AP US History Review Set 2

82. Starting his career in magazines, this man moved into writing books with his The Same of Cities (1904), which chronicled the corruption and greed of big city political machines.

Lincoln Steffens

95. Born Samuel Clemens, he is one of the most famous and prolific realists, who captured the ruggedness of the frontier and South with humor and satire.

Mark Twain

7. Congress passed this act in 1947 in an attempt to throw more support to big business. The bill, which was vetoed by President Truman but enacted by a congressional override, outlawed the "closed shop" union shops by states who wished, boycotts by other unions and allowed the president to demand a "cooling-off" period of 80 days before the beginning of a strike. In this act, organized labor had lost some of the ground they had gained during the New Deal.

Taft-Hartley Act

56. This group, founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848, was meant to be the shining example of equality between all members. However, it was controversial from the beginning. The members of this group shared everything, including spouses, which many on the outside believed to be immoral. The group eventually died out, but its name lives on in the Oneida Silversmith company, which produces glass, silver, and plate wares to this day.

The Oneida Commune

65. This act, which was a result of Lord Baltimore's (George Calvert's) efforts in persuading the legislative assembly, was passed in 1649. It ensured "religious freedom" in Maryland for all Christians. The act was not tolerant of all religions, however. It provided the death penalty for any non-Christian. Eventually the majorities Protestants rebelled and were successful in repealing the act. The victory was short lived, however, as Oliver Cromwell restored the act in 1650.

Act of Toleration

98. This treaty provided for the United States purchase of Florida from Spain in 1819. It also gained Spanish assurances to abandon it claims in the Oregon Territory.

Adams-Onis Treaty

60. This organization came about as a splinter from the American Antislavery Society, which was deemed too radical. This group accepted the membership of women the Foreign Antislavery Society did not

Liberty Party

19. This policy, issued by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899, meant that china and her surrounding regions would be open and free to trade with any nation. The policy was wildly popular in the United States, but received a cold shoulder abroad. In 1900, a young group of Chinese nationalist revolted against the Open Door Policy and foreign intervention. The Boxer Rebellion sought to remove all the foreigners from China by force.

Open Door Policy

113. This was the British response to Napoleon's Berlin Decree. It retaliated against France by closing all ports under French control- any American ship traveling to mainland Europe that did not stop first in Britain would be confiscated

Orders in Council

40. This dangerous path, which was originally used by only a few, was used by thousands in the mid-1840s. It took some travelers up to six months to reach their destination at the end of this path.

Oregon Trail

74. This organization initiated an embargo of oil to the U.S. as punishment for its involvement in the Yom Kippur War. Immediately, the U.S. and world supply of gasoline and petroleum products plummeted. Americans waited in lines that stretched as much as a mile long at gas stations to purchase the converted liquid. The impact of the gas shortage was most devastating to the economy-the nation fell into a deep recession as companies decreased investment, lay off workers, and reduced inventories.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

55. This man, a Saudi national, is the leader of Al-Qaeda. He had formed a military training camp in Afghanistan to prepare warriors to attach Western targets.

Osama Bin Laden

88. This book, written in 1885 by the Reverend Josiah Strong, echoed the sentiments of many Americans. In this book, he derided cities as dens of Hell and immigrants as the reason for the downturn of urban America. The tide could not be stemmed, however-by the turn of the century, one out of every three New Yorkers was foreign-born

Our Country

111. The rail lines of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific met in May 1869 at this location in Utah, just above the Great Salt Lake City.

Promontory Point

153. This was the term that described the rebuilding of the nation following the Civil War.

Reconstruction

59. This time frame began with the swearing in of Theodore Roosevelt in 1901 and lasted until the beginning of U.S. involvement in the Great War in 1917. The group that dominated this time frame was largely white, middle-class Protestants who hoped to better society and preserve the lifestyle they were accustomed to living

The Progressive Era

23. This situation arose when a series of bombing occurred one of which was in the neighborhood of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. When the bombing were attributed to anarchists, Palmer immediately ordered the rounding up of suspected anarchists, socialists, aliens (usually Russian), and agitators. During this, some 6000 people were arrested in a two-month period, and a 500 were deported on "Soviet Arks" that sent the passengers back to Europe.

The Red Scare

99. This treaty, signed in 1817, provided for the disarmament of the Great Lakes and frontier borders and created the longest unfortified border in the world between the United States and Canada.

The Rush-Bagot Treaty

54. This period ran from roughly 1935 to 1938. This era focused more on relief and reform. Another round of congressional acts continued to increase the federal government's role in the lives of Americans. To encourage more public works projects and employment of "nontraditional" workers such as artists and young people, the Works Progress Administration employed Americans to build bridges, refurbish parks, and write plays. The new Social Security Act guaranteed benefits for retirees, the disabled, and the unemployed.

The Second New Deal

57. This group, led by "mother" Ann Lee, was known for their "shaking" as they felt the spirit of God pulse through them during church services. The eventually died out due to their forbidding of sexual relations.

The Shakers

90. This 1940 act was designed to arrest people who were advocates of overthrowing the government, even if they had no intention of ever doing so.

The Smith Act

87. This document, written by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, outlined the anger of the south in the face of the "Tariff of Abominations" (Tariff of 1828). This essay expressed the Southern contention that the tariff was unconstitutional, as it severely altered trade with Europe on which Southern farmers had become dependent

The Southern Carolina Exposition

28. This war officially began in 1898 in the Spanish colony of the Philippines. In the first battle, the U.s. Navy routed the Spanish fleet. The United States convinced Filipino revolutionary Emilio Aguinaldo to assist in exchange for independence. American and Filipino fighters quickly took Manila. The fight in Cuba was more difficult many causalities were attributed to diseases and food poisoning. After the U.S. claimed victory, it invaded Puerto Rico. The Spanish soon signed a cease fire; the resulting peace treaty gave the U.S. Guam and Puerto Rico

The Spanish-American War

108. This song, written by Francis Scott Key while he was a prisoner of a British ship in 1814, put new words to an old drinking song. It was written to show his love for his country, especially following a night when despite constant bombing by the British, Fort McHenry held strong.

The Star Spangled Banner

102. This tax was created to prevent cheap British good from flooding the market and injuring American manufacturing James Monroe urged Congress to pass this tax to protect industry. It imposed a 20 percent duty on all imported goods and became the first truly "protective tariff" in American history. However, the passage of the tax did not go over well with all sectors of the United States

The Tariff of 1816

41. This treaty, signed in February 1848, ended the Mexican War and granted California and most of the South west (current day New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada) to the United States. The American government agreed to pay war reparations in the sum of $15 million to the Mexican government. After bitter debate over the expansion of slavery, the treaty was ratified and the war was officially over.

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

102. This man led the political machine known as Tammany Hall in New York City. He and his fellow Irishmen gave aid to small businessmen, immigrants, and the poor in exchange for votes

"Boss" Tweed

49. Influential essay written by Henry David Thoreau that advocated passive resistance as a form of justifiable protest. This essay would inspire later social movement leaders Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

"On Civil Disobedience"

51. This phrase was the reason that American troops invaded Afghanistan in October 2001 to find Osama Bin Laden

"War on Terror"

46. President Clinton created this agreement that opened trade with Canada and Mexico, allowing the flow of more goods, services, and jobs across the international borders. The agreement was hotly contested by organized labor and conservative groups who saw the agreement as selling American jobs to cheap labor across the border, while compromising America's sovereignty to international arbitration boards. It was signed in 1993, reducing restrictions and tariffs on goods and services that were to be transported between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.

(NAFTA) North American Free Trade Agreement

149. This amendment was proposed by Congress in 1866 and was finally ratified in 1868. It protected the rights of all U.S. citizens and required the states to adhere to the due process and equal protection clauses of the Constitution. Furthermore, Radical Republicans added some punches aimed directly at the former Confederacy. The amendment included provisions that disallowed former Confederate officers from holding state or federal office and would decrease the proportional representation of any state that denied suffrage to any able citizen.

14th Amendment

146. This Amendment, which was ratified in 1870, barred any state from abridging a citizen's right to vote on the basis of race, color, or previous servitude

15th Amendment

47. This amendment to the constitution, ratified in 1913, authorized the federal government to collect income tax.

16th Amendment

55. This amendment to the constitution, ratified in 1913, meant that voters, not the sate legislature, elected U.S. senators.

17th Amendment

42. This amendment to the Constitution, which granted women the right to vote, was signed into law in 1920. Carrie Chapman Catt skillfully had used the American mobilization for entrance into the Great War as her rallying cry. She had claimed that armed with the vote, American women would also support their president and country as they entered the worldwide crisis. Her message, delivered on the eve of the congressional vote on women's suffrage, hit home. President Wilson gave his public support for the amendment

19th Amendment

85. This amendment to the constitution abolished another barrier to voting rights by outlawing a poll tax.

24th Amendment

88. This location in Korea was the line crossed when the North Korean Army invaded the South in 1950. The North Koreans cut their way easily to the heart of the South. However, General McArthur, an American, was able to push back across this line with a surprise landing of UN forces at Inchon, near the border of the two Koreas.

38th Parallel

35. Name for the rough group of young men that loved adventure and who moved west following the discovery of gold in 1848.

49ers

50. This day began as a normal workday in New York City. At 8:46 A.M. Eastern Time, American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center. Approximately 15 minutes later, United Flight 175 crashed into the south tower. Two planes remained unaccounted for until American Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon and United Flight 93 crashed into a wooded area of Pennsylvania. The towers soon collapsed, killing occupants and rescue workers. In the end, some 3000 lives were lost, and the city of New York faced over 80 billion in damages

9/11

42. The outbreak of this disease in the 1980s descended upon urban areas and soon spread worldwide. In 2006, the known cases of this disease in the U.S. reached one million, with the number doubling throughout the world.

AIDS

38. This view, promoted by Booker T. Washington, meant that blacks needed to make themselves successful economically before they could hope to become equal to whites.

Accommodation

129. This term describes large-scale cash crop farms. The growth of this large-scale farming meant that small farmers could not keep up with their large competitors in both the cost of equipment and the speed at which goods were brought to market.

Agribusiness

45. This act was deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935, but not before aiding many of America's farmers. The act paid farmers subsidies to destroy or plow under fields so as to create artificial scarcity, thereby increasing the price of foodstuffs.

Agriculture Adjustment Act (AAA)

90. This infamous Chicago crime boss ran a network of illegal activities that began with alcohol and soon connected with drugs, prostitution, and illegal gambling. Violent turf wars between rival gangs or assassinations of informers made Chicago one of the most dangerous cities in the United States.

Al Capone

53. This multinational force of fighters and terrorists, led by Osama Bin Laden, began by attacking the World Trade Center in New York in 1993, which killed six people but inflicted minimal damage. This group was also responsible for the 9/11 attacks.

Al Qaeda

45. At a convention in Annapolis in 1786, this political heavyweight, along with James Madison, secured the calling of another convention, this time to be held in Philadelphia, where the focus of the meeting was to revise and repair the existing Articles of Confederation

Alexander Hamilton

1. This man, who had assisted President Franklin Roosevelt during the Yalta conference, was accused of leaking secrets to the communists. He denied any connections to the communist party or any spy networks. Nonetheless, he was convicted and sent to prison for perjury he had falsely testified under oath that he had never been a member of the communist party.

Alger Hiss

136. These laws increased the residency requirement for citizenship from 5 to 14 years, and gave the president power to detain and/or deport enemy aliens in times of war.

Alien Acts

61. This organization, founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison, strove to combat the proslavery contingent. Garrison's radicalism soon alienated many moderates within the movement when he claimed that the constitution was a proslavery document. As a result, the movement split into the Liberty Party, which accepted the membership of women, and the Foreign Antislavery Society, which did not accept female participation

American Antislavery Society.

118. This union, led by Samuel Gompers, was founded in 1886 and became the country's largest with over a million members. This union was a practical it chose to concentrate on "bread and butter" economic issues-such as the 8-hour work day and higher wages-rather than mire itself in social commentary. Gompers utilized the tactic of collective bargaining to make modest gains for workers, particularly through the establishment of closed shops, or businesses where all employees had no choice but to be a member of the union

American Federation of Labor

75. This third election party rose to prominence in the 1968 election it chose Alabama Governor George Wallace as its candidate. Wallace, most known for his attempt to keep two black students from entering the campus of the University of Alabama in 1963, wished to tap into the base of Americans who supported the troops but did not agree with Democrats. Nixon won the election.

American Independent Party

60. This group, formed by Republicans and conservative Democrats, promoted the concerns of big business and small government. The group was so convinced that the New Deal and President Roosevelt were bad for America that they sought to unseat him as he ran for president in 1936.

American Liberty League

105. Also known as the Know-Nothing Party, this political group was an extreme wing of the Nativist movement. The group opposed immigration and the election of Roman Catholics to political office. The members of the party met in secret and would not tell anyone what they stood for, instead saying, "I know nothing" when asked.

American Party

62. This organization, created by revival preachers in the mid-1820's strove to encourage drinkers to limit their intake of alcohol and then eventually take a vow of abstinence

American Temperance Society

11. The first of a four-part plan, devised by Union General Winfield Scott in 1861, to wear down the Confederacy. In this first phase, the Union Navy would blockade all Southern Ports of entry, cutting the confederates off form supplies and trade.

Anaconda Plan

127. This young Scottish immigrant saw a future in the production of steel as he worked his way up in the railroad business in the 1860s. He emerged as one of the nation's wealthiest men through his steel company. Using the Bessemer process, he soon was responsible for supplying over half of the world's steel. Eventually he retired and sold his company to J.P. Morgan. He lived out the rest of his life as a philanthropist, giving away as much of his fortune to establish universities, endow libraries, and infuse culture across the country.

Andrew Carnegie

125. This general led the Southern troops against the British in 1814. He and his men were able to cut and swath through the British from Alabama to New Orleans and thwart the English attempt to control the Mississippi River at the Battle of New Orleans. As a result, this man emerged as an American war hero.

Andrew Jackson

4. This person was a non-Puritan, or dissenter. She believed that God's chosen people were either predestined for Heaven or not, so they did not have to obey God's or man's laws. After holding prayer meetings in her home claiming a direct revelation from God, she was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Anne Hutchinson

156. This was the name given to those in opposition to the constitution and in favor of strong states' rights. The usually hailed from small southern farms or western homesteads.

Anti-Federalists

90. This New political party arose in 1832 to challenge the old two-party system

Anti-Masons

13. Union commander General McClellan, who had advanced knowledge of Confederate battle plans, cut Confederate General Lee of at this battle, which occurred in September 1862. It was the bloodiest day of war, as more than 22,000 men were lost or wounded. The battle was a turning point of the war- it kept the confederates from gaining much-needed foreign assistance from Britain and France. In addition, President Lincoln now had the "victory" he had been waiting for. He promptly issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 23, 1862.

Antietam

37. This group, led by George Fitzhugh, spoke of the happy lives of Southern slaves who were clothed, fed, and housed by benevolent slave owners.

Apologists

5. It was at this location on April 9, 1865, that the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia officially surrendered

Appomattox Court House

36. This Austro-Hungarian man was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in 1914. His assassination meant that President Wilson, who had military and political alliances all over Europe, made joining the war inevitable for the U.S.

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

9. This article of the League of Nations Charter called for members to stand at the ready if another member nation's sovereignty was being threatened. It was this article, along with the other mistakes Wilson made in the eyes of the Republicans that would derail ratification of the Versailles Treaty in the United States.

Article X

129. This belief is based on the idea that the federal government was formed because of a compact between the states

Compact Theory

31. This document, slightly altered from John Dickinson's draft national constitution, was created by the Second Continental Congress and sent to the states in 1777. After a dispute between coastal and inland states over the administration of the westward lands, it was ratified in 1781 and provided a necessary template for government. It provided for a central government with a unicameral legislative branch which could wage war, make treaties, and borrow money to pay debts. It also established policies regarding the settlement and statehood of newly acquired westward lands

Articles of Confederation

87. Egyptian leader Nasser asked the U.S. for assistance in building this structure. The United States refused, however, as Egypt looked to threatened the security of the new Jewish state of Israel.

Aswan Dam

11. During a secret meeting, President Roosevelt and Prime Minster Churchill discussed postwar aims and goals in response to the secret nonaggression pact signed by Hitler and Stalin. FDR and Churchill drew up this charter, which declared that the self-determination of peoples and free trade would be the cornerstones of a world free of fascism

Atlantic Charter

77. This man came to power when Shah of Iran was overthrow in 1979. He suddenly cut off the flow of petroleum to OPEC, causing a gas shortage.

Ayatollah Khomeini

17. This event occurred in 1676 when a citizen milition engaged in a series of raids against local native villages, massacring inhabitants. The mob was successful in defeating Sir William Berkeley's forces, and then set fire to Jamestown. This occurrence was significant in that it signaled the problems of social division, resistance on the part of colonists against royal governance, and, most importantly, the difficulty of controlling former indentured servants. This led to an increase in demand for black slaves

Bacon's Rebellion

155. This institution, supported by Alexander Hamilton, was where the national treasury would keep it deposits. It would keep the funds safe and available as loanable funds. This institution was vehemently opposed by Thomas Jefferson.

Bank of the United States.

144. This document, which designed to protect individual freedoms and state sovereignty, was added to the constitution to appease anti-Federalist states that were in opposition to the constitution and in favor of strong states' rights.

Bill of Rights

119. This battle, which was led by General Andrew Jackson, thwarted the English attempt to control the Mississippi River. Interestingly, the battle-while an impressive victory for the Americans- was completely unnecessary, as it was fought two weeks after the signing of the peace treaty that ended the war

Battle of New Orleans

40. This battle, which took place in 1777 and was fought by Generals Benedict Arnold and Horatio Gates, as the most battle of the American Revolution. American forces were able to cut off the British charge on New England and secure the surrender of British General Burgoyne's army, thus convincing the French of America's military viability. The French had been waiting for evidence of an American success so they could justify entering the war on behalf of the revolutionaries.

Battle of Saratoga

120. This battle, which took place in present-day Indiana prior to the War of 1812, caused many Congressmen in the frontier to feel justified in their call for war. General William Henry Harrison sought to break up a large native confederacy that a pair of Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and the Prophet, had organized in the face of an American advance westward. General Harrison and his men successfully fought back a surprise attack and subsequently burned the tribal settlement at this location.

Battle of Tippecanoe

19. This battle, which took place in December 1944 in Belgium, was the final Allied push and the final defensive attack by the Germans. Even after suffering losses in this battle, the Allies were able to recover and continue their push toward Germany.

Battle of the Bulge

86. An invasion took place in April 1961 in this location in Cuba. With faulty intelligence, CIA operatives landed her and were immediately surrounded by unhappy Cubans. The invasion was a failure and an embarrassment for President Kennedy.

Bay of Pigs

43. This is the name that California called itself after it had been declared independent following the near-end of the Mexican War in September of 1847. John C. Fremont was its leader

Bear Flag Republic

23. This group of nonconformists rocked New York City's Greenwich Village with poetry and wild culture. Led by people such as writer Jack Kerouac and poet Allen Ginsberg, they encouraged individuality in an age of conformity. Freely using mind-altering drugs and rebelling against society, they studied art, poetry, and philosophy. Poetry readings often included "free verse," which participants spoke their minds at an open microphone. The terms "groovy" and "far out," along with snapping instead of clapping, became synonymous with this group's movement.

