Ap Psychology Exam Pool
A concern with the reasoning processes that contribute to effective problem solving is most characteristic of the ________ perspective. a. cognitive b. behavioral c. biological d. evolutionary e. social-cultural
A
A random error in gene replication is known as a a. mutation. b. natural selection. c. heritability. d. DNA. e. genome.
A
A trainer wants to train a chicken to peck a key to obtain food. If she wants the chicken to learn this trick quickly and the behavior to be resistant to extinction, she should use ________ reinforcement until the response is mastered and then follow with a period of ________ reinforcement. a. continuous; partial b. primary; secondary c. positive; negative d. partial; continuous e. negative; positive
A
According to opinion polls, how do scientists and nonscientists react differently to the idea of evolution? a. There is widespread consensus among scientists that evolution is scientific fact, but half of U.S. adults do not believe in evolution. b. Scientists are mostly (66%) agreed that evolution is a valid theory, and most nonscientists believe evolution describes the natural world well. c. Scientists and most nonscientists agree that evolutionary theory describes animal development well, but not human development. d. Belief in evolutionary theory is split along religious lines among scientists and nonscientists. e. Most "hard" scientists, like physicists and chemists, think that evolutionary theory is unnecessarily complex, and most nonscientists agree.
A
Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of No answer provided a. shaping. b. delayed reinforcement. c. classical conditioning. d. operant conditioning. e. observational learning.
A
An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n) No answer provided a. reinforcer. b. conditioned stimulus. c. discrimination. d. unconditioned stimulus. e. operant behavior.
A
An instinctive behavior is one that is No answer provided a. unlearned. b. triggered by an incentive. c. designed to reduce drives. d. internally motivated. e. similar in all living organisms.
A
Assessing the relative effects of nature and nurture on individual differences in personality would be of most direct interest to No answer provided a. behavior geneticists. b. humanistic psychologists. c. evolutionary psychologists. d. psychometricians. e. Freudian psychologists.
A
Brainstorming sessions that encourage people to spontaneously suggest new and unusual solutions to a problem are designed to avoid a. fixations. b. prototypes. c. heuristics. d. semantics. e. framing.
A
Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained to them. This best illustrates the value of a. semantic encoding. b. automatic processing. c. the "peg-word" system. d. iconic memory. e. long-term potentiation.
A
Compared with rods, cones are No answer provided a. less sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail. b. more sensitive to any light and less sensitive to fine detail. c. more sensitive to dim light and less sensitive to fine detail. d. more sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail. e. less sensitive to dim light and less sensitive to fine detail.
A
Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as "75 percent lean" than to ground beef described as "25 percent fat." This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by No answer provided a. framing. b. the availability heuristic. c. the representativeness heuristic. d. the belief perseverance phenomenon. e. confirmation bias.
A
Dr. Mills conducts research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. Which specialty area does his research best represent? a. social psychology b. clinical psychology c. industrial-organizational psychology d. cognitive psychology e. developmental psychology
A
Following the scientific discovery that a specific brain structure is significantly larger in violent individuals than in those who are nonviolent, a news headline announced: "Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent Acts." The headline writer should most clearly be warned about the dangers of No answer provided a. confusing correlation with causation. b. perceiving illusory correlations. c. explaining events in hindsight. d. generalizing from unrepresentative samples. e. discerning order in random events.
A
French psychiatrist Joseph Capgras described a patient who reported that imposters had replaced her husband, children, and herself. Her inability to recognize the faces of her close family members or herself suggests that the a. right hemisphere of her brain was damaged. b. left temporal lobe was injured. c. corpus callosum had been severed. d. thalamus in the brainstem is not functioning properly. e. angular gyrus was compromised leading to aphasia.
A
Identical twins separated at birth would be most likely to have similar a. personality. b. political ideas. c. norms. d. food preferences. e. religious beliefs.
A
In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that schools must be desegregated, meaning Black and White children must attend the same schools instead of being separated. In its decision, the Court cited the expert testimony of two psychologists, illustrating the negative impact of such separation on Black children. This example illustrates that psychology No answer provided a. can help people understand some of our world's great problems. b. can be used to manipulate people. c. tries to decide what our goals should be. d. is becoming dangerously powerful. e. is nothing more than common sense and intuition.
A
In the 1960s, humanistic psychologists considered the approach advanced by behaviorists to be excessively a. mechanistic. b. biological. c. introspective. d. illogical. e. cognitive.
A
Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential. This indicates that a neuron's reaction is a. an all-or-none response. b. inhibited by the myelin sheath. c. primarily electrical rather than chemical. d. dependent on neurotransmitter molecules. e. delayed by the refractory period.
A
Lavonne was careful to avoid the use of dangling participles and run-on sentences in her essay because she did not want to lose points for faulty No answer provided a. syntax.This is the correct answer. b. phonemes. c. semantics. d. algorithms. e. morphemes.
A
Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated a. the misinformation effect. b. the self-reference effect. c. the spacing effect. d. state-dependent memory. e. proactive interference.
A
Margaret has difficulty speaking in front of her classmates and explains to a friend, "Everybody in my family is shy, so it must be genetic." Using the biopsychosocial approach to understanding her behavior, Margaret should a. examine additional psychological and social-cultural influences on shyness. b. reduce her experience in class to her immediate sensation and feelings. c. explore how her perceptions affect her ability to speak in class. d. examine how fear is adaptive and has contributed to her ancestors' survival. e. focus on possible unconscious motivations for her fears.
A
Most researchers who have examined the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude that a. viewing violence leads children and teenagers to behave aggressively. b. although viewing violence is correlated with increased aggression, there is no evidence that viewing violence actually leads to aggression. c. there is no correlation between viewing aggression and behaving aggressively. d. viewing violence is cathartic and lessens aggressive impulses. e. viewing violence takes people's minds off their own problems and thus reduces their aggressive urges.
A
One theory suggests that the brain activity associated with ________ is helpful for developing and preserving neural pathways in the brain. No answer provided a. dreaming b. night terrors c. near-death experiences d. hypnagogic sensations e. sleep apnea
A
Participants in one experiment were given entirely fabricated accounts of an occasion in which they had been lost in a shopping mall during their childhood. Many of these participants later falsely recollected vivid details of the experience as having actually occurred. This experiment best illustrated a. the misinformation effect. b. proactive interference. c. the self-reference effect. d. the spacing effect. e. mood-congruent memory.
