AP Psychology - Cognition (Unit 5)

Injury to certain areas of the _______________ lobes can destroy imagination while leaving reading, writing, and arithmetic skills intact. A. central B. parietal C. temporal D. occipital E. frontal

E. frontal

It is suspected that 13-year-old Madelyn may have some learning disabilities. She is meeting with the school psychologist to take an intelligence test. This test measures not only her general intelligence but also verbal and performance abilities across 15 different subtests, including vocabulary and picture completion. Which of the following is Madelyn most likely taking? A. WISC B. MMPI C. Stanford-Binet D. Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale E. MBTI

A. WISC

Intelligence that is reflected in tests of mental ability, as suggested by Charles Spearman, is called A. crystallized intelligence. B. the Flynn effect. C. multiple intelligences. D. general intelligence (g). E. practical intelligence.

D. general intelligence (g).

With which of the following statements will people typically agree most quickly? A. A penguin is a bird. B. An ostrich is a bird. C. A flamingo is a bird. D. A goose is a bird. E. A robin is a bird.

E. A robin is a bird.

Which of the following psychologists is most strongly associated with research on false memories?

Elizabeth Loftus

Storage is to encoding as __________________ is to ___________________. A. imagery; mnemonics B. priming; relearning C. retention; acquisition D. recognition; recall E. rehearsal; retrieval

c. retention; acquisition

The difference between divided attention and selective attention is that divided attention A. requires more automatic processing than selective attention does B. is used primarily in simple tasks, whereas selective attention is used primarily in complex tasks C. is related to the development of reading skills in children, whereas selective attention is not D. is more highly correlated with intelligence than selective attention is E. is related only to auditory processing, whereas selective attention is related only to visual processing

A. requires more automatic processing than selective attention does Success in the context of a task that uses divided attention requires automatic processing of one task while simultaneously doing another. Selective attention requires blocking out all other tasks in order to focus on just one.

Which of the following is a typical example of a flashbulb memory? A. your first kiss B. the daily homework assignment from your psychology teacher C. the chores your parent asked you to complete after school D. the scrambled eggs you had for breakfast this morning E. the shirt you wore to school yesterday

A. your first kiss

Which of the following statements about automatic processing or effortful processing is true? A. Effortful processing does not require conscious awareness. B. Effortful processing makes other processing more difficult. C. Automatic processing requires little mental effort. D. Automatic processing does not improve with practice. E. Effortful processing is affected by intelligence.

C. Automatic processing requires little mental effort. Automatic processing requires little mental effort, whereas effortful processing requires mental effort and use of short-term memory.

The brain structure shown to be necessary in the development of implicit memories for skills, particularly classically conditioned reflexes, is the A. cerebellum. B. hypothalamus. C. basal ganglia. D. amygdala. E. hippocampus.

A. cerebellum.

The written exam for a driver's license would most likely be considered a(n) ________________ test. A. intelligence B. interest C. achievement D. reliability E. aptitude

C. achievement

Which of the following statements is true of insight problem solving? A. It involves trying every possible solution until finding the one that works. B. It is only used to solve verbal problems and not spatial ones. C. It can only occur in situations where the problem space is very large. D. It requires an incubation period in which the problem solver can start fresh on the problem. E. It occurs most frequently with well-defined problems.

D. It requires an incubation period in which the problem solver can start fresh on the problem. Insight problem solving occurs when the problem solver has worked on a problem for a while and then comes up with the solution either during or right after a break from the problem.

Maeve wants to change her college major but has decided not to because she is close to finishing. She believes that the time she has spent in her current program will be wasted if she changes now. Maeve is experiencing A. hindsight bias B. availability bias C. social desirability bias D. the sunk-cost fallacy E. the self-serving bias

D. the sunk-cost fallacy Maeve is experiencing the sunk-cost fallacy by believing that if she changes her major she will have wasted the time she's already been in the program.

Experts would most likely agree that intelligence is A. a general trait that underlies success on nearly any task. B. a multiple array of completely independent adaptive traits. C. the unconscious processing that occurs as the first step in problem solving. D. an inborn ability to perform well on standard intelligence tests. E. a mental ability to learn from experience.

E. a mental ability to learn from experience.

The brain structure shown to be essential in encoding new explicit memories of names, images, and events is the A. cerebellum. B. hypothalamus. C. hippocampus. D. amygdala. E. basal ganglia.

C. hippocampus.

We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, fire" than the words "void, process, inherent." This best illustrates the value of A. long-term potentiation. B. flashbulb memory. C. priming. D. imagery. E. iconic memory.

D. imagery.

The cerebellum is most directly involved in A. forming emotional memories B. forming explicit and spatial memories C. judgment, higher-order cognition, and personality D. sensory processing and relaying E. motor learning

E. motor learning

The fact that Lori finds herself thinking about dogs and other pets after seeing a cat is evidence that human memory is organized into A. an association network. B. a hierarchy. C. a mental set. D. a schema. E. mnemonics.

A. an association network. An association network representation predicts that activation of a concept will also activate related concepts.

The test that provides separate verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed scores, as well as an overall intelligence score, is the

WAIS.

On the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items A. at the end of the list. B. in the middle of the list. C. at the middle and the end of the list. D. at the beginning and in the middle of the list. E. at the beginning of the list.

B. in the middle of the list.

In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called A. heuristics. B. intuitions. C. mental sets. D. phonemes. E. algorithms.

B. intuitions.

Which of the following is most likely to be a false memory? A. A young child's memory of a day at the beach. B. A high school student's memory of the prom. C. A person's memory of going to a restaurant after college graduation. D. A job applicant's memory of the clothes the applicant wore to an interview. E. A couple's memory of their first dance at their wedding.

A. A young child's memory of a day at the beach. People are much more susceptible to false memories about their childhood than about memories formed later in life.

The sense that "I've been in this exact situation before" is referred to as A. déjà vu. B. proactive interference. C. reconstructive memory. D. mood-congruent memory. E. source amnesia.

A. déjà vu.

A researcher wanted to test the psychometric properties of a new intelligence test for children. She administered the test twice, two months apart, to children in a fourth-grade classroom. On the second administration, she noticed that the children who performed well were not the same children who performed well on the first administration and that there appeared to be no relationship between student performance on the first and second administration of the test. Based on this scenario, the psychological construct missing from this intelligence test is A. test-retest reliability, because the researcher is administering the same test twice. B. test-retest reliability, because the researcher is administering equivalent forms of the test twice. C. split-half reliability, because the researcher is administering the same test twice. D. split-half reliability, because the researcher is administering equivalent forms of the same test twice. E. internal-consistency reliability, because the researcher is administering the same test twice.

A. test-retest reliability, because the researcher is administering the same test twice. Test-retest reliability refers to when repeated administration of the same test yields consistent results, which this test did not.

Rats given a drug that enhances long-term potentiation will learn a maze with half the usual number of mistakes. This suggests that A. priming is affected by the release of serotonin into the synapse. B. LTP provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations. C. state-dependent memories are easily retrieved. D. source amnesia decreases the more the rat runs the maze. E. proactive interference is minimized by LTP.

B. LTP provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations.

Rodrigo's three-year-old sister says the phrase "We goed to the store" instead of "We went to the store." According to Noam Chomsky, what is the best explanation for her behavior? A. Her parents have not presented her with the appropriate corrective feedback to teach her not to use the incorrect form. B. She is overregularizing her use of the past tense. C. She has heard other children using the incorrect form and has learned that it is correct. D. She has not yet entered the concrete operational stage of cognition, in which she will be able to learn the correct form of the word. E. She has a specific language impairment, which has prevented her from acquiring the correct form.

B. She is overregularizing her use of the past tense. Chomsky described children's errors in using irregular past tense forms as overregularizing past tense forms.

