AP Psychology: Psychological Disorders Schoology

Of all the twins who share identical genes with a schizophrenia victim, about ________ do not themselves develop schizophrenia.

1/2

Researchers recently estimated that approximately ________ percent of adult Americans had suffered a clinically significant psychological disorder during the prior year.

26

An eye-tracking device that measures an individual's ability to focus on and follow spots of light has been used for the assessment of

ADHD

Which of the following is a common misconception about anorexia nervosa?

Anorexia is only a women's illness.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate description of the relationship between genetics and eating disorders?

Identical twins are more likely to share the disorder than fraternal twins.

Evidence that many DID patients have suffered abuse as children leads some psychologists to include dissociative disorders under the umbrella of

PTSD

A generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by

a continuous state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousal.

Those with an avoidant personality disorder are most likely to display

a fear of social rejection.

An immediate and irrational anxiety response to the mere sight of blood is indicative of

a specific phobia

Among schizophrenia patients, the fluid-filled areas of the brain are

abnormally large and the thalamus is abnormally small.

Groups that are most likely to hurt themselves by NSSI are

adolescent and young adults

Fear-learning experiences can traumatize the brain by creating fear circuits within the

amygdala

Maladaptive behaviors that reduce worry and fear are most indicative of

an anxiety disorder

Anorexia nervosa is typically characterized by

an obsessive fear of becoming obese.

The symptoms of ________ are likely to appear at an earlier age than the symptoms of ________.

antisocial personality; schizophrenia

Individuals diagnosed with ________ experience a normal but delayed thinning of the frontal cerebral cortex.

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Those who engage in spurts of excessive overeating, followed by remorse—but do not binge, purge, fast, or exercise excessively—are said to have

binge-eating disorder.

It is easy to condition but hard to extinguish fears of the types of stimuli that threatened our ancestors. This fact is best explained from a ________ perspective.

biological

Mania is most likely to be associated with a(n)

bipolar disorder

Which of the following disorders is classified as a mood disorder?

bipolar disorder

Although Mrs. Petrides usually sits passively in a motionless stupor, she sometimes repetitiously shakes her head or waves her arms. She most likely suffers from

catatonia

In terms of the role of the family environment on eating disorders, research has discounted which of the following factors?

childhood sexual abuse

Schizophrenia that develops gradually over a long period of time is called ________ schizophrenia.

chronic

DSM-5 is most likely to be criticized for

classifying an excessively broad range of human behaviors as psychologically disordered.

Experiencing physical symptoms, such as blindness or paralysis, that make no physiological sense is indicative of

conversion disorder

Because it is so pervasive, ________ is often considered "the common cold" of psychological disorders.

depression

Compared with men, women are much more likely to be diagnosed as suffering from

depression

Generalized anxiety disorder is often accompanied by

depression

Stressful life events like the loss of a job are most likely to increase one's risk of

depression

The rise of Western individualism appears most clearly responsible for an increase in

depression

In a study by David Rosenhan (1973), researchers were admitted as patients into various mental hospitals after they falsely claimed to be "hearing voices." This study best illustrated the negative effects of

diagnostic labels

Dissociative disorders are most likely to be characterized by

disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity

Exhibiting two or more distinct and alternating personalities is a symptom of a(n)

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Researchers have suggested that the role-playing of fantasy-prone patients in response to the leading questions of therapists has often contributed to

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

It has been suggested that the desperate efforts of traumatized victims to detach themselves from the experience of severe and prolonged abuse may contribute to

dissociative identity disorder.

ADHD is most clearly characterized by

distractibility

Schizophrenia is associated with an excess of receptors for

dopamine

A biological perspective would be LEAST helpful for explaining the

dramatic increase in reported cases of dissociative identity disorder during the past 40 or so years.

Bulimia nervosa is characterized by

episodes of overeating followed by vomiting.

According to the social-cognitive perspective, women are more vulnerable to depression than men because they are more likely to

experience learned helplessness

The DSM-5 does NOT

explain the causes of the various psychological disorders.

A major depressive disorder is most likely to be characterized by

feelings of personal worthlessness

Of those who talk of suicide ________ actually attempt suicide. Of those who attempt suicide, ________ succeed in completing the act.

few ; most

Seeing one-eyed monsters would be a(n) ________. Believing that you are Christopher Columbus would be a ________.

hallucination; delusion

Vigorous activity in the thalamus of schizophrenia patients has been found to be associated with

hearing voices

By boosting serotonin, antidepressant drugs stimulate the growth of neurons in the

hippocampus

A psychotherapist is most likely to use the DSM-5 in order to ________ various psychological disorders.

identify

Misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a dreaded disease is indicative of

illness anxiety disorder

Cocaine may ________ symptoms of schizophrenia by ________ dopamine levels.

increase; increasing

Cognitive changes that accompany depression include a(n)

increased expectation of negative outcomes.

Personality disorders are best described as

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

Judicial systems are responsible for making decisions regarding

insanity

The greatest shortcoming associated with explanations of psychological disorders in terms of demon possession is that these explanations

led to some harsh and ineffective remedial treatments.