A
People hypnotized for pain relief may show activity in brain areas that receive pain sensations but not in brain areas that make us consciously aware of the pain. This most directly supports the theory that hypnosis involves a. dissociation. b. narcolepsy. c. hallucinations. d. social influences. e. paradoxical sleep.
A
Rods are a. more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones. b. less light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones. c. more light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones. d. less light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones. e. more frequency sensitive and less amplitude sensitive.
A
Shawn loves to snowboard. He enjoys performing aerial tricks after launching off high jumps. The higher in the air he goes and the farther he travels, the better. Which theory best explains Shawn's motivation to snowboard? No answer provided a. optimum arousal b. drive-reduction c. hierarchy of needs d. incentive e. instinct
A
Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates the process of No answer provided a. discrimination b. secondary reinforcement. c. extinction. d. shaping. e. latent learning.
A
Some opiate drugs have molecular structures so similar to endorphins that they mimic endorphin's euphoric effects in the brain, making these opiate drugs which kind of molecule? No answer provided a. agonists b. antagonists c. autonomics d. endocrines e. endorphins
A
Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations have been called No answer provided a. cognitive maps.This is the correct answer. b. discriminative stimuli. c. successive approximations. d. primary reinforcers. e. intrinsic motives.
A
Spontaneous recovery refers to the a. reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. b. tendency of organisms to generalize conditioned responses. c. return of a response after punishment has been terminated. d. expression of learning that had occurred earlier but had not been expressed because of lack of incentive. e. organism's tendency to respond spontaneously to stimuli similar to the CS as though they were the CS.
A
Surgical destruction of brain tissue is called a(n) a. lesion b. synapse. c. MRI. d. EEG. e. endorphin.
A
The Moon illusion can best be explained in terms of the relationship between a. perceived distance and perceived size. b. proximity and closure. c. relative motion and relative height. d. atmospheric air pressure and diffusion of light waves. e. place theory and frequency theory.
A
The knee-jerk reflex is controlled by interneurons in the a. spinal cord. b. endocrine system. c. neurotransmitters. d. action potential. e. resting potential.
A
The philosopher John Locke believed that people a. learn to perceive the world through experience. b. are unable to adapt to an inverted visual world. c. experience the whole as different from the sum of its parts. d. are endowed at birth with perceptual skills. e. are born with the ability to perceptually adapt.
A
The process of getting information out of memory is called a. retrieval. b. relearning. c. encoding. d. priming. e. rehearsal.
A
The quest for a physical basis of memory involves a search for a(n) No answer provided a. memory trace. b. spacing effect. c. flashbulb memory. d. iconic memory. e. mnemonic device.
A
The self-reflective observation of one's own sensations and feelings is called No answer provided a. introspection. b. spaced practice. c. humanism. d. clinical psychology. e. Gestalt psychology.
A
The strengthening of synaptic connections facilitates the formation of No answer provided a. neural networks. b. lesions. c. endorphins. d. glial cells. e. interneurons.
A
Three-year old Lucy said, "Mommy goed to the store. " Lucy's mistake best demonstrates that a. learning theory does not adequately explain language acquisition. b. young children think primarily in images. c. linguistic determinism impacts how language is acquired. d. telegraphic speech may not necessarily be grammatically correct. e. children learn language through behavioral principles.
A
Which of the following are most clearly activated both by picking up a spoon and by simply watching another person pick up a spoon? No answer provided a. mirror neurons b. extrinsic motives c. cognitive maps d. intrinsic motives e. delayed reinforcers
A
Which of the following best describes how the brain processes and controls language? a. Subfunctions of speech (such as producing speech, reading aloud, and understanding speech) are processed by different parts of the brain. b. Men and women process speech in different parts of the brain, determined primarily by genetics and early environmental conditions. c. Speech is primarily controlled in the occipital lobes, although association areas in the parietal lobes are also involved. d. The brainstem processes the basic parts of speech and communicates with the frontal lobe's motor cortex. e. Speech is such an important function of the brain that the right temporal lobe is devoted to it.
A
Which of the following correlations between self-esteem and body weight would enable you to most accurately predict body weight from knowledge of level of self-esteem? a. +0.60 b. +0.01 c. 0.00 d. -0.06 e. -0.10
A
Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers?No answer provided a. Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding. b. Positive reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding. c. Positive reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding. d. Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding. e. Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding.
A
Which theory best explains the occurrence of afterimages? a. opponent-process b. frequency c. signal-detection d. trichromatic e. place
A
Which theory would be most likely to predict that rats are motivated to explore precisely those areas of an experimental maze where they receive mild electrical shocks? No answer provided a. arousal theory b. two-factor theory c. drive-reduction theory d. instinct theory e. hierarchy of needs theory
A
While reading her AP Psychology textbook, Sara scans the section headings, noticing how the units are organized, and forms questions to answer while reading. According to the text, her strategy best reflects a. active processing of the material. b. how we construct our perceptions. c. the nature of psychology as a science. d. how knowledge transforms us. e. how psychology affects other disciplines.
A
While singing to you on your birthday, your friends leave off the very last word of the song, "Happy birthday to you, Happy birthday to you, Happy birthday dear David, Happy birthday to...." Your tendency to mentally fill in the last word best reflects which of the following Gestalt principles of organization? a. closure b. proximity c. similarity d. connectedness e. figure and ground
A
A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a No answer provided a. CR. b. CS.This is the correct answer. c. US. d. SA. e. UR.
B
A variant of a gene called ________ nearly doubles the risk of becoming obese. a. PYY b. FTOThis is the correct answer. c. BMI d. PET e. HPV
B
Adopted children are more likely to demonstrate levels of agreeableness and extraversion, more similar to that of their biological parents than their adoptive parents. This finding suggests that personality traits are more strongly influenced by No answer provided a. environmental relatives than by genetic relatives. b. genes than by the home environment. c. nurture than by nature. d. genes than by heredity. e. home environment than by genes.
B
Adopted individuals are more susceptible to alcohol dependence if one or both biological parents have a history of it. This indicates that alcohol dependence is a. a form of narcolepsy. b. genetically influenced. c. dissociative in nature. d. an age regression. e. psychoactive.
B
Alcohol consumption is LEAST likely to make people more No answer provided a. sexually daring. b. self-conscious. c. fearful. d. self-disclosing. e. aggressive.
B
An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a No answer provided a. negative reinforcer. b. punishment. c. delayed reinforcer. d. conditioned stimulus. e. secondary reinforcer
B
As drug users experience neuroadaptation, they demonstrate signs of No answer provided a. narcolepsy. b. tolerance. c. hallucinations. d. NREM. e. dissociation.