Which of the following scenarios involves using cued recall? A. Letitia uses a mnemonic device to help her remember the names of all the lobes of the brain. B. Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair. C. Evelyn studies a list of words and is later asked to list all of the words that were on the list. D. To help her remember what she needs from the grocery store, Marjorie imagines walking through her kitchen and visualizing what is missing. E. Kumail scores well on a multiple-choice quiz because he recognizes all of the correct answers when he sees them.

B. Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair. Cued recall involves being asked to retrieve a list of words and being given a cue (e.g., the first word in each pair) to aid in recall.

What's the difference between an algorithm and a heuristic? A. When you use an algorithm, you have a sudden realization of how to solve a problem. This doesn't happen when you use a heuristic. B. When you use an algorithm, a solution is always guaranteed. However, using heuristics doesn't always lead to successful problem solving. C. Heuristics require that you follow a step-by-step procedure, while algorithms are mental shortcuts. D. Finding a solution takes more time when you use a heuristic than when you use an algorithm. E. Using a heuristic is more likely to lead to creative thinking than using an algorithm.

B. When you use an algorithm, a solution is always guaranteed. However, using heuristics doesn't always lead to successful problem solving.

The Stanford-Binet, WAIS, and WISC tests are all types of A. achievement tests. B. personality tests. C. general intelligence tests. D. factor analysis tests. E. multiple intelligence tests.

C. general intelligence tests.

Most intelligence tests have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Based on this information, and on the IQ score distribution shown below, approximately what percentage of individuals are categorized as intellectually disabled? A. 14 B. 0.1 C. 2.1 D. 34 E. 16.1

C. 2.1

About _______ percent of WAIS scores fall between 70 and 130. A. 60 B. 10 C. 95 D. 70 E. 30

C. 95

Which of the following describes one of the functions of the temporal lobe of the brain? A. It is where motor control occurs. B. It is where decision making happens. C. It is where low-level visual features are processed. D. It is where the sense of touch is processed. E. It is where declarative memories are stored.

C. It is where low-level visual features are processed. Declarative memories are encoded by the hippocampus in the temporal lobe and then transferred to the temporal cortex.

Semantic encoding refers to the processing of A. sounds. B. touch sensations. C. meanings. D. visual images. E. unfamiliar units.

C. meanings.

As he attempted to spell the word "receive", Tim reminded himself "i before e except after c." Tim's self-reminder best illustrates the use of A. insight. B. an algorithm. C. trial and error. D. a heuristic. E. prototypes.

D. a heuristic.

Jeanette is curious to see how many numbers she can hold in her mind at once. She asks her friend to test her on lists of random digits to see how many she can remember. Based on what is known about the average limits of short-term memory capacity, what is the most likely number of digits Jeanette will be able to remember?

7

An example of a failure of source monitoring is A. Amir telling Jorge the same story Jorge told him earlier in the week, because Amir forgot Jorge already told him the story. B. Katie being unable to recall the information for her English exam while feeling anxious when taking it, because she was feeling sad when she studied for the exam. C. Jose forgetting the information he learned in class because he took his final in a different room. D. Hanson confusing his old locker combination numbers with his new locker combination numbers. E. James confusing his new address with his old address.

A. Amir telling Jorge the same story Jorge told him earlier in the week, because Amir forgot Jorge already told him the story. Source monitoring refers to the ability to track the origin of a piece of information.

Which of the following best describes the primacy effect? A. When people have better recall of things that occur at the beginning of a sequence B. When people have better recall of things that occur at the end of a sequence C. When people who know very little about a subject tend to be overly confident about how much they know about that subject, while people who know a great deal about the subject tend to downplay their knowledge about that subject D. When people state that things that have happened to them recently occur more frequently than they actually do E. When people tend to rely too heavily on the first piece of information they get when making decisions

A. When people have better recall of things that occur at the beginning of a sequence The primacy effect refers to the fact that people tend to remember things they learned earliest better (i.e., things at the beginning of a sequence).

Maki is a three-month-old living in a household of Japanese speakers. Which of the following best describes how her ability to discriminate phonemes will develop? A. Currently, she will likely be able to discriminate the phonemes \l\ and \r\; after she reaches about eight months of age, she will have begun to lose the ability to discriminate these phonemes. B. Currently, she will likely be able to discriminate the phonemes \l\ and \r\; after she reaches about eight months of age, her ability to discriminate these phonemes will start to become enhanced. C. Currently, she will likely be unable to discriminate the phonemes \l\ and \r\; after she reaches about eight months of age, she will start to develop the ability to discriminate these phonemes. D. Currently, she will likely be unable to discriminate the phonemes \l\ and \r\; after she reaches about eight months of age, she will still be unable to discriminate these phonemes. E. Currently, she will likely be able to discriminate the phonemes \l\ and \r\; after she reaches about eight months of age, she will be equally able to discriminate these phonemes.

A. Currently, she will likely be able to discriminate the phonemes \l\ and \r\; after she reaches about eight months of age, she will have begun to lose the ability to discriminate these phonemes. Infants are born able to discriminate all phonemes used in human speech, but after about six to eight months, they begin to lose the ability to discriminate phonemes that are not used in the language spoken by people in their environment as they develop expertise in the sound contrasts used in their own language.

Which of the following examples is most consistent with the theory that executive functioning provides the basis for general intelligence? A. Geoff is able to easily remember a long list of instructions after hearing them only once and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests. B. Reilly began walking earlier than most children and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests. C. Amir is good at understanding other peoples' emotions and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests. D. Jake can read very quickly and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests. E. Rose has perfect pitch and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests.

A. Geoff is able to easily remember a long list of instructions after hearing them only once and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests. Being able to remember a long list of instructions is a measure of working memory capacity (related to executive function). Geoff's having strong executive functioning and higher than average intelligence is consistent with the theory.

Which of the following questions about the word "depressed" would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen the word on today's test? A. How well does the word describe you? B. Is the word written in capital letters? C. Does the word rhyme with "obsessed"? D. How many vowels are in the word? E. Does the word consist of ten letters?

A. How well does the word describe you?

Rats given a drug that enhances long-term potentiation will learn a maze with half the usual number of mistakes. This suggests that A. LTP provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations. B. state-dependent memories are easily retrieved. C. priming is affected by the release of serotonin into the synapses. D. proactive interference is minimized by LTP. E. source amnesia decreases the more the rats run the maze.

A. LTP provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations.

Keisha performs well in her geometry course in school, and her classmates often ask her for help with understanding word problems and writing formal proofs. Her friends describe her as very rational and analytical. According to Howard Gardner, which type of intelligence is Keisha most likely to possess? A. Logical-mathematical B. Bodily-kinesthetic C. Interpersonal D. Intrapersonal E. Verbal-linguistic

A. Logical-mathematical This term refers to the ability to use logic and mathematical skills in problem solving.

An example of divergent thinking is A. Reagan brainstorming as many uses of a toothpick as possible in a two-minute period. B. Sharon picking her favorite restaurant from a list. C. Martin drawing a picture of a bicycle from memory. D. Eleni studying for a spelling test by rehearsing the words and their spellings multiple times. E. Dmitry using a map to determine the fastest driving route.

A. Reagan brainstorming as many uses of a toothpick as possible in a two-minute period. Divergent thinking involves brainstorming as many potential solutions as possible.

An example of using elaborative encoding to improve memory is A. Sam remembering which tree is the ginkgo by using the phrase "stinko ginkgo" because the fruit of the ginkgo tree smells bad. B. Trevor remembering to buy milk at the grocery store by putting a note on the refrigerator. C. Emilia remembering a new acquaintance's name by silently repeating the name after learning it. D. Arthur remembering to pick up a cake before leaving work by asking a coworker for a reminder at the end of the workday. E. Diego remembering the meanings of Spanish vocabulary words by creating flash cards and studying them.

