AP Psychology Test 1

A psychologist works with children whose parents are divorcing. She helps them develop skills they need to cope with the situation. Of the following, what kind of psychologist is most likely helping these children? a. Counseling b. Community c. Research d. Social e. Industrial-organizational

A

A researcher would be most likely to discover a positive correlation between a. intelligence and academic success b. financial poverty and physical health c. self-esteem and depression d. school grades and school absences

A

A study of German adolescents found that today's violent game playing ___ their future aggression. Today's aggression ____ their future violent game playing. a. predicts; does not predict b. does not predict; predicts c. predicts; predicts d. does not predict; does not predict

A

Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good-looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of a. stereotypes b. mirror-image perceptions c. sexual discrimination d. deindividuation

A

Blindfolded university students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three other people were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates a. social loafing b. the chameleon effect c. group polarization d. social facilitation

A

Central route persuasion is most likely when people a. are naturally analytical b. are uninvolved in an issue c. make snap judgments d. have difficulty paying attention

A

Class members are asked to work cooperatively in groups on major course papers. Every member of a group is to receive exactly the same grade based on the quality of the group's paper. This situation is most likely to lead to a. social loafing b. social facilitation c. deindividuation d. the bystander effect

A

Cognitive dissonance theory emphasizes that we seek to reduce the discomfort we feel when we become aware that a. our attitudes and actions clash b. our efforts to achieve a goal have been blocked c. we have overestimated the impact of personal dispositions on behavior d. other's pursuit of their self-interest can harm our well being

A

Comedy routines that are mildly amusing to people in an uncrowded room seem funnier in a densely packed room. This is best explained in terms of a. the mere exposure effect b. social facilitation c. the bystander effect d. ingroup bias

A

Discovering and promoting human strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive is the major focus of a. positive psychology b. personality perspective c. the psychodynamic perspective d. behavior genetics e. evolutionary psychology

A

Dr. Roberts studies how best to test for individual differences in traits such as anxiety and self-esteem. Which specialty area does her research best represent? a. personality psychology b. evolutionary psychology c. biological psychology d. industrial-organizational psychology e. social psychology

A

For no apparent reason, Adam has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work. It would be best for Adam to contact a ____ psychologist. a. clinical b. industrial-organizational c. biological d. developmental e. personality

A

Governor Donovan was greeted by large, enthusiastic crowds at all of his political rallies. As a result, he became overconfident about his chances of re-election. In this instance, the governor needs to be alerted to the value of a. replication b. random sampling c. experimental control d. naturalistic observation e. verbal protocols

A

Haley thinks Keith's silence indicates that he's angry, so she avoids talking to him. Unfortunately, Keith thinks Haley's quietness signifies that she's angry and wants to be left alone. This situation best illustrates a. mirror-image perceptions. b. the reciprocity norms. c. superordinate goals. d. deindividuation. e. cognitive dissonance

A

An explanation of aggression in terms of instinct would have the most difficulty accounting for a. unexpected an unprovoked outbursts of aggression. b. wide cultural variations in aggressiveness. c. aggression that is accompanied by anger and hostility. d. the use of nuclear weapons to kill millions of unseen victims.

B

Anton is the only juror to favor acquittal of the defendent in a murder trial. To influence the majority he should a. express some uncertainty about his position b. be self-confident and consistent in expressing his viewpoint c. be the last member to speak and present his argument as briefly as possible d. address his arguments specifically to the member of the majority who seems most disagreeable

B

From the 1920's into the 1960's, American psychologists emphasized the study of a. bio rhythms b. observable behavior c. conscious thoughts and feelings d. genetic influence e. self-esteem

B

Groupthink can be prevented by a leader who a. is directive and makes his or her own position clear from the start. b. invites outside experts to critique a group's developing plans. c. tries to maintain high morale among group members. d. emphasizes the importance of the issue under discussion.

B

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are a. causally related b. negatively correlated c. independent variables d. positively correlated

B

Internet communication that enables like-minded health care advocates to share their ideas also serves to strengthen their prevailing health care attitudes. This best illustrates a. the reciprocity norm. b. group polarization. c. social facilitation. d. the just-world phenomenon.