Beatniks

76. This man rose to prominence during the late 1890s and argued that African Americans needed the skills necessary to work within the white world. In essence, he claimed that blacks needed to make themselves successful economically before they could hope to become equal to whites

Booker T. Washington

32. This leader of the Italian fascist movement was also known as "II Duce." Like Hitler, he used the Spanish Civil War as a testing ground for military tactics while the U.S. stood silently. He also understood the fragility of the League of Nations and hoped to take advantage of its weaknesses in his bid to take over all of Europe. He first sent in troops to invade the African Country of Ethiopia in 1935 the League condemned his actions, bud did nothing to intervene.

Benito Mussolini

79. This man helped the Albany congress construct the Albany Plan of union, which called for a confederation of colonies to provide for defense from attack by European and native foes during the French and Indian War. He also used his newspaper, The Pennsylvania Gazette, to encourage colonists to support the union plan with a political cartoon titled "Join, or Die."

Benjamin Franklin

114. This decree by Napoleon in 1806 was an attempt to cut Britain off from the rest of the world and also meant that American ships traveling to Britain to deposit goods would get caught in the Napoleonic War

Berlin Decree

31. This is the term given to the men who met in Versailles on January 18, 1919, at the peace conference that ended World War I. These men were Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and David Lloyd George of Great Britain.

Big Four

41. This racist silent film, which glamorized the history of the Ku Klux Klan, was named as a personal favorite of President Woodrow Wilson

Birth of a Nation

61. This was the name for President Roosevelt's cabinet, when, after being urged by his wife Eleanor, he appointed more African Americans to cabinet positions that any other president before him. This cabinet worked on issues ranging from the repeal of Jim Crow laws in the South to anti-lynching legislation. Unfortunately for African Americans, President Roosevelt need to gain the support of southern Democrats and did not sign the legislation designed to end either of the issues the cabinet fought against.

Black Cabinet

143. While Congress was on hiatus, Southern legislatures adopted these codes to restrict the actions, movements, and freedoms of African Americans. Under these codes African Americans could not own land, tying them to small plots leased from a landowner. This began the system of sharecropping, in which African Americans were bound to the land under the crop-lien system.

Black Codes

57. This is the name given to the October 29, 1929. This date signaled a selling frenzy on Wall Street-days before, stock prices had plunged to desperate levels. Investors were willing to sell their shares for pennies on the dollar or were simply holding on to the worthless certificates

Black Tuesday

23. Name given to the area where fighting broke out among the pro- and antislavery factions at the border.

Bleeding Kansas

65. This group of World War I veterans marched on Washington in 1932 to demand early release of bonuses promised by Congress. They set up a makeshift encampment around the Capitol. Eventually the group was joined by thousands more veterans and their families. Demands were not met, and a clash ensued with police that resulted in the deaths of two marchers. President Hoover called in the U.S. Army to quash the riot, which used tear gas and tanks on the unarmed protesters. The Army burned the encampment, driving the veterans from Washington D.C.

Bonus Army

33. Name of the group of proslavery farmers from nearby Missouri who settles small areas along the border in order to vote in the election that would determine that slavery issue for Kansas. As Northerners learned of this group setting up homesteads, they decided to fight back. Henry Ward Beecher and other abolitionists paid the way for antislavery settlers to travel and set up homes in Kansas.

Border Ruffians

67. This event took place in March 1770. The residents of Boston were particularly angered about the enforcement of the Quartering Act. Many British regulars had been stationed in the city to protect the port and collect customs duties from imported British goods. A crowd of disgruntled Bostonians began to harass the troops guarding the customs house by throwing rocks and frozen oysters. The guards fired upon the crowd, killing five and wounding six protesters.

Boston Massacre

81. This event occurred in 1773 in response to the Tea Act. As a new tea shipment sat in Boston Harbor, a group of colonists dressed as Native Americans boarded the ship, broke open the crates, and dumped the tea into the water. Colonists disputed whether this should be applauded as a protest against oppression or if it was simply a childish destruction of property. Lord North was not pleased. He persuaded Parliament to pas the Coercive Acts, which would close Boston Harbor until the tea was paid for, and revoke the charter of the colony in Massachusetts.

Boston Tea Party

27. This rebellion sought to remove all foreigners from China by force. As a result, some 200 whites were killed by the rebels, and a multinational force, including U.S. forces, was sent to Peking to end the rebellion

Boxer Rebellion

1. This program encouraged displaced Mexican Americans to return to the U.S. as migrant farm laborers. Under this program, both former U.S. residents and Mexican nationals freely crossed into the U.S. to work during harvest season many remained north of the border to live permanently

Bracero

64. This term refers to the group of economists, professors, and politicians appointed by President Roosevelt to advise him on matters of economic and political policy.

Brain Trust

66. After Joseph Smith was murdered by a mob in Illinois, this new Mormon leader collected his flock and moved further west into Deseret- what is now the states of Utah. The Mormons remained outsiders due to their religious practices and beliefs, notably the practice of polygamy (having multiple wives). It was only after the church agreed to forbid the controversial practice that Utah was allowed to become an official state.

Brigham Young

27. This court case involved an elementary school student who had to leave her home over an hour early to travel across town to attend the all-black school. The NAACP encouraged the student's family to file for suit on the grounds that her right to equal protection had been violated. Lawyer Thurgood Marshall argued that that 14th Amendment guaranteed all citizens equal protection, which meant equal opportunity. The Warren Court agreed, and its ruling overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. The Court soon ordered the desegregation of all public school facilities with "all deliberate speed."

Brown v. The Board of Education

35. This term describes a situation in which the value of stocks is rising quickly. This occurred in 1929 when the New York Stock Exchange had reached an all-time high, with stocks selling for more than 16 times their actual worth. Unfortunately, at this time, it was not a true bull market and it eventually crashed.

Bull Market

15. At this battle, which took place in July 1861, Confederate battle troops stood at the ready for the oncoming attack from federal troops. At the beginning, Union forces seemed to be gaining the upper hand. But Confederate men led by General "stonewall" Jackson soon arrived, sending the Union troops scrambling back to Washington D.C.

Bull Run

123. This secession plot arose in 1806. The plan was to wrest Mexico from the Spaniards and join it with the Louisiana territory to create a new country to the west. The plot was report to President Jefferson, who called for the plotter's immediate arrest and trial for treason. Chief Justice John Marshall sat on the bench of the jury trial, where the prosecution could produce no credible witnesses. The plotter was acquitted and freed.

Burr Conspiracy

66. This peace agreement occurred when President Carter invited Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin to meet at the presidential retreat in Maryland. Sadat and Begin discussed peace options while Carter acted as mediator. This peace agreement was signed in September 1978. The treaty served as the first step toward peace in the Middle East since the founding of the state of Israel in 1948

Camp David Accords

157. This was the name given to Northern Republicans who moved south to seek their fortunes. The term came from the stereotype of the Northerner who packed all of this worldly possessions in a suitcase made from carpet

Carpetbaggers

98. This Kentucky-born woman, who suffered from two failed marriages, one due to the death of an alcoholic traveled across the U.S., smashing bars with her trademark hatchet. She believed she was doing the work of God. She was arrested over 30 times and lost her second husband because of her zeal to stop the evils of alcohol. This woman also crusaded against the veils of smoking tobacco, fought for women's suffrage, and railed against the restrictive women's fashions of the day.

Carrie A. Nation

77. This woman became the President of the National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1900. She was an outspoken advocate of women's suffrage. She believed that women could only guarantee protections for themselves and their children through voting. Ultimately, she was successful in helping to earn woman suffrage.

Carrie Chapman Catt

3. This system meant that countries such as Britain and France would have to pay cash and provide their own transport for whatever war munitions they bought from the U.S. This system would eliminate the need for war loans to allies that would cause problems in a postwar economy, and keep U.S. merchant ships out of the war zone.

Cash-and-Carry

134. This government's power exceeds the power of the states. This ideas as strongly supported by James Madison.

Central Government

102. This organization was provided for in the National Security Act in 1947. In 1953, this organization staged a coup that led to the return of the corrupt and ruthless Shah of Iran. Similarly, this organization aided in the overthrow of a left-leaning government in Guatemala in 1954.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

113. This railroad, led by Leland Stanford, set out to build the most treacherous stretch of rail from Sacramento, California, through the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and then eastward. The Union Pacific began building its portion of the transcontinental railroad starting in Council Bluffs, Iowa and moving westward. The rail lines of this railroad and the Union Pacific finally met in May 1869 at Promontory Point, Utah, just above the Great Salt Lake. Chinese labor ("Coolies") had been largely responsible for building this line, while Irish workers ("Paddies") built the Union Pacific.

Central Pacific Railroad

61. This NASA space shuttle exploded upon takeoff in the February 1986. All seven astronauts, including the first teacher in space, Christa McAuliffe, were killed.

Challenger

74. This Presbyterian minister appealed to his audience's sense of emotion rather than their reason. His "fire and brimstone" sermons became commonplace in Upstate New York, where listeners were instilled with the fear of Satan and an eternity in Hell. He insisted that parishioners could save themselves through good works and a steadfast faith in god. This region of New York became known as the "burned-over district," because this minister preached of the dangers of eternal damnation across the countryside

Charles G. Finney

79. This court case came as a result of the fact that by 1835, some 100,000 Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole Indians had been forcibly removed from their homelands without a fight, and took their cases against the state of Georgia to the Supreme Court. In 183`, this court case ruled that the tribe was not a sovereign foreign nation and therefore had no right to sue for jurisdiction over its homelands.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

24. This revolution took place in 1917 when the Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government of Russia and pledged to destroy capitalism. This caused great fear among middle- and upper class Americans. Socialists and anarchists in the U.S. had been persecuted throughout the war and their problems intensified as fears over communism arose.

Communist Revolution

89. This act of 1882 restricted Asian immigration to the U.S. It was a reaction to the large numbers of Chinese and Japanese immigrants that landed in Los Angeles and San Francisco

Chinese Exclusion Act

59. More commonly known as the Mormon Church, this group was founded by Joseph Smith in 1830

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

28. This act was aimed at extending the life of the Civil Rights Commission and giving the U.S. attorney general the authority to inspect local and state voting records for federal elections. After and intense fight in Congress, the final bill was just as weak as it predecessor in dealing with voting rights for African Americans.

Civil Rights Act of 1960

84. This act outlawed segregation of public accommodations, established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to enforce the law, made the federal government responsible for finding instance of discrimination, and made illegal discrimination based on race, religion, ethnic origin, or gender. Unfortunately, the act did not effectively address many problems associated with voting rights.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

150. This bill was designed to destroy the Black codes by giving African Americans full citizenship. As expected, President Johnson vetoed the bill, which Congress simply overturned.

Civil Rights Bill of 1866

29. This bill hoped to ensure that African Americans would be able to vote by supporting new division within the federal Justice Department to monitor civil rights abuses. By the time the bill was enacted as a law, it had been watered down so as to not have much of an impact at all.

Civil Rights Bill of 1957

48. This program employed young college and high-school-aged young men to reforest America.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

43. This act, passed with President Wilson's support in 1913, finally gave some teeth to the weak and ineffective Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. This act strengthened provision for breaking up trusts and protected labor unions from prosecution under the Sherman Act

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

103. This is the term for businesses where all employees had no choice but to be a member of the union

Closed Shops

53. These acts passed in 1773, closed Boston Harbor until the tea ruined during the Boston Tea Party as paid for, and it also revoked the charter of the colony of Massachusetts. This put the colony under the control of the Crown and expanded the scope of the Quartering Act, which allowed soldiers to be boarded in private homes.

Coercive Acts

33. This committee, headed by Gorge creel, was given the task of informing Americans of the Great War through a massive propaganda machine. Posters, speeches, and "liberty leagues" throughout the country encouraged Americans to buy war bonds and support the war effort.

Committee of Public Information

73. This group was connected to the break-in of the Democratic Party National Headquarters in Watergate Hotel in Washington in 1972. They were attempting to bug the headquarters.

Committee to Re-elect the President (CREEP)

34. This pamphlet, published by Thomas Paine in January 1776, used John Locke's natural rights philosophy to justify that the citizens of the colonies were obligated to rebel against the oppression of Britain and that it would be contrary to common sense to allow the injustices to continue. Members of the Second Continental Congress read this pamphlet with great interest, thereby integrating Pain's arguments into their deliberations in Philadelphia.

Common Sense

72. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union of 1991, Boris Yeltsin took the role of President of Russia. He joined with the 14 other former Soviet republics to create this temporary organization.

Commonwealth of Independent States

31. Just four days after the 1860 election results were tallied and Abraham Lincoln was announced the winner, the South Carolina legislature voted to secede from the Union. Within the next six weeks, six more Deep South states (Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas) decided to join South Carolina. A meeting of these states was called in February 1861 and the result was this "new" country, which named Jefferson Davis as its president

Confederate States of America

63. This organization was led by John L. Lewis of the United Mine Workers. This organization focused on unskilled laborers in America's heavy industrial sector such as steel, automobiles, and mines.

Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO)

38. This meeting which took place in Philadelphia in 1787, was meant to revise and repair the existing Articles of confederation, but in fact resulted in the creation of the new government and the United States Constitution.

Constitutional Convention

18. The name for Northern and Western Democrats in Congress who wished for an end to what they deemed an "unjust war." They were named after the poisonous snake of the same name due to the venom they spit as they spoke. They did not approve of President Lincoln's broad use of executive power and called for an immediate end to the Civil War

Copperheads

128. This man amassed a fortune in the steamboat business before venturing into rail. He led the modernization of older rails by placing his fortune into the conversion of eastern lines to common gauge steel rails, and consolidated many smaller rail lines under one main name- the New York Central Railroad. By connecting and consolidating the smaller lines, he created linkages of major cities in the East and Midwest.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

77. This term is used to describe the following incident: The election of 1824 pitted four candidates from the Republican Party to vie for the presidency: John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford, and Andrew Jackson. In the end, Jackson won the popular vote, but no one had the majority of electoral votes. It was left up to the House of Representatives to choose the president. Clay, a key opponent of Jackson's, used his pull to push Adams to the front of the Pack. President Adams then appointed Clay as his secretary of State.

Corrupt Bargain

60. This speech was made by William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska at the Democratic National Convention. It made him the spokesman for the pro-silver advocates, and he was eventually nominated as a candidate for the presidency in the 1896 election

Cross of Gold speech

96. This situation occurred in October 1962 when U.S. spy planes discovered nuclear missile sites on Cuba. These missile sites on Cuba. These missiles decreased the warning time of a nuclear attack to 30 seconds. Kennedy ordered their immediate removal, but Fidel Castro and Nikita Khrushchev balked. Headed by Attorney General Robert Kennedy, and advisory group decided a naval blockade would be the safest option after days of turning back Soviet ships, Khrushchev decided to remove the missiles, as long as the U.S. promised to never invade Cuba again and removed its missiles from Turkey

Cuban Missile Crisis

45. Belief based on the fact that in many American homes, it was no longer necessary for the woman to work both the fields and the home. In this belief, women's roles were clearly defined as homemakers and mothers

Cult of Domesticity

20. Also known as Operation Overlord, this military invasion took place on the beaches of Normandy in order to liberate France. It was an amphibious landing that required the utmost secrecy and favorable weather conditions. The perfect opening arose in June 6, 1944. General Eisenhower led a multinational force to storm the beaches. Despite enormous losses of men, the invasion proved to be a success, as the Allies moved to liberate Paris by the end of August.

D-Day

47. This man, along with a band of Massachusetts farmers rose up during the summer of 1786 and demanded restitution and tax relief. His rebellion escalated in January 1787 when the mob undertook a seizure of the state arsenal

Daniel Shays

136. The federal government enacted this act, which stripped tribes of their official recognition and land rights and would grant individual Indian families with land and citizenship in 25 years if they "behaved."

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

33. This document, which would reiterate the resolution of June 7, 1776, to declare the colonies independent, was drafted by Thomas Jefferson and four other delegates. The document in it original form was a labor of love for Jefferson. It contained a preamble that heavily reflected the philosophy of John Locke regarding natural rights. Jefferson listed 27 grievances and charges of wrongdoing directed at the Crown and Parliament. This document was the official break of the colonies from England, thus making the United States a country in its own right.

Declaration of Independence

37. This document, sent to King George III by the First Continental Congress in 1774, urged him to correct the wrongs incurred by the colonists, but did acknowledge the authority of Parliament to regulate trade and commerce.

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

51. Document drafted by the feminist leaders who met in Seneca Falls, New York, to discuss the plight of women in the United States. This document closely modeled the Declaration of independence by declaring that "all men and women are created equal" and demanding true universal suffrage to include females as well as males.

Declaration of Sentiments

36. This document, drawn up by the Second Continental Congress in 1775, urged King George III a second time to consider colonial grievances and provided for the raising of a professional colonial military force.

Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Arms

57. When the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, it was replaced by this act, which maintained the right of the Crown to tax the colonies in the future.

Declatory Act

154. This was the new name for Anti-Federalists, such as Thomas Jefferson. This group sought to limit the powers of the central government in favor of greater states' rights, while the Federalist believed in strong national government whose powers were supreme over the states.

Democratic-Republicans

104. This organization, formally called the Department of War, was provided for in the National Security Act in 1947.

Department of Defense

13. President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill brokered this deal, whereby the United States would provide Britain several older U.S. naval ships in return for the right to establish U.S. military installments on British-held Caribbean islands

Destroyers for Bases

5. This tactic, used by President Taft to deal with foreign relations, was much more economic that militaristic. This tactic encouraged Wall Street investors to send their dollars to foreign countries, such as those in Latin America, to further break European bonds and strengthen ties with the United States. However, when these American investments were endangered, Taft on several occasions sent U.S. forces to invade Latin American countries and protect American interests. These actions further alienated the United States and Latin America.

Dollar Diplomacy

12. This method of control was established by King James II in 1686. It aimed at bringing the New England colonies under stricter royal control. According to the king, the colonies existed purely for economic benefit of the Mother country (England). Navigation Laws were instituted by Parliament to restrict colonial trade relationships with countries other than England. The colonists reacted with distaste and quiet rebellion. Smuggling and large black markets for smuggling goods became very common during this time.

Dominion of New England

73. This woman crusaded for the improvement of American mental institutions to care for the nation's mentally ill population. She crusaded relentlessly until patients were removed from prisons and other deplorable conditions and given proper treatment

Dorothea Dix

68. This man advocated a federal tax that would provide $200 a month for every retired American over the age of 60. His Old Age Revolving Pension plan gathered millions of supporters who agreed that if retirees were given this pension and required to spend it all within a month, it would help stimulate the economy. President Roosevelt decided that he would opt for a much less radical plan, which became the Social Security Act. After its passage, the man criticized the president for not pushing for more

Dr. Francis Townsend

35. This young minister from Georgia, along with other black leaders, organized a bus boycott by the black community until buses were desegregated. It was the negotiations by this man with city managers and downtown business owners that truly desegregated the bus system in Montgomery, Alabama. He then began to challenge more Jim Crow laws in the South. He followed the tenets of civil disobedience and nonviolent resistance, believing that engaging whites in violence would only feed the stereotype that African Americans were savages

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

25. The Supreme Court under Chief Justice Taney made a ruling on this 1857 case that said the 36˚30' provision of Missouri compromise was unconstitutional and that all African Americans were not citizens, making them ineligible to sue in federal court. The opinion also explained that an individual's property could not be denied him under the U.S. constitution. Therefore, the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which forbade slaver north of the 36˚30'line, was unconstitutional because it stripped slave owners of their rightful property once they moved northward.