B
Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of a. retroactive interference. b. encoding failure. c. proactive interference. d. storage decay. e. source amnesia.
B
Brittla frequents only the most expensive clubs in an effort to attract a desirable mate. According to evolutionary psychologists, Brittla's behavior is a product of No answer provided a. mutation. b. genetic predispositions. c. social pressure. d. her upbringing. e. behaviorism.
B
Caroline loves to read and enjoys looking up the meanings of words she does not know. In school, her teacher promises a gold star to students each time they learn a new word. The teacher's behavior is most likely to undermine No answer provided a. latent learning. b. intrinsic motivation c. insight learning. d. spontaneous recovery. e. generalization.
B
Compared with nonabused children, those who have experienced a history of abuse show a stronger brain-wave response to an unfamiliar but angry-looking face. This best illustrates a. punishment. b. generalization. c. the law of effect. d. negative reinforcement. e. shaping.
B
Deep sleep appears to play an important role in No answer provided a. posthypnotic amnesia. b. physical growth. c. narcolepsy. d. sleep apnea. e. paradoxical sleep.
B
Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to a. spontaneous recovery. b. the violence-viewing effect. c. operant conditioning. d. instinctive drift. e. the law of effect.
B
Despite the painful hangovers that follow his use of alcohol, Boris continues to drink because just a couple of drinks begin to reduce his anxiety. His continued drinking most clearly illustrates the power of No answer provided a. spontaneous recovery. b. immediate reinforcement. c. extinction. d. partial reinforcement. e. generalization.
B
Electronically recording, amplifying, and displaying information regarding subtle physiological responses is called a. psychoneuroimmunology. b. biofeedback. c. psychometrics. d. acupuncture. e. relaxation training.
B
Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to attribute gender differences in attitudes toward sex to the fact that men have ________ than do women. No answer provided a. larger bodies b. greater reproductive potential c. a weaker sense of empathy d. stronger personalities e. more insecurities
B
Hearing the word "rabbit" may lead people to spell the spoken word "hair" as "h-a-r-e. " This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as a. retroactive interference. b. priming. c. proactive interference. d. chunking. e. repression.
B
Heather Sellers suffers from prosopagnosia and is unable to recognize her own face in a mirror. Her difficulty stems from a deficiency in No answer provided a. accommodation. b. top-down processing.This is the correct answer. c. sensation. d. kinesthesis. e. transduction.
B
In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of No answer provided a. a correlational study. b. an experiment.This is the correct answer. c. naturalistic observation. d. survey research. e. a case study.
B
In his classic study, Albert Bandura found that children exposed to an adult model who behaved aggressively by beating up a Bobo doll No answer provided a. displayed little interest in the experimental situation. b. imitated the adult's actions. c. did not demonstrate prosocial behavior even when such behavior was modeled later. d. behaved aggressively in the presence of their parents. e. acted aggressively in the presence of other children.
B
In one experiment, Wolfgang Köhler watched an ape suddenly solve a problem of reaching bananas hanging from the ceiling by stacking and climbing up a number of crates. Which of the following did Köhler conclude the ape used in problem solving? No answer provided a. heuristics b. insight c. algorithms d. trial and error e. framing
B
In suggesting that our ancestral history has prepared us to fear snakes, psychologists are emphasizing that what we fear is influenced by No answer provided a. environmental situations. b. framing. c. the availability heuristic. d. belief perseverance. e. genetic factors.
B
Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer. No answer provided a. conditioned b. negative c. positive d. secondary e. partial
B
Migraine headaches are most closely linked with an No answer provided a. undersupply of serotonin. b. oversupply of glutamate. c. undersupply of acetylcholine. d. oversupply of GABA. e. oversupply of norepinepherine.
B
Movement of the hair cells along the basilar membrane No answer provided a. produces large-fiber activity in the spinal cord that closes the "gate" so we don't feel pain. b. initiates transduction and the transmission of neural messages to the auditory cortex. c. causes the olfactory bulb to send signals to the primary smell cortex. d. allows us to sense our body's position and movement. e. stimulates the taste receptor cells and helps us to distinguish between different taste sensations.
B
On Monday, Johnny's mother gave him cookies and milk after he had played quietly for 10 minutes. On Tuesday, she required 20 minutes of quiet play before treat time, and on Wednesday, the cookies were given to him only after a full half hour of quiet play. Johnny was taught to play quietly for extended periods through No answer provided a. latent learning. b. shaping. c. secondary reinforcement. d. partial reinforcement. e. modeling.
B
Opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as No answer provided a. epinephrine. b. endorphins. c. acetylcholine. d. dopamine. e. serotonin.
B
People's procedural memory of how to open the front door of their house is most likely to consist of No answer provided a. universal grammar. b. a mental image. c. a heuristic. d. telegraphic speech. e. an algorithm.
B
Professor Assad suggested that a cautious attitude toward sexual encounters has proven to be more reproductively advantageous to women than to men because the birth process is time-consuming. This suggestion best illustrates the logic of a(n) ________ theory of sexual behavior. No answer provided a. behaviorist b. evolutionary c. humanistic d. social learning e. Freudian
B
Research on the causes of homosexuality suggests that a. homosexuality arises from a fear of members of the opposite sex. b. genetic influence plays a role in sexual orientation. c. homosexuality develops most readily in families with domineering mothers and weak, ineffectual fathers. d. male homosexuality results from abnormally high levels of testosterone in the blood. e. childhood sexual victimization contributes strongly to homosexual development.
B
Researchers have demonstrated that people trained to perform tasks recall them better after a night's sleep than after several hours awake. This finding suggests that sleep a. inspires creative achievements and problem solving. b. is for making memories. c. plays a role in the growth process. d. patterns suit a species' ecological niche. e. helps restore and repair brain tissue.
B
Sabrina went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Sabrina made effective use of No answer provided a. automatic processing. b. hierarchical organization. c. implicit memory. d. the peg-word system. e. the spacing effect.
B
Schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter No answer provided a. serotonin. b. dopamine. c. epinephrine. d. acetylcholine. e. GABA.
B
Shaping is a(n) ________ procedure. a. observational learning b. operant conditioning c. classical conditioning d. cognitive mapping e. latent learning
B
Students often remember more information from a course that spans an entire semester than from a course that is completed in an intensive three-week learning period. This best illustrates the importance of a. long-term potentiation. b. the spacing effect. c. the serial position effect. d. automatic processing. e. implicit memory.