B

Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) ____ perspective. a. neuroscience b. psychodynamic c. developmental d. evolutionary e. behavioral

B

Noncompetitive contact between members of two different ethnic groups is likely to reduce prejudice when the contact is between individuals with a. mirror-image perceptions. b. equal status. c. in-group bias. d. a self-serving bias e. implicit prejudice.

B

Opinions change resulting from incidental cues such as a speaker's attractiveness illustrates a. informational social influence b. peripheral route persuasion c. superordinate goals d. social facilitation

B

Parents who discipline their children with beatings are often teaching aggression through the process of a. deindividuation. b. modeling. c. the mere exposure effect d. cognitive dissonance. e. social facilitation.

B

Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings? a. naturalistic observation b. replication c. random sampling d. the case study e. factor analysis

B

Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in a. survey research b. naturalistic observation c. experimentation d. replication e. verbal protocols

B

Rodesia insists that Dr. Phillip's theory of aggression be checked against observable evidence. She is demonstrating the scientific attitude of a. pride b. skepticism c. practicality d. enthusiasm e. certainty

B

The perception that psychological research findings merely verify our commonsense understanding is most clearly facilitated by a. random assignment b. hindsight bias c. operational definitions d. the placebo effect e. spurious correlations

B

The tendency for the observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition on another's behavior is called a. the bystander effect b. the fundamental attribution error c. deindividuation d. the mere exposure effect

B

The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people _____ one another. a. understand, feel about and behave toward b. think about, influence, and relate to c. observe, understand, and communicate with d. understand, predict, and control

B

To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control groups can be attributed to placebo effects, researchers make use of a. random sampling b. the double-blind procedure c. random assignment d. operational definitions e. baselines

B

To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the individual client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used? a. the survey b. the case study c. experimentation d. naturalistic observation e. the field study

B

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in particular ways to objects, people and events are called a. roles b. norms c. attitudes d. attributions

C

GRIT attempts to reduce conflict through a. pacifism. b. third-party mediation. c. conciliation. d. intimidation.

C

In a written report of their research, psychologists specify exactly how anxiety is assessed, thus providing their reader with a(n) a. hypothesis b. independent variable c. operational definition d. standard deviation e. positive correlation

C

In an effort to prevent participants in an experiment from trying to confirm the researchers' predictions, psychologists sometimes a. obtain written promises from participants to respond honestly b. treat information about individuals participants confidentially c. deceive participants about the true purpose of an experiment d. allow people to decide for themselves whether they want to participate in an experiment

C

In one experiment, White Americans read a newspaper article about a foreign terrorist threat against all Americans. They subsequently expressed a. lowered approval of the president's job performance. b. an increased sense of deindividuation. c. reduced prejudice against Black Americans d. very little change in behavior or belief. e. reduced confidence in their personal religious beliefs.

C

Individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. This change in behavior is best understood in terms of a. social facilitation b. the mere exposure effect c. deindividuation d. ingroup bias

C

Janna has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. Appreciating the complexity of Janna's difficulties requires a. psychoanalysis b. conditioning c. a bio psycho social approach d. introspection e. massed practice

C

Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her family. However, when offered a better job in another state, she decided to move. Megan's experience best illustrates a. hindsight bias b. random assignment c. the placebo effect d. overconfidence e. spurious correlation

D

Mr. Ignatenko thinks that most unemployed people are to blame for their own misfortune. His belief is best explained in terms of a. deindividuation b. the bystander effect c. the mere exposure effect d. the just-world phenomenon

D

On a series of coin tosses, Oleg has correctly predicted heads or tails seven times in a row. In this instance, we can reasonably conclude that Oleg's predictive accuracy a. defies the laws of statistical probability b. illustrates the phenomenon of hindsight bias c. is inconsistent with the placebo effect d. is a random and coincidental occurrence e. is the result of a spurious correlation

D

Our attitudes about another person are MOST likely to influence the way we treat that person if our attitudes are a. negative b. positive c. unconscious d. stable

D

Professor McClure beleives that young children are frequently able to make morally correct decisions because humans are endowed with an inborn knowledge of basic ethical principles. The professor's belief is most consistent with the views of a. John Locke b. John Watson c. B.F. Skinner d. Plato e. Aristotle

D

Psychologists describe shared goals that override differences among people and require cooperation as a. deindividuated. b. implicit. c. companionate. d. superordinate. e. altruistic.

