AP Psychology Unit 6

encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as

automatic processing

the process of getting information into memory is called

encoding

On the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items

in the middle of the list

mrs. ramos claims to remember being sexually abused by her father when she was less than a year old. memory experts are most likely to doubt the reliability of her memory due to their awareness of

infantile amnesia

language refers to the

spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are copied to communicate meaning

which of the following offers the best explanation for infantile amnesia

the hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature

daniel was asked to write down as many words as he could think of that contained the letter d. to complete this task daniel would rely on

divergent thinking

babies' first demonstration of productive language occurs

during the one-word stage

which of the following would be most characteristic of a 2-year-old's telegraphic speech?

eat apple

By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics, Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her textbooks. This best illustrates the benefits of

hierarchical organization

the quest for a physical basis of memory involves a search for a

memory trace

kaylor remembers clearly when he first heard news of the 9/11 attack. Although his memory may be vivid and he has confidently related details of his sorry to others many times, kaylor should be reminded that

misinformation can distort flashbulb memories

professor maslova has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. the professor's difficulty best illustrates

proactive interference

Christmas is to holiday as ________ is to ________.

prototype; category

the inability to remember events in one's life which occurred prior to a brain injury is known as

retrograde amnesia

research by kandel and schwartz on sea slugs indicates that memory formation is associated with the

release of certain neurotransmitters

which of the following is the best example of the testing effect

repeated quizzing of information increases the chances it will be recalled

the use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to

save time in arriving at solutions to problems

those who learn sign language as teens never become as fluent as children exposed to sign language fro birth. this best illustrates the importance of ___ for mastering language

a critical period

kevin so frequently uses threats to get his children to help with household chores that he fails to recognize that using rewards would be more effective in gaining their cooperation. kevin's shortsightedness best illustrates

a fixation

people's procedural memory of how to open the front door of their house is most likely to consist of

a mental image

by dividing broad concepts into increasingly smaller and detailed subgroupings, we create

category hierarchies

austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of

encoding failure

to prevent encoding failure you should

engage in effortful processing

the finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve

interference

if a stranger looks like someone who previously harmed or threatened us in some way, we may- without consciously recalling the earlier experience- react warily. this illustrates that our reactions to others may be influenced by

intuition

when children are interviewed about their recollections of possible sexual abuse, their reports are especially credible if

involved adults have not discussed the issue with them prior to the interview

the the words "helped" and "called," the "ed" ending is a

morpheme

students routinely underestimate how much time it will take them to complete assigned course projects. this best illustrates the impact of

overconfidence

which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues

recall

Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ________; matching concepts with their definitions measures ________.

recall; recognition

the ability to comprehend the meaning of speech is called

receptive language

which measure of memory did Hermann Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on retention?

relearning

rephrasing text material in your own words is an effective way of facilitating

semantic encoding

Visually associating five items needed from the grocery store with mental images of a bun, a shoe, a tree, a door, and a hive best illustrates the use of

the peg word system

One effect of long-term potentiation is that

a receiving neuron's receptor sites may increase

logical, methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems are called

algorithms

jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. this best illustrates problem solving by means of

an algorithm

noam chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by

an inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules

the most creative scientists are those who

are intrinsically motivated to solve problems

Having spent his childhood in the Middle East, Parviz did not begin speaking English until he was a teenager. When he pronounces words such as "mother," native English speakers hear a word that sounds more like "mudder." Which of the following is the best explanation for this phenomenon?

as an infant, parviz lost the ability to produce sounds he never heard

every morning, Krista pages through a picture book with her 12-month-old daughter. for each picture, Krista points to the picture and identifies it by name, such as "dog." this example best illustrates the use of which of the following in helping her daughter learn language?

association

which term best describes parallel processing

automatic

a single, memorable case of welfare fraud has a greater impact on estimates of the frequency of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the exception to the rule. this illustrates that judgments are influenced by the

availability heuristic

an unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is called

belief perseverance

which teerm refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

cognition

when we use the word "automobile" to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a

concept

people have a tendency to search for information that supports their preconceptions. what do psychologists call this tendency?