A. Sam remembering which tree is the ginkgo by using the phrase "stinko ginkgo" because the fruit of the ginkgo tree smells bad. Elaborative encoding occurs when something new is associated with something meaningful or with an existing memory.

An example of state-dependent memory is A. Tommy finding it easier to remember the materials on an exam while taking it because he was sad while studying for the exam. B. Jeremy saying he knew his favorite football team was going to lose all along after they lost the game. C. Josef remembering only the first five linking verbs during his English exam despite studying to remember the entire list. D. Wilda believing she is always sad when it rains despite her being sad sometimes when it is sunny. E. Geoff liking Francine more than when he had met her the first day of class after sitting next to her in class each week.

A. Tommy finding it easier to remember the materials on an exam while taking it because he was sad while studying for the exam. This is an example of state-dependent learning, which occurs when someone is more likely to remember something when they learn it in the same mental state they need to remember it in.

A logical, systematic procedure for solving a problem is known as A. an algorithm. B. an action potential. C. an analogy. D. a conditioned reflex. E. a heuristic.

A. an algorithm. An algorithm is a procedure that can be systematically applied to solve a problem.

A mental set is A. an established way of thinking about or perceiving something. B. a link between two memories in which recall of one prompts recall of the other. C. a strategy in which items are grouped to make them easier to remember. D. a type of learning that happens suddenly during a critical phase of development. E. an ability of the mind to retain information over time.

A. an established way of thinking about or perceiving something. A mental set is based on previous experience and may or may not be helpful solving problems.

Average IQ scores have increased steadily over the past 100 years. It has been argued that this effect is most likely due to A. an increase in the average number of years in school B. a decrease in access to medical care, clean water, and nutritious food C. an increase in population D. a decrease in genetic mutations E. an increase in genetic diversity

A. an increase in the average number of years in school Because human genes have barely changed over the past 100 years, the increase in average IQ scores, known as the Flynn effect, must be due primarily to environmental changes, such as education.

Dr. Bronfman has administered her new 100-item test of abstract reasoning to a large sample of students. She is presently comparing their scores on the odd-numbered questions with those on the even-numbered questions with those on the even-numbered questions in an effort to A. determine the test's reliability. B. factor-analyze the test. C. correlate abstract reasoning abilities. D. standardize the test. E. determine the test's validity.

A. determine the test's reliability.

The zipper tab on Colleen's sweatshirt has broken and she cannot get the zipper down. She has a paperclip with her but does not realize that she could use it in place of the tab to help pull her zipper down. Colleen is unable to solve her problem because of A. functional fixedness. B. the confirmation bias. C. belief perseverance. D. the Premack principle. E. displacement.

A. functional fixedness.

Psychologists use _________________ to assess individuals' mental aptitudes and compare them with those of others. A. intelligence tests B. neural plasticity C. the g factor D. reliability coefficients E. achievement tests

A. intelligence tests

The sort of problem solving that demonstrates "school smarts" is what researchers have historically assessed in their tests of A. intelligence. B. content validity. C. factor analysis. D. neural plasticity. E. inductive reasoning.

A. intelligence.

Consolidation can be described as the process of A. long-term memories being formed from short-term memories. B. the body trying to keep itself in a set state of being. C. new information becoming integrated with previous knowledge. D. determining where information is coming from. E. retrieving information from long-term memory.

A. long-term memories being formed from short-term memories.

Danita has just learned to ride her bike. What type of memory is formed from learning this new skill? A. procedural B. iconic C. semantic D. episodic E. echoic

A. procedural

An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized? A. recognition B. relearning C. misinformation D. reconstruction E. recall

A. recognition

When he was a young boy, Montel lied to people he respected. This caused him a great deal of distress but he felt he had no choice. Years later, when asked if he lied as a child, Montel reported being a pretty honest kid. A psychoanalytic psychologist would likely explain Montel's self-censoring of this painful and anxiety-provoking memory as A. repression. B. proactive interference. C. anterograde amnesia. D. recall failure. E. source amnesia.

A. repression.

"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of _________________ memory. A. short-term B. flashbulb C. explicit D. sensory E. implicit

A. short-term

John went to the beach for vacation shortly after having watched a documentary film about shark attacks. Overestimating the possibility of encountering a shark in the water, he decided to spend the day sunbathing and reading instead of going for a swim. John's reasoning can be explained through A. the availability heuristic. B. the gambler's fallacy. C. source monitoring. D. confirmation bias. E. counterfactual thinking.

A. the availability heuristic. John recently watched the documentary about shark attacks, and information about shark attacks can be easily retrieved from memory. Because this information is fresh in his mind, he is hesitant to get in the water for fear of encountering a shark.

Andre first became suspicious of his roommate's honesty while trying to account for his own missing wallet. Although Andre later recalled that he had left his wallet in the glove compartment of his own car, his newly formed doubt about his roommate's honesty remained as strong as ever. Andre's irrational suspicion of his roommate best illustrates A. the belief perseverance phenomenon. B. the representativeness heuristic. C. confirmation bias. D. fixation. E. the framing effect.

A. the belief perseverance phenomenon.

Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. This best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by A. the body's release of stress hormones. B. retrieval cues. C. the serial position effect. D. long-term potentiation. E. source amnesia.

A. the body's release of stress hormone.

Kevin did not know whether the locker room was located down the short hallway to his right or down the long hallway to his left. Crossing his fingers, he decided to try the short hallway. His problem strategy best illustrates A. trial and terror. B. confirmation bias. C. belief perseverance. D. the availability heuristic. E. fixation.

A. trial and terror.

Sorting children into "gifted child" education programs is most likely to be criticized for A. widening the achievement gap between higher- and lower-ability groups. B. claiming that intelligence test scores can predict children's academic success. C. underestimating the extent to which a g factor underlies success in a wide variety of tasks. D. overemphasizing the genetic determinants of giftedness. E. overindividualizing instruction for rare kinds of learners.

A. widening the achievement gap between higher- and lower-ability groups.

Mr. and Mrs. Linkletter are parents of an intellectually disabled child. It is most likely that their child A. will have difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent adult life. B. is a direct result of ill-advised parenting practices. C. is a female rather than a male. D. was born with an extra chromosome. E. is unusually creative.

A. will have difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent adult life.

A lawyer wishes to discredit the eyewitness testimony against his client. Which psychologist would he most likely call to stand? A. Robert Stemberg B. Elizabeth Loftus C. John Watson D. Paul Ekman E. Walter Cannon

B. Elizabeth Loftus

Maria is a thirteen-year-old congenitally deaf child who was born to hearing parents living in a remote, rural area. Since birth her parents have provided love, nourishment, educationally enriching toys, and developed their own hand signals to communicate with her about basic necessities. However, Maria did not begin to learn sign language until she was twelve and the family moved to a city and encountered members of a deaf community. Maria has found it very difficult to learn sign language, no matter what her instructors try. Which of the follow concepts best explains Maria's difficulty learning sign language? A. Latent learning B. A sensitive period C. Cognitive dissonance D. Maslow's hierarchy of needs E. Egocentrism

B. A sensitive period

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of context effects in memory? A. Jonah tutored his classmate on a difficult concept, and now he understands the concept better than he did before tutoring his classmate. B. Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions. C. Mateo studied for an anatomy exam while taking pain medication, which he did not take before the exam. He forgot many of the concepts that he learned when he was studying. D. Dina could not remember the name of her second-grade teacher, but after she thought about the names of her classmates, the teacher's name suddenly came to her. E. Glenn vividly remembered the details of a car crash he was involved in, but he remembered very little about the rest of the day.

B. Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions. On average, due to context effects, memory is best when the conditions at recall are as close as possible to the conditions at encoding.