D

Psychologists study animals because a. animal behavior is just as complex as human behavior b. experiments on people are generally considered to be unethical c. the ethical treatment of animals is not mandated by professional guidelines d. similar processes often underlie animal and human behavior

D

Research participants were asked to monitor and report their own immediate sensory reactions to differently colored objects. This research involved a technique known as a. behavior genetics b. psychoanalysis c. massed practice d. introspection e. factor analysis

D

Smiling is to feeling as _____ is to _____. a. conscious; unconscious b. evolution; natural selection c. growth; maturation d. behavior; mental process e. nurture; nature

D

Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study a. the mere exposure effect b. the fundamental attribution error c. social facilitation d. conformity

D

The impact of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is most clearly illustrated by a. the increased number of suicides shortly after Marilyn Monroe's highly publicized death. b. President John F Kennedy's ill-fated decision to invade Cuba c. the tragic murder of Kitty Genovese just outside her New York apartment d. the destructive obedience of participants in the Milgram experiment

D

The sincere word of apology often helps to reduce the tension between two conflicting parties. This best illustrates the value of a. social facilitation b. groupthink c. the mere exposure effect d. conciliation e. the just-world phenomenon

D

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a. clinical psychologist b. personality psychologist c. developmental psychologist d. psychiatrist e. industrial-organizational psychologist

D

The success of interracial cooperative learning in classroom settings best illustrates the value of ___ for reducing racial conflict. a. social facilitation b. mirror image perceptions c. the just-world phenomenon d. superordinate goals e. deindividuation

D

To "brainwash" captured American soldiers during the Korean War, Chinese communists made effective use of a. the just-world phenomenon b. the bystander effect c. the frustration-aggression hypothesis d. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

D

When no weapons of mass destrution were found following the U.S. invasion of Iraq, some Americans revised their memories of the main rationale for going to war. The text author suggests that we can best explain why people changed their memories in terms of a. social exchange theory b. equity theory c. the two-factor theory d. cognitive dissonance theory

D

Which research method provides the best way of assessing whether cigarette smoking boosts mental alertness? a. the case study b. the survey c. naturalistic observation d. the experiment

D

Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of a. animal intelligence b. personality development c. social influence d. mental processes e. sleep spindles

D

A gradual escalation of intimacy is most positively related to a gradual escalation of a. groupthink. b. social facilitation. c. cognitive dissonance. d. normative social influence e. self-disclosure.

E

If Juan believes Ngoc is annoyed with him, he may snub her, causing her to act in ways that justify his perception. What concept is this an example of? a. Superordinate goals b. Tension-reduction c. A social trap d. A mirror-image perception e. Self-fulfilling prophecy

E

Katya donated money to a religious charity in order to boost her own feelings of self-esteem. Jennifer failed to contribute to the same charity because she was fearful of running out of money. Differences in their behavior are best explained in terms of a. the social responsibility norm. b. attribution theory. c. the reciprocity norm. d. the fundamental attribution error e. social exchange theory.

E

Professor Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Professor Lopez favors a ___ perspective on depression. a. behavior genetics b. development c. cognitive d. psychodynamic e. neuroscience

E

Studies have revealed diminshed activity in the ___ of violent criminals. a. corpus callosum b. amygdala c. hypothalamus d. sensory cortex e. frontal lobes

E

The testing effect refers to the ___ that accompanies repeated retrieval of learning information. a. positive psychology b. natural selection c. increasing boredom d. habituation e. enhanced memory

E

Which seventeenth-century European philosopher believed that some ideas are innate? a. Edward Titchener b. John Locke c. John Watson d. Ivan Pavlov e. Rene Descartes

E

While driving his girlfriend to work, Nate narrowly avoided a collision with another vehicle. Moments later, he experienced an unusually warm glow of affection for his girlfriend. His romantic reaction is best explained in terms of a. social facilitation. b. the mere exposure effect. c. companionate love d. social exchange theory. e. the two-factor theory of emotion.

