AP World AP Exam

Magna Carta

"The Great Charter"; kep king from being an absolute ruler, moved towards checks and balances and people start taking power

Mughal Empire

"mongols", one of the nomads who invaded the Indian subcontinent in the 16th century and established a powerful empire there; Muslim govt ruling over Hindus; founded by Babur; leaders/kings were called sultans

Glasnot

"openess", aimed to open Soviet society by introducing free speech and some political liberty, ending party censorship; huge break with the past and very successful; helped lead to the downfall of the USSR

Quipus

"talking knots" which were a form of Inca record keeping; usually consisted of colored, spun and plied thread of string from llama or alpaca hair; aided in collecting data and keeping records, ranging from monitoring tax obligations properly collecting census records, calendrical info, and military organization; maintained numeric and other values other values encoded by knots in a base 10 positional system; coud have a few or up to 2000 cords; use finely carved wood as a supplemental and perhaps more sturdy base on which the color coordinated cords would be attached; none have been decoded

Ibn Battuta

(1304-1369) Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time; wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan; writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period

Zheng He

(1371-1433) Chinese naval explorer who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa collecting tributary states for Ming China; described as a "unique" admiral; commanded a fleet of 300+ ships with 27,000+ people; visited 37 countries

Prince Henry

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire; school for sailors and sponsored early voyages of exploration; patron of exploration; promoted exploration of the western coast of Africa; AKA Prince Henry the Navigator

Similarities of Rome & China

(PERIOD 2) invested heavily in public works to integrate their domain militarily and commercially; invoked supernatural sanctions to support their rule; politically, both established effective centralized control over vast regions and huge populations; language served important roles

Long term impact on west africa

(of the slave trade); economic stagnation and political disruption without a strong role in the Afro-Eurasian trade; Africa unplugged from world trade- sand routes and islamic trading networks simply destabilized and collapsed as Europeans sailed around the continent, elimination of Islamic and North African "middleman" created a transfer of wealth to Western Europe and devastated the economy and culture of Africa and later Islamic world, and opened the door to corruption, slavery, and later colonization of Africa

Boxer Rebellion

1898-1901 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils"; caused by the general failure of "self-strengthening" policies; led by militia organizations called Society of Righteous and Harmonious fists; killed lots of Europeans and Chinese Christians while also laying siege to foreign embassies; ended when Western powers and Japan invaded Beijing to crush the rebellion; resulted in a huge payment/debt being bestowed on China; showed how dependent China was on others

Nuremberg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood; deprived Jews of their citizenship and civil rights; prohibited Jews from marrying non-Jews (i.e Aryans); kicked Jews out of their professions and took their property

Sassanid Empire

224-651 CE; last of the Persian empires; the collapse of the Sassanids was one of the primary factors in the rapid spread of Islam

Parthian Empire

247 BCE - 224 CE; much smaller than that of the Achaemenids; Parthians were the archrivals of Rome and defeated them in Rome's early attempts at eastward expansion

trans-saharan slave trade

A fairly small-scale trade that developed in the twelfth century C.E., exporting West African slaves captured in raids across the Sahara for sale mostly as household servants in Islamic North Africa; the difficulty of travel across the desert limited the scope of this trade

Patriarchy

A form of social organization in which males dominate females; suggested causes include: men became more associated with civilization & women with nature causing men to want to conquer women, men became warriors in the constant warfare which elevated their role in society, and women took on more secondary tasks and childbearing which were centered at home; also the labor in farming was heavier, more suited for men; theme throughout all the periods of history

Tax farming

A government's use of private collectors to collect taxes; Individuals or corporations contract with the government to collect a fixed amount for the government and are permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amount

Norte Chico

A region along the coast of Peru that possessed a highly-developed urban culture as early as 2500 B.C.E. Characterized by massive stepped pyramids and extensive use of cotton; in the Andes mountains; domesticated the llama/alpaca

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India; characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms (Brahman); contributed to the development of the social and political roles of a caste system; importance of multiple manifestations of Brahma; Vedas and Upanishads were the important texts that taught reincarnation, karma, and atman

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country; caused European rivals to build empires in their competitive quest for power; religion contributed to this b/c a nation can become unified under one religion once it has powerful enough ideas to convert enough people in one nation; govts instilled this in citizens by sponsoring public rituals

Junk

A very large flat bottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires; specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.