B
The "psychic secretions" that interfered with Pavlov's experiments on digestion were No answer provided a. conditioned reinforcers. b. conditioned responses. c. unconditioned responses. d. primary reinforcers. e. conditioned stimuli.
B
The function of dendrites is to a. release neurotransmitters into the spatial junctions between neurons. b. receive incoming signals from other neurons. c. control pain through the release of opiate-like chemicals into the brain. d. coordinate the activation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. e. transmit signals to other neurons.
B
The greatest difficulty facing contemporary parapsychology is the a. difficulty of persuading many ordinary people that there really is such a thing as ESP. b. lack of a reproducible ESP phenomenon.Ths is t c. willingness of many experts to accept fraudulent evidence. d. inability to subject claims of ESP to scientific testing. e. challenges to the ethics of most ESP experiments using human subjects.
B
The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called No answer provided a. secondary reinforcement. b. shaping. c. modeling. d. generalization. e. intermittent reinforcement.
B
The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful a. mnemonic. b. retrieval cue. c. echoic memory. d. spacing effect. e. implicit memory.
B
The sudden comprehension of the double meaning of a humorous pun best illustrates a. the representativeness heuristic. b. insight. c. the framing effect. d. belief perseverance. e. the availability heuristic.
B
The tendency to search for information consistent with our preconceptions is called a. the representativeness heuristic. b. confirmation bias. c. functional fixedness. d. overconfidence. e. the availability heuristic.
B
When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to alter ________ production by the pineal gland. a. dopamine b. melatonin c. serotonin d. endorphin e. acetylcholine
B
Which of the following is the component of the limbic system that plays an essential role in the processing of new memories? a. medulla b. hippocampus c. cerebellum d. thalamus e. hypothalamus
B
Which of the following poses the greatest threat to the credibility of children's recollections of sexual abuse? No answer provided a. long-term potentiation b. the misinformation effectThis is the correct answer. c. proactive interference d. the spacing effect e. the serial position effect
B
Which theory would be most helpful for explaining why people are motivated to watch horror movies? a. homeostasis b. arousal theory c. hierarchy of needs theory d. instinct theory e. drive-reduction theory
B
Your ability to immediately recognize the voice over the phone as your mother's illustrates the value of a. the spacing effect. b. acoustic encoding. c. state-dependent memory. d. chunking. e. implicit memory.
B
A PET scan of a patient looking at a photograph of a painting would most likely indicate high levels of activity in which brain structure? a. frontal lobes b. corpus callosum c. occipital lobes. d. Broca's area e. sensory cortex
C
A best example of a category of objects, events, or people is called a(n) No answer provided a. algorithm. b. heuristic. c. prototype. d. concept. e. model.
C
A cochlear implant would be most helpful for those who suffer No answer provided a. conduction hearing loss. b. kinesthesis. c. sensorineural hearing loss. d. loss of balance. e. loss of movement.
C
A gestalt is best described as a(n) No answer provided a. perceptual adaptation. b. illusion. c. organized whole. d. perceptual set. e. binocular cue.
C
A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus is called a(n) No answer provided a. neurotransmitter. b. threshold. c. reflex. d. action potential. e. neural network.
C
After having seen many pictures of the Lincoln Monument during his lifetime, Mr. Adams mistakenly recalled that he had actually visited the site. This best illustrates No answer provided a. flashbulb memory. b. proactive interference. c. source amnesia. d. implicit memory. e. the self-reference effect.
C
An unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is called No answer provided a. trial and error. b. the availability heuristic. c. belief perseverance. d. the representativeness heuristic. e. confirmation bias.
C
As we move, objects that are fixed in place (a light pole, for example) may appear to move. What is this monocular cue for depth called? a. proximity b. interposition c. relative motion d. continuity e. retinal disparity
C
By manipulating a single gene, scientists have been able to control sexual orientation in a. humans. b. rats. c. fruit flies. d. chimpanzees. e. mice.
C
Contemporary psychologists are most likely to reject which of the following as appropriate for the study of psychology? No answer provided a. empiricism b. mental activity c. introspection d. observation e. experimentation
C
DNA is a complex a. sex hormone. b. neuron. c. molecule. d. synapse. e. action potential.
C
Dr. Robinson conducts basic research on the relationship between brain chemistry and intellectual functioning. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Robinson's research best represent? a. clinical psychology b. developmental psychology c. biological psychology d. industrial-organizational psychology e. social psychology
C
Ever since his mother began to give Julio gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, Julio discontinued his habit of bed-wetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of a. spontaneous recovery. b. classical conditioning. c. operant conditioning. d. latent learning. e. primary reinforcement.
C
Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to emphasize that human adaptiveness to a variety of different environments has contributed to human No answer provided a. genetic mutations. b. prenatal development. c. reproductive success. d. naturalistic observation. e. behavior correlations.
C
Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of a. naturalistic observation. b. behaviorism. c. natural selection. d. humanism. e. genome mapping.
C
Harry Bahrick observed that three years after people completed a Spanish course, they had forgotten much of the vocabulary they had learned. This finding indicates that information is lost while it is a. relearned. b. retrieved. c. in storage. d. rehearsed. e. encoded.
C
In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that encoding failure results from the sin of a. transience. b. repression. c. absent-mindedness. d. blocking. e. chunking.
C
In one study, children were periodically asked whether they remembered going to the hospital with a mousetrap on their finger. This experiment best illustrated the dynamics of a. mood-congruent memory. b. sensory memory. c. memory construction. d. flashbulb memory. e. long-term potentiation.
C
Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of a. habituation. b. shaping. c. generalization. d. delayed reinforcement. e. latent learning.
C
Most people take less time to identify a cow as a mammal than a mouse as a mammal because a cow more closely resembles their mammal a. confirmation bias. b. algorithm. c. prototype. d. hierarchy. e. heuristic.
C
Ms. Shields, a recent stroke victim, cannot consciously perceive the large book on the coffee table in front of her. Yet, when urged to identify the book, she correctly reads aloud the printed title on the book cover. Her response best illustrates a. synaesthesia. b. the McGurk effect. c. blindsight. d. sensory adaptation. e. subliminal perception.
C
Philippe has just completed medical school. In reflecting on his years of formal education, he is able to recall the names of all his instructors except the fifth-grade teacher who flunked him. According to Freud, his forgetting illustrates a. proactive interference. b. the serial position effect. c. repression. d. the spacing effect. e. retroactive interference.
