AP Psych unit 7a test

After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of A) encoding failure. B) source amnesia. C) retroactive interference. D) proactive interference. E) automatic processing.

c

An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized? A) recall B) relearning C) recognition D) misinformation E) reconstruction

c

Automatic processing occurs without A) iconic memory. B) semantic encoding. C) conscious awareness. D) long-term potentiation. E) sensory memory.

c

By shrinking the hippocampus, prolonged stress is most likely to inhibit the process of A) source misattribution. B) proactive interference. C) long-term memory formation. D) repression. E) mood-congruent memory.

c

Conscious memory of factual information is called ________ memory. A) proactive B) procedural C) explicit D) implicit E) iconic

c

An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized? A) recall B) relearning C) recognition D) misinformation E) reconstruction

b

Effortful processing can occur only with A) implicit memory. B) conscious attention. C) visual imagery. D) chunking. E) sensory memory.

b

"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory. A) short-term B) explicit C) flashbulb D) implicit E) sensory

a

After having seen many pictures of the Lincoln Monument during his lifetime, Mr. Adams mistakenly recalled that he had actually visited the site. This best illustrates A) source amnesia. B) proactive interference. C) implicit memory. D) the self-reference effect. E) flashbulb memory.

a

Although Arturo has looked at his watch thousands of times, he is unable to recall whether the watch features Arabic or Roman numerals. This is most likely due to a failure in A) encoding. B) storage. C) retrieval. D) iconic memory. E) implicit memory.

a

An understanding of the distinction between implicit and explicit memories is most helpful for explaining A) the serial position effect. B) the spacing effect. C) repression. D) state-dependent memory. E) infantile amnesia.

a

In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that encoding failure results from the sin of A) absent-mindedness. B) transience. C) blocking. D) repression. E) chunking.

a

Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as A) the spacing effect. B) the serial position effect. C) mood-congruent memory. D) chunking. E) automatic processing.

a

Lars was feeling depressed at the time he read a chapter of his history textbook. Lars is likely to recall best the contents of that chapter when he is A)depressed. B) happy. C) relaxed. D) unemotional. E) excited.

a

Rephrasing text material in your own words is an effective way of facilitating A) semantic encoding. B) automatic processing. C) mood-congruent memory. D) proactive interference. E) implicit memory.

a

Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the A) hippocampus. B) cerebellum. C) hypothalamus. D) motor cortex. E) corpus callosum.

a

Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called A) retrieval cues. B) déjà vu. C) iconic traces. D) context effects. E) schemas.

a

Chunking refers to A) getting information into memory through the use of visual imagery. B) the organization of information into meaningful units. C) the unconscious encoding of incidental information. D) the tendency to recall best the first item in a list. E) the combined use of automatic and effortful processing to ensure the retention of unfamiliar information.

b

Iconic memory refers to A) the encoded meanings of words and events in short-term memory. B) photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second. C) the effortlessly processed incidental information about the timing and frequency of events. D) the visually encoded images in long-term memory. E) important events often encoded through flashbulb memory.

b

In considering the seven sins of memory, misattribution is to the sin of ________ as blocking is to the sin of _________. A) retroactive interference; proactive interference B) distortion; forgetting C) proactive interference; retroactive interference D) intrusion; distortion E) priming; repression

b

Memories are primed by A) repression. B) retrieval cues. C) retroactive interference. D) the serial position effect. E) source amnesia.

b

Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as A) 1 second. B) 12 seconds. C) 1 minute. D) 12 minutes. E) 1 hour.

b

Research by Kandel and Schwartz on sea slugs indicates that memory formation is associated with the A) structure of DNA molecules. B) release of certain neurotransmitters. C) activity level of the hippocampus. D) development of the cerebellum. E) transformation of neurons in the medulla.