Brahman

A single spiritual power that Hindus believe lives in everything; a god that takes many different shapes; two of his forms are Vishnu the Creator and Shiva the Destroyer

Jamaica Letter

A was a document written in Jamaica by South American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar where he famously expanded his views on thee independence movement in Venezuela and the way the government under the way they tried to operate

Greek rationalism

A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms; new and innovative form of thinking allowed scholars to look into human behaviors, from logical systems of ethics in daily life, and distinguish knowledge from opinion

Causes of the French Revolution

Debt of French government for helping American Revolution; wars of Louis XIV and the Palace of Versailles; inequality of Old Order (3 Estates); Enlightenment ideas

Niger Valley civilization

Distinctive city-based civilization that flourished from about 300 B.C.E. to about 900 C.E. in the floodplain of the middle Niger and that included major cities like Jenne-jeno; the Niger Valley civilization is particularly noteworthy for its apparent lack of centralized state structures, having been organized instead in clusters of economically specialized settlements; caste system based on occupation (where you live in town determined by occupation i.e ironworkers lived together, weavers lived together, etc)

English colonies

Eastern North America and caribbean; north colonies focused on trade and fishing, needed little slaves; south colonies had plantation economies and used many slaves; worst relations with Natives, and had frequent conflicts with them; had the "undesirable" land left over bc they were "late" to the exploration game; settlers went to great lengths to categorize people by race

Mahayana Buddhism

Also known as popular Buddhism, is allows people more ways to reach enlightenment and bodhisattvas can help you reach enlightenment; not a single group but a collection of Buddhist traditions: Zen Buddhism, Pure Land Buddhism, and Tibetan Buddhism; spread more North

Europeans in the slave trade

European demand for slaves was clearly the chief cause of the trade; from the point of sale on the African coast to the massive use of slaves labor on American plantations, the entire enterprise was in European hands; tried to exploit African rivalries to obtain slaves at the lowest possible cost, and the firearms that they funneled into West Africa may well have increased the warfare from which so many slaves were derived

Manchu

Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire; descendents of Mongols

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism; were allowed in China due to their usefulness as mapmakers, astronomers, etc for about 150 years

Christopher Columbus

First explorer to reach the Americas; thought it was India; his journey set the stage for the Columbian Exchange;

Umayyad Caliphate

First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750); From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled one of the largest empires in history that extended from Spain to India; Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate

Sufism

An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a; followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin; popular during 9th and 10th centuries; women had option to be Mullahs

Vikings

Invaders of Europe that came from Scandinavia; caused the militarization of Europe; unique ships; discovered and settled Greenland and Iceland

Islam vs. Hinduism

Islam - believed in equality of all believes; Hinduism - caste system

Jus gentium vs jus civile

Jus gentium- law of all nations; universal principles for all people Jus Civile- civil law; laws/punishments could differ from place to place, depending on cultural norm

Communism

Karl Marx; communist manifesto; command economies (govt makes all economic decisions); no private property or ownership; goal is economic equality and classless society; totalitarian states; economic competition is bad

Apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas; kept white minority in power (were descendents of colonizers)

Ashoka

Leader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism; made rock edicts that reflected the teachings of Buddhism; converted after conquering the Kalingas very violently; helped Buddhism stay around/ made it popular again which helped it stay around in the modern age

Europe after Rome

Magyars, Vikings (mainly), and muslims terrorize Europe; society turned highly localized = fragmented, decentralized, and competitive

Shay's Rebellion

Massachusetts; farmers couldn't pay tax = their land was taken from them; large factor in change of govt

Leaders of the French Revolution

Maximilien Robespierre, Georges Danton

First Six Civilizations

Mesopotamia (Sumer, Babylon, Ur), Nile River Valley (Egypt, Nubia, Meroh), Indus River Valley (Mohenjo Daro and Harappa), Yellow River (Shang dynasty), Norte Chico (South America), and Olmec (father of Mayan and Aztec)

Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican priest who led peasants in call for independence and improved conditions

Sunni Islam

Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership; liked the first rightly guided caliphs; The majority religion in most Islamic countries

"The sick man of Europe"

Nickname given for Ottoman Empire b/c it was no longer equal or superior to Western Europe by end of 19th century; Ottoman Empire had long been losing land to Western, Christian powers; Regions under their control also started earning independence; Ottomans losing structure, more warlords were taking control and Janissaries were losing edge; Tech and military gap growing with West; Europeans continued to take Ottoman territory and loosen their power; nationalism growing among different regions

Leif Ericson

Norse explorer; 1st European to land in North America, 500 years before Christopher Columbus

Sulieman the Magnificent

Ottoman Turk leader who modernized the army and conquered many new lands, and extended the Ottoman empire in the mid 16th century; under him, Ottomans reached a cultural golden age, created a legal code, and conquered Eastern Europe; was religiously tolerant, but enforced jizya and had religious groups live in millets