E

If one were to generalize from Muzafer Sherif's study of conflict resolution between two groups of campers, the best way for the United States and China to improve their relationship would be to a. conduct a joint space program designed to land humans on Mars. b. encourage open communication and exchange of ideas. c. minimize their trade and economic exchanges. d. hold highly publicized athletic contests between the two countries. e. allow citizens of each country the right to freely immigrate to the other country.

A

Observers watching videos of speed-dating encounters can detect a man's level of romantic interest___ accurately than a woman's. If women at a speed-dating event stay seated while men circulate, men wish for future contact with ___of their speed dates than women do. a. more; more b. less; fewer c. less; more d. less; less

A

Pablo and Sabrina argued bitterly about which of them should have use of the family car that night. Neither realized, however, that Sabrina needed the car only in the early evening and that Pablo needed it only in the late evening. Pablo and Sabrina's failure to resolve their argument for their mutual benefit illustrates a failure to develop a. a win-win solution. b. coercion. c. mirror-image perceptions. d. in-group bias. e. GRIT.

A

People are especially likely to demonstrate the fundamental attribution error in cultures that value a. individualism b. sexual stereotyping c. the reciprocity norm d. superordinate goals

A

Professor Brody attempts to measure the relative contributions of inborn traits and social influences on sexual preferences and behavior patterns. Her research efforts best illustrate the interests of the ___perspective. a. behavior genetics b. behavioral c. cognitive d. psychodynamic e. psychoanalytic

A

Professor Shalet contends that parents and children with similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea best described a(n) a. theory b. replication c. naturalistic observation d. operational definition e. confounding variable

A

Social loafing is MOST likely to occur among a. audience members who are asked to applaud after a speaker is introduced b. factory works paid on the basis of individual level of productivity c. a group of runners competing for first place in a race d. students who are each assigned a different topic for their course term papers

A

The drive to attain a level of excellence or success by overcoming difficult challenges is known as a. achievement motivation b. affiliation motivation c. extrinsic motivation d. the over justification effect e. eustress

A

The gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience in the Milgram experiments best illustrate one of the potential dangers of a. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon b. the fundamental attribution error c. social facilitation d. deindividuation

A

The level of obedience in the Milgram experiments was highest when the "teacher" was ___the experimenter and ___the "learner." a. close to; at a distance from b. close to; close to c. at a distance from; at a distance from d. at a distance from; close to

A

The text indicates that the clusters of suicides that sometimes follow a highly publicized suicide may be the result of a. suggestibility b. the bystander effect c. deindividuation d. social facilitation

A

The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social-psychology research on a. altruism. b. the mere exposure effect. c. the other-race effect d. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. e. the effects of exposure to violent pornography.

A

To learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n) a. population b. representative sample c. independent variable d. control condition e. random assignment

A

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made by the leader of a group characterized by groupthink? a. "We have been united on matters in the past and I hope that will continue." b. "We will need some outside experts to critique our decisions." c. "It's important for each of us to think critically about this issue." d. "We should probably divide into subgroups and arrive at independent decisions."

A

Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion. a. the survey b. naturalistic observation c. the case study d. experimentation e. factor analysis

A

University College of London volunteers used a mechanical device to press on another volunteer's finger, after feeling pressure on their own finger. They typically responded to the pressure on their finger a. with less pressure than they had just experienced. b. with more pressure than they had just experienced. c. with the same amount of pressure they had just experienced. d. with Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction

B

We are likely to conform to group pressure when a. we have observed another group member voice dissent b. we admire the group's status and attractiveness c. our opinions and behaviors are private rather than public d. our culture encourages a lack of respect for social norms

B

We are most likely to ___ the diversity among members of an ___. a. overestimate; outgroup b. underestimate; outgroup c. correctly estimate; outgroup d. underestimate; ingroup

B

Yuri decided to delay his road trip after hearing a weather forcaster warn that a severe snowstorm would pass through the area within several hours. Yuri's decision best illustrates the impact of a. the mere exposure effect b. informational social influence c. social facilitation d. the reciprocity norm

B

A situation in which the individual pursuit of self-interest leads to collective destruction is known as a. groupthink. b. social scripts c. a social trap. d. deindividuation. e. ingroup bias.