Professor Belvedere wants to help her anatomy students memorize the names of different parts of the body. Which of the following techniques will best help her students? A. Teaching them a rhyme for each word B. Asking them questions about the meaning of each word C. Writing the words in different fonts and having the students think about the font that each word is printed in D. Writing the words in different colors and having the students think about the color that each word is printed in E. Having them write sentences where each word of the sentence starts with the same letter as one of the parts of the body

B. Asking them questions about the meaning of each word Craik and Tulving found that elaborative encoding, in which the learner thinks about the meaning of the thing to be memorized, is most effective.

Creativity is most closely associated with which of the following? A. Convergent thinking B. Divergent thinking C. Spatial awareness D. Interpersonal intelligence E. Intrapersonal intelligence

B. Divergent thinking

Which of the following is an example of the tip-of-the-tongue effect? A. Marcus used to use words he knew were bad because his parents would pay attention to him whenever he did. When his parents learned to stop giving him attention in response to the bad words, he stopped using them for a few months. A few months later, though, he suddenly started using the bad words again. B. Emma is telling her friend what she did over summer vacation when she discovers she cannot think of a specific word that she would like to say. She stops telling the story, because she has the distinct feeling that she is about to be able to think of the word if she waits just a moment. C. Rodrigo did not like the taste of coffee at first, but after drinking it every day for a while, he started liking it more. D. After listening to a long list of words, Peter remembers the words that occurred near the end of the list more than the ones he heard earlier in the list. E. When watching a video of a mouth saying the word "bag" while the word "gag" is played over speakers, Charlotte hears a word that sounds somewhere between the two words.

B. Emma is telling her friend what she did over summer vacation when she discovers she cannot think of a specific word that she would like to say. She stops telling the story, because she has the distinct feeling that she is about to be able to think of the word if she waits just a moment. The tip-of-the-tongue effect is the inability to think of a particular word, paired with the strong belief that retrieval of the word will imminently occur.

Which of the following best illustrates Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve? A. Laurence studied for his first Spanish test by sitting down and cramming for two hours, and he studied for his second Spanish test by spacing out his studying for 30 minutes over the course of a week. He did better on the second test than the first. B. Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip. C. When Ruth first moves to a new country, she keeps trying to use customs from her old country. Over time, she adjusts to her new country's ways. D. Marsha remembers only information that agrees with her current understanding and ignores everything else. E. Beatriz tells a story that she heard from a friend, but she cannot remember who told her the story.

B. Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip. Ebbinghaus found that although the initial forgetting of material could be steep, a leveling off in forgetting would occur after the initial decrease.

Martine needs a hammer but cannot find one. As she looks around her apartment, her gaze passes over a metal paperweight and some other objects that could potentially serve as a makeshift hammer. However, she is so focused on these objects' typical uses that she does not think to use any of them as a hammer. Martine is experiencing which of the following? A. The fundamental attribution error B. Functional fixedness C. Blindsight D. The Hawthorne effect E. Repression

B. Functional fixedness Martine is unable to see past the intended uses of particular objects to come up with a creative use for an object.

The following graph, which demonstrates a rapid drop in retention that levels off with time, best represents the research findings of which of the following psychologists? A. Daniel Schacter B. Herman Ebbinghaus C. Oliver Sacks D. Elizabeth Loftus E. Roger Sperry

B. Herman Ebbinghaus

Which of the following psychologists is best associated with studying the function of memory? A. Mary Whiton Calkins B. Hermann Ebbinghaus C. Erik Erikson D. Carl Rogers E. Carl Wernicke

B. Hermann Ebbinghaus Hermann Ebbinghaus studied memory by memorizing nonsense syllables and seeing how many he could remember.

When studying for a vocabulary test, Catherine read one of her vocabulary words and its definition aloud several times. About twenty seconds later, she still remembered the word's meaning, but then she moved on to the next word in the list without engaging in any further strategies to enhance her memory. The next day, she tested herself on the same vocabulary word at the same time, in the same mood, and in the same location as when she had first studied the word, but she could not remember its definition. It is most likely that Catherine could not remember the word because she failed to engage which of the following memory functions? A. Sensory memory, because Catherine did not pair the word with one of her senses to remember it the next day. B. Long-term memory, because Catherine failed to encode the word; therefore, the word did not become a part of her long-term memory. C. Retrieval, because though Catherine probably stored the memory, it was difficult for her to retrieve it. D. State-dependent memory, because Catherine was too anxious to perform well. E. Context-dependent memory, because Catherine did not study the word in a variety of locations.

B. Long-term memory, because Catherine failed to encode the word; therefore, the word did not become a part of her long-term memory.

Which of the following describes the concept of schema? A. Gustav uses the method of loci to study for all of his classes. B. Marsha thinks the waiter asked her whether she wanted water even though he did not, because she thinks waiters ask patrons whether they want water. C. Tracy grouped the information she needed to learn into categories that made sense to her. D. Kevin thinks David is not motivated because he showed up late for a meeting, but actually a traffic jam made David late. E. Naman makes up a story about the information he has to learn to help him remember the information.

B. Marsha thinks the waiter asked her whether she wanted water even though he did not, because she thinks waiters ask patrons whether they want water. Marsha has created a schema, or way of thinking, about what should happen in a restaurant.

Which of the following activities most directly relies on the hippocampus? A. Remembering events specific to one's life B. Memorizing the layout of a neighborhood C. Using short-term memory to recreate a picture when drawing a copy of the picture D. Rehearsing a fact to remember it for a short period of time E. Becoming classically conditioned

B. Memorizing the layout of a neighborhood The hippocampus is most involved in creating cognitive maps (such as a layout of a new neighborhood).

When Allison was watching a storm over the lake, a flash of lightning lit up the dark skies. Even though the flash of light disappeared from the sky quickly, Allison could still briefly "see" the light. It appears that this information was being held in Allison's A. implicit memory. B. flashbulb memory. C. iconic memory. D. eldetic memory. E. short-term memory.

B. flashbulb memory.

Ms. Reagan, who is a teacher, agrees more with Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence than Charles Spearman's theory of intelligence. Which of the following scenarios would she most agree with? A. Ms. Reagan's student Shuri is excellent at math, so she concludes that Shuri must also have high verbal ability. B. Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit more than one type of intelligence. For example, she notices her student Noel plays well with others as well as alone. C. Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit three specific types of intelligence. D. Ms. Reagan observes that her student Lenny is practical, creative, and analytical, so she concludes that Lenny must be the most intelligent person in her class. E. Because Jenny can memorize every book she reads, Ms. Reagan concludes that she must have a high IQ.

B. Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit more than one type of intelligence. For example, she notices her student Noel plays well with others as well as alone. Gardner's theory originally involved seven types of intelligence (musical, spatial, verbal, mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal), while Spearman's theory talked about g or general intelligence.

Which of the following is true of analogies in supporting problem solving? A. Relevant analogies usually help people solve problems, and people do spontaneously think of relevant analogies. B. Relevant analogies usually help people solve problems, but people often do not spontaneously think of relevant analogies. C. Relevant analogies usually hinder people when solving problems, and people do spontaneously think of relevant analogies. D. Relevant analogies usually hinder people when solving problems, but people often do not spontaneously think of relevant analogies E. Relevant analogies neither help nor hinder people when solving problems.

B. Relevant analogies usually help people solve problems, but people often do not spontaneously think of relevant analogies.

After visiting her professor's office, Rachel writes down everything she remembers seeing there. She correctly remembers many details, but she falsely remembers seeing books even though there were no books in the office. Additionally, she did not remember seeing a skull that was in the office. Which memory concept best explains why Rachel falsely encoded the books and failed to encode the skull? A. The method of loci B. Schemas C. Association networks D. Sensory memory E. Context effects

B. Schemas Rachel was likely relying on her office schema. Most offices do contain books and do not contain skulls. Her schema biased what information was encoded into memory.