Differences in Islamic empires

Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal- had Turkic origins; Ottoman and Safavid- ruled the heartland of the Muslim world vs the others where Islam was the minority religion; Safavid- imposed Shi'a Islam on everyone; Ottomans were by far the best out of all of them and were religiously tolerant

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804; Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814; Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile; had an unsuccessful conquering of Russia

Patricians vs. Plebeians

Patricians: The wealthy, hereditary aristocrats during the Roman era Plebeians: All non-land-owning, free men in Ancient Rome

Mulattoes

People of African and European descent; same level as Mestizos

The renaissance

Period 4; focused on affairs of this world rather than the spiritual world; da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Shakespeare

Warring States Period

Period in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos; during this period Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism arose as possible solutions to the war and chaos

Persian vs. Greeks

Persians failed at invading Greece; failure didn't hurt Persians but Greek victory confirmed their view that Greek freedoms strengthened their will to fight; led to 20th century perception of East/West divide in which Europe (the West) represented freedom and Asia (the East) represented despotism; 50 years following Greco-Persian wars= high point for participation in Athenian democracy= "Golden Age of Athens"; led to Peloponnesian War

Bartholomew dias

Portuguese; First European to sail around the southern tip of Africa (Cape of good hope); violent storms prevented him from reaching India

Chinampas

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields; "floating gardens"

Sepoy Rebellion

Sepoys were Indian troops who served in the British army; 1857; against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny

Jose de San Martin

South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru

Creoles

Spaniards born in Latin America, below the peninsulares in rank and in opportunities; eventually revolted bc they were tired of being oppressed by the peninsulares

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish Explorer who discovered and named Florida while searching for the "Fountain of Youth"

hernando cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico; killed montezuma II

Russian Revolution of 1905

Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country's defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China; major achievements: most impressive maritime expeditions the world had ever seen, efforts to eliminate all signs of foreign rule (mongols), Emperor Yongle (1402-1422) sponsored an 11,000 volume Encyclopedia summarizing wisdom of the past, promotion of Confucian learning, and reestablished the civil service exam system

Causes of American Revolution

Taxation; British Demands for Colonists to pay for cost of French and Indian War; British mercantilist policies (use of colonies for financial benefit of the mother country); Enlightenment ideas/ representation in government

Dependent development

Term used to describe Latin America's economic growth in the nineteenth century, which was largely financed by foreign capital and dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions

9/11

Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon; led to a focus on eliminating terrorism = Middle Eastern wars (Iraq, Afghanistan, etc)

pantheism

The belief that God and nature are one and the same; divine reality exists in everything; ex: Hinduism's Brahma

Agricultural Revolution

The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between around 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. (AKA the Neolithic Revolution); occurred first in the Middle East with the domestication of grains; first domesticated animal was the dog; used crop rotation to keep the soil fertile enough for continued growth

Oracle bones

The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period; people would write a question on these bones and then throw them into a fire and interpret the popping noises as answers

Olmec

The first Mesoamerican civilization; 1200 and 400 B.C.E.; central Mexico; intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction; later would spawn the Mayan and Aztec civilizations; famous for the big heads they constructed

varna

The four major social divisions in India's caste system: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class

Opium Wars

Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mind 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium; China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes; unequal treaties; Britain easily won bc they had iron ships and industrialized weapons

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator

Distinguishing Changes in Period 5

West (Europe and the U.S.) becomes the major player/force in world events; Beginning in the early 1700s, Europeans truly had a hold on colonies around the world; World trading networks were dominated by the West, but they still impacted the world; Countries are either industrialized and have economic development or they don't; Political, social, and economic revolutions swept the world during this time period (i.e Enlightenment, American and French Revolutions, Haitian Revolution, Industrial Revolution, Rise of Capitalism and Adam Smith, Unification of states (Germany, Italy, United States), Nationalism, Imperialism, and Colonialism)

Maximilien Robespierre

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution; his execution ended the Reign of Terror; "The incorruptible"; He set out to build a republic of virtue; beheaded so many people and imprisoned many more

Daosim

a Chinese philosophy concerned with obtaining long life and living in harmony with nature; follow the Dao or cause chaos; influenced the development of medical theories and practices, poetry, metallurgy, and architecture; Laozi was the founder; centers on the Dao- the original force of the cosmos that is an eternal and unchanging principle that governs all of the workings of the world

Iroquois Confederacy

a historically powerful and important northeast Native American confederacy; influenced the development of the Articles of Confederation and the U.S constitution but that isn't 100%; gave expression to values of limited government social equality and personal freedom concepts that some European colonists found highly attractive