Some people are more vulnerable to PTSD because they have a sensitive ________, which floods the body with stress hormones.

limbic system

To identify genes that put people at risk for depression, researchers have used

linkage analysis

In terms of neurotransmitter levels, depression is associated with

low norepinephrine levels and low serotonin levels.

Psychiatrists and psychologists label behavior as disordered when it is

maladaptive, distressful, and dysfunctional.

The major characteristic of dissociative disorders is a disturbance of

memory

Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes are called

mood disorders

A biopsychosocial approach to substance abuse would be most likely to emphasize

nature and nurture on substance abuse

Psychologists are LEAST likely to suggest that ________ contribute(s) to the development of schizophrenia.

neglectful child-rearing practices

Behaviors such as cutting or burning the skin, hitting oneself, pulling hair out, inserting objects under the nails or skin, and self-administered tattooing can be described as a(n)

nonsuicidal self-injury

To facilitate diagnostic reliability, the DSM-5 typically bases diagnoses on

observable patterns of behavior

As Jordan watches, his brother receives an electric shock from touching the frayed toaster cord. Jordan is now intensely afraid of toasters. This best illustrates that fear can be learned through

observational learning

Repeatedly thinking about your own death is to ________ as repeatedly washing your hands is to ________.

obsession;compulsion

The anterior cingulate cortex, a brain region that monitors our actions, seems especially likely to be hyperactive in those with

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Episodes of intense dread that last for several minutes and are accompanied by shortness of breath, trembling, dizziness, or heart palpitations are most characteristic of a(n)

panic disorder

A PET scan study of people with ________ found increased activity in the amygdala.

paranoia

One way for people to break the vicious cycle of depression is to

participate more often in activities they consider pleasant and rewarding.

Psychiatrists and psychologists are most likely to consider socially unusual behavior as disordered if it is

personally distressful

Internal, stable, and global explanations of one's own failures are indicative of

pessimism

Positive psychological changes that result from struggling with extremely challenging life crises demonstrate

post-traumatic growth

Repeated distressing dreams and intrusive memories of an intensely fearful and life-threatening experience are symptoms most commonly associated with

post-traumatic stress disorder

Evidence suggests that ________ contribute(s) to schizophrenia.

prenatal viral infections

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the ________ of inappropriate behaviors, and negative symptoms are the ________ of appropriate behaviors.

presence; absence

According to the ________ perspective, anxiety is sometimes produced by the submerged mental energy associated with repressed impulses.

psychoanalytic

Noah's therapist suggests that Noah developed a dissociative identity disorder in order to misbehave without feeling a strong sense of personal shame. The therapist's suggestion most directly reflects a ________ perspective.

psychoanalytic

The chances for recovery from schizophrenia are considered to be greatest when the disorder develops

rapidly in response to a stressful life situation

The incidence of major depression is greatest among those

reared apart from an identical twin who suffers the disorder.

Learning theorists have suggested that compulsive behaviors are

reinforced by anxiety reduction

Using DSM-5 guidelines, two different clinicians are likely to give a specific patient the same diagnosis. This indicates that the DSM-5 is

reliable

College students were asked to pretend that they were accused murderers. Under hypnosis, they typically expressed a second personality when prompted to do so by the examining psychiatrist. This most strongly suggests that dissociative identity disorder may involve

role playing

Some psychological disorders occur primarily in one culture. However, ________ occurs worldwide.

schizophrenia

Which group of severe disorders is characterized by disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions?

schizophrenia

If individuals expect someone labeled as mentally ill to be hostile, they may act in unfriendly ways that provoke that person to respond with hostility. This illustrates the dangers of

self-fulfilling prophecies

According to the medical model, psychological disorders are

sicknesses that need to be diagnosed and cured.

An incapacitating and highly distressing fear about being embarrassed in the presence of others is most characteristic of

social anxiety disorder

The medical model of psychologically disordered behavior is most likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of

social circumstances and psychological factors.

People who suffer chronic depression are at high risk for experiencing

social rejection

Which perspective has emphasized the impact of learned helplessness on depression?

social-cognitive

Which perspective suggests that explaining our own failures in terms that are global, stable, and internal contributes to depression?

social-cognitive

A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical cause is a

somatic symptom disorder

A person who has agoraphobia is most likely to

stay close to home

A rape victim may experience a panic attack when she sees anyone wearing a coat that resembles the one worn by her attacker. This reaction best illustrates the process of

stimulus generalization

The vicious cycle of depression is often initiated by

stressful life experiences

A World Health Organization study of 20 countries estimated that ________ had the highest prevalence of mental disorders during the prior year.

the United States

The discovery that psychologically disordered behavior could result from syphilis infections facilitated the credibility and acceptance of

the medical model

Research on the causes of schizophrenia strongly suggests that

there is a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia.

Major depressive disorder is said to occur when signs of depression last at least

two weeks

Research regarding depression indicates that

with each new generation, depression is increasing in its prevalence.