b

Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a couple of seconds later because of our ________ memory. A) flashbulb B) echoic C) implicit D) state-dependent E) iconic

b

To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as ________ memory. A) iconic B) working C) flashbulb D) implicit E) repressed

b

We can encode many sensory experiences simultaneously, some automatically, because of which property of the brain? A) serial position effect B) parallel processing C) explicit memory D) long-term potentiation E) priming

b

Which of the following is the best definition of the modern memory model "connectionism"? A) a newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on active processing B) the view that memory emerges from interconnected neural networks C) memory aids provided by powerful visual imagery or cues D) unconscious encoding of incidental information E) cues from a current situation that trigger memories of a previous experience

b

Kaylor remembers clearly when he first heard news of the 9/11 attack. Although his memory may be vivid and he has confidently related details of his story to others many times, Kaylor should be reminded that A) retroactive interference makes it harder to recall old information. B) source amnesia can affect how well we remember past events. C) misinformation can distort flashbulb memories. D) iconic memories decay quickly. E) when we are under stress, long-term potentiation diminishes our ability to form new memories.

c

Long-term potentiation refers to A) the impact of overlearning on retention. B) an automatic tendency to recall emotionally significant events. C) an increase in a neuron's firing potential. D) the process of learning something without any conscious memory of having learned it. E) the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

c

Memory is best defined as A) the conscious encoding of information. B) stored knowledge that has been semantically encoded. C) the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information. D) the retrieval of stored information in precisely the same form in which it was encoded. E) recalling and retrieving information stored in the cerebral cortex.

c

On the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items A) at the beginning of the list. B) at the end of the list. C) in the middle of the list. D) at the beginning and in the middle of the list. E) at the middle and the end of the list.

c

Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt ________ memory. A) implicit B) mood-congruent C) short-term D) flashbulb E) iconic

c

Proactive and retroactive interference contribute most strongly to the A) priming effect. B) self-reference effect. C) serial position effect. D) spacing effect. E) mnemonic effect.

c

The process of encoding refers to A) the persistence of learning over time. B) the recall of information previously learned. C) getting information into memory. D) the motivated forgetting of painful memories. E) a clear memory of an emotionally significant event.

c

The process of retrieval refers to A) the persistence of learning over time. B) the organization of information into manageable units. C) getting information out of memory storage. D) conscious repetition of information to be remembered. E) the identification of information previously learned.

c

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called ________ memory. A) sensory B) state-dependent C) long-term D) flashbulb E) implicit

c

To prevent encoding failure you should A) avoid source amnesia. B) limit parallel processing. C) engage in effortful processing. D) stop long-term potentiation. E) encourage priming.

c

We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of A) long-term potentiation. B) flashbulb memory. C) imagery. D) iconic memory. E) priming.

c

When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used? A) reconstruction B) recognition C) rehearsal D) recall E) relearning

c

Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity? A) echoic memory B) short-term memory C) long-term memory D) iconic memory E) proactive memory

c

Your ability to immediately recognize the voice over the phone as your mother's illustrates the value of A) the spacing effect. B) implicit memory. C) acoustic encoding. D) chunking. E) state-dependent memory.

c

A baseball strikes Ashley in the head and she is momentarily knocked unconscious. The physical injury, though not serious, is most likely to interfere with Ashley's ________ memory. A) flashbulb B) implicit C) mood-congruent D) short-term E) echoic

d

After having a stroke, Aaron has great difficulty recalling any of his subsequent life experiences. He is most likely suffering from A) long-term potentiation. B) repression. C) mood-congruent memory. D) amnesia. E) implicit memory.

d

Although Mr. Yanagita has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likely that he has suffered damage to his A) brainstem. B) cerebellum. C) hypothalamus. D) hippocampus. E) motor cortex.

d

As we retrieve memories from our memory bank, we often alter them based on past experiences and our current expectations. This best illustrates A) implicit memory. B) proactive interference. C) the spacing effect. D) memory construction. E) serial position effect.

d

Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates A) source amnesia. B) proactive interference. C) the serial position effect. D) motivated forgetting. E) priming.