David was studying some important historical dates for a test. He noticed that the day and month of one of the dates was the same as his own birthday, and he tried to use that fact to help him remember the date for his test. What is David using to enhance his memory? A. Method of loci B. Self-reference C. Retroactive interference D. Overlearning E. The recency effect

B. Self-reference This refers to the fact that information that is personally relevant is more easily remembered than personally irrelevant information.

Which of the following illustrates the primacy effect? A. Jason remembers the last two digits of his doctor's phone number but not any other digits. B. Susam left his grocery list at home and can remember only the first two items on the list. C. Frederick thinks people are paying attention to him when they actually are not. D. Paul gets a reward every time he gets on the bus for school on time. E. When his son Fekru cries because he wants a candy bar, Mr. Debebe gives the boy the candy to stop him from crying.

B. Susam left his grocery list at home and can remember only the first two items on the list. This is an example of the primacy effect, which refers to having a better memory for items occurring earliest in a list.

Which of the following is the best example of confirmation bias? A. When solving a math problem, you approach it the same way you've always done, even though it takes more time than using a different method and is ultimately not working. B. Zoe believes climate change is a hoax. When writing a report, Zoe ignored data that supported climate change and focused on sources that supported her beliefs. C. Although the members of Brett's baseball team had batting averages around 0.300 and his average was a poor 0.218, Brett still couldn't understand why the coach could see what a great hitter he was. D. When it's time to hang a new picture on the wall, you can't find a hammer so you use the heel of your shoe. E. When your car won't start, the first thing you check is your battery to see if you've left the lights on, just like you did last week.

B. Zoe believes climate change is a hoax. When writing a report, Zoe ignored data that supported climate change and focused on sources that supported her beliefs.

For a person planning to hold a party outside, an example of the predictable-world bias would be A. hoping the weather will be nice this year. B. believing that nice weather is due this year because it rained a lot the last three years. C. believing the party will be fun outside regardless of the weather. D. remembering only past parties with good weather, not those with bad weather. E. believing the weather can be controlled if one wishes hard enough.

B. believing that nice weather is due this year because it rained a lot the last three years. This is an example of predictable-world bias, which occurs when people see patterns in things that are random. They may make predictions based on past events rather than on actual probabilities of future events.

Professor Pegler's research efforts focus on how the use of heuristics influences the way people assess financial risks. Which specialty area does his research best represent? A. personality psychology B. cognitive psychology C. clinical psychology D. developmental psychology E. biological psychology

B. cognitive psychology

When we use the word "automobile" to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n) A. heuristic. B. concept. C. algorithm. D. phoneme. E. mental set.

B. concept.

Patrick believes his basketball coach doesn't like him and subsequently focuses on all the times the coach criticizes his playing and ignores all the times the coach praises his performance. Patrick's behavior is best explained by the concept of A. the Flynn effect. B. confirmation bias. C. retroactive interference. D. groupthink. E. overregularization.

B. confirmation bias. Patrick is choosing to focus on things that confirm his theory and ignore those that do not, which is confirmation bias.

A student who tried to remember a list of words by the way the words sounded when read aloud would be using _________________ processing. A. echoic B. deep C. iconic D. serial E. explicit

B. deep

The similarity between the intelligence test scores of identical twins raised apart is A. less than that between children and their biological parents. B. greater than that between ordinary siblings reared together. C. equal to that between identical twins reared together. D. equal to that between fraternal twins reared together. E. equal to that between adopted siblings reared together.

B. greater than that between ordinary siblings reared together.

An achievement test A. assesses the skills associated with Sternberg's concept of creative intelligence. B. measures an individual's level of knowledge or skill in a specific area. C. quantifies the abilities associated with high levels of emotional intelligence. D. determines the reliability of an assessment tool. E. figures the standard deviation in a distribution of intelligence test scores.

B. measures an individual's level of knowledge or skill in a specific area.

Researchers have found that over 90% of American drivers believe they are better-than-average drivers. This belief can make them engage in more risky behaviors. This demonstrates the widespread impact of A. hindsight bias. B. overconfidence. C. mental set. D. the misinformation effect. E. source amnesia.

B. overconfidence.

H.M. underwent brain surgery to stop his epileptic seizures. However, he experienced severe amnesia as a result. To investigate his remaining abilities, researchers asked H.M. to trace the outline of a 5-pointed star while watching his hand in a mirror. H.M. could not remember doing the task. However, his performance improved. These findings suggest that A. retrograde amnesia appears to be caused by damage to the hippocampus. B. people have implicit and explicit memory systems. C. proactive interference hinders the ability to recall new information. D. deep processing leads to better memory retention than does shallow processing. E. selective attention is vital to the encoding of new memories.

B. people have implicit and explicit memory systems.

The words "dine" and "dime" sound exactly the same except for the sounds of "n" and "m." These sounds are different A. memes. B. phonemes. C. prototypes. D. morphemes. E. mnemonics.

B. phonemes.

When asked to think of a bird, most Americans think of a robin. This is because a robin best fits their __________________ for a bird. A. heuristic B. prototype C. hierarchy D. gestalt E. syllogism

B. prototype

Samantha cannot recall her childhood, her name, or most of the events that occurred prior to the trauma that caused her brain damage. She does, however, seem to be making good progress in her therapy and has learned the names of her doctors and nurses. Samantha's condition is likely A. misinformation effect. B. retrograde amnesia. C. anterograde amnesia. D. retroactive interference. E. motivated forgetting.

B. retrograde amnesia.

Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to __________________ memory. A. implicit B. sensory C. short-term D. flashbulb E. state-dependent

B. sensory

Lyle was asked if more words start with the letter r, or have r as the third letter. Since he could think of more words that started with r, he concluded that must be the correct answer. Lyle's reasoning best illustrates A. a fixation. B. the availability heuristic. C. the representativeness heuristic. D. confirmation bias. E. a mental set.

B. the availability heuristic.

When asked to decide what leads to more deaths in the United States per year, tornadoes or lightning strikes, most people say tornadoes. However, lightning strikes actually lead to more deaths. Because tornadoes receive more nationwide attention and press, these may impact people's impressions. This example best illustrates A. belief perseverance. B. the availability heuristics. C. the representative heuristics. D. divergent thinking. E. confirmation bias.

B. the availability heuristics.

To remember a list of words, Jerry tries walking through his bedroom and making associations between words on the list and various areas he visits in his bedroom. Jerry is trying to improve his memory encoding by using A. distributed learning. B. the method of loci. C. maintenance retrieval. D. echoic memory. E. lateral inhibition.

B. the method of loci.

Professor Gustafson is developing a new intelligence test and wants to ensure the test has good inter-rater reliability. Which of the following strategies will most directly help him achieve this goal? A. Allowing only a small subset of highly trained researchers to grade the test, because this ensures standardization of test conditions. B. Allowing only a small subset of highly trained researchers to grade the test, because this ensures validity, which is crucial to establish reliability. C. Allowing only trained researchers to grade the test, as they will have a good understanding of the proper way to score certain things and will be more likely to agree. D. Ensuring that a representative sample of participants take the test, as this is the best way to establish reliability. E. Comparing scores from the test to scores from a similar test designed to measure the same construct, because this will establish reliability between the tests.

C. Allowing only trained researchers to grade the test, as they will have a good understanding of the proper way to score certain things and will be more likely to agree. Inter-rater reliability refers to having all people scoring the test in the same way, which will be more likely to happen if they are highly trained.

The French government commissioned Binet to develop an intelligence test that would A. effectively distinguish between practical and creative intelligence. B. demonstrate the innate intellectual superiority of western European races. C. reduce the need to rely on teachers' subjectively biased judgments of students' learning potential. D. use achievement test scores to accurately predict aptitude. E. provide an objective measure of teaching effectiveness in the public school system.

