process that Dylan experienced is n example of a spontaneous recovery b insight learning c latent learning d discrimination e social learning

insight learning

Which of the following processes is the best term for explaining how we learn languages? a Modeling b Discrimination c Biofeedback d Creativity e Insight

modeling

In operant conditioning, the concept of contingency is exemplified by an "if A, then B" relationship in which A and B, respectively, represent a. stimulus, stimulus b. stimulus, response :c. response, reinforcement d. stimulus, reinforcement e. response, stimulus

:c. response, reinforcement

The reinforcemant schedule that generally provides the most resistance to response extinction is a. continuous b. variable-interval :c. variable-ratio d. fixed-interval e. fixed-ratio

:c. variable-ratio

Which of the following is the best example of learning? a. A child cries when his brother hits him. b. A dog salivates when food is placed in its mouth. c. A child feels ill after drinking sour milk. :d. A child flinches when he sees lightning because he is afraid of thunder. e. A honeybee stings when the hive is threatened.

:d. A child flinches when he sees lightning because he is afraid of thunder.

Shea bought 10 tickets for the raffle for free homecoming entry, but she did not win. Months later she also buys 10 tickets for the senior prom raffle, hoping this will be the time she wins. Which schedule of reinforcement is best used to explain this scenario? a. Continuous b. Variable-interval c. Fixed-ratio :d. Variable-ratio. e. Fixed-interval

:d. Variable-ratio.

Jay joins a social media website to lose weight. He recieves points based on the intensity of his daily exercis and praise from fellow users for each workout he logs on the website. This increases his exercise frequency and intensity. Eventually he stops logging onto the website, but continues to exercise with increased frequency. This is an example of a. innate behavior b. observational learning c. vicarious reinforcement :d. operant conditioning e. classical conditioning

:d. operant conditioning

Although people can acquire phobias to almost any object or situation, certain phobias (e.g., those to snakes, spiders, heights) are much more common than others. This finding can best be explained by which of the following concepts? a Biological preparedness b Stimulus generalization c Stimulus discrimination d Observational learning e Spontaneous recovery

a Biological preparedness

Kevin tries to teach his dog Muka to roll over. First, he teaches her to lie down. Then, he teaches her to lie on her side. Eventually, Kevin gets Muka to roll onto her back and, finally, all the way around. He gives her a treat with every step. This process is known as a habituation b sensitization c generalization d shaping e discrimination

d. shaping

Which of the following would be an example of second-order conditioning? a A pigeon that has received food every time a red light is presented exhibits food-seeking behavior when a yellow light is presented. b Wild rats instinctively avoid canine predators, but domesticated rats show little fear of the domesticated dogs they encounter, and may even join them in exploration or play. c A cat tastes a sour plant that makes it feel nauseated and will not approach that plant again. d A rabbit that has repeatedly seen a picture of a feared predator paired with a musical tone exhibits a fear response to the musical tone as well as to a flashing light alone that had been repeatedly paired with the tone. e A horse that is fed sugar cubes by a particular person salivates every time that persons walk by.

d: A rabbit that has repeatedly seen a picture of a feared predator paired with a musical tone exhibits a fear response to the musical tone as well as to a flashing light alone that had been repeatedly paired with the tone.

Suzie screamed at her little brother, and her mother yelled, "We do not yell in this house!" Suzie continues to yell at her brother despite her mother reprimanding her. Suzie's behavior is best explained by a negative reinforcement b latent learning c intermittent reinforcement d stimulus generalization e observational learning

e observational learning

Students in a school are accustomed to moving to the next class when music plays. After a period of time, the principal replaces the music with a bell to signal the end of class. If one day he plays the music by mistake and the students leave class, which of the following is being shown? a. Habituation :b. Acquisition c. Generalization d. Operant conditioning e. Spontaneous recovery

e. Spontaneous recovery

All of the following are examples of primary reinforcers except a a. cold drink on a hot day. b. hug from a loved one. c. rat's food reward in a Skinner box. d. large meal following an extended time without food. e. high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently

e. high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently

Because studies of learning show that events occurring close together in time are easier to associate than those occurring at widely different times, parents should probably avoid which of the following? a. Consistent punishment b. Mild punishment c. Corporal punishment d. Inescapable punishment :e. Delay of punishment

:e. Delay of punishment

In Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the dog salivated in response to the food at the outset of the experiment because the food was a. a conditioned stimulus b. a secondary reinforcer c. an unconditioned response d. a conditioned response :e. an unconditioned stimulus

:e. an unconditioned stimulus

Leigha, who is expecting college acceptance letters, knows the mail carrier comes every day around 1:30 pm. Hoping that the mail arrives early, she checks the mailbox at 12:45, 1:15 and 1:40. She does not check the mail again until he next day around the same times. This is an example of which reinforcement schedule? a Fixed-interval b Variable- interval c Fixed-ratio d Continuous e Variable-ratio

a Fixed-interval

When is prosocial modeling most effective? a When the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson b When the model verbally emphasizes the prosocial lesson but acts as she chooses c When the model is predisposed to the prosocial conduct d When the observer has a close personal relationship with the model e When the model is well-known

a When the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson

When the fire alarm sounded in the middle of the night, Ada woke up and made her way from her bedroom, down the stairs, and out the front door in the dark. Ada's ability to navigate her way through the dark house is an example of using a a cognitive map b the serial position effect c blindsight d observational learning e her prefrontal cortex

a a cognitive map

Diego's new puppy Agatha has developed the annoying habit of begging for food when people are eating. Using operant conditioning, which of the following would be the most effective technique for Diego to use to get Agatha to stop begging for food? a. Diego should never feed Agatha when she begs, but instead should pet her. b. Diego should feed Agatha a large, filling meal when she first starts begging. c. Diego should provide a distinctive signal, such as ringing a bell, whenever dinner is ready to be put on the table. d. Diego should only feed Agatha on rare occasions when she begs. :e. Diego should consistently ignore Agatha when she begs

:e. Diego should consistently ignore Agatha when she begs

Students are accustomed to a bell ringing to indicate the end of a class period. The principal decides to substitute popular music for the bell to indicate the end of each class period. Students quickly respond to the music in the same way they did to the bell. In this example, the music is a(n) a. habituated response. b. unconditioned stimulus. c. conditioned response. d. unconditioned response. :e. conditioned stimulus.

:e. conditioned stimulus.

A child whose family owns a dog may refer to any four-legged animal as "dog." In learning theory, such behavior is known as a. ecological validity b. shaping c. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning :e. stimulus generalization

:e. stimulus generalization

Chemotherapy is well known to cause nausea and vomiting. A chemotherapy patient's care team cautions the patient to eat only "novel" or new foods before treatment as opposed to food staples, like chicken, rice, or pasta. This is most likely due to a. stimulus generalization b. operant conditioning c. observational learning d. Yerkes-Dodson Law :e. taste aversion

:e. taste aversion