confirmation bias

effortful processing can only with

conscious attention

the eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation is known as

deja vu

the components of creativity include

expertise and a venturesome personality

consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as 75 percent lean than to ground beef described as 25 percent fat. this illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by

framing

injury to certain areas to the ____ lobes can destroy imagination while leaving reading, writing, and arithmetic skills intact

frontal

the prolonged stress of sustained physical abuse may inhibit memory formation by shrinking the

hippocampus

the famous ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember information depends on

how long ago we learned that information

We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of

imagery

visualizing an object and actually seeing that object activate similar brain areas. this most clearly contributes to

imagination inflation

smokers with a greater fear of flying than of smoking's toxicity beset illustrate that we often have a greater fear of risks that are

immediate

Many people retain their classically conditioned fears without any conscious recollection of how or when those fears were learned. This best illustrates ____ memory

implicit

cerebellum is to ____ memory as hippocampus is to _____ memory

implicit; explicit

when english-speaking canadian children were taught only in french during their early school years, researchers found that they experienced an

improvement in intellectual aptitude

harry bahrick observed that three years after people completed a spanish course, they had forgotten much of the vocabulary they had learned. this finding indicates that information is lost while it is

in storage

after spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, amira finally gave up. as she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. amira's experience best illustrates

insight

researchers asked university students to imagine certain childhood events, including a false even such as breaking a window with their hand. they discovered that

it is surprisingly easy to lead people to construct false memories

it has been suggested that alaskan eskimos' rich vocabulary for describing snow enables them to perceive differences in snow conditions that would otherwise go unnoticed. this suggestion most clearly illustrates

linguistic determinism

which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity?

long-term memory

the increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as

long-term potentiation

Every day as she walks to school, Mamie passes a mural painted on the side of a building. However, when asked, she says she does not remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is the best explanation for this occurrence?

mamie has not paid attention to the incoming information so it was not encoded into long-term memory

as we retrieve memories from our memory bank, we often alter them based on past experiences and our current expectation. this best illustrates

memory construction

when we fall in love, we tend to overestimate how much we liked our partner when we first began dating. this best illustrates the dynamics of

memory construction

how does the brain's capacity for parallel processing relate to encoding new memories

parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once, some automatically, some with effort.

injury to the left ___ frontal lobe damages the convergent thinking required for successful performance on intelligence tests

parietal

which of the following best accounts for people's greater fear of commercial air flights than of driving an automobile

perceived control

the smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a

phoneme

iconic memory refers to

photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second

When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that

portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been

you took spanish during your sophomore year, and french during your junior year. happily, you found that knowing spanish helped you learn french. this phenomenon is best explained by

positive transfer

a type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from conscious awareness is known as

repression

which of the following best describes the position of many current researchers regarding repression

repression rarely occurs as it is difficult to forget emotional material

the fact that older people are often less able than younger adults to recall recently learned information can be best explained to terms of the greater difficulty older people have with

retrieval

after studying biology all afternoon, alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material that he memorized than morning. alonzo's difficulty best illustrates

retroactive interference

when her teacher mentioned the arms race, Krista understood that the word "arms" referred to weapons and not to body parts. Krista's correct interpretation best illustrates the importance of

semantics

word meaning is to word order as ___ is to ____

semantics; syntax

when learning occurs through classical conditioning, the sea slug, Aplysia, releases more ____ at certain synapses

serotonin

A baseball strikes Ashley in the head and she is momentarily knocked unconscious. The physical injury, though not serious, is most likely to interfere with Ashley's ________ memory.

short-term

Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.

short-term

as a child, andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dob. many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. andre's false recollection best illustrates

source amnesia

research suggests that a memory trace is most likely to involve

synaptic changes

a mental set is a

tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past

hermann ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that

the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning

the accuracy of the flashbulb memories of those who witnessed the 2010 earthquake in Haiti best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by

the body's release of stress hormones

which of the following was cited by whorf as evidence in support of the linguistic determinism hypothesis

the hopi cannot readily think about the past because their language has no past tense for verbs

after reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than was actually the case. this proves an example of

the misinformation effect

memory is best defined as

the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information

Miss Jan De Jong is orderly, neat, fairly quiet, and shy. She enjoys reading in her spare time and belongs to a social club that includes three librarians, nine real estate agents, and eight social workers. A tendency to conclude that Jan must be one of the three librarians would illustrate the powerful influence of:

the representativeness heuristic

the day after kirsten was introduced to 13 people at the business luncheon, she could recall the names of only the first 4 people to whom she had been introduced. her effective recall of these particular names best illustrates the impact of

the serial position effect

Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as

the spacing effect

patients who have experienced brain damage may be unable to form new personal memories but are able to learn to do jigsaw puzzles, without awareness of having learned them. This suggests that

the system for creating explicit memory has been affected, not the implicit memory system

in testing thousands of different materials for use as lightbulb filaments, thomas edison best illustrated a problem solving approach known as

trial and error

contemporary psychologists are most likely to criticize Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis for

underestimating the extent to which thinking occurs without language

to gain accurate eyewitness testimony from children, interviewers must

use neutral words that children can understand

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He observed that storage of their maze memories

was not restricted to specific regions of the cortex

While your Mom is lecturing you about cleaning your room, you lose concentration. Then, suddenly you hear the significant words, "no car keys." When she asks, "Are you listening to me?" you are able to repeat the last few things she said before mentioning car keys. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

words stored in echoic memory will last for 3 to 4 seconds, so you can still recall her words

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of

working memory