Yellow Turban Rebellion

a major Chinese peasant revolt that began in 184 CE and helped cause the fall of the Han Dynasty; inspired by Daoist teachings; goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony

Mandate of Heaven

a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source; can be lost b/c of natural disasters

The Analects

a record of the words and acts of Confucius and his disciples

Hippocrates

a very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-370 BCE); regarded as the father of medicine

Plantation Complex

agricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of North America; Brazilian and Caribbean ones had more slaves than the ones in southern USA because of sugarcane

Indus River Valley Civilization

an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River in what is now Pakistan and western India; too main cities were Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro; writing hasn't been deciphered = little is known; urban planning- positioned to have natural AC, sewer system that carrier waste away, and little large construction; advances in irrigation, ceramics and construction; traded with Mesopotamia; abandoned after 1900 BCE either due to natural disaster, earthquake, or invasion; peaceful society (little to no weapons found)

China

based along the Yellow River; earliest Chinese Civilization under the Shang Dynasty; mandate of heaven for rulers; oracle bones found demonstrating their language; if natural disasters occur, the ruler loses the mandate of heaven

Middle-class values

belief system typical of the middle class that developed in Britain in the 19th century; it emphasized thrift, hard work, rigid moral behavior, cleanliness, and "respectability"

Portuguese and Indian Ocean

built a trading post empire bc didn't have a large army and navy that could control territory; had several ports including Luanda, Mombasa, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Sofala, and Delagoa Bay; attempted to control the Indian Ocean trade; they partially realized their goal of creating a trading post empire that controlled the commerce of the Indian Ocean, and they never succeeded in controlling more than half of the spice trade to Europe

Guptan Inventions

built huge Buddhist monasteries; had many scientific technological breakthroughs- concept for zero, heliocentricity, chess, base 10 numerals, etc

Devshirme

captured Christian boys, forced them to convert to Islam, and then trained and educated them

Meroe

city in southern Nubia that was the center of Nubian civilization between 300 BCE and 100 CE; evolved into its own civilization that was heavily influenced by Egyptians but steadily moved away; recognized by the Romans as one of the top three powerful civilizations in the known world; downfall caused by the Axum rising, Egyptian trade shifting from Nile to Red Sea = resources available to Menroe rulers diminished and state weakened; also caused massive deforestation due to their need for wood to make charcoal for smelting iron

Axum

classical-era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished from 100 to 600 CE

Matthew Perry

commodore of the US Navy who opened up Japan with the Treaty of Kanagawa

Chinese Communist Revolution

ended in 1949 (had been officially delayed by WWII; political revolution in China led by Mao Zedong; several years of fighting the Guomindong (Nationalists), the communists won control of the country; unlike Russia, didn't know Marx's works at all, so they made their own brand of communism; drew on heavy support from peasants

Europe and Indian Ocean Commerce

factors leading to it: improved maritime technologies, high demand for spices, desire to spread Christianity, and desire of European monarchs to increase their wealth and power; Driving factors: desire for spices, Chinese silk, Indian cottons, rhubarb, emeralds, rubies and sapphires, recovery from Black death, resent of Muslim control of flow of products, dislike of Venice, discover/ally with Christian kingdom of Prester John, need to secure gold and silver, and mercantilism

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

first European to travel across the isthmus of Panama and see the pacific ocean (peaceful ocean)

Clovis Culture

first clearly defined and widespread cultural tradition in Americas; emerged 13,000 years ago and spread rapidly; camped along rivers, springs, and waterholes where large animals gathered; hunters of very large mammals such as mammoths and bison; Clovis points were defining trait; abruptly the culture disappeared 11,000 years ago most likely due to the extinction of many large animals like the mammoth

Amerigo Vespucci

first to show that where Columbus landed was not Asia, but a new, unknown part of the world

trading post empire

form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples

Buddhism spread

from India to Northern China across the Silk Road, and from there to Korea and Japan; merchants were Buddhist and wanted to build their karma by building monasteries in oasis towns

Sudan

from the Arabic term for "land of black people," a large region of West Africa that became part of a major exchange circuit via the sand roads; another kingdom kickstarted by trans-saharan trade

Africans in the slave trade

from the point of initial capture to sale on the coast , the slave trade was normally in African hands; African elites and merchants secured slaves and brought them to the coast for sale to Europeans waiting on ships or in fortified settlements; Africans who were transported as slaves also played a critical, if unwilling and tragic, role in the trade

Charter

government granted them trade monopolies and the power to make war and govern conquered people