Dred Scott VS. Sanford.

44. This plan supported by President Carter, was meant to reduce the amount of gasoline expended by the average American.

Drive 55

36. This is the term given to the Great Plains where a severe drought hit, killing all of the crops of the region. The topsoil turned to a fine, powdery dust that blew away with the severe, hot winds that wreaked havoc on the farmers who remained. The area earned this name because Plains farmers saw their land literally blown away.

Dust Bowl

4. This World War II hero took the reigns of the presidency in 1952, with the anticommunist crusading Richard M. Nixon at his vice president. His presidency was marked by its foreign policy. The U.S. would actively support nations who sought liberation from communism through his idea of "brinksmanship"- the U.S. would push the aggressor nation to the brink of nuclear war, forcing them to back down in the face of American superiority.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

96. This waterway, completed in 1825 with funds provided by the state of New York, linked the Great Lakes with the Hudson River. Suddenly, the cost of shipping dropped dramatically and led to the growth of port cites along the length of the canal and its terminal points.

Eire Canal

91. Much like the Truman Doctrine, this doctrine was meant to provide financial assistance to free nations under communist threat. However, this particular doctrine was pointed at the Middle East.

Eisenhower Doctrine.

130. This clause in the Constitution granted congress "implied powers" to pass laws that were "necessary and proper" to run the country effectively. Alexander Hamilton used this clause to argue in support of the creation of the Bank of the United States

Elastic Clause

158. This representative body, no direct popular vote, elects president.

Electoral College

93. This man invented the cotton gin in 1793. His invention made the process of removing the seed from raw cotton much easier and faster, making cotton the number one cash crop of the south.

Eli Whitney

97. This woman, along with fellow activist Susan B. Anthony, formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1890, combing the once rival National Woman suffrage Association and American Woman Suffrage Association to fight for a woman's right to vote.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

53. This act, which was passed by Congress in 1903, gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) more power to prohibit rail companies from giving rebates and kickbacks to favored customers.

Elkins Act.

10. This proclamation, issued by President Lincoln on January 1, 1863, declared freedom of all slaves in Confederate states. However, it only applied to slaves living in these Confederate states slavery in the Border States was still legal. Despite its limitations, the proclamation did much to bolster the morale of Union troops and supporters at home. But it was not without its critics. Many in the North, particularly those in the Border States, felt that Lincoln had gone too far. Nonetheless, the next great step toward freeing the slaves had been taken.

Emancipation Proclamation

111. This act passed in 1807, prohibited U.S. merchant vessels from anchoring at any foreign port. Jefferson hoped this would economically cripple Britain and France due to the loss of U.S. trade. Unfortunately, Jefferson's plan was ruinous for the economy-most of the damage was inflicted on New England merchants and Southern farmers. A vast network of black market goods arose along the Canadian border. This led to the passage of harsher enforcement laws that many, especially New Englanders, saw a punitive and oppressive.

Embargo Act

51. This act passed on March 9, 1933, reopened solvent banks. It was mentioned in the first of President Roosevelt's "Fireside Chats."

Emergency Banking Relief Act

8. Congress passed this act in an attempt to keep the United States at full employment at all times.

Employment Act of 1946

6. This was a method established by the Spanish in order to enslave Native American populations. The Spanish Crown would give land to Spaniards, but recipients were obligated to care for their native slaves

Encomienda

80. In 1972, Congress passed this amendment which would disallow states and the federal government to discriminate on the basis of sex. Unfortunately for the women's movement, the amendment fell short of its required number of ratifying states and died in the 1980s

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

104. This time period, named by a U.S. newspaper, was ascribed to James Monroe's presidency. Although this period was noted for its renewed sense of independence and national pride, it was not always as harmonious as the optimistic name. The period was rife with tension regarding tariffs, slavery, and political power within the National Republican.

Era of Good Feeling

12. This act of 1917 aimed mostly at Germans and antiwar protesters. It looked to curb the right to freedom of speech. Socialists such as Eugene v. Debs were targeted and arrested. The Supreme Court upheld this act by stating that congress could limit that right of free speech if it represented a "clear and present danger" that would bring about "evil" that the government was seeking to stop

Espionage Act

124. Aaron Burr joined this was a small group of radical Federalists. They were plotting for a New England state secession from the Union.

Essex Junto

81. This bill, which Andrew Jackson encouraged Congress to pass, gave the president the power to use military force to collect tariffs if the need arose.

Force Bill

10. President Roosevelt issued this order in reaction to the paranoia of the War Department that American citizens of Japanese ancestry might turn against their adopted country to aid Japan in an invasion of the West Coast. These citizens were given less than 48 hours to vacate their homes. Carrying only what they could, internees arrived in dusty camps and lived in tarpaper shacks until the war's end. Once the families returned home, they found the property taken over by other families. The government agreed in 1988 to formally apologize for internment, paying surviving families $20,000

Executive Order 9066.

154. This is the name for freed slaves who went in search of new life or to find family members and friends. Spirited on by a former slave named Ben Singleton, as many as 25,000 former slaves uprooted their families and moved toward Kansas between 1878 and 1880. The name came about because they believed that somewhere in the West lay their promised land.

Exodusters

132. This is another term used to describe political parties. It was the fear of leaders such as George Washington that these parties would prevent a strong, unified government

Factions

39. In 1938, this act was passed to finally establish a federal minimum wage and maximum hour for interstate businesses and to ensure an end to child labor.

Fair Labor Standards Act

58. This committee was developed in 1941 to assist African Americans in finding employment in the defense industry

Fair employment Practices Committee (FEPC)

152. This speech was made by George Washington upon leaving the office of the president in 1797. In it, he warned the infant nation to remain neutral with regard to European affairs, to avoid entangling alliances, and to refrain from the formation of "factions," or political parties.

Farewell Address

70. Taking the cue from the earlier Grange movement, farmers joined forces in several states across the country to form this political party. It gained membership, successful seated senators and governors in several Midwestern states, and eventually morphed into the Populist (People's) Party.

Farmer's Alliance

45. This act, passed by Congress in 1913, created the Federal Reserve System.

Federal Reserve Act

44. This system created by the Federal Reserve Act passed by Congress in 1913 consisted of 12 regional banks that were publicly controlled by member banks. The system would serve as the "lender of last resort" for all private banks, hold or sell of the nation's bonds, and issue Federal Reserve Notes for consumers to purchase goods and services. This was the first time since Andrew Jackson killed the Second Bank of the United States that the country would have a national bank

Federal Reserve System

66. President Wilson created this commission in 1914 to control monopolies. This regulatory agency would monitor interstate business activities and force companies that broke laws to comply with government's "cease and desist" orders.

Federal Trade Commission

157. This was the name given to those in favor of the Constitution and a strong central government. They were usually northern merchants who had close ties with British networks.

Federalists

2. In 1959, this revolutionary overthrew the brutal dictator Batista in Cuba. He nationalized businesses owned by Americans and introduced massive land reforms. He then set off to build his communist state on the lucrative island. This man and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev joined forces to threaten U.S. national security.

Fidel Castro

88. This financial crisis came about because federal funds were removed from the Bank of the United States and deposited in various state banks, which opponents dubbed "pet banks." As a result, domestic prices for goods and land jumped dramatically and threatened to destroy the economy. Jackson then issued the Specie circular, which required the payment for purchases of all federal lands be made in hard coin, or specie, rather than banknotes. This caused the value of paper money to plummet, and eventually led to this financial crisis

Financial Crisis of 1837

33. President Roosevelt delivered these weekly radio addresses to inform and soothe an American public that was still weary from the pain of unemployment and poverty.

Fireside Chats

44. This meeting of representatives from 12 colonies took place in Philadelphia in 1774. The group met to discuss possible reactions of the Intolerable Acts. First, they urged colonies to built military reserves and organize boycotts of British goods. Second, the Declaration of Rights and Grievances as sent to urge the king to correct wrongs incurred by colonists it also acknowledged Parliament's authority to regulate trade and commerce. Finally, they created the Association, which called for the creation of "boycott committees" throughout the colonies

First Continental Congress

56. This is the term applied to President Roosevelt's first three months in taking office. During this time, FDR had managed to get Congress to pass an unprecedented amount of new legislation that would revolutionize the role of the federal government from that point on. This era saw the passage of bills aimed at repairing the banking system and restoring American's faith in the economy, starting government works projects to employ those out of work, offering subsidies for farmers, and devising a plan to aid in the recovery of the nation's industrial sector

First Hundred Days

87. These women were so named because they were not unlike baby birds flapping their wings and leaving the nest. The cut their hair into short "bobs," wore short skirts, rolled down their stockings to reveal their knees, drank alcohol, and danced the "Charleston." Their numbers were few, but their behavior was very public and brought about concerns among America's Christian community

Flappers

145. These acts of 1870 and 1871 authorized the use of the federal troops to quell violence and enforce the 14th and 15th Amendments. While it was moderately successful in calming the Ku Klux Kan's activities, the group continued to exist

Force Acts

4. These freedoms (of speech, of religion, from want, and from fear) were what President Roosevelt hoped to protect. In his January Address to Congress in 1940, the president argued that offering Great Britain loans to buy U.S.-made munitions of war would further stimulate the economy and aid in the protection of these freedoms.

Four Freedoms

14. This speech, delivered by President Wilson to Congress on January 8, 1918 provided for the abolishment of secret treaties, freedom of the seas, economic freedom, freedom of self-determination of all peoples to choose independence, and the formation of an international organization for collective security

Fourteen Points

99. This woman, along with the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WTCU), gave the temperance movement new life in 1874 by lobbying for laws to prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages.

Francis Willard

94. This man focused on bringing nature to the city by designing vast parks that were densely planted and meticulously planned. His Central Park in New York City set the standard for future urban beautification projects, with his use of winding trails, arched bridges, and open spaces that were nestled among the hustle bustle of city life.

Frederick Law Olmstead

89. This man created the principles of scientific management to make factory production faster and more effective.

Frederick W. Taylor

69. This man published The North Star, and antislavery journal that chronicled the ugliness of slavery for readers, and argued that the Constitution could be used as a weapon against slavery. Thus, he argued for legal means of fighting slavery, in contrast to some other radical abolitionists, who advocated varying degrees of violence to achieve abolition.

Fredrick Douglas

36. This political party was made up of antislavery advocates from all political parties. Its campaign slogan was "free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men." The party held some of the same beliefs of the old Whigs (e.g. Clay's "American System"), but opposed the expansion of slavery in total. This party nominated Martin Van Buren as their candidate to run against the Whig Zachary Taylor and Democrat Lewis Cass. Taylor defeated Cass, as important northern Democratic votes in the crucial state of New York had been given to this political party.

Free-Soil Party

159. This organization was created by federal government in 1865 to manage and assist the newly emancipated slaves of the nation. It provided assistance in the form of food, shelter, and medical attention to both African Americans and Southern whites. Eventually, it established schools across the South and educated large numbers of former slaves. The organization struggled as President Johnson refused to increase its funding, and finally expired in 1872

Freedman's Bureau

17. The name was given to the former slaves who fled to the North and often fought for the Union Army

Freedmen

10. The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) declared this era in 1961. CORE members boarded integrated buses in the north bound for the Deep South to show support for the desegregation of public transit. As the buses reached Alabama, mobs firebombed and severely beat riders. State troopers and local police stood by and watched. Attorney General Robert Kennedy at first asked the riders to stop, but more and more boarded buses and traveled south. He then sent federal marshals to protect the bus riders, signaling a victory for CORE.

Freedom Summer

24. This document, written by Stephan A. Douglas, stated that communities would have to pass and enforce laws to protect the institution of slaver for it to exist. His document caused and even deeper division within the Democratic Party, as Southerners felt he had not done enough to support the Dred Scott decision. While his popular sovereignty stance won him the senatorial seat, Douglas injured his chances of winning the presidency in the election of 1860.

Freeport Doctrine

68. This war, also known as The Seven Years' War, started when the French began fortifying the Ohio Valley region to deter the British from settling further west. In 1754, Lt. Colonel George Washington's men were sent to prevent the French from putting finishing touches on Fort Duquesne. Washington's forces proved weak, and finally surrendered. The British were more successful when they turned to conquering Canada. The French surrendered Quebec and Montreal, resulting in Peach of Paris. The British took control of Canada and Florida, effectively removing the French presence in North America.

French and Indian War

29. Law designed to re-enslave those slaves who had made it to freedom. In addition, the law denied legal rights to captured blacks and sentenced whites who harbored fugitives to heavy fines or jail time

Fugitive Slave Law

70. This was the "first constitution" in colonial America. It was drafted in 1639 by the citizens of Connecticut. While it modeled itself after the government of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the document called for the power of government to be derived from the governed.

Fundamental Orders.

9. In 1944, Congress passed this bill, also known as the Serviceman's Readjustment Act, which provided funding for a college education and low-interest home and small business loans. With 15 million soldiers returning from war, this bill provided the opportunity for veterans to begin life with a career and a home in the near future. Returning GIs married sweethearts and had babies, leading to a baby boom that lasted from 1945 to 1963.

GI Bill

30. This transfer of property, which took place in 1853, was signed by President Franklin Pierce. The terms were that the Mesilla Valley in the southernmost desert region of New Mexico and Arizona was transferred to the U.S. from Mexico

Gadsden Purchase

26. President Roosevelt crafted this agreement between the San Francisco School Board and the Japanese Government. The school board would allow Japanese students to enter public school if the Japanese government would help stem the tide of immigrants coming to California

Gentlemen's Agreement

141. In 1876, the colonel marched into the Black Hills of South Dakota, a section of the Sioux Indian reservation, and proclaimed the discovery of gold. As a result, the hills soon became flooded with gold seekers, which enraged the Sioux. To quell a possible Sioux uprising, the colonel marched his column of men deep into the Sioux territory only to discover some 2,500 Sioux warriors waiting for them at the Little Big Horn River. The colonel and his men were cut down by the Native American warriors, who were soon hunted themselves by white reinforcements.

George Custer

76. This Republican candidate ran against Michael Dukakis in the 1988 election. He was able to take the presidency easily with his promise to be tough on crime and his statement of, "Read my lips, no new taxes." However, the Republicans were not successful in uniting government, as the House and Senate went to the Democrats.

George H.W. Bush

12. Union and Confederate armies converged in this small town in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to 3, 1863. This was the deadliest and most important battle of the war, where some 53,000 men were either killed or wounded. General Lee could not recover from losses here and retreated back to Virginia once again. The confederates would not have another victory in the course of the war after this battle.

Gettysburg

131. This ritual was originated in 1870 and promised a rebirth of Native American tradition and a repelling of white incursion. It so frightened whites living near the Dakota Sioux that it was outlawed. The U.S. Army was called in 1890 to stop the Sioux from performing the ritual, which led to the Battle of the Wounded Knee. Two-hundred men, women, and children were slaughtered over this ritual

Ghost Dance

85. This court case of 1824 ruled that the state of New York could not issue a monopoly to a steamboat company because it was in direct conflict wit the commerce clause of the constitution, which gives the federal government control of interstate commerce. Prior to this decision, Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall continued to overturn laws and provisions states enacted to challenge the authority of the federal government.

Gibbons v. Ogden

59. This reform program was introduced in 1985 by Mikhail Gorbachev. Meaning "openness," it was designed to rid the country of the old Stalin totalitarian state by easing laws designed to limit the freedoms of Russians.

Glasnost

50. This act paved the way for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which would protect American's banking deposits up to $5,000 per deposit.

Glass-Steagall Act

15. This event occurred in 1688 when Parliament overthrew King James II and replaced him with his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband William III of Orange

Glorious Revolution

68. This is the term given to those who supported using gold, not silver, to back the value of the dollar. Grover Cleveland was one of these people

Gold Bugs

75. This policy was initiated by President Roosevelt. It meant that American forces would withdraw from Latin America to establish more normalized relations in the region.

Good Neighbor Policy

130. This allowed a man to vote only if his grandfather had voted in an election before 1865-that is, before Reconstruction.

Grandfather Clause

146. This proposal by Roger Sherman stated: "the proportion of suffrage in the first branch should be according to the respective numbers of free inhabitants and that in the second branch or Senate, each State should have one vote no more." Also known as the Connecticut Compromise, this meant large states were appeased by the House of Representatives, comprised of members that reflected the population of individual states. Small states would be appeased b the Senate, comprised of a membership that was equal regardless of state population

Great Compromise

57. This event occurred in the period between 1910 and 1930. During this time millions of African Americans moved to northern cities in search of jobs and better life. Just as the cities lured European immigrants during the 1880's, the promise of factory work and less discrimination brought blacks to urban centers. Unfortunately, the stories filtering to the South were fairy tales. Blacks experienced horrible living conditions, low-paying jobs, and racial unrest with both whites and other ethnic groups in the city's large ghetto neighborhoods

Great Migration

116. This strike occurred in 1877 when rail companies cut wages by 10 percent in the wake of an economic depression. This strike began in the East, but quickly became a nationwide strike that paralyzed rail traffic across the country. In addition, workers from other industries joined the strike industries joined the strike, further injuring the economy. President Rutherford B. Hayes authorized the use of federal troops to break the strike. In the end over 100 mend died and workers gained little from employers in return.

Great Railroad Strike

34. This was the nickname given to the U.s. Navy. President Roosevelt sent the navy around the world as a show of power to tat the Japanese would not thing that the U.S. had given in to the "Gentlemen's Agreement" as a show of weakness.

Great White Fleet

71. This political party looked for paper money not backed by hard specie as the answer to the country's economic woes in the 1880's

Greenback Party

4. Currency was used in place of gold during wartime

Greenbacks

82. This 1964 resolution greatly increased the power of the executive branch to engage in war. It came about as a result of LBJ's announcement that a North Vietnamese gun boat had carried out an unprovoked attack on two U.S. destroyers off the coast of North Vietnam. The President used the incident to immediately ask Congress for an increase in his authority to wage war in Vietnam without an actual war declaration. Johnson used the resolution to widen the war further after he won reelection in 1964

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

73. This is the name given to those, unlike the Stalwarts, who were opposed to the Republican Party of this era

Half-breeds

13. This agreement, established in 1662, gave nonconverted Puritans partial membership in the Church. The reason was that many young Puritans in the Massachusetts Bay Colony were not full members of the congregational Church thus, the children of these people could not be baptized and the Church was losing membership.

Halfway Covenant

80. This movement took place when New York City neighborhood became the center of 1920's African American culture. Largely through white patronage, creative African Americans fostered the movement. Writers like Langston Hughes expressed the joy and pain of being African American. Art by names like Sterling Brown brought African American culture into socialites' homes. Jazz musicians like Duke Ellington became successful and traveled the country. The movement had little impact beyond New York, where most Americans never realized cultural rebirth had occurred.

