AP Psych Unit 7 Exam: Cognition

93. the various vowel sounds that can be placed between a t and an n produce words such as tan, ten, tin, and ton. these various vowel sounds represent different a. morphemes b. prototypes c. phonemes d. semantics e. algorithms

c. phonemes

50. rehearsal is to encoding as retrieval cues are to a. chunking b. relearning c. priming d. repression e. the spacing effect

c. priming

28. sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a couple of seconds later because of our ___________________ memory. a. flashbulb b. echoic c. implicit d. state-dependent e. iconic

b. echoic

71. simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgements efficiently are called a. semantics b. heuristics c. prototypes d. algorithms e. fixations

b. heuristics

37. the prolonged stress of sustained physical abuse may inhibit memory formation by shrinking the a. adrenal glands b. hippocampus c. pituitary gland d. sensory cortex e. frontal lobe

b. hippocampus

89. although intuition can at times hinder rationality, it is often valuable because it facilitates a. framing b. quick decisions c. belief perseverance d. functional fixedness e. confirmation bias

b. quick decisions

49. memories are primed by a. repression b. retrieval cues c. retroactive interference d. the serial position effect e. source amnesia

b. retrieval cues

15. students often remember more information from a course that spans an entire semester than from a course that is completed in an intensive three-week learning period. this best illustrates the importance of a. long-term potentiation b. the serial position effect c. automatic processing d. implicit memory e. the spacing effect

e. the spacing effect

87. stockbrokers who market their services with confidence that they can outperform the market average in picking stocks are especially likely to a. appear credible to their customers b. find it difficult to decide which stocks to purchase c. avoid the dangers of belief perseverance d. use algorithms to generate stock choices e. employ workers who use heuristics

a. appear credible to their customers

11. during her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of a. automatic processing b. the serial position effect c. the spacing effect d. relearning e. priming

a. automatic processing

23. the letters Y, M, O, M, R, E are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word "MEMORY." this provides an illustration of a. chunking b. the "peg-word" system c. automatic processing d. the spacing effect e. the serial position effect

a. chunking

69. when we use the term Hispanic to refer to a category of people, we are using this word as a(n) a. concept b. heuristic c. algorithm d. prototype e. mental set

a. concept

79. Myra has such low self-esteem that she typically expects critical comments about her appearance and behavior. Myra's behavior best illustrates the dangers of a. confirmation bias b. the framing effect c. functional fixedness d. algorithms e. the representativeness heuristic

a. confirmation bias

29. short-term memory is slightly better a. for auditory information than for visual information b. for random letters than for random digits c. in children than in adults d. in females than in males e. for sensory information than for semantic information

a. for auditory information than for visual information

76. injury to certain areas of the ________________ lobes can destroy imagination while leaving reading, writing, and arithmetic skills intact. a. frontal b. parietal c. occipital d. temporal e. central

a. frontal

42. unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the a. hippocampus b. cerebellum c. hypothalamus d. motor cortex e. corpus callosum

a. hippocampus

25. the address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. to his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. his experience best illustrates __________________ memory. a. iconic b. flashbulb c. implicit d. echoic e. state-dependent

a. iconic

39. many people retain their classically conditioned fears without any conscious recollection of how or when those fears were learned. this best illustrates _______________ memory. a. implicit b. short-term c. sensory d. working e. state-dependent

a. implicit

80. the representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to a. judge the likelihood of category membership by how closely an object or event resembles a particular prototype b. judge the likelihood of an event in terms of how readily instances of its occurrence are remembered c. serach for information that is consistent with our preconceptions d. cling to our initial conceptions, even though they have been discredited e. underestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

a. judge the likelihood of category membership by how closely an object or event resembles a particular prototype

21. the self-reference effect best illustrates the value of a. semantic encoding b. source amnesia c. iconic memory d. flashbulb memory e. repression

a. semantic encoding

26. explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to ________________ memory. a. sensory b. short-term c. flashbulb d. implicit e. state-dependent

a. sensory

55. the tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the __________________ effect. a. serial position b. misinformation c. mnemonic d. priming e. spacing

a. serial position

2. your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ____________________ memory. a. short-term b. implicit c. mood-congruent d. explicit e. automatic

a. short-term

53. Hermann Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that a. the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning b. what is learned in one mood is most easily retrieved in that same mood c. information that is automatically processed is rarely forgotten d. our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited e. hypnosis can increase recall of meaningless information