C
Professor Thompson's research focuses on the impact of prototypes on the speed of object recognition and identification. Which specialty area does this research best represent? No answer provided a. biological psychology b. personality psychology c. cognitive psychology d. clinical psychology e. developmental psychology
C
Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as a. random sampling. b. experimentation. c. naturalistic observation. d. the survey. e. the case study.
C
Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule. a. fixed-interval b. variable-interval c. variable-ratio d. intermittent-continuous e. fixed-ratio
C
Robert was late for school, so he parked in a space reserved for teachers. Later, when he went to get his car, he noticed a yellow parking ticket under the windshield wiper. The parking ticket would be considered No answer provided a. continuous reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment. e. positive reinforcement.
C
Shortly after you see a missing-child poster you are more likely to interpret an ambiguous adult-child interaction as a possible kidnapping. This best illustrates the impact of a. source amnesia. b. chunking. c. priming. d. retroactive interference. e. state-dependent memory.
C
Some people are better than others at detecting slight variations in the tastes of various blends of coffee. This best illustrates the importance of a. subliminal stimulation. b. the vestibular sense. c. difference thresholds. d. parallel processing. e. sensory adaptation.
C
Telegraphic speech is a. the smallest unit of language that carries meaning. b. evident before babbling occurs. c. a grammatically correct two-word utterance. d. considered a form of receptive language. e. a system of language rules for combining morphemes.
C
The activation-synthesis theory best helps to explain why No answer provided a. individuals with sleep apnea are unable to recall any of their dreams. b. dreams typically express unacceptable feelings in a symbolically disguised form. c. people often experience sudden visual images during REM sleep. d. some people experience insomnia throughout their lives. e. most dreams are realistic portrayals of pleasant life events.
C
The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for understanding the aversive effects of a. set points. b. hunger. c. boredom. d. refractory periods. e. anorexia nervosa.
C
The human capacity for storing long-term memories is No answer provided a. typically much greater in young children than in adults. b. enhanced through hypnosis. c. essentially unlimited. d. greatly reduced after people reach the age of 65. e. roughly equal to seven units of information.
C
The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of a. withdrawal. b. dissociation. c. tolerance. d. resistance. e. narcolepsy.
C
The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to be perceived is known as a. sensory interaction. b. the difference threshold. c. Weber's law. d. the opponent-process theory. e. feature detection.
C
The process of anticipating that you will be punished for misbehaving takes place within the No answer provided a. reticular formation. b. sensory cortex. c. association areas. d. limbic system. e. sympathetic nervous system.
C
The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of No answer provided a. flashbulb memory. b. iconic memory. c. semantic encoding. d. source amnesia. e. repression.
C
The specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time is known as the a. basal metabolic rate. b. hypothalamic plateau. c. set point. d. refractory period. e. homeostatic weight.
C
Twenty-two-year-old Felicia scores high in hypnotic responsiveness as measured by the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale. Research suggests that Felicia may also have a. difficulty keeping her attention focused on any specific task. b. an above-average ability to hypnotize others. c. a rich fantasy life. d. a dependent personality type. e. below-average intelligence.
C
Variation is to central tendency as ________ is to ________. No answer provided a. scatterplot; bar graph b. median; mean c. range; median d. mode; mean e. correlation; scatterplot
C
We can encode many sensory experiences simultaneously, some automatically, because of which property of the brain? No answer provided a. priming b. long-term potentiation c. parallel processing d. serial position effect e. explicit memory
C
When visually deprived infant monkeys were first allowed to see, they could not visually distinguish No answer provided a. between red and green lights. b. figures from backgrounds. c. circles from squares. d. between different-colored objects. e. light from shadow.
C
Which approach is most directly concerned with assessing the relative contributions of heredity and experience to personality development? a. biological b. cognitive c. biopsychosocial d. psychodynamic e. behavioral
C
Which lobes of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back? a. frontal b. temporal c. parietal. d. occipital e. cerebral.
C
Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior? a. sniffing to locate the source of a strange odor b. studying for a test c. blushing when embarrassed d. asking for a raise e. thanking someone for their help
C
Which of the following typically occur(s) during REM sleep? a. narcolepsy b. bed-wetting c. genital arousal d. night terrors e. muscular tension
C
Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population? a. random assignment b. replication c. random sampling d. naturalistic observation e. correlation
C
Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology? No answer provided a. John B. Watson b. Wilhelm Wundt c. William James d. Mary Calkins e. Sigmund Freud
C
Working in a community mental health center, Dr. Thatcher treats adults who suffer from severe depression. Dr. Thatcher is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. a. social b. developmental c. clinical d. industrial-organizational e. personality
C
he discovery that high-frequency sounds trigger large vibrations near the beginning of the basilar membrane supports the ________ theory. No answer provided a. frequency b. opponent-process c. placeThis is the correct answer. d. Young-Helmholtz e. gate-control
C
A choppy stop-start pattern of operant responding is associated with the ________ schedule of reinforcement. a. variable-interval b. continuous-immediate c. variable-ratio d. fixed-interval e. fixed-ratio
D
A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is employing a(n) ________ perspective. a. cognitive b. behavioral c. evolutionary d. psychodynamic e. social-cultural
D
A rewarding consequence of cigarette smoking is that it reduces No answer provided a. mental alertness. b. heart rate. c. blood pressure. d. sensitivity to pain. e. the release of epinephrine into the bloodstream.
D
After identifying an ethnically mixed face as Asian rather than as Caucasian, Belgian students recalled the face as more closely resembling their ________ of an Asian face. a. algorithm b. fixation c. morpheme. d. prototype e. heuristic
D
An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule. No answer provided a. variable-interval b. variable-ratio c. fixed-ratio d. fixed-interval e. partial-interval
D
An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food. The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light No answer provided a. five seconds after the food. b. at precisely the same time as the food. c. five seconds before the food. d. a half-second before the food. e. a half-second after the food.
D
Andre claims that he can make a broken watch begin to run again simply by entering a state of intense mental concentration. Andre is claiming to possess the power of a. transduction. b. telepathy. c. precognition. d. psychokinesis.This is the correct answer. e. clairvoyance.
D
Chunking refers to a. the combined use of automatic and effortful processing to ensure the retention of unfamiliar information. b. the tendency to recall best the first item in a list. c. the unconscious encoding of incidental information. d. the organization of information into meaningful units. e. getting information into memory through the use of visual imagery.