Harlem Renaissance

22. Location of an attack that occurred at a federal arsenal in Virginia. Abolitionist John Brown, who had taken part in the Pottawatomie Creek massacre, and his followers staged a raid here. Brown, claiming he was given orders from God, hoped to arm slaves in the surrounding plantation to overthrow the whites and create a free black state. In October 1859, Brown and his gang seized the arsenal and managed to hold off the Virginia militia for two days. They were finally captured, tried for treason, and hanged.

Harper's Ferry

38. This woman wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852. The novel gained fast notoriety in the North and scorn from the South. In essence, her Novel galvanized more Northerners to believe that slavery was morally wrong, while Southerners grew in their convictions to protect it.

Harriet Beecher Stowe.

71. This woman, along with Sojourner Truth, helped fugitive slaves flee slave states or the United States through an elaborate network called the Underground Railroad.

Harriet Tubman

52. This 50% tariff on imported goods passed in 1930 hurt American farmers and resulted in retaliatory tariffs form other nations around the world that then hurt manufacturers.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

18. This treaty, in which the British granted full construction right to the Americans, was not agreed upon by the Colombian government, which controlled the Isthmus of Panama, where the new canal would be built. Under secrecy and with the aid of the French, President Theodore Roosevelt raised a revolutionary force to right the Panamanian independence. The "revolution" ended quickly Roosevelt immediately recognized the new nation. The Panamanian government quickly signed an agreement that gave the United States exclusive rights to build the new canal.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

71. This system was established in Chesapeake to deal with labor shortages due to disease and low birth rates. A landowner would pay the passage from England for a white "indentured servant" and receive 50 acres of land in return. These servants were bound by the indenture until their passage was paid back in form of labor- usually a term of seven years

Headright System

64. This transcendentalist writer spoke throughout the country and wrote scathing essays about the state of man. Spurning materialism and embracing self-reliance, he encouraged American to embrace the beauty and truth of the natural world. This man's best known book, Walden, chronicled his self-initiated experiment where he excused himself from society by living in seclusion in the woods for two years. Perhaps more influential was his essay "on Civil Disobedience" in which he advocated passive resistance as a form of justifiable protest.

Henry David Thoreau

91. This mad used Frederick W. Taylor's principles of scientific management to create assembly lines when producing his automobiles. IT was also this man's goal to create an automobile that would be prices so an average American family could purchase one. His increase of wages in return for "thrifty habits" led to this being labeled a "traitor to his class" by other industrialists. Still, no one could deny this man's success. By 1929, there were 20 million automobiles in the nation, compared to just barely one million before WWI.

Henry Ford.

78. Under President Nixon's orders, this Secretary of State met secretly with the North Vietnamese to negotiate a settlement. President Nixon and this man did make headway in another part of Asia with results that would alter the very fabric of world affairs. Together they crafted "détente", or the relaxing of tensions between the U.S., the Soviet Union, and China

Henry Kissinger

52. This act of 1906 allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate the price level of shipping rates railroad lines could charge, ending the long-haul/short-haul price gouging that had been the bane of farmers.

Hepburn Act

79. U.S. tactics focused on destroying this passage, which linked the South Vietnamese Vietcong fighters with the North Vietnamese supply lines

Ho Chi Min Trail

18. This project, established by William Penn, sought to explore the establishment of a liberal state while advertising to attract a wide array of potential settlers to the colony. Settlers from all walks of life and from many northern and western European nations were lured to Pennsylvania, a haven for Quakers, by the promise of land, religious freedom, and democracy.

Holy Experiment

8. This act granted 160 acres to any family that would agree to farm it for at least five years.

Homestead Act of 1682

76. This 1932 doctrine declared that the United States would not recognize territorial gains made by nations who violated the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

Hoover-Stinson Act

72. This man was the leader of the movement to reform the public school system in the United States. Before the 1840's, compulsory school attendance was not common. He was instrumental in spreading state-funded free public education for youngsters across the country.

Horace Mann

125. This novelist propagated the "rags to riches" myth subscribed by the many lower-class Americans. His titles such as Ragged Dick were intended to inspire young street urchins to become wealthy industrialists like Andrew Carnegie. In reality, even though opportunities for incredible success were available, the odds were slight that a street waif would become another Andrew Carnegie.

Horatio Alger

109. In this business strategy, used by John D. Rockefeller, a company controls one aspect of the business. In Rockefeller's case, he controlled everything related to the refining stage of oil production.

Horizontal Integration

160. This branch of government is comprised of members that reflect the population of individual states

House of Representatives.

99. This organization, established in 1939 to look for former Nazis who had made it to the U.S., was reactivated in the postwar years to find communists. This organization made headlines in 1948 when American communist Whittaker Chambers testified in the case of State Department employee who had supposedly leaded secretes to the communists.

House of Un-American Activities (HUAC)

67. This senator from Louisiana, a critic of President Roosevelt, had long advocated a "Robin Hood" plan to take from the rich and give to the poor called "Share our Wealth" His plan would impose heavy taxes on the inheritance and estates to fund a minimum salary of $5,000 a year for every American. He controlled all government offices in Louisiana, both state and local. Felled by an assassin's bullet in 1935, this man could have given FDR a run for the Democratic nomination in 1936

Huey P. "Kingfish" Long

86. This is the most famous of all of the settlement houses. The goal of its founder, Jane Addams, was to invite immigrants and the poor to live among college-educated people to teach them how to manage city life. Settlement house guests were taught English, hygiene and cooking. Addams and others also pioneered some of the first instruction of child care. Many other settlement houses modeled themselves after this particular house as the 19th century came to a close. Moreover, settlement houses soon became a meeting place for women activists

Hull House

49. Aiming to put a damper on illegal immigration that occurred mainly at the country's southern border with Mexico, Congress passed this act. Despite this act, illegal immigration into the U.S. continued, allowing some 12 million undocumented aliens into the country by 1990

Immigration and Control Act on 1986

80. This act, which was signed into law in 1830, provided for the immediate resettlement of Native Americans living in Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and present-day Illinois. The tribes were considered "civilized"- a few of them had written alphabets, practiced democracy, and converted into Christianity. By 1835, some 100,000 Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, creek, and Seminole Indians had been forcibly removed from their homelands.

Indian Removal Act

37. This 1934 act repealed the Dawes Act of 1887 by returning federal reservation lands back to the tribes and giving support to Native Americans to reestablish and preserve tribal culture.

Indian Reorganization Act

39. These things were meant to increase the power of the voter in state and local politics. The first allowed voters to propose a law without the legislature the second was the way in which voter-proposed laws were placed on the ballot; and the last allowed voters to remove an elected official from office through the ballot box.

Initiative, Referendum, and Recall

21. These cases, which the U.S. Supreme court ruled upon in 1901, showed that the Constitution and its protections did not follow the flag. In other words, a citizen in U.S.-conquered territory did not necessarily have the protection of the constitution. It was up to congress to decide the rights of the peoples in the newly conquered territories.

Insular Cases

108. This is a term to describe the regional monopolies created by J.P. Morgan.

Interlocking Directorates

47. This organization supplies billions in funding to faltering nations.

International Money Fund (IMF)

133. This act was passed by Congress in 1887 and created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), which regulated and investigated railroad companies that participated in interstate rail trafficking

Interstate Commerce Act

138. This group was created due to an act passed by Congress in 1887. The purpose of the group was to regulate and investigate railroad companies that participated in interstate rail trafficking. However, the group lacked enforcement powers and remained essentially a "paper tiger." Farmers did not gain much from the formation of the group, as most of the cases were lost. Nonetheless, farmers kept up the fight up through the end of the 19th century as currency issues and railroad trusts mad tough times even tougher.

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

51. These acts, also known as the Quebec Act of 1774, basically allowed the former French region to be self-sufficient and expanded its borders, taking away potential lands from colonists in the Ohio River Valley. This name was give to the acts by enraged colonists who were angered by the provision to allow Quebecois to freely practice Catholicism than by the other acts of this era.

Intolerable Acts

69. This scandal occurred when it was discovered that money had been secretly diverted to the sale of American weapons to the Nicaraguan "Contras" to whom Congress had specifically forbidden aid. It was soon discovered that the U.S. had also secretly sold military equipment to Iran in exchange for the release of the American hostages. This money was illegally diverted to pay for the weapons and aid for the Contras. President Reagan denied any knowledge of the scandal and was able to leave office with his reputation intact.

Iran-Contra Scandal

3. Term used to describe the naval ships that were first launched in 1862. Examples of this type of ship were the CSS Merrimac and the USS Monitor. The ships replaced wooden ships, which had previously fleeted the navy

Ironclads

1. This was one camp of those who were opposed to the ratification of the Versailles Treaty. This group led by Senators Hiram Johnson and William Borah, refused to ratify the Versailles Treaty in any way

Irreconcilables

2. During World War II, U.S. Admiral Chester Nimitz adopted this strategy in which the U.S. Navy would focus only on strategic Pacific islands and surround Japanese-held islands to engage the enemy. Eventually this tactic would lead the Allies right to the southernmost Japanese islands. The Japanese were not about to back down, however, as several other bloody battles raged between 1943 and 1945, the U.S. had come close enough to the Japanese mainland to launch air raids on major cities such as Tokyo.

Island Hopping

84. This populist had an "army" of the jobless and the homeless that proposed federally funded public works projects to employ those who needed work. The government did not listen, but rather arrested the "army" for trespassing. This man's radical ideas would soon become the cornerstone of a future president who looked to emerge from an even greater depression.

Jacob Coxey

81. This photojournalist showed the conditions of New York's tenements in Hell's Kitchen. He also shocked the nation with his book "How the Other Half Lives," published in 1890.

Jacob Riis

162. This delegate from Virginia was well read in federalism, republicanism, and Lockean theory and became the leading voice of the Constitutional Convention, providing the cornerstones for the development of the constitution. First, he expressed need for a powerful central government. Second, he believed in separation of powers-executive, legislative and judicial branches would all be independent but held accountable by each. Finally, he outlined the dangers of "factions" and the power a strong national government would have to keep these views in check

James Madison

46. At a convention in Annapolis in 1786, this political heavyweight, along with Alexander Hamilton, secured the calling of another convention, this time to be held in Philadelphia, where the focus of the meeting was to revise and repair the existing Articles of Confederation

James Madison

100. This woman founded the Hull House, a settlement house, in Chicago in 1889. She became active through volunteerism because she could not become involved in the political process.

Jane Addams

137. Following the Neutrality Proclamation of 1793, this treaty did not settle the issue of British seizure or impressments of American sailors, but did call for the removal of British forts in the West. The treaty further angered Democratic-Republicans and the French, who increased their harassment of American ships. Spain soon became concerned by a possible cozy relationship between Britain and the U.S. and sought to clear up any misunderstandings regarding the boundary between Spanish Florida and the New Nation.

Jay's Treaty

81. This era from 1920 to 1929, also called the Roaring Twenties, was a cultural explosion much like the antebellum period. African American ragtime music began to change as it moved from the Deep South into northern cities like Chicago and Philadelphia. Jazz became the music of the choice for the young and "hep" urbanities.

Jazz Age

134. These laws, which segregated public facilities such as drinking fountain and hotel rooms, were immediately adopted by cities across the South

Jim Crow Laws

8. This is a term given to extreme nationalism that encourages a very aggressive foreign policy stance.

Jingoism

161. This man was the first vice president and was later defeated by Thomas Jefferson in the presidential election of 1800

John Adams

91. This outspoken man from South Carolina secretly penned "The Southern Carolina Exposition" outlining the anger of the South in the face of the "Tariff of Abominations" (Tariff of 1828). His essay expressed the Southern contention that the tariff was unconstitutional, as it severely altered trade with Europe that Southern Farmers had become dependent on. He also recommended that the Southern states declare the tariff to be null and void if the federal government refused to lower the duty required.

John C. Calhoun.

11. This French-born intellectual expanded on Martin Luther's Protestant ideals, which contradicted the practices of the Catholic Church. This man established Calvinism, which promotes the idea that god has supreme power and that humans are predestine to enter Heaven or Hell. His followers settled in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire.

John Calvin

126. This man turned a small petroleum company into a monopoly by his business strategy of horizontal integration. His style was to control one aspect of the production process in this case the refining stage. His Standard Oil Company eventually controlled 95% of refineries by the process of consolidation. He asked stockholder in competing companies to enter a trust in which they would sell him their shares of stock in exchange for trust certificates. The board of Trustees would then control the business transactions of the now consolidated companies, driving other competitors out of business.

John D. Rockefeller

21. This young senator was from a wealthy Bostonian family, was Roman Catholic, and became the country's youngest President. His domestic policy was named the "New Frontier," with promises of equality, employment, and aid to the poor. While on a trip to Texas to gain support for his domestic programs, he was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald as his motorcade made it was through Dallas. Americans sate riveted as they waited for news of their beloved president. It was with great sadness that new anchors announced his passing and the swearing in of Lyndon Baines Johnson

John F. Kennedy

80. This British philosopher created a theory of natural rights that challenged the absolute and divine rule of kings and queens by asserting that all men should be ruled by natural laws and that sovereignty was derived by the will of those governed. He also asserted that the governed have a responsibility to rebel against a government that fails to protect the natural rights of life, liberty, and property.

John Locke

127. This man was not only Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, but he was also Thomas Jefferson's cousin and a staunch Federalist. During his career, he had ruled a law passed by Congress to be unconstitutional, thereby establishing the precedence of judicial review. In this and subsequent decisions by his court, the power of the Supreme Court increased-it could check the authority of both the legislative and executive branches.

John Marshall

2. An influential leader of the Jamestown colony, this man introduced tobacco to Virginia farmers- it soon became the number one cash crop for the region. To derive a profit from tobacco, farmers had to grow large tracts of the crop. Thus, the plantation system was developed

John Rolfe

5. This man was the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and a Puritan minister. Proclaiming in his Model of Christian Charity (1630) that Boston would be a "city upon a hill" for the Christian world to see and emulate, he became one of the most influential of the leaders of the New England colonies

John Withrop

33. In 1955, this man discovered the serum that would immunize humans against polio. Using a live string of the virus, he was successful in developing a vaccine that would almost eradicate the disease within the U.S. by the 1960s

Jonas Salk

72. This "New Light" preacher is credited with starting the Great Awakening in 1734 by giving sermons that encouraged parishioners to absolve their sins and pay penance by praying for salvation. His most famous sermon was titled "sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," which he delivered in 1741

Jonathan Edwards

67. According to Mormon tradition, the angel Moroni visited this man in his western New York bedroom one night in 1823. The angel told him of a sacred text what was inscribed on gold plates that had been buried by the fabled "Lost Tribe of Israel" nearby and revealed to him its exact location. By 1830, this man had translated the sacred text and formally organized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or, informally, the Mormon Church. The followers of Mormonism were ostracized by their surrounding community, and left New York to head west.

Joseph Smith

38. This 1937 bill, promoted by President Roosevelt, would have allowed the president to appoint one justice for every seated justice over 70 years old. At the time, the bill would have given FDR the ability to seat six justices on the court, bringing the number to 15. Conservatives and Republicans immediately smelled a rat and dubbed the bill a "court-packing scheme." Neither side would back down, but the bill finally died when some of FDR's biggest supporters refused to back it.

Judicial Reorganization Bill

142. This act established by a Supreme Court consisting of one presiding Chief Justice and five associate justices. It also provided for the establishment of 13 district courts and three circuit courts of appeal.

Judiciary Act of 1789

116. This act was passed before the Congress was to be turned over to the majority Republicans. It created 16 new judgeships

Judiciary Act of 1801

30. This was the name for desperate Japanese suicide bombers who flew into U.S. aircraft carriers during War World II.

Kamikazes

27. This law came to the forefront when Senator Stephen A. Douglas proposed to divide the Nebraska Territory into two regions. Because both regions lay above the 36˚30' line of demarcation stipulated by the Missouri Compromise, this could theoretically open these land to slavery, Passage of this bill would mean the repeal of the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Douglas pushed his bill through both houses and it was signed into law by President Pierce in 1854. Northern Democrats believed the Union had "sold out" to the South with regard to the slavery issue

Kansas-Nebraska Act

77. This pact, signed in 1928 at the end of Coolidge's term, made offensive wars illegal throughout the world. Unfortunately, the pact did not have any teeth- it did not prohibit defensive warfare or provide punishment to countries that disobeyed the pact.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

14. This group, appointed by President Johnson, concluded in 1968 that it was frustration over extreme poverty and lack of opportunity that sparked the riots that occurred during the "Long Hot Summers" from 1964 to 1968 in cities such h as Los Angeles, Chicago, and Atlanta. The group's reported that were was two Americas one white and one black.

Kenner Commission

63. Carrie Chapman Catt formed this group to assist new voters who were granted the right to vote with the passage of the 19th amendment.

League of Women Voters

75. This was the term used to describe Jackson's unofficial cabinet, to which many of his friends were appointed. This was a negative term created by critics who lamented that the group of advisors did not have to answer to Congress as they were not "official cabinet officers"

Kitchen Cabinet

55. This New York group, which included Washington Irving, started the trend of "American" fiction by using domestic settings and character types for their stories and tales. Tales such as "Rip Van Winkle," "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," and "'Twas the Night before Christmas" were all borrowed stories with an American twist.

Knickerbockers

119. This union emerged in 1881 under Terrance Powderly. It advocated the development of labor cooperatives modeled after the Grangers, eight-hour work days, government regulation of business, and arbitration to settle disputes between labor and management rather than strikes. In May 1886, union's protest in Chicago's Haymarket Square turned violent. Allegedly, an anarchist with ties to the union threw a bomb in an attempt to begin a government overthrow. By the end of the 19th century, the once 700,000 member strong union had faded to 100,000 members

Knights of Labor

156. This was an underground society of whites who ruthlessly and successfully used terrorist tactics to frighten both whites and blacks in the south. Congress sought to abolish the group with the Force Acts of 1870 and 1871, which authorized the use of federal troops to quell violence and enforce the 14th and 15th Amendments. While moderately successful in calming the group's activities, the group continued to exist, resurfacing in the 1920s in response to the influx of southern and eastern European immigrants.

Ku Klux Klan

107. This doctrine, articulated by economist Adam Smith in his treatise The Wealth of Nations, stated that American lawmakers believed that natural market forces, not government, should regulate the marketplace

Laissez-Faire

30. This group was called for in President Wilson's Fourteen Points. Although he was determined to see this group formed, the other European leaders were interested in exacting revenge and gaining reparations from Germany. This proved to make Wilson's job difficult-he had to compromise In order to see his ideas become a reality. One of the first was that conquered territories would not become the property of the conquering nation, but would rather be under the trusteeship of this group

League of Nations

26. This document was drafted by a group of Missourians who traveled across the border to Kansas and organized a proslavery government hoping to create a new state. This document would only allow citizens to vote for the document with or without slavery. If citizens voted for no slavery, the rights of slaveholders in the territory were already protected. Federally, President Buchanan supported the document, while Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas and other in the Senate loudly opposed. It was decided to remit the constitution back to Kansas for a revote.