C

A terrorist mentality that becomes increasingly extreme among people who interact without outside moderating influences best illustrates a. the bystander effect b. deindividuation c. group polarization d. social loafing

C

An unlikeable person is likely to be perceived more ___a group discussion of that person's qualities, and a likable person is likely to be perceived more ___ a group discussion of that person's qualities. a. negatively before; positively after b. positively after; negatively after c. negatively after; positively after d. positively after; negatively before

C

Caitlin concluded that her husband was late for dinner because he was caught in heavy traffic. Her conclusion best illustrates a. deindividuation b. the bystander effect c. a situational attribution d. the reciprocity norm

C

Charles Darwin attempted to explain the ___ that he encountered. a. bio psycho social approach b. unconscious thought processes c. species variation d. sensory modalities e. SQ3R method

C

Compared with the explanations we give for the actions of strangers, our explanations for our own behavior are more likely to refer to a. stereotypes b. superordinate goals c. situational influences d. mirror-image perceptions

C

Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n) ____ perspective. a. evolutionary b. neuroscience c. social-cultural d. behavior genetics e. psychoanalytic

C

Edward Titchener is to structuralism as William James is to___. a. humanistic psychology b. behaviorism c. functionalism d. psychanalysis e. cognitive neuroscience

C

Explicit associations are typically ___, whereas implicit associations are often ___. a. persistent; temporary b. negative; positive c. conscious; unconscious d. objective; subjective

C

Joel's violent behavior is influenced by his unrealistic social scripts, his repeated experience of ostracism, and his persistent abuse of alcohol. An integrated understanding of Joel's behavior within the framework of multiple levels of analysis most clearly provided by a. the reciprocity norm b. the frustration-aggression principle c. a biopsychosocial approach d. a humanistic approach e. social exchange theory

C

Norman Triplett observed that adolescents wound a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone working simultaneously on the same task. This best illustrates a. the mere exposure effect b. the bystander effect c. social facilitation d. group polarization

C

On which of the following tasks would the presence of others be MOST likely to lead to improved performance? a. reciting the months of the year in alphabetical order b. learning foreign language words c. counting backward from 10 to 1 d. learning nonsense syllables

C

Our attitudes are more likely to guide our actions when we a. experience a sense of deindividuation b. feel incompetent or insecure c. can easily recall our attitudes d. are exposed to normative social influence

C

Poverty and unemployment are likely to explained in terms of ____ by political liberals and in terms of ____by political conservatives. a. personal dispositions; situational constraints b. normative influence; informational influence c. situational constraints; personal dispositions d. informational influence; normative influence

C

Prejudice involves a three-part mixture of a. conflicts, attributions, and social scripts. b. inequality, frustration, and aggression. c. beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action. d. ingroup bias, mirror-image perceptions, and deindividuation

C

Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of a. the hindsight bias b. the placebo effect c. a hypothesis d. a confounding variable e. overconfidence

C

Professor Maslova attends faculty meetings simply to gain the approval of the college dean. Professor Maslova's behavior exemplifies the importance of a. ingroup bias b. informational social influence c. normative social influence d. deindividuation

C

Rather than seeking to change people to fit their environments, _____ work to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all. a. clinical psychologists b. counseling psychologists c. community psychologists d. cognitive psychologists

C

Research on gender prejudice and discrimination indicates that a. the majority of the world's children without basic schooling are boys. b. in most countries men and women share equally in the duties of child rearing. c. people perceive their fathers as more intelligent than their mothers despite gender equality in intelligence scores. d. there is little evidence that females are more likely to be aborted than males.

C

Six-year-old Ezra believes that boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Arlette believes that girls are better than boys. Their belief most clearly illustrate a. the two-factor theory b. deindividuation c. ingroup bias d. the mere exposure effect

C

The SQ3R study method emphasizes the importance of a. massed practice b. introspection c. retrieving information d. role modeling

C

The nature-nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that ____ make to the development of psychological traits. a. massed practice and spaced practice b. behavior and mental processes c. genes and experience d. unconscious and conscious motives e. hormones and neurotransmitters

C

The participants in Philip Zimbardo's simulated prison study a. were assigned the roles of prisoner or guard on the basis of their personality test scores b. found it very difficult to play the role of prison guard c. were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued d. became a cohesive unit when they pursued superordinate goals