d

Déjà vu refers to the A) emotional arousal produced by events that prime us to recall associated events. B) tendency to remember experiences that are consistent with our current mood. C) unconscious activation of particular associations in memory. D) eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation or event. E) involuntary activation of the hippocampus.

d

Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called A) semantic techniques. B) iconic traces. C) organizational cues. D) mnemonic devices. E) flashbulb memories.

d

Mood-congruent memory refers to the effect of emotional states on the process of A) repression. B) encoding. C) storage. D) retrieval. E) relearning.

d

Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. This best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by A) retrieval cues. B) the serial position effect. C) source amnesia. D) the body's release of stress hormones. E) long-term potentiation.

d

Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants. This study found that ________ memories have a limited duration without active processing and rehearsal. A) echoic B) long-term C) mood-congruent D) short-term E) flashbulb

d

Proactive interference refers to the A) blocking of painful memories from conscious awareness. B) incorporation of misleading information into one's memory of an event. C) disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned information. D) disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. E) integration of current information into implicit memories.

d

Researchers asked university students to imagine certain childhood events, including a false event such as breaking a window with their hand. They discovered that A) events from the distant past are less vulnerable to memory distortion than more recent events. B) people can easily distinguish between their own true and false memories. C) hypnotic suggestion is an effective technique for accurate memory retrieval. D) it is surprisingly easy to lead people to construct false memories. E) college students are less likely to succumb to the misinformation effect.

d

Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates A iconic memory. B) the spacing effect. C) implicit memory. D) a recency effect. E) automatic processing

d

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of A ) implicit memory. B ) iconic memory. C ) proactive interference. D ) working memory. E ) semantic encoding.

d

The misinformation effect refers to the A) tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. B) disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. C) the eerie sense that "I've been in this exact situation before." D) incorporation of misleading information into one's memory of an event. E) negative effect of incorrect information on recall.

d

The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called A) chunking. B) automatic processing. C) repression. D) priming. E) state-dependent memory.

d

The quest for a physical basis of memory involves a search for a(n) A) flashbulb memory. B) spacing effect. C) mnemonic device. D) memory trace. E) iconic memory.

d

The statement, "The haystack was important because the cloth ripped," becomes easier to understand and recall when you are given the following prompt: "A parachutist." This best illustrates the influence of A) visual encoding. B) parallel processing. C) sensory memory. D) semantic encoding. E) mnemonic devices.

d

Which of the following offers the best explanation for infantile amnesia? A) The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature. B) The emotional reactivity of infants inhibits the process of encoding. C) The accumulation of life experiences disrupts the retrieval of early life events. D) Iconic memories last for less than a second in infants. E) Birth trauma prevents explicit encoding.

d

A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory. A) state-dependent B) flashbulb C) short-term D) sensory E) implicit

e

Adults who have trouble remembering incidences of childhood sexual abuse have often been led by therapists to believe that their memory difficulties are due to A) memory storage failure. B) the misinformation effect. C) memory encoding failure. D) proactive interference. E) repression.

e

After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent A) source amnesia. B) retroactive interference. C) proactive interference. D) encoding failure. E) rehearsal.

e

After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates A) the spacing effect. B) proactive interference. C) the serial position effect. D) motivated forgetting. E) state-dependent memory.

e

Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory. A) short-term; long-term B) long-term; short-term C) implicit; explicit D) explicit; implicit E) iconic; echoic

e

One reason adults typically recall little of their first three years of life is that during infancy they were unable to verbally label most of their experiences. This best illustrates that the formation of long-term memories often requires A) automatic processing. B) implicit memory. C) acoustic encoding. D) source amnesia. E) semantic encoding.

e

When first introduced to someone, Marcel effectively remembers the person's name by repeating it to himself several times. Marcel makes use of a strategy called A) chunking. B) automatic processing. C) mnemonics. D) the serial position effect. E) rehearsal.

e

Who emphasized that we repress anxiety-arousing memories? A) Hermann Ebbinghaus B) Elizabeth Loftus C) Lloyd Peterson D) George Sperling E) Sigmund Freud

e