Lecompton Constitution

12. This March 1941 act allowed Britain to borrow U.S. war materials

Lend-Lease Act

128. The explorers were appointed by President Jefferson to explore the vast new United States territory, beginning in 1804. The group traveled a trail that began in St. Louis, Missouri, and too them to the Pacific Ocean on the coast of Oregon. They returned to St. Louis in 1806. By keeping meticulous notes and drawings of the flora and fauna, as well as detailed accounts of encounters with native tribes, these explorers expanded America's knowledge of the new territory and warned of the hardships settlers would face moving west

Lewis and Clark

31. This is the name given to the black students who were denied entrance into an all white school in Arkansas in 1957. They were ultimately allowed entrance to campus by a Federal Court ruling, but violent protests immediately broke out in the city. President Eisenhower ordered federal troops to the city to restore order and escort the student to their classes.

Little Rock Nine

1. Also known as George Calvert, this man received a portion of the Virginia colony from King Charles I. this man's charge was to create a colony that would serve as both a haven for Catholics and turn a profit for the Crown. Before he could set forth on his mission, he died, leaving the colony in the hands of his son, who then established the colony of Maryland

Lord Baltimore

42. This is the name given to the colonists who sided with the British. They were also known as Tories

Loyalists

3. In 1915, this British luxury liner was sunk by the Germans off the coast of Ireland, causing the death of almost 1200 people, about 130 of those American. President Wilson, still not wishing to enter the war, issued a stern warning to the Germans to cease submarine warfare on unarmed ships. After the sinking of another liner that cost the lives of two Americans, the Germans finally agreed to stop this type of attack.

Lusitania

109. In 1810, this bill sought to lift trade restrictions against Britain or France, but only after those nations agreed to honor U.S. neutrality. Napoleon happily repealed his Berlin and Milan Decrees in the hopes of stirring up tension between the United States and Britain. Madison issued Britain and ultimatum-remove the Orders in Council within three months, or U.S. trade restrictions would continue. Madison had been duped, however, by Napoleon, who never intended on honoring his promise to remove the restrictions on shipping and trade.

Macon's Bill Number 2

53. This law, which was brought to the political forum by Neal S. Dow, completely prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages in this state. Soon after, some 12 other states would pass similar laws either severely limiting the sale of alcohol or prohibiting it altogether.

Maine Law

20. This man was a disciple of Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam. He openly criticized Dr. King and his followers as "Uncle Toms" who had sold themselves out to whites. While not advocating the use of violence, he did encourage followers to respond to violence perpetrated against them with violence in self-defense. This man took his requisite Hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca and returned a changed man in 1964. Preaching love and understanding, he left the Nation of Islam and was assassinated by members of the Nation as he spoke to a congregation in February 1965

Malcolm X

48. This act of 1910 placed the regulation of communication directly under the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

Mann-Elkins Act

5. This communist leader engaged in a war with Nationalists under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi). Many Chinese citizens began to turn to this leader and the communists as they became more and more disgusted by the corruption, inflation, and inequality they experience under Chiang. China finally fell to the communists by 1949, and in 1950 Joseph Stalin and this leader signed a pact that linked the two large nations into one communist bloc

Mao Tse-Tung

92. This young Jamaican immigrant formed the United Negro Improvement Association and encouraged African American to form a separate community from white society. Unfortunately for the movement, he was arrested and convicted for tax fraud and was deported back to Jamaica in 1929.

Marcus Garvey

86. This woman founded the American Birth Control League in 1921. She also encouraged young women to openly discuss issues ranging from menstruation to the prevention of pregnancy, and to help put a stop to poverty, abuse, and premature death of young women

Margret Sanger

94. In June 1947, Truman's secretary of state masterminded this plan to give Western Europe massive amounts of financial assistance and political support for rebuilding democratic forms of government. Congress readily approved this plan, which would supply $3 billion in aid over a four-year period. This plan was an economic miracle for Western Europe. By the end of the era the region was entirely self-sufficient, and communism had been contained away from vulnerable.

Marshall Plan

55. This letter, written by Samuel Adams in 1768, explained the there was no distinction between external and internal taxes, and the Townsend Acts must be immediately repealed. The letter was copied and distributed throughout the colonies, sparking the rejuvenation of boycotts of British goods.

Massachusetts Circular Letter

39. This concept meant that the U.S. would unleash its arsenal of nuclear weapons on any nation that threatened it.

Massive Retaliation

14. This agreement, drafted while the Pilgrims were sailing towards the New World, set up a secular body to administer the leadership of the colony. This document also set the stage for the concepts of the separation of church and state and the rule of majority. Despite this division between governance and church, religion remained the most important aspect of the Plymouth colonists

Mayflower Compact

37. This term came from the name of a Republican senator who started raising suspicion that communists besides Alger Hiss were still working in the State department. This became like a witch hunt for communists-although many of the accusations were false.

McCarthyism

78. This bill, which would have assisted farmers who badly needed price supports, was vetoed twice by President Coolidge.

McNary-Haugen Bill

49. In response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, which exposed the filthy conditions in which several meatpacking plants were churning out their products, President Roosevelt worked to get this act and the Pure Food and Drug Act passed in 1906.

Meat Inspection Act

78. This concept showed that the colonies existed solely to provide raw materials and as a market of consumers for the Mother country. This was especially true after the ascension of James II to the throne and the establishment of the Dominion of England in 1686.

Mercantilism

106. This term refers to the men President John Adams worked thorough the nights of his last days in office to appoint. These men would serve on the bench during Jefferson's administration. The appointment of these men was created by the Judiciary Act of 1801.

Midnight Judges

112. This 1807 decree by Napoleon authorized his navy to seize any foreign ship traveling to Europe that had first stopped in Britain, even though the British Orders in Council started that any American ship traveling to mainland Europe that did not first stop in Britain would be confiscated. In other words, American shippers could continue trade t great risk, but reap rewards in profits.

Milan Decree

148. Radical Republicans passed this act in 1867. The act divided the South into five districts that would be managed by military forced stationed there-in other words, martial law was in effect. The act further tightened the requirement for the readmission of former confederate states by petitioning states to ratify the 14th Amendment and provide the universal manhood suffrage.

Military Reconstruction Act

97. This is the modern-day name for an address made by James Monroe in 1823. It quickly became the basis of U.S. foreign policy from that point forward. The policy called for "nonintervention" in Latin American and the end to European colonization. It was more or less designed to check the power of Europe in the Western hemisphere and flex the muscles of the young nation. The United States increasingly enforced the policy throughout the late-nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Monroe Doctrine.

21. At this conference in 1933, President Roosevelt personally pledged that the United Sates would never again intervene in Latin America.

Montevideo Conference

4. This policy came from President Wilson's belief that imperialism was immoral and that American democracy was superior. He thought it was his duty to spread that ideal to protect nations under threat of totalitarianism. As a result, Wilson invaded Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic and purchased the Virgin Islands. Wilson also intervened in the Mexican Revolution to capture the revolutionary Pancho Villa after he had killed Americans in the towns of Santa Ysabel, Mexico, and Columbus, New Mexico.

Moral Diplomacy

78. Active among the railroad workers and coal miners, this female activist traveled the country protesting and lobbying for the rights of all workers. Even as she lost her ability to write and walk without resistance, she continued to fight for labor rights up until her death tat the age of 94, in 1930.

Mother Jones

67. This is the term, originally used by Theodore Roosevelt, for authors and journalists who wrote articles, essays, and books aimed at exposing scandal, corruption, and injustice. Despite the negative name, these writers were successful in gaining an audience and stirring up concerns among their readers. Magazines such as McClure's and collier's were the first weapons of these writers.

Muckrakers

72. This is the name given to the group that neither supported nor opposed the Republican party of this era

Mugwumps

121. This war consisted in large part of the British and French punishing each other by issuing decrees that would blockade trade into one another's port.

Napoleonic War

54. This uprising, led by a Virginia slave in 1831, resulted in the deaths of over 50 white men, women, and children and the retaliatory killings of hundreds of slaves.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

27. This man capitalized on the complaints of his fellow poor farmers in the backwoods of Virginia by mobilizing them to form a citizen's militia. In 1676, his militia engaged in a series of raids against local native villages, massacring inhabitants. The mob was successful in defeating Sir William Berkeley's (the governor's) forces, and then set fire to Jamestown.

Nathanial Bacon

63. This American author's book, The Scarlett Letter, raised questions about religion and society

Nathanial Hawthorne

98. Eisenhower saw the creation of this administration back in 1958 to get the U.S. back in the running with the Soviets with regards to space travel

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

91. This organization, established by activists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in 1890, combines the once rival National Woman Suffrage Association and American Woman Suffrage Association to fight for a woman's right to vote.

National American Woman Suffrage Association

62. This group was formed by the Niagara Movement and other concerned African Americans and whites on February 12, 1908. Originally called the National Negro Committee, founding members W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida Wells-Barnett, Henry Moscowitz, Mary White Ovington, Oswald Garrison Villiard, and William English Walling answered that they deemed the "Call" to end all racial discrimination, segregation, and disenfranchisement. This group became one of the largest and most active civil rights groups in the country.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

139. In 1868, Oliver H. Kelley organized this group as a fraternity of brothers and their families. Soon the social atmosphere of their meeting was replaced by a political zeal. They sought to break the hold of railroad owners and middlemen who kept raising the price of framing. By the mid-1870s, there were meetings across the nation. Members organized farm cooperatives and kept railroads and silo owners under watch. Due to their political clout, laws that regulated rates farmers could be charged for shipping by rail or using grain elevators were passed in many states.

National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry

89. This 1956 act created the nation's interstate freeway system. It looked as if it was intended to solely improve the country's infrastructure, but the 42,000 miles of road were also meant to provide for the quick evacuation of large urban centers, the emergency landing of planes, and the transport of missiles.

National Highway Act

42. This administration passed during the "first" New Deal, was the most proactive legislation to date in preventing the abuse of labor and capital by big business. The administration was comprised of a board of trustees responsible for setting policy for industry in the U.S. The board set maximum work hours, minimum wages, and price floors. It was also responsible for setting production quotas and inventories to prevent overproduction or price gouging

National Industrial Recovery Administration (NIRA)

40. This 1935 act, also called the Wagner Act after senator who penned the bill, strengthened the language of Section 7a of NIRA. Even though all labor unions fought for the protection of workers, not all agreed on who should be protected. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was comprised mainly of white skilled workers who did not agree that all workers should be protected by the union

National Labor Relations Act

120. This was the first union and was founded in 1866 to urge better working conditions, higher wages, shorter hours, and the inclusion of women and African Americans. After the violent Railroad Strike of 1877, this union fell by the wayside

National Labor Union

12. This organization was founded in 1966 by Betty Friedan. As a result, woman began to become more vocal with regard to their desire for a greater role in the American society.

National Organization for Woman (NOW)

72. This 1924 act set the immigration limit to 2% based on the 1890 census. This act was directed at southern and eastern European and Asian immigrants

National Origins Act

46. The symbol of this agency, the "Blue Eagle" was displayed in the windows of businesses that adhered to the regulations like fair labor standards, price ceilings and floors, and temporary "monopolies" between companies joining forces to increase production. Before long, the blue eagle of this agency would be shot down-the Supreme Court, under the leadership of Charles Evans Hughes, ruled it unconstitutional in the "Sick Chicken Case" of Schechter v. Unites States. This would be the first in a series of battles between the president and the Supreme Court over New Deal Policies.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

92. This 1947 act created the Department of Defense (formally the Department of War), the National Security Council, and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

National Security Act

103. This organization was provided for in the National Security Act in 1947. This organization wrote a secret Act in 1947. This organization wrote a secret document labeled NSC-68, which was released just after China fell to communism and the Korean Crisis was about to begin. The document detailed the Soviet's plans for worldwide domination and encouraged an immediate buildup of the nation's military. Where the Truman Doctrine had provided for financial support in preventing use of the U.S. troops to achieve containment.

National Security Council

65. This splinter group of the National American Women Suffrage Association was led by Alice Paul. Formed in 1913, it wanted more immediate action in the fight for women suffrage. The women picketed important sites such as the White House and the Capitol to demand voting rights. Arrests occurred, and the women were known for going on hunger strikes while in jail. After the passage of the 19th Amendment, Paul and the group shifted focus on the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment, which repeatedly failed passage and finally succumbed in the early 1980s.

National Women's Party

101. This group, under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi), received financial aid from the U.S. to keep the country from falling pretty to the Japanese. Once support was removed post-war, this group and the communists, under the leadership of Mao Tse-Tung, reengaged in a war that had been brewing since before World War II. More money was sent, but much of it never made it into their hands. China finally fell to the communists by 1949 Chiang and this group fled to the nearby island of Formosa, now Taiwan.

Nationalists (Kuomintang)

94. This group was part of a movement against the influx of Irish and German immigrants. These Anglo-Americans believed that were really the only true "Americans," and railed against the rights of those who had foreign blood.

Nativists

138. This proclamation came about because Alexander Hamilton's desire to maintain trade relationships with the British. Although Thomas Jefferson was a sympathizer to the French and wanted to uphold the provisions of the Franco-American Alliance, President George Washington made this proclamation. As a result, the French and British set out to seize American ships crossing the Atlantic, taking cargo and impressing sailors into military service. These seizures violated the proclamation, forcing Washing to send Chief Justice John Jay in 1794 to negotiate.

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

23. Native Americans served the country by enlisting in the armed services and working in thousands of factories across the United States. Most famous was this group, who translated U.S. code into the Native American language so that enemy forces could not decipher the content.

Navajo Code Talkers

23. The New England colonies formed this organization in 1643 to provide collective security from attack by surrounding Native American tribes. This organization aided in the development of colonial self-leadership and widened the differences between the Mother country and her colonial citizens.

New England Confederation

11. This was the name given to President Kennedy's domestic policy. It promised equality, employment, and aid to the poor. The young president would run into many roadblocks as he attempted to pass his plans through Congress.

New Frontier

147. This plan asked for equal representation, regardless of citizens of State, to a unicameral legislative body

New Jersey Plan

73. These preachers crisscrossed the colonies speaking to large crowds about the "fire and brimstone" eternity all sinners would face if they did not absolve their sins publicly. These preachers sough to undermine the power and prestige of "old Light" ministers by proclaiming that ordinary people could understand the gospel of the Lord without the leadership of a man of the cloth

New Light Preachers

16. These uprisings occurred as an indirect result of the Union's first federal conscription law to draft young men to the military service in 1863. The draft, as well as the Emancipation Proclamation, which had conscripted soldiers believing they had been duped into fighting a war for emancipation instead of merely for the Union's preservation, caused angry Irish-Americans to react violently. In the end, some 500 people were killed, and whole city blocks were destroyed by fire

New York Draft Riots

64. This group, which established in 1905 following a meeting led by W.E.B. Du Bois in Niagara Falls, joined forces with other concerned African Americans and whites to form the National Association for the Advancement of colored People (NAACP) on February 12, 1908.

Niagara Movement.

3. In 1958, this Soviet Premier demanded the removal of Westerners from Berlin within 6 months. He later joined forces with Fidel Castro to threaten U.S. national security.

Nikita Khrushchev

110. This act was passed by Congress in the last days of Jefferson's presidency to replace the Embargo Act. This law, which expired one year from its enactment, allowed the United States to trade with foreign nations except Britain and France.

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

21. This is another name for the puritans who arrived in New England in 1629 due to oppression and persecution by the English Crown. While in England, these Puritans believed they must remain within the Church of England to reform it.

Non-separatists

106. This term described the new class of elite in America. This group disgusted the old upper class and was detested by the middle and lower classes. This class of people felt that science and God were on their side and justified their newfound status

Noveau Riche

17. President Johnson created this group, which oversaw the creation of the Job Corps program that provided career training to inner-city and rural citizens. This group was also in charge of the Head Start program, which provided free or low-cost pre-schooling for disadvantaged children to treaty them for elementary school.

Office of Equal Opportunity (OEO)

25. This office, along with the office of Economic Stabilization, tired to keep wartime economy under control by setting price floors and ceilings, regulating the tax code, and instituting rationing. Because of the lack of consumer goods for sale, families sunk money they made during the war into savings that would impact the post war economy. Americans were also asked to sacrifice and save voluntarily. Women saved bacon fat for the manufacturing of artillery shells, and children donated bicycle tires for recycling. Like no time before, the entire country seemed willing to sacrifice.

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

26. This office took over from the earlier War Production Board to shift the country from a peace time to a war time economy. Soon out producing the Axis powers, U.S. manufactures split their time between making consumer good and war supplies. Unemployment, the scourge of ten years prior had all but banished, as Americans went to work to fuel the war machine.

Office of War Mobilization

84. This was a name for President Harding's cabinet (the "Poker Cabinet"), which was comprised of friends from his home state. In 1923, two of Harding's pals- Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall and Attorney General Harry Daugherty-illegally leased government oil fields near Teapot Dome, Wyoming, in exchange for bribes. It was the first cabinet official in history to be charged with a federal offense. Harding's administration was labeled as dishonest and eventually gained the reputation as one of the worst presidencies in history

Ohio Gang

59. This was the nickname given to farmers and their families who came from the panhandle regions of Oklahoma or Texas to California in search of the "Promised Land"

Okies

35. This document, sent by the Second Continental Congress to Britain in July 1775, was a last gesture of peace and a preventative measure against total war. This document reasserted colonial loyalty to the Crown and asked King George III to intervene with Parliament on their behalf. The king, however, refused once again to recognize the legitimacy of the congress.

Olive Branch Petition

103. This crisis was caused when the Second Bank of the United States (BUS) over speculated on Western land and attempted to curb inflation by pulling back on credit for state banks. Hit hard by the decreased demand for goods abroad and a trade deficit with Britain, the BUS demanded payment from banks in hard specie. Unfortunately, frontier banks had limited amounts of currency and could not pay back in specie. The currency in circulation became dangerously low. The BUS demanded that Western Banks foreclose on farmers that could not pay debts, resulting in a rise of landless farmers

Panic of 1819

61. This financial crisis was the result of over speculation by investors that artificially inflated the price of stocks. These stocks then took a tumble and did not recover for almost 4 years

Panic of 1893.

45. The Bush administration enacted this act, which broadly expanded the government's ability to monitor the activities of Americans and conduct investigations of people suspected of terrorism.

Patriot Act

43. This is the name given to the colonists who fought for independence from the British

Patriots

62. This treaty, which ended the French and Indian War in 1763, allowed the British to take control of French Canada and Spanish Florida, effectively removing the French presence in North America.

Peace of Paris

5. On December 7, 1941, the entire U.S. Pacific Fleet was attacked at this location in Hawaii. The surprise attack killed 2,400 American sailors and wounded 1,200. Eight battleships were either sunk or severely damaged, including the USS Arizona, which lost 1,100 sailors. Ten other ships were damaged and almost 200 planes destroyed in the attack. Immediately, President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan. Three days later, Germany and Italy responded by declaring war on the U.S. and the Allies.

Pearl Harbor

92. This is the term used to describe slavery. In about 50 years, the number of African slaves in the South grew from one million to almost four million.

Peculiar institution.

56. This act reformed the corrupt patronage system of obtaining civil service jobs. No longer could political cronyism secure government positions-all potential civil service employees had to take an exam to prove their worthiness.

Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1881

58. This reform program was introduced in 1985 by Mikhail Gorbachev. Meaning "restructuring," it was aimed at opening up the once-closed Soviet economy to more free market interaction to repair the sluggish economy.

Perestroika

46. This belief system promoted the idea that humankind could have a life that resembled the life of Jesus. It also included the belief that humans could obtain this level through faith, hard work, education, and temperance.

Perfectionism

117. This treaty settled the boundaries and navigation rights along the Mississippi river. It also provided for the right of deposit at the Port of New Orleans. In addition, it essentially removed Spain as a threat to further American settlement in the West. This treaty was unanimously ratified by Congress in 1796

Pinckney Treaty

20. This amendment, issued in 1902 would have had to be written in the new Cuban constitution in order for them to gain freedom. The provisions of this amendment were that Cuba had to have all treaties approved by the United States before signing, that the United States had the right to interfere in Cuban Affairs both politically and militarily and the United Sates would be given access to naval bases on the island. In essence, the Cubans had not gained their independence at all.

Platt Amendment

135. In 1896, this landmark case was brought before the Supreme Court. In this case, a mulatto man who was seven-eighths white and only one-eighth African American refused to give up his seat on a "whites only" railcar in Louisiana and was arrested. He sued, claiming that his civil rights had been violated. The court ruled that because a car was provided for passengers of color, the state of Louisiana had not violated the 14th Amendment. The justices used the "separate but equal" doctrine to justify their decision

Plessy v. Ferguson

66. This event occurred in 1763 when the Ottawans, led by Chief Pontiac, launched an attack on the new colonial settlements from the Great Lakes region, of what is now Michigan, all the way to Virginia. The damage to British forts and colonial settlements was significant, with many lives lost and homes destroyed. British regular forces were sent to protect the colonies, and the situation ended aft 18 months of fighting.

Pontiac's Rebellion

21. This concept indicated that the issue of slavery would be decided by the citizens of the territory.

Popular Sovereignty

69. This political party was formed from the Farmer' Alliance having drafted their political platform in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1892, it advocated for the following: unlimited coinage of silver a graduated income tax; public ownership of railroads, telegraph and telephone; government subsidies to assist in stabilizing agricultural prices; an eight-hour work day; direct election of U.s. senators; and increased voter power with the use of initiative, referendum, and recall. Even though this group made an impressing showing with almost one-million popular and 22 electoral votes, they failed to win the election.

Populist Party

81. This statement demanded a greater voice for young people in the course of their lives and signaled the birth of the "New Left." The statement came about after college student met in Michigan in 1962 to form the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), led by Tom Hayden

Port Huron Statement

61. This document, signed by King George III in 1763, set a line of demarcation that barred American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British saw this as a quick and easy way to make peace with the Native American tribes of the region. British colonists, on the other hand, were incensed by the apparent permanent interference of the Crown in their ability to rightfully take land they had won in battles. Most colonists simply ignored the line and settled west in larger numbers than before the French and Indian War

Proclamation of 1763

152. This proclamation, made by Abraham Lincoln, was set in 1863 as a way to reintroduce Southern states back under the wing of the federal government. The re-entry process would begin by the re-establishment of state governments that would gain legitimacy by obtaining at least 10 percent of their voting populace to swear an oath of loyalty to the U.S. and the Constitution. Second, the president was fully prepared to grant complete pardons to any former Confederate, as long as e also took the oath of allegiance and agreed to the elimination of slavery.

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

48. Supported by an African American member of the University Of California Board Of Regents, War Connerly, this proposition ended affirmative action laws in California. After the passage of the proposition, government contracts and college admissions boards could no longer use garner or race as a factor in awarding jobs or acceptance. As a result, minority enrollment in the UC system plummeted, with classrooms not reflecting the state's ethnic diversity. Several other states followed suit, enacting laws abolishing affirmative action

Proposition 209.

10. This religious movement again the Catholic Church came about as a result of a German monk, Martin Luther, who published his 95 Theses in 1517. The theses protested the Catholic Church and its abuses and promoted the idea that faith was enough to gain salvation.

Protestant Reformation

49. This program was designed to employ thousands of Americans to rebuild the country's infrastructure.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

16. This event, which occurred in August 10, 1680, in modern-day Santa Fe, New Mexico, was the most successful uprising against Spanish authority I the New World. The Native Americans took over the governor's residence as their own and remained there to protect their land. Spain was unable to reclaim its New Mexico Colony for nearly 50 years

Pueblo Revolt

117. This company, which manufactured sleeping cars, constructed a "model town" for employees in response to the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. When a wage cut was announced and their union leader was fired, its workers went on strike. Other rail workers showed support by refusing to load, link, or carry a train with this company's car attached. As a result, rail owners began linking U.S. mail cars to this company's cars. President Cleveland encouraged the filing an injunction to demand the workers stop striking. The Union refused and was eventually jailed

Pullman Palace Car Company.

50. In response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, which exposed the filthy conditions in which several meatpacking plants were churning out their products, President Roosevelt worked to get this act and the Meat Inspection Act passed in 1906.

Pure Food and Drug Act

24. This group in England protested against the similarities between the Anglican Church and the Catholic Church. Encouraged by the teachings of John Calvin, this group sought to "purify" the Anglican Church by ridding it of the ceremony and regalia of the Catholic Church. King James I believed these people to be a threat to his power and vigorously attempted to expel them from England.

Puritans

20. This small group of dissenters (Non-Puritans) believed in the power of one's "inner light," or that the power of god resided in the soul of the individual. They were ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Several were executed, and several joined William Penn of England in the founding of Pennsylvania or "Penn's Woods."

Quakers

59. This act of 1765 required colonial citizens to provide room and board for British soldiers stationed in the colonies. This act was tame in the eyes of the colonists- it was laxly enforced and rarely affected their everyday lives

Quartering Act

52. This acts, also known as the Intolerable Acts of 1774, basically allowed the former French region to be self-sufficient and expanded its borders, taking away potential lands from colonists in the Ohio River Valley.

Quebec Act

73. This act, also known as the Immigration Act of 1921, set a 3% immigration limit on individuals from each nation of origin based on the 1910 census

Quota Act

65. This transcendentalist writer encouraged the forging of a unique American identity as he traveled across the U.S. deliver lectures. Spurning materialism and embracing self-reliance, this man encouraged Americans to shun wealth and want and embrace the beauty and truth of the natural world. A distinctive American culture, divorced from European influence, had already begun to bloom before this man's influence. American artists, writers, and architects had started to show a unique style that would express the growth and pride of the growing nation.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

7. This practice placed Cuban natives into central locations under direct Spanish control to help prevent revolution.

Re-concentrating

70. This political era ended the old New Deal guard and ushered in a new era of conservative policymaking in Washington. The president promised lower taxes, smaller government, and a stronger military. The president set forth to build trust and support by following through with his promises.

Reagan Revolution

66. Because President Hoover was reluctant to give direct aid to Americans who were suffering under the weight of the depression, Congress created this corporation in 1932. The corporation was given authority to issue loans to assist railroads, banks, and municipalities to prevent them from collapsing. However, because Hoover held fast to his belief in "trickle-down" economics, where the wealthy are given more to spend so eventually they stimulate the economy so the benefits reach the poor, the corporation continued to only benefit the wealthy instead of those truly in need.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

38. This hotline was initially installed during the Cuban Missile Crisis so that world leaders could have immediate contact in the instance of an emergency.

Red Phone

24. This practice kept minorities of white housing areas.

Red-lining

155. This group caused a resurgence of Democratic power in the state legislature of the Deep South. The hoped to revitalize the South through industry and rid state legislatures of corrupt Republicans. They succeeded in convincing voters that they were right for the job by wresting away the remaining Republican seats in all Southern state houses. Their campaigns focused on issues important to Southern whites: low taxes, small government, and white power.

Redeemers

141. This document, written by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, set out to repair the nation's failing financial health. Written in 1790, it explained how monetary and fiscal policy should favor the rich to that their good fortune would be spent within the economy and thus stimulate domestic growth.

Report on Public Credit

140. This document, written by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton in 1791, promoted the industrialization of the United States and advocated strong protective tariffs to protect infant industry.

Report on Public Manufacturers

34. This new political party included Whigs, Democrats, Free-Soilers, and Know-Nothings, all from the North or West. This party was opposed to the expansion of slavery and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Despite the loss of the election of 1856 to Democrat James Buchanan, members of this party made a great showing by running the exciting Californian John Fremont, who managed to win 11 of 16 Free states in the Electoral College.

Republican Party

2. This was one camp of those who were opposed to the ratification of Versailles Treaty. Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and this group would only agree to ratify the treaty if "reservations" such as the ability to leave the League of Nations and international acceptance of the Monroe Doctrine were added to the League's Covenant.

Reservationists.

139. This act placed 8 percent tariff on imports, a rate much lowers than Alexander Hamilton had desired.

Revenue Act of 1789

22. This Republican candidate of the 1960 election was former vice president, "Commie Fighter" and foreign diplomat. He believed his campaign would be an easy one, as the Democrats chose John F. Kennedy as their candidate. Kennedy edged this man by the slimmest margin ever in an American presidential election. Despite cries of election fraud and ballot tampering from the Republicans, JFK was declared the next president

Richard M. Nixon

8. This was the first English settlement in North America. It was established by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585, but mysteriously vanished without a trace.

Roanoke

124. Men such as Jay Gould earned this nickname because they artificially inflated the value of their company's stock, sold the stock to the public, and pocketed the profits. The company then went bankrupt, leaving the stockholders with nothing.

Robber Barons

20. This military genius and general in the Confederate Army engaged Union troops in the Second Battle of Bull Run and then defeated Burnside at the Battle of Fredericksburg. The following year, he kept his men fighting vigorously in the eastern U.S. In the last ditch effort to invade the North, garner foreign support, and force the Union to sue for peace, he invaded of Pennsylvania while Union forces kept close tabs on the Confederates. The armies converged at Gettysburg. This general could not recover from losses here and retreated back. Ultimately, he agreed to surrender.

Robert E. Lee

80. This man was governor of Wisconsin and later became U.S. senator. Under his leadership, Wisconsin became the model for increased voter power at the ballot box.

Robert La Follette

3. This person was a non-Puritan, or dissenter. A minister from Salem, he believed that the colonists had no right to live on land that had been unlawfully taken from the Native Americans. He also believed that an individual's conscience made the rule of civil government or church leadership irrelevant. He advocated a complete separation of church and state. Ultimately, he was ordered of Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1636. He and his followers traveled southward and established the settlement of Providence in what later became the colony of Rhode Island

Roger Williams

17. This policy was an attempt to protect Venezuela from European intervention. It stated that the United States would come to the aid of any Latin American nations experiencing financial trouble. In essence the United States became the policeman of Latin America though this new reality, the United States used force to "protect" the Dominica republic and Cub from political chaos.

Roosevelt Corollary

53. This financial crisis had impacted the economy in 1937 and 1938 due to the fact that President Roosevelt had decided to "pull back" on government spending. Reluctantly, FDR initiated an increase in spending on public works projects and other programs, which almost magically increased investment and employment.

Roosevelt Recession

34. This volunteer for the local chapter of the NAACP, had seen many African American men and women arrested and mistreated for refusing to comply with the Jim Crow laws that ruled the bus system. She decided enough was enough when, on December 11, 1055, she refused to give up her seat to a white man on a city bus. Arrested and fined, she had started the ball rolling for the NAACP

Rosa Parks

31. This iconic character was typified in songs, posters, and movies as an American heroine and everyday woman, able to work all day and still manage to run the household. Despite the urging of women such as Eleanor Roosevelt to make women's pay equal to that of their male counterparts, female workers earned just two-thirds of a male salary.

Rosie the Riveter

35. This was the name of Theodore Roosevelt's volunteer force of college students, cowboys, and adventurers who were able to take San Juan Hill in Cuba with the heavy assistance of the Fourteenth Regiment Colored Calvary.

Rough Riders

70. This idea of President Hoover's stated that anyone could become a success if he or she worked hard enough

Rugged Individualism

85. These Italian immigrants were arrested in the connection of the robbery and murder of paymaster in South Braintree, Massachusetts. The evidence of the case was contradictory and confused however the two men were convicted and sentenced to death by electric chair. Many Americans came to their defense-such as Albert Einstein and the Italian-American community-but to no avail. After multiple appeals, they were executed in 1927

Sacco and Vanzetti

54. This Iraqi leader had been a problem for the U.S. since he invaded Kuwait back in 1991. More recently, he refused to cooperate fully with the United Nations weapons inspections, so President George W. Bush, along with British Prime Minister Tony Blair, convinced Congress and most of the U.S. that Iraq posed a serious threat to the U.S. and the world if left in power. The official invasion of Iraq was not sanctioned by the UN as was condemned by man of the U.S.'s allies around the world. This man was caught and eventually executed.

Saddam Hussein

69. In 1692, this city in Massachusetts was the site of mass hysteria relating to witchcraft. Twenty people were executed and the prestige of the traditional Puritan clergy was damaged beyond repair.

Salem

64. This practice, supported by British Prime Minister Robert Walpole, meant that the British would protect the colonies and provide trade opportunities, but other than that, the colonists were left to their own devices. This practice encouraged the colonists to develop their own systems of governance, economic networks, and ideologies.

Salutary Neglect

50. This practice, supported by British Prime Minister, Robert Walpole, meant that the British would protect the colonies and provide trade opportunities, but other than that, the colonists were left to their own devices. This practice encouraged the colonists to develop their own systems of governance, economic networks, and ideologies.

Salutary neglect

44. This man led Texans in a revolt against Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, the military dictator of Mexico who attempted to force Texans to abide by Mexican laws. This man declared Texas a republic independent of Mexico. At present-day San Antonio, Santa Anna's forces attacked the Alamo, killing Americans stationed there, and marched to the San Jacinto River where a forced led by this man routed the Mexican forces and captured Santa Anna. The Mexican dictator was forced to sign a decree granting independence to the Republic of Texas

Sam Houston

79. This man was the American Federation of Labor leader. He hailed the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1913 as the "Magna Carta of Labor."

Samuel Gompers

68. These vehement abolitionists voiced their opposition to male dominance, thus starting the dialogue about women's roles and the plight of women in the United States.

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

41. This is the term given to the smaller nations which, from 1946 to 1948, were taken under the wing of the communist leaders installed by Moscow and the Soviets.

Satellite Nations

121. This is the term given to cheap replacement laborers when laborers are out on strike. Factory owners would often hire private police forced that would inflict violence on strikers as they attempted to protest these replacement workers.

Scabs

158. This was the name that Southern Democrats gave the Southern Republicans. It was a derogatory term that meant they were pirates who sought to steal from state government to line their own pockets

Scalawags

10. In this pivotal case, the Supreme Court, with Justice Oliver Wendell Homes writing the majority opinion, upheld the Espionage Act by stating that congress could limit the right of freedom of speech if it represented a "clear and present danger" that would bring about "evils" that the government was seeking to stop.

Schenck v. U.S.

71. This management system, created by Frederick W. Taylor, was applied by many factory owners to make production faster and more efficient

Scientific Management

2. This policy was instigated by Union leader William Tecumseh Sherman. The policy required troops to burn and destroy fields, homes, and cities as they marched through Georgia. Sherman's goal was to inflict such misery on Southerners that they would be compelled to surrender. This strategy made the Civil War perhaps the first "modern war" in that civilians and their property became targets

Scorched Earth

14. In this battle, General Lee took advantage of the change in Union leadership in the east to engage Union troops again in Manassas. This time it was Union General John Pope that was sent scurrying back across the Potomac in retreat.

Second Battle of Bull Run

41. This part of the National Industrial Recovery Administration legislation formally guaranteed organized labor the right to collectively bargain and organize. No longer was the old "yellow dog contract" or "iron clad oath" and issue unions could actively recruit members in American factories and workplaces. Finally, organized labor had gained legal acceptance and could come out of the shadows of secrecy to gain a voice

Section 7a

11. Like the Espionage Act, this act of 1917 was aimed mostly at Germans and antiwar protesters. It looked to curb the right to free speech. Socialists such as Eugene V. Debs were targeted and arrested.

Sedition Act

135. This law made it illegal to criticize the president or Congress, and imposed a heavy fine or a threat of imprisonment upon violators, such as editors of newspapers.

Sedition Act

13. This 1917 act which President Wilson helped pass because of the difficult task of raising an army for the war authorized the conscription of American males into military service. Within months of its passage, the army had enough men to relieve the allied forces overseas

Selective Service Act

15. President Roosevelt pressured congress to pass this act in 1940, which provided for all American males between the ages of 21 and 35 to register for compulsory military service. This was the first time a peacetime military draft had been initiated, signaling that the president's stance was shifting from isolationism to interventionism. This act was expanded to include all 18 to 65 year old males when the United States declared war on Japan.

Selective Training and Service Act

159. According to Roger Sherman, in this branch of government "each State should have one vote and no more."

Senate

47. This location in New York was the site of a meeting with feminist leadership, including Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony. Here, the Declaration of Sentiments was drafted. It declared that "all men and women are created equal" and demanded true universal suffrage to include females as well as males.

Seneca Falls

133. This is the central idea behind having three independent branches of government: the executive, the legislative, and the judicial branches. Although independent, they would each hold each other accountable for their actions. This idea was supported by James Madison

Separation of Powers

22. This is another name for Puritans who felt that they needed to abandon the church of England altogether and set up a new church independent of the monarchy. This group of Puritans, more commonly known as Pilgrims, set out in 1620 aboard the Mayflower bound for Virginia.

Separatists

115. This act was passed by Congress in 1890 in an attempt to break up the massive monopolies that were crowding the American economy. The act forbade the creation of trusts that were designed to retrain trade. However, the act failed to specify the difference between trusts that were beneficial to customers and those that were harmful. More importantly, that act failed to include any real method of enforcement.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

142. This system meant that African Americans were bound to the land under the crop-lien system. The farmers would "lease" land and borrow supplies to till their plots, while giving a significant portion of their harvest to the landowner as payment for the "lien" or "loan." Never able to quite harvest enough to pay the landlord and feed their families, generations of African Americans remained tied to their plot of land until the civil Rights Movement of the 1950's and 1960's.

Sharecropping

39. This uprising, fought by Daniel Shays and a band of Massachusetts farmers, took place during the summer of 1786. The rebels demanded restitution and tax relief. The uprising escalated in January 1787 when the mob undertook a seizure of the state arsenal. At this stage, the Massachusetts militia marched in and quelled the uprising.

Shays' Rebellion

76. In this sermon given by "new Light" preacher Jonathan Edwards in 1741, churchgoers were told that God was angry with the sinners of the Earth, and only those who obeyed God's word would be from damnation.

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

28. As governor of the Virginia colony, this man enraged the poor farmers in the backwoods by remaining friendly with the Native Americans and failing to protect the land and lives of those living in the western frontier.

Sir William Berkeley

85. This was one of the most influential reform movements of this era. Leaders such as Walter Rauschenbusch believed that Christians had an obligation to improve that lives of those less fortunate, such as the citizens of the rough Hell's Kitchen are of New York City with whom he worked. In many ways, it was the work of Rauschenbusch that encouraged many middle-class Protestants to join in the reform effort and bring on the Progressive movement.