D
Compared with girls living in father-absent families, girls with fathers present are less likely to experience a. refractory periods. b. erotic plasticity. c. the older-brother effect. d. teen pregnancy e. a sexual response cycle.
D
Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of a. imagery. b. priming. c. chunking. d. rehearsal. e. implicit memory.
D
Evelyn wants to know how consistent her bowling scores have been during the past season. Which of the following measures would be most relevant to this specific concern? a. mean b. scatterplot c. median d. standard deviation e. correlation coefficient
D
Every day as she walks to school, Mamie passes a mural painted on the side of a building. However, when asked, she says she does not remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is the best explanation for this occurrence? No answer provided a. The memory of the mural has decayed over time. b. Mamie is experiencing retroactive interference, leading to her forgetting past information. c. Because of the time span between being exposed to the mural, the spacing effect has interrupted memory formation. d. Mamie has not paid attention to the incoming information so it was not encoded into long-term memory. e. Such implicit memory is stored in the cerebellum, thus Mamie must have experienced damage to that brain region.
D
Examining correlational evidence to determine what further research would be needed to establish a causal relationship is an example of ________ thinking? No answer provided a. experimental b. correlational c. naturalistic d. critical e. hindsight
D
In 1920, behaviorist John B. Watson conditioned an 8-month-old infant, Albert. He was turned over to Dr. Watson without permission. This violates which ethical principle developed by the American Psychological Association? No answer provided a. coercion b. confidentiality c. protection from harm d. informed consent e. debriefing
D
In University of Utah driving-simulation experiments, students conversing on cell phones were slower to detect and respond to traffic signals. This best illustrates No answer provided a. retinal disparity. b. the phi phenomenon. c. gate-control theory. d. selective attention. e. place theory.
D
In writing survey questions, political pollsters who want to gather evidence of people's support for particular viewpoints are especially likely to be aware of No answer provided a. functional fixedness. b. the availability heuristic. c. the representativeness heuristic. d. the framing effect. e. telegraphic speech.
D
Information learned while a person is ________ is best recalled when that person is ________. a. sad; happy b. fearful; happy c. drunk; sober d. drunk; drunk e. angry; calm
D
Light-wave amplitude determines the a. firing of rods in the retina. b. color hue we experience. c. parallel processing of a scene. d. intensity of colors. e. curvature and thickness of the lens.
D
Memory is best defined as No answer provided a. recalling and retrieving information stored in the cerebral cortex. b. stored knowledge that has been semantically encoded. c. the conscious encoding of information. d. the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information. e. the retrieval of stored information in precisely the same form in which it was encoded.
D
Men are more likely to experience nocturnal emissions if they a. dream about nonsexual events. b. use contraceptives as a means of preventing pregnancy in their mates. c. have a sexually transmitted infection. d. have not experienced orgasm recently. e. masturbate frequently.
D
Psychologist Michael Gazzaniga asked split-brain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed HE·ART on a screen. HE appeared in the left visual field, ART in the right. When asked, patients said they saw a. nothing. They were unable to complete the task. b. EA. c. HEART. d. ART. e. HE.
D
Question 43 We fear too little those events that will claim lives a. in old age. b. one person at a time. c. accidentally. d. undramatically. e. in the near future.
D
Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illustrates ________ memory. a. explicit b. sensory c. semantic d. implicit e. flashbulb
D
Research on obesity and weight control indicates that No answer provided a. one pound is always lost for every 3500-calorie reduction in diet. b. it is easier for people to lose weight on the second or third attempt at dieting than on the first try. c. obesity is related to learned patterns of behavior, not biological influences. d. once we become fat, we require less food to maintain our weight than we did to attain it. e. fat cells are lost when sustained dieting is combined with exercise.
D
Sexually active unmarried teens are more likely to use contraceptives if they a. do not want to appear to be sexually promiscuous. b. previously made written commitments to remain celibate until marriage. c. have been extensively exposed to TV shows in which unmarried people are having sex. d. are in an exclusive sexual relationship involving open communication. e. underestimate their peers' sexual activity.
D
Sigmund Freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused by a process that involves a. retroactive interference. b. long-term potentiation. c. source amnesia. d. retrieval failure. e. memory decay.
D
Smokers with a greater fear of flying than of smoking's toxicity best illustrate that we often have a greater fear of risks that are a. memorable. b. familiar. c. prototypical. d. immediate. e. controllable.
D
The axons of ganglion cells converge to form a. the auditory nerve. b. bipolar cells. c. the olfactory epithelium. d. the optic nerve. e. the basilar membrane.
D
The peripheral nervous system is to sensory neurons as the central nervous system is to a. neurotransmitters. b. the sympathetic nervous system. c. motor neurons. d. interneurons. e. the parasympathetic nervous system.
D
The role of learning in motivation is most obvious from the influence of a. arousal. b. instincts. c. set points. d. incentives.This is the correct answer. e. homeostasis.
D
The serial position effect best illustrates the importance of a. automatic processing. b. visual imagery. c. chunking. d. rehearsal. e. flashbulb memory.
D
To determine whether the strength of people's self-esteem is related to their income levels, researchers would most likely make use of a. naturalistic observation. b. experimentation. c. case studies. d. correlational research. e. double-blind.
D
To exercise maximum control over the factors they are interested in studying, researchers engage in No answer provided a. case studies. b. surveys. c. replication. d. experimentation. e. correlational research.
D
To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as ________ memory. No answer provided a. flashbulb b. implicit c. iconic d. working e. repressed
D
Under very dim levels of illumination No answer provided a. foveas react to increase the sensitivity of the optic nerve. b. rods fire according to place theory to perceive the available light. c. feature detectors in the retina activate. d. rods are more light-sensitive than cones. e. the iris expands to allow more light to reach the retina.
D
Visualizing an object and actually seeing that object activate similar brain areas. This most clearly contributes to No answer provided a. the serial position effect. b. parallel processing. c. mood-congruent memory. d. imagination inflation. e. proactive interference.
D
Weber's law is relevant to an understanding of a. absolute thresholds. b. sensory interaction. c. parallel processing. d. difference thresholds. e. sensory adaptation.
D
When someone mentions hamburgers, Trisha immediately thinks of McDonald's. In this instance, McDonald's is a No answer provided a. mental set. b. fixation. c. phoneme. d. prototype. e. heuristic.