Socialism

govt is more involved in the economy; there is private property and ownership, but the govt controls major industries; welfare states (provide for the needs of people); higher taxes; govt owns and operates major industries; competition is regulated in major industries, but is encouraged for small businesses

Bantu expansion

gradual migration of Bantu-speaking peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria and the Cameroons into most of eastern and southern Africa, a process that began around 3000 BCE and continued for several millennia; the agricultural techniques and ironworking technology of the Bantu-speaking farmers gave them an advantage over the gathering and hunting peoples they encountered

Mongol accomplishments

greatest land based empire in history; fostered far greater contact between Europe, China and Islamic world; used elaborate census taking and systematic trade; gave lower administrative posts to chinese and Muslim officials; practiced religious toleration; unified a divided China; built new capital-Khanbaliq (city of Khan, now Beijing)

Hitties

group of people who lived in modern-day Turkey and northern Syria; used the fearsome new tech of horse-drawn war chariots to conquer many people; first to develop iron tools and weapons; tried to keep their blacksmithing secret by not letting blacksmiths leave

Shia Islam

is the belief that the caliph should have Muhammad's blood (be a relative of Muhammad); were upset that Abu Bakr was 1st caliph; minority among muslims; gave women option to be Mullah

silk roads

land-based trade routes that linked Eurasia; areas along road gave a variety of goods; languages, bronze metallurgy, horse-based tech, etc were all; Byzantine, muslim Abbasid, Tang Dynasty all greated continuous belt of strong states & later the mongols would cover whole route; Camels helped transport goods; nomadic groups hired to help merchants carry their products and protect merchants

Chinese Revolution of 1911

leaders: Sun Yat Sen and Yuan Shikai; causes: British imperialism, inequality, injustice, and Enlightenment; effects: Set up for 1949 Communist Revolution led by Mao Zedong; beneficiaries: Chinese people (not Manchus), Chinese merchants, and warlords

Berbers

north African traders who spread Islam to west Africa

Muhammad Ali

not the boxer; Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century; ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions; descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952

Divine Kingship

notion in many ancient societies, such as Egypt and Mesopotamia, that the king represents divine power to the human realm; type of monarchy were the king (or pharaoh) is considered a god

Goods along silk road

obviously most traded was silk as it was often used as currency; transported bamboo, gunpowder, paper, horses, horse tech, slaves, and copper vessels as well; most items were luxury due to the high costs

15th century China and Europe

political consolidation occurred in both (china- unitary and centralized govt that encompassed almost whole of its civilization; Europe- decidedly fragmented system of many separate, independent states); both experienced cultural flowering, but European Renaissance was more different from past than Ming's was; both sent out ships to explore the wider world, but purposes were different (china-tributary; Europe- colonies and trade routes)

Portuguese Decline

portuguese economy was overextended; asian states such as Japan, Mughal India, and the sultanate of Oman actively resisted Portuguese commercial control, and other European states such as France, Spain, the Netherlands, and England actively contested Portugal's attempts to monopolize the spice trade

Portugal

power came from exploration and colonization; important in the early slave trade; first to set up trading centers along Africa's coast and to trade directly eith India and China through maritime trade

England

power from trade and colonization; mercantilism; long history of constitutionalism

Chiefdoms

ruled by a class of chiefs with political and military power ruled over a mass of commoners; hierarchy social structure; popular in the Pacific Islands; agricultural societies, so had all the characteristics of others like metallurgy, unequalitarism, and decreased health from agriculture

Qing Dynasty

ruling dynasty of China from 1644 to 1912; the Qing rulers were originally from Manchuria, which had conquered China

Henry Hudson

sailed for both the Dutch and English; looking for a Northeast route to Asia; discovered many waterways of North America (Hudson river)

Indian ocean trade route

sea roads; world's largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 CE, Indian Ocean commerce stretched from southern China to eastern Africa and included not only the exchange of luxury and bulk goods but also the exchange of ideas and crop; made effective mostly because of the strong, predictable monsoon winds; many societies were shaped by being along this route; big export along this route was spices

Encomienda

system employed mainly by the Spanish during colonization of the Americas to establish regular Native American labor, mostly farming and mining; the Spanish Crown granted Spaniards a number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility; theory was that Spaniard was to protect natives and educate them in Spanish language and catholic faith in return for tribute; reality was little difference between this and slavery

Cultivation system

system of forced labor used in the Netherlands East Indies in the 19th century; peasants were required to cultivate at least 20 percent of their land in cash crops, such as sugar or coffee, for sale at low and fixed prices to government contractors, who then earned enormous profits from further sale of the crops