Social Gospel

43. This act, passed in 1935, guaranteed benefits for retirees, the disabled, and the unemployed. Monies were collected from a worker's pay on a monthly basis, to be paid back monthly after the worker turned 65. Unfortunately, the law was biased-it did not apply to millions of service workers such as domestics, nannies, and janitors who were largely African American. Nonetheless, the act provided protection and guaranteed pension to further shield America's most vulnerable from abject poverty

Social Security Act (SSA)

140. This was the name of those who had taken advantage of the Homestead Act, which granted them 160 acres of land, and who remained, despite the fact that the land was not farmable due to the lack of rain and hard-packed soil.

Sodbusters

70. This woman, along with Harriet Tubman, helped fugitive slaves flee slave states of the United States through an elaborate network called the Underground Railroad.

Sojourner Truth

83. This group, led by Samuel Adams, intimidated tax collects by attacking their homes, burning them in effigy, and even tarring and feathering them. They even ransacked warehouses that held stamps and burned them to the ground.

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

100. Eisenhower fearing what he called the "domino theory" (Where one Asian nation would fall to communism and the rest would follow), urged Secretary of State John Foster Dulles to step to action. He created this group, which resembled NATO, to give mutual military assistance to member nations and hold up anticommunist Ngo Dinh Diem's crumbling regime in South Vietnam.

South East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO)

74. This is the name given to those who had a special relationship with the Republican Party of this era. Their opposition was referred to as the Half-breeds

Stalwarts

69. These secret clubs in American cities were visited by the young and fashionable. To gain entrance, visitors would need to know the password and have to whisper to gain entrance

Speakeasies

84. This issuance by Andrew Jackson required the payment for purchase of all federal lands to be made in hard coin, or specie, rather than banknotes. This caused the value of paper money to plummet, and eventually led to the Panic of 1837.

Specie Circular

76. Andrew Jackson was proponent of this system. He would appoint those who supported his campaign with government positions. Many felt that his practice bred corruption and tainted the political process

Spoils System

36. This Russian space satellite was launched in 1957. When this happened, Americans were convinced that they had better get moving if they were to keep up with the Russian space programs.

Sputnik

54. This four part plan by Theodore Roosevelt involved busting up harmful trusts, increasing government regulation of big business, giving labor a fair chance, and promoting conservation of the natural environment. This last part provided for the protection of millions of acres of land for natural reserves and the creation of the Nation Conservation Commission.

Square Deal.

62. This economic phenomenon occurs when high inflation is coupled with high unemployment.

Stagflation

58. This act of 1765 was an attempt by Britain to collect revenue for a new colonial army. The act required that all paper (including death and marriage certificates and newspapers) was to have a stamp affixed, signifying tax had been paid. This was the first time the colonists had been subjected t a direct tax-paid directly by the consumer of the paper good produced in the colony- as opposed to paying an indirect tax on an imported good. British Prime Minister George Grenville felt this was fair, as the colonist were paying their fair share of the burden of war

Stamp Act

82. This body, with representatives from 9 and the 13 colonies, sent word to England in 1765 that only colonial legislature had the authority to tax the colonists. The colonists agreed that external taxes-levies imposed throughout the empire on traded goods-were within the rights of the Crown to impose.

Stamp Act Congress

122. John D. Rockefeller owned this company, which eventually controlled 95% of the refineries in the U.S.

Standard Oil Company

60. This program, officially known as the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), was supported by President Reagan. The system was designed to have battle "ships" stationed in orbit that would defend the U.S. against nuclear attack with lasers. While critics and many in the scientific community spoke of the impossibility of SDI, Reagan used the idea of this system as a scare tactic for the Soviets.

Star Wars

29. Also known as "Seward's Icebox," this is the nickname given to Alaska when it was first purchased. Secretary of State William H. Seward brokered a deal to purchase the icy land from Russia for a sum of 7.2 million in 1867. Not until the twentieth century would Americans realize the sweet deal they received when oil drillers found that Alaska was rich with fossil fuel

Steward's Folly

19. This man led the once nonviolent SNCC in 1966. Under his leadership, the group rejected integration and began touting "Black Power." He left SNCC for the Oakland, California-based Black Panthers, who openly carried weapons and clashed with police on a regular basis

Stokely Carmichael

67. This treaty was signed by the U.S. and the USSR in May 1972. In the treaty, each nation agreed to reduce the number of nuclear missiles in its arsenal in exchange for the U.S. supplying the Soviets with much-needed grain over the next three years

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) I

65. SALT I was set to expire in 1977, so Carter and the Soviets were set to sign a renewal treaty. This treaty was negotiated and sat ready for ratification when a world crisis got in the way. The USSR invaded the nation of Afghanistan in 1979 in a move to play a greater role in the Middle East. Americans were now certain that the Soviet had intention to take control of the precious oil transportation region of the Persian Gulf. The U.S. immediately ceased supplying the USSR with grain shipments and withdrew this treaty from the table

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) II

64. Presidents Bush and Yeltsin signed this treaty in 1991 which drastically reduced the number of nuclear warheads in both countries

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) I

77. This social structure of the English colonies became more apparent as the seventeenth century came to a close. The influx of more affluent immigrants and the further development of the plantation economy in the South further distanced the gap between rich and poor. The Puritans in New England viewed wealth and success as a sign that one was a member of the elect, and in the South this social structure and been carried over from the old feudal society of England.

Stratification

131. This term describes one who believes in the strict interpretation of a document. This term described Thomas Jefferson in relation to the Constitution

Strict Constructionist

30. This student group was formed to keep the civil rights movement alive among the nation's young people.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

6. This strip of land along the border of Czechoslovakia was claimed by Hitler in 1938. In a bid to keep war at bay, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French president Edouard Daladier met with Hitler to negotiate a settlement over this territory. Czechoslovakia was not invited. At the 1938 conference, the policy of "appeasement" was born. Hitler was allowed to take this land in exchange for a promise to not invade any other territories. Hitler agreed, and Chamberlain and Daladier were pleased that they had dodged another bullet.

Sudetenland

60. These acts of 1764 raised the previous amount demanded on sweeteners (molasses and sugar) from the older Molasses Act o 1733. Britain wanted to collect the tax revenue they had been losing to the Triangular Trade by taxing molasses from the West Indies and abroad, but mainly the tax was levied to make money for the Crown

Sugar Acts

96. This woman, along with fellow activist Elizabeth Cady Stanton, formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1890, combing the once rival National Woman suffrage Association and American Woman Suffrage Association to fight for a woman's right to vote.

Susan B. Anthony

15. This decree occurred following a German attack on a French passenger liner in March 1916 that killed four Americans. President Wilson issued this statement, where he warned the Germans to stop submarine warfare, or the United States would break all diplomatic relations with Germany, This decree clearly signaled America's willingness to go into war

Sussex Ultimatum

132. This was the location of the initial gold strike in Central California in 1848

Sutter's Mill

52. This was the ruling party of Afghanistan. It was sympathetic to Al-Qaeda and had provided safe haven for their activities. The U.S. military was successful in removing this group from power, and assisted in the establishment of coalition government in its place

Taliban

101. This amendment was added to Missouri's bid for statehood. After the admission of Missouri as a state, this amendment would not allow any more slaves to be brought into the state and would provide for the emancipation of the children of Missouri slaves at the age o f 25 years. Southerners were enraged by this abolition attempt by Northern representatives and crushed the amendment in the Senate

Tallmadge Amendment

87. This political machine in New York was led by "Boss" Tweed. Tweed and his fellow Irishmen gave aid to small business men, immigrants, and the poor in exchange for votes. Not all members of this machine were honest in their intentions. George Washington Plunkett, a lower boss in this particular machine, would pocket large sums of taxpayer money in what he called "honest graft."

Tammany Hall

83. New Englanders pushed for this tax to protect themselves from foreign competitors. It was referred to as the "Tariff of Abominations" by John C. Calhoun.

Tariff of 1828

82. In order to appease the South, Andrew Jackson sought to lower this tariff from the outrageous 45% duties to a mere 35%. This change did little to placate the Southerners. South Carolina nullified this tariff and threatened to secede from the Union if Jackson attempted to collect the duties by force. Jackson did make military preparations, but stopped short of sending troops to South Carolina.

Tariff of 1832

54. This act, passed in 1773, actually lowered the price of tea. However, colonists were wary at any attempt by Britain to collect revenue and refused to purchase the tea.

Tea Act

126. These Shawnee brothers organized a large native confederacy to prevent the American advance westward.

Tecumseh and the Prophet

22. President McKinley added this amendment to the declaration of war against the Spanish. The amendment assured Cuba and the world that the United Sates intended to grant Cuba her independence once the war ended.

Teller Amendment

47. This program worked to electrify the impoverished Tennessee Valley by hydroelectric Power.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

147. Congressional republicans passed this act, which disallowed the executive discharge of a federal appointee without consent of the Senate. The act was an attempt by Republicans to protect their numbers form the any hand of President Andrew Johnson. Johnson chose to ignore the act and fire Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, a Republican. The House of Representatives submitted articles of impeachment o the floor by charging Johnson with 11 counts of "high crimes and misdemeanors." He was impeached by the House, but the Senate failed to convict Johnson by one vote

Tenure of Office Act

9. This military operation took place in the Vietnamese Lunar New Year. It was a massive Vietcong offensive that moved the war from the rural areas to the streets of Saigon. The psychological impact of this battle would change the course of the war both in Vietnam and at home. American public opinion now opposed war and increasingly demanded the U.S. pull out of the war-torn country. In effect, this was the beginning of the end of U.S. military involvement in Vietnam.

Tet Offensive

63. This plan, constructed by the Albany Congress, called for a confederation of colonies to provide for defense from attack by European and native foes during the French and Indian War. Unfortunately, the colonies rejected the plan because they felt it was too restrictive the British felt it allowed for too much colonial independence.

The Albany Plan of Union

95. This system, devised by Henry Clay, included the re-charter of the Bank of the United States, tariffs like the one passed in 1816 and the building up of infrastructure such as turnpikes, roads, and canals. Congress had already created the Second Back of the United States and established the first protective tariff, but President Monroe had misgivings about the plan for internal improvements. Monroe felt the Constitution did not provide for the federal government to allocate monies to fund public works projects within the states, so he repeatedly vetoed bill regarding the building of roads or canals.

The American System

92. This group, established in 1893, gained more success in the temperance movement as states across the country agreed to shutter bars.

The Anti-Saloon League

40. This program delivered supplies to a German city, day after day, for 11 months. The city had been cut off from Western contact by Joseph Stalin.

The Berlin Airlift

25. Also known as the Anglican Church, this church was founded in 1534 by King Henry VIII. This king sought to divorce his first wife Catherin of Aragon. However, Pope clement VII refused to dissolve the marriage. Enraged, the king (who had named himself "Defender of the Faith") broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and created this Church.

The Church of England

28. This series of laws, drafted b Henry Clay, were a method of averting a national crisis as a result of conflicting beliefs between radical Southerners and other states. This series of laws would admit California as a free state, divide the Mexican cession into the New Mexico and Utah Territories with popular sovereignty serving as the basis for determining slave status, ban the slave trade in Washington, DC, enact a stricter Fugitive Slave Law, and give Texas monetary compensation for the state's willingness to forgo its claims to part of New Mexico's territory

The Compromise of 1850

144. This compromise provided that Rutherford B. Hayes would become president only if he agreed to remove the federal troops stationed in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana. The end of martial law in the South signaled the end of the Reconstruction in the U.S.

The Compromise of 1877

32. This political party, formed from Know-Nothings, Whigs, and moderates, was concerned that if Lincoln won the election of 1860 that the South would secede and that would mean the end of the Union. As a result, this party chose John Bell of Tennessee as their candidate and hoped to pull enough votes from the Republicans to keep Lincoln from winning and thus the cotton states of the South from seceding.

The Constitutional Union Party

149. This meeting took place between American envoys and French foreign minister Talleyrand and Napoleon. The goal of the meeting was to negotiate a settlement to prevent full-scale war between the United States and France. The meeting ended with the termination of the Franco-American Alliance, and agreement whereby the United States would pay for damages inflicted on French vessels, and the avoidance of an all-out war with France.

The Convention of 1800

79. In 1924, the Director of the Budged crafted this loan program that would give money to Germany so that war reparations could be paid, thus lessening the financial crisis in Europe. This plan was successful until the program ended with the U.S. stock market crash in 1929.

The Dawes Plan

16. This department was founded in 1966 to provide low-cost housing and federal funding to rid cities of urban blight.

The Department of Housing and Urban Development

143. These documents, written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay were meant to encourage ratification of the Constitution in New York. This series of 85 powerful essays urged ratifying conventions to set aside emotions when they considered the constitution. They were refuted common doubts about the possibilities of having central government effectives rule such vast territory.

The Federalist Papers

26. This 1963 book by Betty Friedan encouraged women to leave the myth of homemaking behind and pursue fulfillment outside of the home. She called into question the notion that women were meant to remain at home to care for a husband and children and instead spoke of opportunities for women to become successful in the business world.

The Feminine Mystique

153. This war, which took place between 1789 and 1793, challenged America's sovereignty, since George Washington had to decide where her loyalties would lie. Giving the revolutionaries assistance as they had done for the Patriots during the American Revolution would strain the already delicate relationship with Britain. Initially, Americans were pleased about the overthrow of the King and Queen of France, as it seemed an extension of the ideals of the American Revolution. It became clear, however that it was a very different kind of war that was bloody and ruthless.

The French Revolution

97. At this convention in 1954, the region of Indochina was divided into three nations: Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. The convention also decided to divide Vietnam at the 17th parallel, with the communists led by Ho Chi Minh in the North and anti-communists led by Ngo Dinh Diem in the South. It was further decided that elections to reunite Vietnam would occur in 2 years

The Geneva Convention

90. This term for an era was coined by Mark Twain. In it, creative types reacted to the romanticism of the antebellum and Civil War eras by reflecting industrialized America. Authors told stories of human nature in novels like Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser. Many artists, such as Winslow Homer, remained tied to the romantic spirit of lush landscapes others broke tradition and redefined the art scene. Many cities "beautified" surrounding by bringing wilderness to the urban landscape. The music scene was also altered, as African American music traveled to the north.

The Gilded Age

75. This religious fervor of the 1630's had three main effects: First, historians believe this religious experience was one of the foundations of the democratization of colonial society that occurred after the 1740's. Second, new sects within the Protestant faith arose as a result of the religious rebirth. Baptists' and Methodists, who emphasized emotion in their sermons, attracted many followers, which led to competition in attracting congregants. Finally Many universities were founded to educate "new Light" ministers who were in high demand.

The Great Awakening

19. This occurred when large numbers of Puritan families ventured across the Atlantic, seeking religious freedom and a fresh start. It occurred in the 1630's and the destination was the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

The Great Migration

7. This was the name given to the plan of President Johnson. He was determined to expand civil rights, cut income taxes, and rid society of poverty. The president was influence by a book by Michael Harrington title The Other America, in which Harrington asserted that 20 percent of Americans and more than 40% of all African Americans lived in poverty. During this time, the president created the Office of Equal Opportunity, Medicare, and Medicaid. Many other laws and programs also took effect

The Great Society

25. This was the original name of War World I. President Wilson believed that it was the "war to end all wars."

The Great War

118. This meeting was comprised of a radical group of New England federalists which met to discuss was to demand the federal government pay them for the loss of trade due to the Embargo Act, Macon's Bill No. 2, and the War of 1812. The group also discussed possible amendment to the Constitution that included a one-term limit for the president a two-thirds vote for an embargo, declaration of war, and admission of two new states; and an end to the Three-Fifths Compromise.

The Hartford Convention

6. This act repealed the discriminatory practices of the quota Acts of the 1920s by allowing first-come, first-serve entrance into the United States. This monumental law helped changed the face of America by allowing millions of immigrants from Latin America and Asia to live in the U.S. over the course of the next four decades

The Immigration Act of 1965

51. This book written by Upton Sinclair was considered by President Roosevelt as a prime example of muckraking. The book, which was written to expose the filthy conditions in which several meatpacking plants were churching out their products, had the nation in a virtual panic.

The Jungle

30. This ordinance required new townships to set aside a parcel of lands for public education and stipulated that the sale of public lands would be used to pay off the national debt. The settlement of the Old North west would thus be orderly in contrast to relatively unorganized settlement in the South

The Land Ordinance of 1785

88. This is the name taken by the group of authors and artists who grew increasing concerned by the influence of money and conservatism on society. This group was made up of authors and poets such as F.S. Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound, and Ernest Hemingway. Artists such as Georgia O'Keeffe and Thomas Hart Benton reacted to the impact of technology and business by painting realist or early surrealist works that portrayed American themes without the glitter of consumerism.

The Lost Generation

100. These bills, proposed by Henry Clay of Kentucky in 1820, allowed for the admission of Missouri as a slave state, while also admitting Maine as a free state, to maintain the balance in the Senate. In addition, slavery would not be permitted in state admitted about the 36˚30' line (with the exception of Missouri, which lay above that line). The compromise was accepted by both North and south and lasted for 34 years. Clay, "the Great Compromiser," had temporarily resolved the intense sectional issue of slavery.

The Missouri Compromise

7. This act gave federal land to states for the purpose of building schools that would teach agriculture and technical trades.

The Morrill Land Grant of 1862

15. Also called the Black Muslims, this religious group followed the teaching of Elijah Muhammad. Members of this group assassinated Malcolm X when he left them.

The Nation of Islam

14. This act proclaimed U.S. Neutrality, but only in name-not in deed. The act provided for the sale of U.S. weapons to European allies on a "cash-and-carry" basis only. In other words, countries such as Britain and France would have to pay cash and provide their own transport for whatever war munitions they bought

The Neutrality Act of 1939

55. This is the name for the period of 1933 to 1935. It began with a banking holiday. President Roosevelt ordered financial institutions to close for two days only those banks that were solvent could reopen their doors. The other banks' assets were seized by the federal government. FDR began his "Fireside Chats" during this time. Several acts designed to assist in the "relief" effort were passed, as well. Beginning what was called an "alphabet soup" of agencies acts like the Public Works Administration, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and the Tennessee Valley Authority were born

The New Deal

52. This antislavery journal, published by Fredrick Douglass, chronicled the ugliness of slavery for readers, and argued that the Constitution could be used as a weapon against slavery.

The North Star

29. This ordinance established guideline for attaining statehood, whereby territories with at least 60,000 people could apply for statehood if accepted by Congress, the new state would have equal status with the other states. Moreover, this ordinance banned slavery north of the Ohio River, thereby guaranteeing future free states in the Midwest

The North West Ordinance of 1787

24. This office produced radio shows and newsreels to keep Americans apprised of the events overseas. Many sat riveted as USO shows from overseas featuring Bob Hope and Francis Langford were broadcast across the nation. Movies of the day often glorified American war involvement, reaching audiences of millions each and every day. Posters and cartoons were created to encourage the adherence to rationing, the saving of grease, and the purchasing of war bonds. This office aimed to keep American moral high and to increase war production.