D
Which of the following best explains why Ebbinghaus found the task of learning new lists of nonsense syllables increasingly difficult as his research career progressed? No answer provided a. source amnesia b. misattribution c. retroactive interference d. proactive interference e. the spacing effect
D
Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer? No answer provided a. a spanking for eating cookies before dinner b. termination of shock after removing one's finger from a live electric wire c. pudding for eating all your peas at supper d. applause for an excellent piano recital e. a cold root beer for mowing the lawn on a hot day
D
Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures that sound waves pass through on the way to the auditory nerve? a. cochlea, hammer, anvil, stirrup, eardrum b. hammer, eardrum, basilar membrane, cochlea c. inner ear, middle ear, cochlea, eardrum d. eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, cochlea e. hammer, anvil, stirrup, eardrum, cochlea
D
Which theory best explains how we perceive low-pitched sounds? No answer provided a. the Young-Helmholtz theory b. opponent-process theory c. gate-control theory d. frequency theory e. place theory
D
While reading a novel at a rate of nearly 500 words per minute, Megan effortlessly understands almost every word. This ability highlights the importance of a. source amnesia. b. the spacing effect. c. flashbulb memory. d. automatic processing. e. implicit memory.
D
Without awareness, we often use highly adaptive heuristics. This best illustrates the value of a. critical periods. b. morphemes. c. fixation. d. intuition. e. prototypes.
D
Your conscious awareness of your own name and self-identity depends primarily on the normal functioning of your a. hypothalamus. b. cerebellum. c. sympathetic nervous system. d. cerebral cortex. e. amygdala.
D
A drop in basal metabolic rate is most likely to result from No answer provided a. high testosterone levels. b. erotic plasticity. c. excess leptin. d. decreased testosterone. e. a semistarvation diet.
E
A failure to recognize that one's arm or leg is part of one's self is most likely to be associated with damage to the No answer provided a. sympathetic nervous system. b. hypothalamus. c. left hemisphere. d. amygdala. e. right hemisphere.
E
A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n) a. unpredictable number of responses have been made. b. unpredictable time period has elapsed. c. specific number of rewards and punishments are applied. d. specified time period has elapsed. e. specified number of responses have been made.
E
A prototype is a No answer provided a. simple thinking strategy for solving problems efficiently. b. new, novel item fitting an existing mental category. c. step-by-step procedure for solving problems. d. mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people. e. best example of a particular category.
E
A sudden realization of the solution to a problem is called a. an algorithm. b. belief perseverance. c. a heuristic. d. framing. e. insight.
E
A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from conscious awareness is known as No answer provided a. retroactive interference. b. the spacing effect. c. priming. d. proactive interference. e. repression.
E
After flying from California to New York, Arthur experienced a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his normal a. alpha wave patterns. b. hypnagogic sensations. c. dopamine production. d. manifest content. e. circadian rhythm.
E
After learning that her two best friends had lost their jobs, Mariah began to grossly overestimate the national unemployment rate. Mariah's reaction best illustrates the consequences of a. confirmation bias. b. the belief perseverance phenomenon. c. the framing effect. d. the representativeness heuristic. e. the availability heuristic.
E
Alex tickles his brother by stroking adjacent ________ spots on his skin. a. pain b. kinesthesis c. cold d. warmth e. pressure
E
Bulimia nervosa is characterized by No answer provided a. the loss of regular menstrual periods. b. lifelong obesity. c. losses of 25 percent or more of normal weight. d. periods of unhealthy eating habits followed by starvation. e. episodes of overeating followed by vomiting.
E
By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics, Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her textbooks. This best illustrates the benefits of a. implicit memory. b. the serial position effect. c. the spacing effect. d. parallel processing. e. hierarchical organization.
E
By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of a. spontaneous recovery. b. operant conditioning. c. habituation. d. observational learning. e. classical conditioning.
E
Dean overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of No answer provided a. the availability heuristic.This is the correct answer. b. the representativeness heuristic. c. functional fixedness. d. confirmation bias. e. overconfidence.
E
Effortful processing can occur only with No answer provided a. sensory memory. b. implicit memory. c. chunking. d. visual imagery. e. conscious attention.
E
Experiments suggest that children exposed to a model who says one thing and does another will No answer provided a. ignore what the model does but talk in ways consistent with what the model says. b. ignore what the model says but act in ways consistent with what the model does. c. talk in ways that contradict the model in order to match the observed behavior. d. ignore both what the model says and does. e. talk in ways consistent with what the model says and act in ways consistent with what the model does.
E
Hormones are the chemical messengers of the a. central nervous system. b. autonomic nervous system. c. peripheral nervous system. d. action potential. e. endocrine system.
E
If Jared watches a nurse give him an injection, he experiences more pain than if he closes his eyes during the procedure and thinks about his favorite food. This illustrates the value of ________ for pain control. a. blindsight b. sensory adaptation c. perceptual adaptation d. subliminal stimulation e. distraction
E
In the hypothesis "Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the dependent variable? a. memorization b. time of day c. students d. list of terms e. number of terms remembered
E
Introductory psychology students performed best on a midterm psychology test if they had previously spent five minutes a day visualizing themselves No answer provided a. imitating the most successful student in class. b. feeling proud about receiving a high midterm test grade. c. physically relaxing. d. receiving a high midterm test grade. e. studying effectively.
E
Kevin did not know whether the locker room was located down the short hallway to his right or down the long hallway to his left. Crossing his fingers, he decided to try the short hallway. His problem strategy best illustrates No answer provided a. the availability heuristic. b. confirmation bias. c. functional fixedness. d. belief perseverance. e. trial and error.
E
Memory of your familiar old e-mail password may block the recall of your new password. This illustrates No answer provided a. chunking. b. the serial position effect. c. proactive interference. d. source amnesia. e. retroactive interference.
E
Motor neurons are to the ________ nervous system as interneurons are to the ________ nervous system. a. central; peripheral b. parasympathetic; sympathetic c. autonomic; somatic d. sympathetic; parasympathetic e. peripheral; central
E
Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to No answer provided a. neither practice nor preach the virtues of cleanliness. b. practice cleanliness but not preach its virtues. c. preach the virtues of obeying parents but not notice the washing hands rule. d. practice and preach the virtues of cleanliness. e. preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness.
E
Prototypes are especially important in the process of No answer provided a. belief perseverance. b. constructing algorithms. c. choosing heuristics. d. trial and error. e. classifying objects.
E
Research suggests that young men prefer older women, mid-twenties men prefer women their own age, and older men prefer younger women. Based on this finding, evolutionary psychologists suggest that men a. have a higher threshold for perceiving warm responses as sexual. b. view sex as being more relational. c. are less concerned with sending their genes into the future. d. prefer mates who are interested in long-term relationships. e. are attracted to women with peak fertility.