Zoroastrianism

system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster; a monotheistic religion that influenced Judaism and Islam, and then via Judaism, Christianity; Ahura Mazda (good god) vs Angra Mainyu (evil god)

Jizya

tax that had to be paid on non-Muslims within the Muslim empires (umayyad caliphate); incentive for non-muslims to convert

silver drain

term often used, along with "specie drain," to describe the siphoning of money from Europe to pay for the luxury products of the East, a process exacerbated by the fact that Europe had few trade goods that were desirable in Eastern markets; eventually, the bulk of the world's silver supply made its way to China

Natural rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property; promoted by John Locke

Teotihuacan

the largest city of pre-Columbian America, with a population between 100,000 and 200,000; seemingly built to a plan in the Valley of Mexico, Teotihuacan flourished between 300 and 600 CE, during which time it governed or influenced much of the surrounding region; the name Teotihuacan is an Aztech term meaning "city of the gods"; best known for heavily influencing the Aztecs who came after them

Montezuma II

the last Aztec emperor in Mexico who was overthrown and killed by Hernando Cortes; at first, accepted Cortes as a god and gave him gold and silver as he requested; overtime, tried to resist Cortes, but Cortes persuaded him to tell everyone to listen to Cortes; In response, the aztecs stoned montezuma to death

Maya

the major classical civilization of Mesoamerica; flourished from 250 to 900 CE; mysteriously ended, but was most likely due to extended drought, overpopulation, overuse of environmental resources

Columbian Exchange

the massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of exploration and colonization; Europe/Africa provided people, diseases, wheat, rice, sugarcane, grapes, many fruits & vegetables, weeds, horses, pigs, cattle, etc; America provided corn, potatoes (which were revolutionary), cassava, tobacco, chocolate, etc

Punic Wars

three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 BCE, that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean

Hadith

traditions passed on about the sayings or actions of Muhammad and his immediate followers; these rank second only to the Quran as a source of Islamic law; developed more negative images of woman; most reliable ones gathered into books (Sunnis have 6 and Shi'ites have 4)

Persian empire

unified by Cyrus the Great; imperial political system that comprised of Mesopotamian polities, including the Babylonian and Assyrian empires; larger than its predecessors; stretched from Egypt to India (about 35 million people); featured an elaborate cult of kingship in which the emperor was secluded in royal magnificence and was approachable only through an elaborate ritual; absolute ruler possessed divine right from Ahura Mazada (official religion was Zoroastrianism); used satraps to rule individual provinces; used spies to monitor satraps; policy of respect for non-persian cultural traditions

Spain

unified by the marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand; wealth came from exploration and colonization; expelled muslims and jews; inquisition; Spanish control of Laton America; decimation of Native Americans; beginning of American slave trade

Tang and Song Dynasties

used/created porcelain, printing, gunpowder, compass, junk boat, and astrolabe; big supporters of trade = helped development of Indian Ocean trade

Caesoropapism

was when the ruler would be the head of state and religion

Han China

(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity; developed chinese bureaucracy and expanded the land/empire; continued the centralization of the Qin Dynasty; fall came bc attacks by militarily superior horse-mounted steppe invaders equipped with strong bows; internal revolts due to increased taxes and weakening central authority; weak emperors and a corrupt bureaucracy

Qin Dynasty

(221-207 BCE) The first centralized dynasty of China that used Legalism as its base of belief; created a bureaucracy which had power granted by the emperor; built roads and bridges, constructed defensive walls, standardized, currency, weight, writing and measurement

Gupta Empire

(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta; known as overall peaceful, tolerant and prosperous; cultural "Golden Age", flourishing of art, literature, temple building, science, math, and medicine; trade with China thrived and elements of Buddhist and Hindu culture spread to SE Asia; Indian commerce reached Roman Empire

Plato

(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection; founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world; widely considered the pivotal figure in the development of Western philosophy

Neo-Confucianism

(Period 4); term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the Tang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism

Four Noble Truths

1) life is suffering 2) suffering is caused by false desires for things that do not bring satisfaction 3) suffering may be relieved by removing desire 4) desire may be removed by following the Eightfold Path

Marco Polo's travels

1271-1295; most celebrated traveler of the Silk Road in the West and the book written about his travels to China made the west more aware of older Eastern civilizations

The Great Peace

15th century or earlier; the bringing together 5 distinct nations in the southern Great Lakes area into a "Great League of Peace"; these 5 nations included the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk tribes

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary; Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism; Believed in a classless society via violent overthrowing of the govt