C. reduce the need to rely on teachers' subjectively biased judgments of students' learning potential.

Five-year-old Tahani is entering a school where English is the only language spoken, but in her home, her family uses a combination of both English and her family's native language. When she starts school, she takes a test measuring her English language development. Her score is well below that of the other children in her class, most of whom live in homes where only one language is spoken. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Tahani's test scores? A. Tahani has a language-specific impairment and should go to a language therapist. B. The test is culturally biased and contains concepts Tahani does not know. C. Because Tahani speaks more than one language, her proficiency in each language may come later than for her monolingual peers. D. Tahani is experiencing language confusion due to her exposure to multiple languages. E. Tahani experienced stereotype threat while taking the test, and that caused her to score below her peers.

C. Because Tahani speaks more than one language, her proficiency in each language may come later than for her monolingual peers. It is normal for bilingual children to develop each language at a slower rate, because they are learning two languages simultaneously.

Which of the following scenarios is an example of retroactive interference? A. After a car accident, Serena can no longer form new memories, though she can still remember things that happened before the accident. B. Alexis believes that because she has played the lottery many times without winning, she is more likely to win than someone who has never played before. C. Carl tries to remember the name of his first boss, but he cannot because he keeps thinking of the name of his current boss. D. Raj just bought a new phone and keeps trying to turn it on by pushing the wrong button because the button is in the place where the on button was on his old phone. E. Lina is trying to find a solution to a problem but is unable to see how the available tools could be used in a different way.

C. Carl tries to remember the name of his first boss, but he cannot because he keeps thinking of the name of his current boss. Retroactive interference occurs when new information (the name of Carl's current boss) interferes with recalling old information (the name of Carl's first boss).

Dr. Porter is studying the effectiveness of two intervention programs to improve the outcomes of children who have an intellectual disability. Which of the following groups of children should she include in her study? A. Children who have been diagnosed with a language-specific impairment B. Children who have been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) C. Children who have an IQ between 50 and 69 D. Children who have an IQ between 100 and 125 E. Children who get C's in their classes

C. Children who have an IQ between 50 and 69

Arthur is helping his friend set up her new phone. Arthur has never used this type of phone, but he uses his knowledge of setting up his own phone to help figure out how to use the new phone. According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, Arthur is using which type of intelligence? A. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence B. Practical intelligence C. Creative intelligence D. General intelligence E. Visual-spatial intelligence

C. Creative intelligence Sternberg defined creative intelligence as using one's prior experiences to help solve new problems.

When Gustavo goes through lists of inventory items and thinks about whether each one is a fruit or not, he remembers more of the items on those lists later than when he goes through lists of inventory items and does not think about what each item is. Which of the following concepts best explains Gustavo's performance? A. Sensory memory, because he is activating information about his sensory experiences of fruit. B. The spacing effect, because he is going through the list multiple times. C. Elaborative encoding, because engaging in deeper processing improves memory. D. Single-trial learning, because he goes through the lists only one time. E. Flashbulb memories, because Gustavo has vivid memories of fruit and that helps him remember.

C. Elaborative encoding, because engaging in deeper processing improves memory. Elaborative encoding, or engaging with the word to be remembered on a deeper level (for example, by considering what the word means), leads to better learning than not attending to the meaning at all.

Which of the following psychologists demonstrated how easily misleading information can be incorporated into our memories, leading us to the creation of false recollections? A. George Miller B. Alan Baddeley C. Elizabeth Loftus D. Mary Cover Jones E. Hermann Ebbinghaus

C. Elizabeth Loftus

Dr. Rudolph's class has a big test coming up next week. Which of the following students is using a studying strategy that is most likely to lead to memory consolidation? A. Gabriel is anxious about the test, so he distracts himself by playing video games. B. Marcus does not study until the night before the test, when he studies for eight hours straight. C. Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam. D. Sharon does not study for the test, but she pays close attention, asks lots of questions, and takes good notes during class. E. Mario studies by repeating his class notes to himself multiple times.

C. Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam. Material is more likely to be consolidated if it is repeated multiple times. Additionally, spacing learning over time leads to better memory consolidation.

A psychologist has just developed a new test that he hopes will be a good measure of intelligence. At the surface level, the questions appear to be the types of puzzles and problems that would provide an intellectual challenge and give insight into someone's intellectual abilities. Unfortunately, when he distributes the test to a classroom of college students, it does not appear to perform similarly to existing measures of intelligence. The test does not predict student GPAs and in fact is better at predicting performance on a measure of anxiety than intelligence. Which of the following characteristics does the new intelligence test possess? A. Construct validity, because the psychologist has demonstrated that the test measures what it is intended to measure. B. Discriminant validity, because the psychologist has demonstrated that the test is related to a test that measures anxiety. C. Face validity, because the test looks like it should measure intelligence. D. Convergent validity, because the test predicts performance on other tests. E. Predictive validity, because the test predicts future academic performance.

C. Face validity, because the test looks like it should measure intelligence. Face validity simply refers to a test appearing as though it is good measure of the intended construct at some superficial level.

Caitlin is learning French in college after spending her high school years studying Spanish. Initially, she has difficulty learning the new French words as the Spanish words keep getting in the way. However, over the course of the semester Caitlin becomes much more fluent in French and can no longer even recall the Spanish word for the same item. Which is the best explanation for Caitlin's experience in world languages? A. Caitlin was impacted by the misinformation effect in the beginning of the semester but as that passed, she was able to learn the French words. B. Initially, Caitlin's recall of the French vocabulary was blocked by retroactive interference, but toward the end of the semester, the Spanish vocabulary was blocked by retroactive interference. C. Initially, Caitlin's recall of the French was blocked through proactive interference, and eventually, recall of the Spanish vocabulary is blocked through retroactive interference. D. In the beginning, Caitlin was not encoding the terms effortfully and later in the semester she began encoding the terms automatically. E. Initially, her recall of the Spanish terms was blocked through proactive interference and recall of the French words is blocked through retroactive interference.

C. Initially, Caitlin's recall of the French was blocked through proactive interference, and eventually, recall of the Spanish vocabulary is blocked through retroactive interference.

Martin has been heavily influenced by the work of Lewis Terman. Which of the following perspectives on intelligence would Martin most likely have? A. Intelligence is not fixed but rather is a dynamic and changing capacity. B. Intelligence is not fixed and can be cultivated through education. C. Intelligence is primarily a biologically based capacity. D. Creativity is the most predictive sign of intelligence. E. Memory is the most predictive sign of intelligence.Lewis Terman theorized that intelligence is genetic and was a proponent of the eugenics movement.

C. Intelligence is primarily a biologically based capacity. Lewis Terman theorized that intelligence is genetic and was a proponent of the eugenics movement.

To help himself remember the name of his new colleague, Hope, Jose thinks about the meaning of her name—the feeling of hopefulness. Which of the following concepts best corresponds to Jose's strategy? A. Chunking B. Long-term potentiation C. Semantic encoding D. Self-reference E. Imagery

C. Semantic encoding Semantic encoding refers to thinking about the meaning of a word or element to better remember it.

Sarah has been presented with the problems in the chart below. For the first 6 problems, Sarah added 2 numbers and then divided to find the mean. For the seventh problem, the same strategy will work but she can also simply subtract from the first number to arrive at the correct answer. Which of the following best explains why she does not attempt to try a different and simpler approach when attempting to solve problem 7? A. the availability heuristic B. the representative heuristic C. a mental set D. prototypes E. algorithms

C. a mental set

Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates A. iconic memory. B. implicit memory. C. a recency effect. D. the spacing effect. E. automatic processing.

C. a recency effect.

Vandana, a 12-month-old infant, is listening to her father talk to her and suddenly repeats a word that he just said. Her father praises her and gives her a cookie. After she gets the cookie, she repeats the word again. Vandana's behavior can be best explained by using the theory of A. universal grammar. B. linguistic determinism. C. behaviorism. D. attachment. E. classical conditioning.