a. the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning

54. Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. this illustrates what is known as a. the spacing effect b. the serial position effect c. mood-congruent memory d. chunking e. automatic processing

a. the spacing effect

43. when an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used. a. reconstruction b. recognition c. rehearsal d. recall e. relearning

d. recall

6. every day as she walks to school, Mamie passes a mural painted on the side of a building. however, when asked, she says does not remember ever seeing it. which of the following is the best explanation for this occurrence? a. such implicit memory is stored in the cerebellum, thus Mamie must have experienced damage to that brain region. b. Mamie has not paid attention to the incoming information so it was not ended into long-term memory. c. because of the time span between being exposed to the mural, the spacing effect has interrupted memory formation. d. the memory of the mural has decayed over time. e. Mamie is experiencing retroactive interference, leading to her forgetting past information

b. Mamie has not paid attention to the incoming information so it was not ended into long-term memory.

100. people's procedural memory of how to open the front door of their house is most likely to consist of a. an algorithm b. a mental image c. telegraphic speech d. universal grammar e. a heuristic

b. a mental image

24. using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of a. rosy retrospection b. an acronym c. the spacing effect d. the peg-word system e. long-term potentiation

b. an acronym

52. during the course of a day, people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day's events. this best illustrates a. the spacing effect b. automatic processing c. rosy retrospection d. echoic memory e. short-term memory

b. automatic processing

88. it is very difficult to get someone to change his or her unrealistically negative self-image. this best illustrates the importance of a. functional fixedness b. belief perseverance c. the framing effect d. the representativeness heuristic e. overconfidence

b. belief perseverance

67. Professor Thompson's research focuses on the impact of prototype on the speed of object recognition and identification. which specialty area does this research best represent? a. personality psychology b. cognitive psychology c. biological psychology d. clinical psychology e. developmental psychology

b. cognitive psychology

77. generating the single correct answer to an intelligence test question illustrates a. factor analysis b. convergent thinking c. reliability d. standardization e. the availability heuristic

b. convergent thinking

35. exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called a. sensory memories b. flashbulb memories c. mood-congruent memories d. repressed memories e. semantic memories

b. flashbulb memories

45. which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues? a. recognition b. recall c. relearning d. rehearsal e. imagery

b. recall

46. fill-in-the-blank test questions measure _______________; matching concepts with their definitions measures _________________. a. recognition; relearning b. recall; recognition c. recall; relearning d. relearning; recall e. recognition; rehearsal

b. recall; recognition

12. in an effort to remember how to spell "rhinoceros," Samantha spells the word about 30 times. she is using a technique known as a. priming b. rehearsal c. the peg-word system d. chunking e. the serial position effect

b. rehearsal

61. research by Kandel and Schwartz on sea slugs indicates that memory function is associated with the a. structure of DNA molecules b. release of certain neurotransmitters c. activity level of the hippocampus d. development of the cerebellum e. transformation of neurons in the medulla

b. release of certain neurotransmitters

18. the fact that our preconceived ideas contribute to our ability to process new information best illustrates the importance of a. the serial position effect b. semantic encoding c. retroactive interference d. iconic memory e. repression

b. semantic encoding

95. the rock musician was hit with a rotten egg while performing his latest hit song. the fact that you can recognize two different meanings for the word "hit" in the preceding sentence demonstrates the importance of a. syntax b. semantics c. morphemes d. prototypes e. linguistic determinism

b. semantics

3. after looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. in this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ____________________ memory. a. echoic b. short-term c. flashbulb d. long-term e. implicit

b. short-term

31. research suggests that a memory trace is most likely to involve a. source amnesia b. synaptic changes c. motivated forgetting d. the serial position effect e. hormonal changes

b. synaptic changes

94. to combine words into grammatically sensible sentences, we need to apply proper rules of a. semantics b. syntax c. nomenclature d. phonics e. phonemes

b. syntax

83. after learning that her two best friends had lost their jobs, Mariah began to grossly overestimate the national unemployment rate. Mariah's reaction best illustrates the consequences of a. confirmation bias b. the availability heuristic c. the representativeness heuristic d. the belief perseverance phenomenon e. the framing effect

b. the availability heuristic

57. chunking refers to a. getting information into memory through the use of visual imagery b. the organization of information into meaningful units c. the unconscious encoding of incidental information d. the tendency to recall best the first item in a list e. the combined use of automatic and effortful processing to ensure the retention unfamiliar information