Taiping Rebellion

1850-1864; culmination of China's internal crisis; set fire to most of China; rejected Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism; embraced unique form of Christianity; bloodiest Civil War in world history; leading figure = Hong Xiuquan (self-proclaimed brother of Jesus); didn't want to restore ideal Chinese society; wanted genuine revolution/ "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace"; called for abolition of private property, radical redistribution of land, end of prostitution and opium smoking; wanted to organize society into sexually segregated military camps of men and women; promoted women rising in society; against feet binding, promoted women getting equal shares of land, ability of women to take civil service exams, and no arranged marriages; had only short reign of power (15 yrs) as divided leadership created hole for pro-Qing forces to take power back

Crimean War

1853 war between Russia and Ottomans over territory around the black sea; Russia (Peter the great) wanted warm water ports; Britain and france helped ottomans defeat russia; 1st war the women served as army nurses; 1sr war covered by newspaper correspondents

Achamenid Empire

550-330 BCE; reached its height under Cyrus the Great; at its peak it encompassed present day Iraq, Syria, Israel, Anatolia, Egypt, Arabian peninsula, central Asia, and Macedonia; conquered by Alexander the Great

Aristotle

A Greek Philosopher; taught Alexander the Great; founded his own school, the Lyceum, in Athens, where he spent most of the rest of his life studying, teaching and writing

Legalism

A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service; ignored morality in their harsh ruling styles; created in response to Daoism

Ancient Greece (Period 2)

A civilization that lasted from the 8th/6th century BCE to 600 AD; conquests by Alexander the Great of Macedonia, Hellenistic civilization flourished from Central Asia to the western end of the Mediterranean Sea; Classical Greek culture, especially philosophy, had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire; Classical Greek is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation of modern Western culture; thirst for knowledge and truth= rise of greek philosophy that developed non-supernatural/spiritual explanations for the world

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union; nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years; proxy wars-> Korean War, Vietnam conflict; Cuban missile crisis; Berlin Wall; caused US to adopt domino theory and containment

Jihad

A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal; Take part in this is sometimes considered the sixth pillar

Scientific revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs (i.e the world isn't flat and gravity)

Mestizo

A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry; literally means mixed; on the same level as mulattoes in the social hierarchy of spanish colonies

Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius; shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct; preaches respect for your elders; you should follow a list of rules to make you a good person

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land; big in 8th and 9th centuries

Appeasement

Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict; IT NEVER WORKS; Britain and France did this with Hitler at first until he decide to take Poland; League of Nations as a whole did this with both Japan and Germany leading up to the war

Capitalism

Adam Smith (father of this); increase wealth and maximize profits; little govt involvement; unequal distribution of wealth, large gap between rich and poor; economic competition is good for consumers; free market; individuals keep profits; supply and demand determine prices

Buddhism

Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC; four noble truths; believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering through the Eightfold path; Two different forms: mahayana and theravada

Phoenicia

ALPHABET CREATORS

Slave trade and African society

Africa became a permanent part of an interacting Atlantic world, both commercially and demographically; Atlantic slave trade slowed Africa's population growth at a time when the populations of Europe, China, and other regions were expanding; the slave trade in general stimulated little positive economic change in Africa and led to the economic stagnation; led to considerable political disruption, particularly for small-scale societies with little central authority that were frequently subject to slave raids; some larger kingdoms, such as Kongo and Oyo, also slowly disintegrated bc of the slave trade; in other regions, like Benin and Dahomey, African authorities sought to take advantage of the new commercial opportunities to manage the slave trade in their own interests

Islam spread

Africa, Europe, India, the Malay peninsula, and china; spread shortly after Muhammad's death via war, conquest, and trade; sand roads led to the spread of this culture from North Africa to West Africa

African Colonization

Africa- British controlled much of the Africa including Egypt and lots of the lower half (i.e South Africa); Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Belgium and Spain all controlled countries; France had 2nd largest land-amount; colonization of lots of Europeans throughout Africa & people would naturally merge with African society; "Scramble for Africa"; Many natives lost their lives; rivalries arose between countries over what belonged to who

Greek Philosophy

Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BCE and continued through the Hellenistic period; ethics, metaphysics, ontology, logic, biology, rhetoric, and aesthetics; three big figures were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle; said there were rational explanations for the world; emphasized argument, logic, and questioning of received wisdom; patriarchal

Mita

Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations; labor services; set basis for encomienda system later

Chavin

Andean town that was the center of a large Peruvian religious movement from around 900 to 200 BCE