C. behaviorism. Central to behaviorism is the idea of rewards reinforcing a behavior. In this example, the initial behavior (repeating the word) may have been spontaneous, but the cookie was a reward that reinforced the behavior.

Answering questions on a multiple-choice exam required that you narrow down your choices to one correct answer. This process is a good example of A. incubation. B. trial and error. C. convergent thinking. D. functional fixedness. E. divergent thinking.

C. convergent thinking.

Higher intelligence scores are positively correlated with the volume of __________________ in specific brain areas involved in memory, attention, and language. A. dendrites B. endorphins C. gray matter D. white matter E. epinephrine

C. gray matter

Debbie needs to change a flat tire by herself, which she has never done before. She has all the necessary tools, but at first cannot make sense of how to use them to change the tire. All of a sudden she understands what needs to be done. This sudden understanding is referred to by psychologists as A. a cognitive map. B. functional fixedness. C. insight. D. associative learning. E. a mental set.

C. insight.

A teacher asks Yvonne to go to another classroom to get a student whom Yvonne has never met. As she walks, she repeats the student's name to herself over and over to help her remember. Yvonne is boosting her memory by using A. elaborative rehearsal. B. distributed learning. C. maintenance rehearsal. D. a mnemonic device. E. imagery.

C. maintenance rehearsal. Simple thinking of words over and over again is a form of maintenance rehearsal.

Short-term memory is best described as A. memory of how to perform an activity, such as riding a bike. B. memory of facts and general knowledge. C. memory that can hold only a small amount of information. D. memory of specific events. E. memory of a surprising event.

C. memory that can hold only a small amount of information. Memory that can hold only a few items, generally about seven, for a short period is known as short-term memory.

Elizabeth Loftus interviewed college students about their childhood experiences. After students reported specific events from childhood, Loftus inserted the memory of being lost at a shopping mall. Weeks later when students were presented with a list of memories, they accepted the shopping mall experience as their own. What term does Loftus give to "adopting" these new memories? A. availability heuristic B. flashbulb memories C. misinformation effect D. source amnesia E. framing effect

C. misinformation effect

Hearing the words "student," "bus," "desk," and "backpack" led to research participants more easily recalling the word "school" even though that word was not specifically mentioned. This demonstration best illustrated which of the following? A. chunking B. flashbulb memory C. priming D. source amnesia E. echoic memory

C. priming

Dr. Benthem reports that the scores of 100 male and 100 female students on his new test of mechanical reasoning form a normal curve. From his statement we may conclude that A. the average score on the test was 50 percent correct. B. the median score on the test was significantly higher than the mean score. C. relatively few students' scores deviated extremely from the groups' average score. D. the average male score was better than the average female score. E. the students were simply guessing at the answers.

C. relatively few students' scores deviated extremely from the groups' average score.

The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by A. a physical decay of stored memory. B. repression. C. retrieval failure. D. encoding failure. E. state-dependent memory.

C. retrieval failure.

Lindsey has a vivid memory of swimming with dolphins when she was young but her mother denies that this ever occurred. Her mother explained that Lindsey watched many movies about dolphins and visited them frequently at the aquarium but did not actually swim with them herself. The best explanation for Lindsey's constructed memory is A. dèja vu. B. proactive interference. C. retroactive interference. D. retrieval failure. E. source amnesia.

C. retroactive interference

Information learned while a person is _________________ is best recalled when that person is __________________. A. drunk; sober B. sad; happy C. sad; sad D. fearful; happy E. angry; calm

C. sad; sad

Howard Gardner suggested that an individual who excels at mentally manipulating objects and enjoys creating and interpreting visual images exhibits which of the following types of intelligence? A. bodily-kinesthetic B. crystallized C. spatial D. logical-mathematical E. practical

C. spatial

Piper reads about someone described as adventurous and extroverted. She then judges that this person is more likely to be a lawyer who enjoys hiking than a lawyer who does not. The best explanation for Piper's error is that she is basing her judgment on A. the availability heuristic B. the anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic C. the representativeness heuristic D. confirmation bias E. predictable-world bias

C. the representativeness heuristic Piper has most likely been exposed more often to representations of hikers as adventurous or extroverted people than lawyers being adventurous or extroverted, therefore she made a reasoning error.

Mary has an IQ score within one standard deviation above the mean score. This indicates her score was A. high enough for Mary to be considered a genius. B. higher than at least 75% of people who took the test. C. within the middle 68% of people who took the test. D. lower than exactly 7% of people who took the test. E. higher than exactly 93% of people who took the test.

C. within the middle 68% of people who took the test. About 34% of people score between the mean and one standard deviation below the mean, and about 34% of people score between the mean and one standard deviation above the mean.

If Jess has a type of amnesia that affects the formation of explicit memories but not implicit ones, which of the following will she be most likely to remember? A. The date of her last basketball lesson B. The name of her basketball coach C. The location of the gym D. The arm position to throw the ball E. The rules of the game

D. The arm position to throw the ball Skills such as how to hold one's arm to throw a ball are implicit memories. Jess will improve at basketball over time, as would any person with practice.

Janet is studying for her final exam in Biology. She is trying to recall the correct order for the classification of living things. She creates the saying Ken Puts Candy on Fred's Good Suit to remember Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. This technique for remembering is known as A. method of loci. B. functional fixedness. C. breaking set. D. a mnemonic device. E. insight.

D. a mnemonic device.

Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem solving by means of A. belief perseverance. B. the representativeness heuristic. C. the availability heuristic. D. an algorithm. E. fixation.

D. an algorithm.

Rashad has recently been in a car accident and suffered damage to his brain, which has him hospitalized and involved in rehabilitative therapy. He can recall his childhood but has difficulty learning the names of his nurses, doctors, and aides and recalling from one day to the next what he did the day before. Rashad is most likely suffering from A. the forgetting curve. B. proactive interference. C. storage decay. D. anterograde amnesia. E. retrograde amnesia.

D. anterograde amnesia.

Micah has been practicing a piece for his piano recital for months. While playing, Micah has found that he can think about what happened at school and not lose his place in the piece. Micah's ability best illustrates which of the following? A. effortful processing B. cognitive dissonance C. stimulus generalization D. automatic processing E. framing

D. automatic processing

Which of the following best explains why you can accurately list what you had to eat yesterday, even though you did not consciously. place the menu into your memory? A. implicit memory B. semantic memory C. mnemonic devices D. automatic processing E. working memory

D. automatic processing

Implicit procedural memories for motor movement or skills like riding a bike seem to be a function of the A. amygdala. B. hippocampus. C. frontal lobes. D. basal ganglia. E. hypothalamus.

D. basal ganglia.

University students were asked to figure out the rule used to devise the 3-number sequence 2-4-6. After generating sets of 3 numbers to learn whether their sets met the rule, they typically convinced themselves of the wrong rule. Their errors best illustrated the impact of A. the framing effect. B. the representativeness heuristic. C. the availability heuristic. D. confirmation bias. E. fixation.

D. confirmation bias.

Explicit memories are A. retrieved from the amygdala. B. created in the thalamus. C. retrieved from the cerebellum. D. created in the hippocampus. E. stored in the basal ganglia.

D. created in the hippocampus. Various studies, including that of H. M., show that damage to the hippocampus inhibits the ability to create explicit memories.

Sara is studying for her psychology test. Which of the following methods is most likely to help her encode the information into long-term memory? A. rewriting the concepts in different colors of ink B. repeating each concept 10 times C. making flash cards of each word and its definition D. creating personal examples and connections to the newly learned information E. grouping the concepts based on the letter each word starts with

D. creating personal examples and connections to the newly learned information

Although Steve was certain that he answered between 70 and 80 items correctly on his biology test, he actually was right on only 55 items. Steve's misjudgment of his test performance illustrates A. confirmation bias. B. the framing effect. C. the representativeness heuristic. D. overconfidence. E. the belief perseverance phenomenon.