b. the organization of information into meaningful units

1. which of the following is the best definition of the modern memory model "connectionism"? a. the newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on active processing b. the view that memory emerges from interconnected neural networks c. memory aids provided by powerful visual imagery or cues d. unconscious encoding of incidental information e. cues from a current situation that trigger memories of a previous experience

b. the view that memory emerges from interconnected neural networks

40. where are explicit memories of newly learned verbal information and visual designs stored? a. verbal information is stored in the right hippocampus and visual designs are stored in the left hippocampus b. verbal information is stored in the left hippocampus and visual designs are stored in the right hippocampus c. verbal information is stored in the left hippocampus and visual designs are stored in the right cerebellum d. verbal information is stored in the right cerebellum and visual designs are stored in the left cerebellum e. verbal information is stored in the left cerebellum and visual designs are stored in the right cerebellum

b. verbal information is stored in the left hippocampus and visual designs are stored in the right hippocampus

60. while your mom is lecturing you about cleaning your room, you lose concentration. then, suddenly, you hear the significant words, "no car keys." when she asks, "are you listening to me?" you are able to repeat the last few things she said before mentioning car keys. which of the following best explains the phenomenon? a. because you have heard the same lecture many times, rehearsal has caused it to be stored in long-term memory b. words stored in echoic memory will last for 3 to 4 seconds, so you can still recall her words c. what you mom said at the beginning and end of her lecture will be recalled because of the serial position effect d. because losing driving privileges is an emotional event, her words create a flashbulb memory. e. hearing the words "car keys" leads to the priming of specific memories

b. words stored in echoic memory will last for 3 to 4 seconds, so you can still recall her words

8. to recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as ________________ memory. a. iconic b. working c. flashbulb d. implicit e. repressed

b. working

33. one effect of long-term potentiation is that a. the sending neuron needs additional prompting to release its neurotransmitters b. more glucose energy is made available to fuel brain activity c. a receiving neuron's receptor sites may increase d. the memory trace can be tracked to specific sites in the brain e. more neurons are added into a neural chain of memory

c. a receiving neuron's receptor sites may increase

19. your ability to immediately recognize the voice over the phone as your mother's illustrates the value of a. the spacing effect b. implicit memory c. acoustic encoding d. chunking e. state-dependent memory

c. acoustic encoding

10. encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as a. recall b. long-term potentiation c. automatic processing d. state-dependent memory e. chunking

c. automatic processing

22. the organization of information into meaningful units is called a. automatic processing b. the spacing effect c. chunking d. ironic memory e. the peg-word system

c. chunking

66. which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating? a. schema b. heuristic c. cognition d. syntax e. language

c. cognition

90. companies are being encouraged to enroll their employees in a 401 (k) plan automatically while allowing them to choose to raise their take-home pay by "opting out" of the plan. the previous plan had asked employees to "opt-in" to participate in the plan. under the "opt-out" rather than "opt-in" system, enrollments in 401(k) plans soared. this best illustrates the impact of a. overconfidence b. the representativeness heuristic c. framing d. functional fixedness e. the availability heuristic

c. framing

96. it is difficult to explain language acquisition solely in terms of imitation and reinforcement because children a. acquire language even in the absence of social interaction b. resent being corrected for grammatical mistakes c. generate all sorts of sentences they have never heard before d. employ telegraphic speech patterns before their second birthday e. respond so positively to rewards for language use

c. generate all sorts of sentences they have never heard before

51. the process of retrieval refers to a. the persistence of learning over time b. the organization of information into manageable units c. getting information out of memory storage d. conscious repetition of information to be remembered e. the identification of information previously learned

c. getting information out of memory storage

27. when Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-twelveth of a second, research participants a. recalled only half the letters because they did not have enough time to see all of them b. recalled only about seven of the letters due to storage limitations c. had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters d. formed a sensory memory of no more than a single letter e. recognized some of the letter but could not recall any of them

c. had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters

on the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. immediately after hearing the list, Kyoto attempts to write down the items. she is most likely to forget the items a. at the beginning of the list b. at the end of the list c. in the middle of the list d. at the beginning and in the middle of the list e. at the middle and the end of the list

c. in the middle of the list

62. Kaylor remembers clearly when he first heard news of the 9/11 attack. although his memory may be vivid and he has confidently related details of his story to others many times, Kaylor should be remind that a. retroactive interference makes it harder to recall old information b. source amnesia can affect how well we remember past events c. information can distort flashbulb memories d. iconic memories decay quickly e. when we are under stress, long-term potentiation diminishes our ability to form new memories