C

The presence of others does not always lead to improved performance because a. an increasing familiarity with novel stimuli facilitates liking b. the loss of self-restraint often accompanies arousal and anonymity c. arousal inhibits the correct performance of difficult tasks d. group discussion enhances whatever attitude is initially dominant in a group

C

The tragic decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger resulted in part from the minimal expression of dissenting views among NASA personnel and advisors. This best illustrates the dangers of a. social facilitation b. deindividuation c. groupthink d. the bystander effect

C

The value of social conformity is most likely to be emphasized in a. England b. France c. Japan d. North America

C

To discover the extent to which economic status can be used to predict political preferences, researchers are most likely to use a. the case study b. naturalistic observation c. correlational measures d. experimental research e. field research

C

When Armen first heard the hit song "Lose Yourself," he wasn't at all sure he liked it. The more often he heard it played, however, the more he enjoyed it. Armen's reaction illustrates a. the bystander effect. b. social facilitation. c. the mere exposure effect. d. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. e. actor-observe bias

C

When New York University women were dressed in Ku Klux Klan-style hoods, they demonstrated significantly more aggression. This finding is best explained in terms of a. social facilitation b. groupthink c. deindividuation d. ingroup bias

C

When you question whether anecdotal evidence can be generalized to all people, you are applying a. the placebo effect b. hindsight bias c. critical thinking d. random assignment e. confounding variables

C

Which measure of central tendency is used to calculate the average of your school grades? a. standard deviation b. median c. mean d. mode e. bell curve

C

Which of the following processes most obviously operates in groupthink? a. social facilitation b. cognitive dissonance c. group polarization d. self-disclosure

C

In an experimental study of the effects of anxiety on self-esteem, anxiety would be the _____ variable. a. experimental b. dependent c. confounding d. independent e. operationalized

D

A significant danger of media violence is that impressionable viewers are subsequently more likely to enact the ___ provided by the media. a. superordinate goals b. social traps c. reciprocity norm d. social scripts e. social loafing

D

After noting that a majority of professional basketball players are African-American, Ervin concluded that African-Americans are better athletes than members of other racial groups. Ervin's conclusion best illustrates the danger of a. replication b. hindsight bias c. the placebo effect d. generalizing from vivid cases e. overconfidence

D

An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of a. perceiving order in random events b. generalizing from extreme examples c. exaggerating the extent to which outcomes are foreseeable d. assuming that association proves causation

D

Dr. Lipka focuses on ways to improve employee job satisfaction and productivity. Dr. Lipka is most likely a(n) ____ psychologist. a. biological b. personality c. developmental d. industrial-organizational e. clinical

D

Dwayne is interested in helping people make good decisions regarding their physical well-being. Dwayne should consider a career as a a. community psychologist b. industrial-organizational psychologist c. social psychologist d. health psychologist e. forensic psychologist

D

Ever since he lost his job because he was constantly late for work, Richard has become increasingly hostile toward the "government bureaucrats who are leading the country toward bankruptcy." Richard's increasing prejudice is best explained in terms of a. the just-world phenomenon. b. the fundamental attribution error. c. the mere exposure effect. d. scapegoat theory.

D

How does the presence of observers affect a person's performance? a. It improves performance on poorly learned tasks and hinders person's performance on well-learned tasks. b. It improves performance on physical tasks and hinders a person's performance on mental tasks. c. It improves performances on verbal tasks and hinders a person's performance on mathematical tasks. d. It improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a person's performance on difficult tasks.

D

Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's a. childhood memories b. unconscious thought processes c. genetic predispositions d. potential for healthy growth e. biological development over the lifespan

D

If one student in a classroom begins to cough, others are likely to do the same. This best illustrates a. ingroup bias b. the mere exposure effect c. the bystander effect d. the chameleon effect

D

In Milgram's first study of obedience, the majority of "teachers" who were ordered to shock a "learner" a. refused to deliver even slight levels of shock b. initially complied but refused to deliver more than slight levels of shock c. complied until ordered to deliver intense levels of shock d. complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock

D

In all of Milgram's obedience experiments, participants were deceived about a. Milgram's professional status as a research psychologist b. the association of the research with the prestigious university c. how much they would actually be paid for participating in the research d. the amount of shock the victim actually received

D