D. overconfidence.

Jim has just memories the following list of words for his 3rd grade spelling test: host, most, coast, boast, ghost. When asked by a classmate, "What do you put in a toaster?" Jim replies "Toast!" "No, silly!" said his friend. "You put bread in a toaster!" What psychological process caused Jim to reply incorrectly? A. serial position effect B. implicit memory C. long-term potentiation D. priming E. recall

D. priming

Arriving at school for your senior year, you find yourself unable to learn your new locker combination. You keep inputting your junior year combination, with no success. The reason for this is most likely due to A. retroactive interference. B. implicit memory. C. shallow processing. D. proactive interference. E. transference.

D. proactive interference.

Troy just moved to a new school in the middle of his junior year. He is given a locked combination but keeps entering the combination from his old locker. This occurrence is referred to as A. anterograde amnesia. B. retrograde amnesia. C. retroactive interference. D. proactive interference. E. encoding failure.

D. proactive interference.

Researchers assess the correlation between scores obtained on alternate forms of the same test in order to measure the ________________ of the test. A. predictive validity B. standardization C. normal distribution D. reliability E. content validity

D. reliability

A person who demonstrates an exceptional specific mental skill while otherwise remaining very limited in intellectual capacity is said to show signs of A. emotional intelligence. B. intrinsic motivation. C. neural plasticity. D. savant syndrome. E. intelligence quotient.

D. savant syndrome.

When asked "Is it more dangerous to fly or drive across country?," many Americans answer "fly." This is most likely due to A. intuition. B. a norm. C. the representativeness heuristic. D. the availability heuristic. E. the misinformation effect.

D. the availability heuristic.

Memory is best defined as A. recalling and retrieving information stored in the cerebral cortex. B. the retrieval of stored information in precisely the same form in which it was encoded. C. the conscious encoding of information. D. the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information. E. stored knowledge that has been semantically encoded.

D. the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information.

Sometimes people who speak different languages are in a community together and must develop a way of communicating. Similarly, their offspring must also find a way to communicate. The main difference between the speech of the first generation and the speech of the second generation is A. the speech of the first generation tends to include a larger vocabulary. B. the speech of the second generation tends to include a larger vocabulary. C. the speech of the first generation tends to have more complex grammar rules. D. the speech of the second generation tends to have more complex grammar rules. E. minor because there is typically no difference between the speech of the first generation and the speech of the second generation.

D. the speech of the second generation tends to have more complex grammar rules. The first-generation language tends to have very little grammatical structure; this is called a pidgin language. The second generation tends to impose its own grammatical structure on the makeshift language; this is called a creole language. The fact that children develop grammatical rules without any training is often cited as evidence that people have a built-in language acquisition device.

Group 1 is asked to write down the names of the seven dwarfs. Group 2 is asked to look at a list of possible names of the dwarfs and circle the correct 7. Why might Group 2 be more likely to recall more names? A. Source amnesia may interfere with Group 1's ability to recall the names of the dwarfs. B. Proactive interference is less likely to affect childhood learning. C. Implicit memories are easier to recall than explicit memories are. D. Iconic memory is superior to echoic memory. E. Group 2's list provide more retrieval cues, making this recognition task easier for them.

E. Group 2's list provide more retrieval cues, making this recognition task easier for them.

How does the brain's capacity for parallel processing relate to encoding new memories? A. Parallel processing allows our brain to encode memories directly into long-term memory, bypassing working memory. B. Hypnotism can enhance memory through parallel processing, accessing both conscious an unconscious levels of our minds. C. Sensory impulses travel through separate channels, with visual information going into visual working memory, and auditory into auditory working memory. D. Parallel processing allows us to encode every event accurately as it happens, even if we cannot always retrieve it later. E. Parallel processing allows many sensory experienced to be encoded all at once, some automatically, some with effort.

E. Parallel processing allows many sensory experienced to be encoded all at once, some automatically, some with effort.

Which of the following scenarios is best explained by long-term potentiation? A. Erik and Harry don't like each other when they are first assigned to the same a room during a class trip, but after spending a great deal of time together, they begin to like each other more. B. When Sruthi first enters a dark room after coming in from outside, she can't see anything, but her eyes adjust after a few minutes. C. At first, Benjamin needs to drink only a small amount of a caffeinated beverage to feel its effects, but after drinking it regularly for a while, he needs more to feel the same effects. D. Alan wants to stop studying to go to a party but stops himself by thinking about his future career. E. The first time Colleen tries to remember Leo's name it takes her a long time, but over time she remembers it more quickly.

E. The first time Colleen tries to remember Leo's name it takes her a long time, but over time she remembers it more quickly.

Tests designed to predict ability to learn new skills are called A. achievement tests. B. factor analytic measures. C. interest inventories. D. standardized assessments. E. aptitude tests.

E. aptitude tests.

The most creative scientists are those who A. have little tolerance for ambiguity. B. demonstrate low levels of practical intelligence. C. use convergent thinking rather than divergent thinking. D. investigate issues about which they have very little previous knowledge. E. are intrinsically motivated to solve problems.

E. are intrinsically motivated to solve problems.

Bruck and Ceci's work on chidlren's eyewitness descriptions and accuracy of recollection showed A. children were especially accurate when they talked about the incident with adults prior to the interview. B. psychologist specializing in interviewing children have tools that help detect real from false memories. C. older children tend to recall events more vividly than younger children. D. preschoolers are the least likely to produce false stories when asked. E. children's recollections can be easily skewed by suggestive interviewing techniques.

E. children's recollections can be easily skewed by suggestive interviewing techniques.

Selma is an interior designer who recently created a "new look" in a living room for a client. She thought through a number of options, all of which would create a beautiful effect. Creating a workable design in which many solutions could be considered correct is an example of A. insight. B. an availability heuristic. C. an algorithm. D. functional fixedness. E. divergent thinking.

E. divergent thinking.

Leila is studying an alphabetical list of 30 African countries. She has a test tomorrow. According to the serial position effect, it is most likely that Leila will A. recall the countries at the end of the list only. B. remember the countries at the beginning of the list, but not at the end. C. remember all 30 correctly. D. remember the countries from the middle of the list, but not as many from the beginning or the end. E. recall the countries at the beginning and end of the list, but not as many from the middle.

E. recall the countries at the beginning and end of the list, but not as many from the middle.

Deep processing is most closely associated with the concept of A. the recency effect. B. the primacy effect. C. the testing effect. D. the spacing effect. E. semantic encoding.

E. semantic encoding.

Language refers to the A. smallest distinctive sound units. B. rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences. C. rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes. D. ways we think about solving problems and communicating those solutions, including framing the issues. E. spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning.

E. spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning.

When a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative and pretested sample of people, the test is said to be A. reliable. B. valid. C. internally consistent. D. normally distributed. E. standardized.

E. standardized.

Tapes of abducted and brutalized children may lead many parents to experience exaggerated fears of letting their children walk to school. The exaggerated fears best illustrate the impact of A. fixation. B. belief perseverance. C. the framing effect. D. critical periods. E. the availability heuristic.

E. the availability heuristic.

After reading a newspaper suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed to a recent accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as driving more recklessly than was actually the case. This provides an example of A. the self-reference effect. B. the serial position effect. C. proactive interference. D. state-dependent memory. E. the misinformation effect.

E. the misinformation effect.

After Doug witnessed two cars involved in a car accident, a police officer asked Doug how fast the cars were going when the accident happened. According to research by Elizabeth Loftus, which of the following questions could the officer ask that would make Doug most susceptible to the misinformation effect?

How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? The phrase "smashed into" evokes the most severe crash. This would be most likely to affect Doug's memory through the misinformation effect, which distorts people's memories of events and biases their responses.

Academic aptitude test scores are most likely to predict accurately the academic success of _________________ students.

elementary school