c. information can distort flashbulb memories

74. after spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. as she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates a. the belief perseverance phenomenon b. the availability heuristic c. insight d. a mental set e. the framing effect

c. insight

5. the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called ________________ memory. a. sensory b. state-dependent c. long-term d. flashbulb e. implicit

c. long-term

97. the best evidence that there is a critical period for language acquisition is the fact that a. infants able sounds that occur in their parents' native language b. toddlers maintain a capacity to discriminate language suds they have never heard c. people most easily master the grammar of a second language doing childhood d. preschoolers typically fail to use proper syntax e. grammatical systems are similar in all languages

c. people most easily master the grammar of a second language doing childhood

68. in the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of a. algorithms b. phonemes c. prototypes d. mental sets e. heuristics

c. prototypes

44. an eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. which test of memory is being utilized? a. recall b. relearning c. recognition d. misinformation e. reconstruction

c. recognition

47. which measures of memory did Hermann Ebbinghaus use to a assess the impact of rehearsal on retention? a. recall b. recognition c. relearning d. reconstruction e. repression

c. relearning

99. which of the following was cited by Whorf as evidence in support of the linguistic determinism hypothesis? a. the generic pronoun "he" is just as likely to trigger images of women as of men b. people with no words for colors can still perceive color differences c. the Hopi cannot readily think about the past because their language has no past tense for verbs d. childen born deaf learn to use signs and gestures to communicate within the Deaf community e. adjectives typically follow a noun but come before a verb in most languages

c. the Hopi cannot readily think about the past because their language has no past tense for verbs

85. the indelible memories of the 9/11 terrorist tragedy unduly inflated many people's estimates of the risks associated with air travel. this best illustrates the importance of a. functional fixedness b. the representativeness heuristic c. the availability heuristic d. confirmation bias e. framing

c. the availability heuristic

38. patients who have experienced brain damage may be unable to form new personal memories but are able to earn to learn to do jigsaw puzzles, without awareness of having learned them. this suggests that a. explicit memories are stored in the cerebellum, which must not have been damaged b. long-term potentiation decreases our ability to store implicit memories c. the system for creating explicit memory has been affected, not the implicit memory system d. amnesia only disturbs recall of explicit memories e. the cerebellum must have been damaged, hindering implicit memory formation

c. the system for creating explicit memory has been affected, not the implicit memory system

58. iconic memory is to echoic memory as ____________________ is to __________________. a. short-term memory; long-term memory b. explicit memory; implicit memory c. visual simulation; auditory stimulation d. automatic processing; effortful processing e. flashbulb memory; implicit memory

c. visual simulation; auditory stimulation

7. as his AP psychology teacher was lecturing, Tanner was thinking about competing in a swim meet later that afternoon. where are Tanner's current thoughts being processed? a. sensory memory b. the cerebellum c. working memory d. echoic memory e. long-term memory

c. working memory

34. rats given a drug that enhances long-term potentiation (LTP) will learn a maze with half the usual number of mistakes. this suggests that a. priming is affected by the release of serotonin into the synapse b. proactive interference is minimized by LTP c. source amnesia decreases the more the rat runs in the maze d. LTP provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations e. state-dependent memories are easily retrieved

d. LTP provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations

73. as he attempted to spell the word "receive," Tim reminded himself "i before e except after c." Tim's self-reminder best illustrates the use of a. trial and error b. insight c. an algorithm d. a heuristic e. prototype

d. a heuristic

9. which term best describes parallel processing? a. voluntary b. conscious c. serial d. automatic e. sequential

d. automatic

41. although Mr. Yanagita has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. it is likely that he has suffered damaged to his a. brainstem b. cerebellum c. hypothalamus d. hippocampus e. motor cortex

d. hippocampus

64. remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illustrates _________________ memory. a. semantic b. explicit c. flashbulb d. implicit e. sensory

d. implicit

91. spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning constitute a. algorithms b. syntax c. heuristics d. language e. phonemes

d. language

4. a flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________________ memory. a. iconic b. implicit c. echoic d. long-term e. short-term

d. long-term

32. the increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as a. chunking b. the serial position effect c. automatic processing d. long-term potentiation e. proactive interference