The Office of War Involvement (OWI)

6. This act approved the building of a transcontinental railroad that would utterly transform the west by linking the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific

The Pacific Railway Act of 1862

74. This 1919 act was the enforcement arm of the Eighteenth Amendment, which establish Prohibition.

The Volstead Act

18. This group, headed by the chief justice, concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone gunman who killed the president.

The Warner Commission

34. This term refers to President Roosevelt's plan of relief, recovery, and reform.

The three R's

83. The assassination of President McKinley amid his second term brought this spirited, progressive vice president into office. This man soon became known as the Progressive's president as he worked on issues ranging from labor disputes to land conservation. He is also often called the first "modern President" in that he actively set an agenda for congress and expected that they listen to his suggestions. His willingness to step in on the side of the working man garnered him enough support to get him reelected on his own right in the election 1904.

Theodore Roosevelt

9. This amendment calls for the abolishment of slavery. President Lincoln worked tirelessly to garner enough votes in Congress to secure passage of what would become this amendment to the Constitution. Sadly, Lincoln was assassinated before this was ratified in 1865. With its ratification, this amendment increased the number of recognized citizens of the United States by about four million. These newly freed African Americans now had to find a place in the American social structure.

Thirteenth Amendment

101. This man was a political cartoonist for Harper's Weekly and became "Boss" Tweed's archenemy as he began to drawing scathing commentaries regarding the machine's corruption and greed

Thomas Nast

48. In 1776, this man, a recent English immigrant to the colonies, published a pamphlet that would shift the radical notion of independence from to the mainstream. Titled Common Sense, the pamphlet used John Locke's natural rights philosophy to justify that the citizens of the colonies were obligated to rebel against the oppression of Britain and that I would be contrary to common sense to allow the injustices to continue.

Thomas Paine

43. In 1979, this nuclear plan in Pennsylvania sent a cloud of radioactive gas into the air. It was soon discovered that in a rush to get the plant on-line, many shortcuts had been taken that ultimately threatened the safety of the plant. Nuclear power was no longer a viable option for most Americans.

Three Mile Island

145. This arrangement started with a conflict regarding geographic proportions. Southern delegates lived in large states with equally large populations of slaves who were not considered citizens. Southerners argued that although slaves could not vote, they still had to be managed by the state and should count as part of the population Northerners, some of whom disliked the practice of slavery, agreed to this compromise in exchange for the passage of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. The result-southern slaves would be counted as a fraction of a citizen

Three-Fifths Compromise.

56. In 1995, the Murrow Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma was attacked by a large bomb that killed 168 people. The bombing was the act of this right-wing extremist.

Timothy McVeigh

39. This slogan was used in the campaign of William Henry Harrison, a war hero, and John Tyler. The pair won, easily defeating Martin Van Buren in the 1840 election.

Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too!

41. This is the name given to the colonists who sided with the British. They were also known as Loyalists.

Tories

56. These acts passed in 1767, brought harsh taxes on goods such as glass, paper and tea. In addition, a board of customs officials was appointed to enforce writs of assistance that allowed a search of colonial homes, businesses, and warehouses for smuggled goods without a warrant. While the colonists felt that any increases in taxes signaled an abuse of Parliament, they were slow to react to these duties as they were external, rather than internal, taxes. Eventually, boycotts of British goods began. Wising to avoid economic troubles, Prime Minister Lord North repealed these acts in 1770.

Townsend Acts

86. This trek occurred in 1838 as a result of the government forcibly removing the Cherokee from the Sate of Georgia. The name of the trek was a result of the fact that some 4,000 Cherokee tribesmen died en route to Oklahoma.

Trail of Tears

58. This group embodied the Romantic spirit of the United States by spurning materialism and embracing self-reliance. The settled in Massachusetts in 1841 to try to live the lifestyle espoused by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Brook Farm was communal effort to practice transcendentalism that collapsed in 1849 due to massive debts

Transcendentalists

107. This treaty, which ended the war of 1812, was signed by American envoys and British diplomats in Belgium in December 1814. The provisions of the treaty provided for the end of the fighting, the return of any conquered territories to their rightful owner, and the settlement of a boundary between Canada and the United States that had been set before the war. Essentially, the war ended in a draw- neither side gained any concessions, restitution or apologies. Most Americans were pleased, however, because they fully expected to lose territory.

Treaty of Ghent

32. This treaty, signed in 1783, was a peace settlement that ended the American Revolution. The treaty included a formal recognition of the United States as a country, a boundary that stretched west to the Mississippi River, and the retention of American fishing rights in Newfoundland. For their part, the Americans agreed to repay debts to British merchants and promised not to punish Loyalists who chose to remain in the United States

Treaty of Paris 1783

16. This treaty, signed in 1905, ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904. Russian and Japan had been feuding over land and ports in Korea and Manchuria. President Roosevelt did not want either nation to win control over the region and approached Japan to assist in the settlement of the war. In 1906, Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in mediating this treaty

Treaty of Portsmouth

9. This was signed between Spain and Portugal in 1494 and decided how Christopher Columbus's discoveries of the New World would be divided. It ensured Spain's claims in the Americas and conquistadores were quickly sent in search of gold and silver.

Treaty of Tordesillas

40. This factory was housed in the top floors of the Asch building in New York City, where women, some as young as 15 years old, were crammed in to work. Windows, doors, and fire exits were completely blocked by people, machines and trashcans. One night in 1911, just before closing a fire broke out in the ninth floor. With no way to escape, many of the young women died in the building while others jumped from windows to the pavement below. After the flames finally tamed, the fired had taken 146 of 500 employees' lives

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

74. This network worked like this: the New England colonies provided timber, fish, and manufactured goods to Caribbean islands in exchange for molasses that would make its way to Africa in exchange for African slaves. Slaves would then eventually make their way to the colonies, thus completing the network

Triangular Trade

105. This theory, subscribed to by Andrew Carnegie, stated that the wealth would eventually reach the lower classes by the spending and good nature of the rich, and therefore befits society as a whole

Trickle-down Theory

122. This war, fought between 1801 and 1905, started when Barbary pirates in North Africa seized U.S. ships traveling in the Mediterranean. Presidents Washington and Adams had pain North African nations a "protection fee" to reduce the number of times U.S. ships would be seized. Once Thomas Jefferson took office, the leader of Tripoli demanded more money. Jefferson refused, sending naval ships to stop the pirates, resulting in a four-year fight. The force was able to put a dent in the work of the pirates and gained the United States credibility overseas.

Tripolitan Wars

95. In March 1947, Truman made this speech where he asked Congress for funding to assist Greece and Turkey in repelling a possible communist take-over. Te president's speech explained that the United States had a duty to give financial assistance to free nations under communist threat. This policy passed its first test, as both Greece and Turkey successfully thwarted communism

Truman Doctrine

137. This is the name given to Frederick Jackson Turner's speech "the Significance of the Frontier in American History," delivered and the World's Colombian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. It argued that the American character was shaped by the existence of the frontier and the way Americans interacted and developed the frontier. But as the Civil War ended and manifest Destiny was complete, there was no longer any part of the continent that Americans had not touched. This was a dangerous time for American's in Turner's eyes he felt the frontier encouraged democracy.;

Turner's Frontier Thesis

115. In 1804, this amendment to the constitution called for electors to the electoral collect to specify which ballot was being cast for the office of president and which was being cast for the office of president and which was being cast for the office of vice president. The tie vote that occurred in 1800 between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr would not happen again under this new amendment

Twelfth Amendment

123. This was the country's first billion-dollar corporation and was created by J.P. Morgan. Still headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, it today remains one of the world's top producers of steel products.

U.S. Steel

19. This Union general fought his way through Kentucky and Tennessee, and participated in a bloody battle at Shiloh in April 1862. By the spring of 1863, he controlled the city of New Orleans and almost the entire Mississippi River region. To complete the removal of the confederates, he launched attack on Vicksburg. Union forces lay siege for seven weeks on the fortified city. Another turning point for the Union, it now controlled the length of the Mississippi River and the surrounding regions. It was this general who surrounded General Lee when he surrendered

Ulysses S. Grant

48. An elaborate network that helped fugitive slaves flee the United States or at least to reach Free states.

Underground Railroad

46. In 1913, President Wilson persuaded Congress to pass this bill. It imposed the first permanent federal income tax on the well-to-do. The income tax had a strong constitutional leg on which to stand, since the 16th Amendment had made federal income taxes legal.

Underwood Tariff Bill

112. This railroad began building it portion of the transcontinental railroad starting in Council bluffs, Iowa, and moving westward. The rail lines on the Central Pacific and this railroad finally met in May 1869 at Promontory Point, Utah, just above the Great Salt Lake.

Union Pacific

62. This group was officially recognized after the congress of Industrial Organizations organized a "sit-down strike" of assembly line employees in the General Motors plant in Flint, Michigan, in 1937. When the government refused to intervene between labor and management, the companies reluctantly went to the bargaining table and recognized this group as an official party with which to negotiate contracts. The group did not fare as well at the Ford plant, however, as they were driven away violently before they could strike.

United Auto Workers (UAW)

22. At the Yalta Conference, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin created a skeleton for this organization. Finally chartered in October 1945, this organization set to work to combat nationalism and aid countries under threat of invasion.

United Nations

83. This group, formed by a young Jamaican immigrant named Marcus Garvey, encouraged African Americans to from a spate community from white society. Garvey eventually advocated a "Back to Africa" movement in which African Americans would board his ships and set up a new life and a new country. Unfortunately for the movement, Garvey was arrested and convicted for tax fraud and deported back to Jamaica in 1929. The movement collapsed as a result.

United Negro Improvement Association

114. With it ruling on this case in 1895, the Supreme Court further weakened the Sherman Antitrust Act. The court interpreted the commerce clause of the constitution to exclude manufacturing, thus rendering Congress incapable of regulating that sector of the economy. In essence, the Sherman Antitrust Act had no teeth, and businessmen found ways to skirt its penalties.

United States v. E.C. Knight

18. This is the name given to the May 7, 1945, when the Allies claimed victory in Europe.

V-E Day

17. This is the name given to the August 14, 1945, when the Allies claimed victory in Japan. This came as result of the dropping of two atomic bombs (one in Hiroshima, the other in Nagasaki) in early August. Although this day is celebrated on August 14, Japan did not formally surrender until September 2, 1945.

V-J Day

110. In this business tactic, an owner single-handedly controls every aspect of the production process for a product. Andrew Carnegies used this tactic in steel production. His company did everything from the mining of the ore, to the distribution of the final product to the customer.

Vertical Integration

13. This is name for the South Vietnamese fighters.

Vietcong

63. This process was Nixon's plan to turn the war over to those who should be fighting in it- the Vietnamese. This process involved the U.S. military instructing the South Vietnamese on how to go about fighting the war on their own. The number of U.S. troops in the country slowly decreased. Within the span of three years, the number of U.S. troops in Vietnam decreased from over to 500,000 in 1969 to just under 30,000 in 1972.

Vietnamization

7. This company was established in 1607. Lead by Captain John Smith, its first venture was to create a colony in Jamestown (in the New World) in order to find gold, Christianize the natives, and secure a passage to India. More importantly, the company gave settlers a charter that guaranteed them the same rights as their fellow citizens in the Old World, thus setting the foundations for the American Revolution

Virginia Company

148. This plan, presented on May 29, 1787, by Edmund Randolph and delegates from larger sates, called for representation in both houses to be based solely on population or proportional representation

Virginia Plan

83. This act made literacy tests illegal and more or less nationalized the voter registration system in states where African Americans were denied voting rights

Voting Rights Act of 1965

75. This Harvard educated man disagreed vehemently with Booker T. Washington. This man believed that African Americans should demand nothing less than social and political equality with whites only then would blacks gain economic success. In 1905, he held a meeting in Niagara Falls to discuss possible forms of protest and to formulate a plan of action. This group, called the Niagara Movement, joined forces with other concerned African Americans and whites to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) on February 12, 1908

W.E.B. Du Bois

151. This bill, passed in 1864 by both houses, required that 50% of southern State voters take the oath of loyalty and allowed only those citizens who had not been active members or supporters of the confederacy to approve of the new state constitutions. Exercising his executive power, President Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill by refusing to sign it until after Congress had gone on recess.

Wade-Davis Bill

50. This book, written by Henry David Thoreau, chronicled his self-initiated experiment where he excused himself from society by living in seclusion in the woods for two years.

Walden

32. This board, headed by Bernard Baruch, sought to control production, wages, and prices of manufactured goods, while the U.S. was mobilizing for war.

War Industries Board

68. This act, passed by Congress in 1973, repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. This act severely limited the president's ability to wage war without the consent of the legislative branch

War Powers Act

32. This Court was one of the most liberal in history. In Brown v. Board of Education, its ruling overturned the decision of Plessy v. Ferguson. The Court decision read that "separate facilities were inherently unequal" and had no place in public education. The court soon ordered the desegregation of all public school facilities with "all deliberate speed." Due to another of this court, the Little Rock School board finally integrated the public school. The court also ruled that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional

Warren Court

93. Joseph Stalin formed this alliance in 1955, which provided the military protection but at a cost-once a country was a member, it could never leave the alliance.

Warsaw Pact

89. This political party, originally known as the National Republicans, supported Henry Clay. (As opposed to the Democrats who supported Andrew Jackson.) This party's ideology, which mirrored the long-lost platform of the old Federalist Party, was specifically founded to oppose Andrew Jackson

Whigs

82. Under President Harding, Secretary of State Charles Evan Hughes organized this conference in 1921 and 1922 to address security issues during the delicate post war peace. At this conference, several treaties were signed between the countries present- Belgium, China, France, Portugal, Japan, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United States-to limit the expansion of arms and build territorial respect among all present.

Washington Disarmament Conference

151. This event took place as a result of the tax which was imposed on the whiskey backwoods farmers distilled to supplement their incomes. Some of these farmers violently protested the tax by tarring and feathering tax collectors or destroying public buildings. President Washington immediately sent a militia to quell this protest.

Whiskey Rebellion

25. This is the name given to the trend of American cities being drained of upper-and middle class white families. In their place, poor and minority families and singles moved in. Once booming downtown areas in cities such as Chicago and Detroit became rife with crime and poverty. Businesses often moved their headquarters out of the city and into the suburbs where workers lived, leaving empty building behind.

White Flight

57. Winner of the 1992 presidential election, this man worked to reform health care and the welfare system. He was challenged by a disunited government-Congress sat in Republican hands. He and House Speaker Newt Gingrich were headed for a showdown, as the president threatened to veto the Republican budget and force closure of the government offices until a new budget was created. Republicans were ultimately forced to back down, opening the doors for this president to emerge unscathed as he compromised to pass a federal budget.

William (Bill) Clinton

49. These documents, related to the Townsend Acts, allowed customs officials to search colonial homes, businesses and warehouses for smuggled goods without a warrant from a judge.

Writs of Assistance

37. This anti-imperialist formed an organization to publicly oppose U.S. expansion. He is also famous for making the "Cross of Gold" speech.

William Jennings Bryan

26. This couple was appointed by Parliament as the expected successors of King James II. Colonists expected them to rule less directly than James II however, Parliament continued to restrict self-rule of the colonies.

William and Mary

42. This amendment, proposed by a Representative of the same name, aimed to forbid slavery in the new land acquired by the war with Mexico. The final bill passed through the House but failed in the Senate. More importantly, this amendment signaled the start of an even deeper crisis that would pit the North against the South over issues of slavery, state's rights, and representation

Wilmot Proviso

58. This is a term used to describe a situation that occurred in Wisconsin. Wisconsin was the first state in the Union to institute direct primaries in which state voters nominatedtheir own slate of candidates, as opposed to the prior selection of the party ticket by the state legislature. This set the pace for the other states to adopt reform laws with regard to taxes, representation, and commerce regulation

Wisconsin Experiment

93. This organization, along with Francis Willard, gave the temperance movement new life in 1874 by lobbying for laws to prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages. They believed prohibition would cure society of a variety of ills, particularly poverty.

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

28. Some 260,000 women enlisted as members of this group, as well as the Women's Army Corps (WAC), and the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS) These women supported the war effort by flying supply missions, decoding codes, and repairing machines. By the war's end, almost 16 million men and women had served in some capacity in the war effort

Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service (WAVES)

29. Some 260,000 women enlisted as members of this group, as well as the Women Appointed for voluntary emergency Service (WAVES), and the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS). These women supported the war effort by flying supply missions, decoding codes, and repairing machines. By the war's end, almost 16 million men and women had served in some capacity in the war effort.

Women's Army Corps (WAC)

27. Some 260,000 women enlisted as members of this group, as well as the Women Appointed for voluntary emergency Service (WAVES), and the Women's Army Corps (WAC). These women supported the war effort by flying supply missions, decoding codes, and repairing machines. By the war's end, almost 16 million men and women had served in some capacity in the war effort

Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS)

8. This counterculture festival occurred in 1969 on a ram in New York State. Hippies gathered at the concert for a three-day party that involved sex, drugs, and rock and roll. Artists such as Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin wowed the crowed that lived together in the dirt and mud of the farm. Young people found a connection with the work of folk singers such as Bob Dylan and Joan Baez whose protest songs galvanized the counterculture.

Woodstock

78. In this 1832 court case, Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the state could not restrict the tribe from inviting outsiders into its territory, thus nullifying Georgia state laws within Cherokee territory. President Jackson was incensed and allegedly said, "John Marshall had made his decision now let him enforce it." Jackson believed that I was his duty to enforce the constitution as he interpreted it. Unfortunately for the Cherokee, the federal government did not come to their aid. By 1838, all of them were forcibly removed from the state of Georgia.

Worchester v. Georgia

44. To encourage more public works projects and the employment of "nontraditional" workers such as artists, writers, and young people, this program employed Americans to build bridges, refurbish parks, write plays, and paint murals.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

1. This legal action means that the federal government cannot hold an individual in jail without levying charges against him or her

Writ of Habeas Corpus

150. This event occurred when John Adams sent a delegation to Paris in 1797 in order to negotiate agreement wherby French vessels would stop seizing American vessels. As the delegation arrived in France, they were approached by three French agents who demanded a large sum of money as a loan and an additional bribe from the American delegation just for the opportunity to speak with French officials. The delegation refused to comply, and word of the incident quickly spread across the Atlantic. Federalists called for immediate military action. An undeclared naval war, or "quasi war," ensued.

XYZ Affair

6. This is the term given to a kind of writing that radically alters the truth of stories in an effort to sell more papers. The origin of the term was a popular color comic strip called "Yellow Kid" that ran exclusively in Hearst's paper, which often resorted to this kind of writing.

Yellow Journalism

104. Many prospective employers made their employees sign this document, also called an "ironclad oath." By signing this document, the worker agreed not to join a union as a condition of employment

Yellow-dog Contract

71. This war broke out in October 1973 between Israel and the coalition of Syria and Egypt. The war was over quickly, as the aid from the U.S. greatly boosted Israeli forces.

Yom Kippur War

16. This violent uprising occurred when sailors roamed the streets of Los Angeles and Long Beach looking for young "zooters"-Mexican American teens who wore long coats, flashy colors, and long hair styles. The sailors beat the young men, ruined their clothes, cut their hair, and even raped their female companions.

Zoot Suit Riots