E
Sheelah was able to jerk her hand out of the scalding water before sensing any pain because this withdrawal reflex a. did not involve activity in her central nervous system. b. was activated by the rapidly responding brain. c. was controlled by both her nervous system and impulses from her endocrine system. d. was activated by her self-regulating autonomic nervous system. e. was activated by interneurons in her spinal cord.
E
Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inns by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as No answer provided a. the peg-word system. b. implicit memory. c. the serial position effect. d. imagination inflation. e. chunking.
E
Stanley Milgram designed his influential studies on obedience in response to thinking about the Holocaust. In their defense, Nazi war criminals said they had committed such atrocities against the Jews and others because they were "just following orders." Milgram's motivation to study obedience to authority illustrates that No answer provided a. the personal bias of researchers make their findings suspect. b. human behavior can be tested by means of experimentation. c. psychologists must be aware of ethical concerns when using human participants in experiments. d. psychology is based on common sense and intuition. e. psychology is not value free; it affects what psychologists study.
E
The ability to simultaneously copy different figures with the right and left hand is most characteristic of those whose ________ has been cut. a. sensory cortex b. reticular formation c. motor cortex d. angular gyrus e. corpus callosum
E
The association areas are located in the a. limbic system. b. thalamus. c. brainstem. d. spinal cord. e. cerebral cortex.
E
The capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as brain a. aphasia. b. phrenology. c. tomography. d. hemispherectomy. e. plasticity.
E
The explanatory power of a scientific theory is most closely linked to its capacity to generate testable a. correlations. b. hypotheses. c. assumptions. d. variables. e. predictions.
E
The healing power of positive expectations is best illustrated by No answer provided a. replication. b. hindsight bias. c. overconfidence. d. illusory correlation. e. the placebo effect.
E
The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to a. assume that correlation proves causation. b. dismiss the value of replication. c. reject any ideas that cannot be scientifically tested. d. overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions. e. exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events.
E
The parietal lobes are to ________ as the occipital lobes are to ________. a. sensing pleasure; sensing pain b. tasting; smelling c. speaking; seeing d. hearing; speaking e. sensing touch; seeing
E
The survival of organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as No answer provided a. functionalism. b. structuralism. c. introspection. d. humanism. e. natural selection.
E
The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as a. state-dependent memory. b. the serial position effect. c. chunking. d. long-term potentiation. e. the spacing effect.
E
When cocaine is injected or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria that lasts 15 to 30 minutes. But the stimulant drug ________ can trigger 8 hours or so of heightened energy and euphoria. a. heroin b. LSD c. nicotine d. Amytal e. methamphetamine
E
When looking at a flying bird, we are consciously aware of our cognitive processing ("It's a bird!") but not of our subconscious processing of the bird's form, color, distance, and movement. This illustrates what psychologists call No answer provided a. brain plasticity. b. serial processing. c. selective attention. d. cognitive neuroscience. e. dual processing.
E
When the release of ACh is blocked, the result is No answer provided a. aggression. b. euphoria. c. schizophrenia. d. depression. e. muscular paralysis.
E
Which of the following best illustrates overgeneralization in a young child's speech pattern? No answer provided a. "Want juice. " b. "Da-da, na-na, ta-ta. " c. "Fish, Fish! Look at the fish!" d. "Doggy big." e. "Momma holded the baby."
E
Which of the following is the best example of framing? a. Despite reading several research studies demonstrating that therapeutic touch is no more effective than a placebo in treating pain, Miriam still considers it a valid treatment option. b. Alex was locked out of his car. He didn't think to use a coat hanger to unlock the door before calling the police. c. Tara incorrectly believes that more Americans are killed each year by tornadoes than by lightning. d. Zach felt very certain that he knew all the concepts in Chapter 2, so he was surprised to get 65 percent on the exam. e. A television advertisement for lotion claims that it is made of 75 percent organic materials, not that it contains 25 percent artificial ingredients.
E
Which of the following is true of melatonin? a. It alters metabolic and hormonal functioning in ways that mimic aging. b. It helps restore and repair brain tissue by increasing the production of free radicals. c. Production of melatonin during sleep boosts our immune system, which helps us fight off viral infections. d. It is produced by the brain during the hypnagogic stage in NREM sleep. e. It is a sleep hormone released by the pineal gland into the bloodstream.
E
Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior"? a. William James b. Jean Piaget c. Edward Titchener d. Wilhelm Wundt e. John B. Watson
E
unpleasant stimulus is to ________. a. negative reinforcer; positive reinforcer b. primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer c. partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement d. acquisition; extinction e. punishment; reinforcement
E
"Fat is stored energy to carry us through periods of famine. " Which of the following psychological perspectives is most likely to emphasize this argument? a. cognitive b. biological c. behavioral d. social-cultural e. evolutionary
E Evolutionary
Ernie has begun watching sexually explicit movies. Based on research, how might this activity affect his relationship with his wife?
Ernie is likely to view his wife as less attractive
Why is replication important to science?
Repeated research with similar results increases confidence in the reliability of the original findings
Which of the following questions most likely could be answered using an empirical approach?
What causes aggression?
Research on sleep patterns indicates that a. different sleep patterns reflect differences in latent dream content. b. REM sleep may not be necessary for normal functioning. c. older adults and newborns have very similar sleep patterns. d. sleep patterns may be genetically influenced. e. everyone needs a minimum of 8 hours of sleep per night to function well.
d. sleep patterns may be genetically influenced.
Imagine your friend walking toward you in the hall at school. As your friend gets closer, the image cast on your retina
gets larger
Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called
hallucinations
Mr. Porter believes that aggression is an unlearned behavior characteristic of all children. He obviously believes that aggression is a(n)
instinct
A synapse is a(n)
junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron
A violent illness that follows our eating of a particular food is likely to influence our taste preferences. This illustrates that taste preferences are influenced by
learning experiences
To describe the behavior of animals in their native habitats, researchers are most likely to make use of
naturalistic observation
Damage to the temporal lobe area of the brain essential for facial recognition produces a loss of
perception
The nineteenth-century theory that bumps on the skull reveal a person's abilities and traits is called
phrenology
The master gland of the endocrine system is the No answer provided
pituitary gland
Which of the following structures in the brainstem helps coordinate movements and lies above the medulla?
pons