d. long-term potentiation

30. the quest for a physical basis of memory involves a search for a(n) a. flashbulb memory b. spacing effect c. mnemonic device d. memory trace e. iconic memory

d. memory trace

70. an algorithm is a a. simple thinking strategy for making decisions quickly and efficiently b. method of hypothesis testing involving trial and error c. best example of a particular category d. methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems e. specific kind of prototype

d. methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems

92. the smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a a. prototype b. phenotype c. morpheme d. phoneme e. babble

d. phoneme

82. by encouraging people to imagine their homes being destroyed by a fire, insurance salespeople are especially successful at selling large homeowners' policies. they are most clearly exploiting the influence of a. belief perseverance b. the representativeness heuristic c. overconfidence d. the availability heuristic e. functional fixedness

d. the availability heuristic

84. tapes of abducted and brutalized children may lead many parents to experience exaggerated fears of letting their children walk to school. this exaggerated fears best illustrates the impact of a. functional fixedness b. critical periods c. the framing effect d. the availability heuristic e. belief perseverance

d. the availability heuristic

98. Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that a. infancy is a critical period for language development b. all languages share a similar grammar c. our linguistic proficiencies influence our social status d. words shape the way people think e. morphemes and phonemes build grammar and language

d. words shape the way people think

which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory? a. Pavlov b. James c. Loftus d. Freud e. Ebbinghaus

e. Ebbinghaus

59. for a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. his experience most clearly illustrates __________________ memory. a. short-term b. iconic c. mood-congruent d. implicit e. echoic

e. echoic

78. whenever Arlo reminded himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and fortune, he became less creative in his musical performance. this best illustrates that creativity may be inhibited by a. belief perseverance b. divergent thinking c. the representativeness heuristic d. confirmation bias e. extrinsic motivation

e. extrinsic motivation

63. a retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as __________________ memory. a. state-dependent b. flashbulb c. short-term d. sensory e. implicit

e. implicit

65. an understanding of the distinction between implicit and explicit memories is most helpful for explaining a. the serial position effect b. the spacing effect c. repression d. state-dependent e. infantile amnesia

e. infantile amnesia

72. the sudden comprehension of the double meaning of a humorous pun best illustrates a. the representativeness heuristic b. belief perseverance c. the availability heuristic d. the framing effect e. insight

e. insight

75. in one experiment, Wolfgang Köhler watched am ape suddenly solve a problem of reaching bananas hanging from the ceiling by stacking and climbing up a number of crates. which of the following did Köhler conclude the ape used in problem solving? a. heuristics b. trial and error c. algorithms d. framing e. insight

e. insight

20. semantic encoding is to visual encoding as ________________ is to __________________. a. implicit memory; explicit memory b. effortful processing; automatic processing c. the serial position effect; the spacing effect d. iconic memory; flashbulb memory e. meaning; imagery

e. meaning; imagery

86. students routinely underestimate how much time it will take them to complete assigned course projects. this best illustrates the impact of a. framing b. functional fixedness c. the availability heuristic d. the representativeness heuristic e. overconfidence

e. overconfidence

48. retrieval cues are most likely to facilitate a process known as a. automatic processing b. repression c. chunking d. relearning e. priming

e. priming

13. when first introduced to someone, Marcel effectively remembers the person's name by repeating it to himself several times. Marcel makes use of a strategy called a. chunking b. automatic processing c. mnemonics d. the serial position effect e. rehearsal

e. rehearsal

56. the process by which information is encoded by its meaning is called a. long-term potentiation b. automatic processing c. rehearsal d. mnemonic encoding e. semantic encoding

e. semantic encoding

17. at your first day of work the manager introduces your coworkers, one at a time. as you meet each person, you repeat all the names, starting at the beginning. by the time you meet the last person, you can better recall the names at the beginning and the last names you heard. which of the following best explains your experience? a. spacing effect b. semantic encoding c. chunking d. proactive interference e. serial position effect

e. serial position effect

36. the accuracy of the flashbulb memories of those who witnessed the 2010 earthquake in Haiti best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by a. the spacing effect b. hierarchical organization c. the serial position effect d. implicit memory e. the body's release of stress hormones

e. the body's release of stress hormones

81. the tendency to conclude that a person who likes to read poetry is more likely to be a college professor of classics than a truck driver illustrates the use of a. the availability heuristic b. confirmation bias c. the framing effect d. belief perseverance e. the representativeness heuristic

e. the representativeness heuristic