Assyrians

Assyrian soldiers were equipped with the latest weaponry, including barbed arrows, catapults, and siege machines; soldiers were professional soldiers; ruthless battle tactics and horrific treatment of captives; Assyrians tortured their captives, including: flaying (cutting skin into strips and pulling it off a living victim); beheading; impaling (inserting a sharpened stake beneath the rib cage of a living victim piercing vital organs); burning people (usually babies and children) alive; severing hands, feet, noses, ears, tongues, etc; gouging out eyes

Athens vs Sparta women

Athens- way more restricted/were expected to remain in the house and only poor women worked; in legal matters, women had to represented by a guardian (man) Sparta- most freedom out of all the classical civilizations; main job was to have boys but were expected to be fit and athletic; could divorce and remarry, in fact it wasn't uncommon

Pan-Pacific similarities

Austronesian language group, Tatau Body Art, the ocean was their major source of food, but they still farmed and raised animals, had chiefdoms of various types that were patriarchal (exception: Hawaii), practiced rituals to avoid harm, and had trade routes spanning many islands; most significant result of trading = voyagers brought South American sweet potatoes and bottle gourds to Rapa Nui, Hawaii, and New Zealand

Mesopotamian city-states

Babylon, Sumer, Ur, Uruk, Kish; there was a clear social division between them; provisions for these were provided by farmers; had specialized labor; religion played a large role in these societies

Sharia

Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life; no legal system in place during Muhammad time; slowly developed laws to govern social and religious life

Portuguese Colonies

Brazil; focused on production of sugarcane; received the largest number of slaves

Causes and Effects of the Great Depression

Causes- Factories and farms produce more goods than people can buy; Banks make loans that borrowers cannot pay back; After the stock market crash, many businesses cannot find people who will invest in their growth; consumers started spending less; WWI made debts (especially in Germany) huge Effects- Many banks fail; Many businesses and factories fail; Millions of Americans are out of work; many are homeless and hungry; Families break up and people suffer; unemployment reach record highs around the world

Causes and Effects of the Haitian Revolution

Causes- French mercantilist policies; Enlightenment ideas; harshness of slavery Effects- Model for Latin American revolutions; Benefitors: At First-creole elite: plantation owners and merchants, Then-slaves, maroons, people of color with property

Causes and effects of WWII

Causes- Global and local economic problems, totalitarian governments, Germany's aggression in Europe, and Japanese aggression in Asia and the Pacific Effects- US became a world super power; nationalism increased, return to general normalcy, Germany embarrassed, less US intervention worldwide, Holocaust/Israel, better relation w/ south and Latin American countries, Cold War, NATO, United Nations, modern warfare tactics, Israel-Palestine struggle, and the Great Depression pretty much ended

Charlemagne

Charles the Great; one of history's greatest kings; his desire to promote learning led to what has been called the Carolingian Renaissance; renewed Latin culture and classical works; Ruler of the Carolingian Empire (768-814)

Kulaks

Class of rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labour; began to resist giving up all their property to the govt; when govt came to take their collectives, they burned their crops, smashed their equipment, and slaughtered their livestock; killed 1/2 of soviet horses and 2/3 of sheep and goats; Stalin order a "liquidation" of them; over 8 million of them were arrested, and many were killed or were sent to slave labor camps

Theodosius

Emperor of the Roman Empire who made Christianity the official religion of the empire; last emperor to rule over both the eastern and the western halves of the Roman Empire; helped end the persecution of Christians and help Christianity flourish

"Gunpowder Empires"

Empires in older civilization areas gained new strength from new technologies in weaponry; Based their new power on "gunpowder"; they still suffered from the old issues that had plagued land-based empires for centuries: defense of borders, communication within the empire, and maintenance of an army adequate to defend the large territory; By the end of the era, many were less powerful than the new sea-based kingdoms of Europe; ex: Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal

New Technology Period 4

Europeans made innovations in mapmaking, shipbuilding, sailing techniques, and knowledge of wind and ocean currents; all enabled Europeans to get farther in the Atlantic Ocean

Roman Empire

Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE; Conquered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe; Ruled by an emperor; Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity; grew from monarch to republic to empire

Rome

Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE; Conquered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe; Ruled by an emperor; Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity; grew from monarch to republic to empire

Ferdinand Magellan

First to circumnavigate the globe

Leaders of American Revolution

George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, etc

Akbar the Great

Greatest Mughal ruler; known for religious tolerance; ended the jizya in Mughal empire; was a great military leader

polis

Greek City States

Hoplites

Greek foot soldiers; men who could afford armor served in military

Trireme

Greek ships built specifically for ramming enemy ships; pride of Athenian navy

Reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire

High taxes, series of bad emperors, constant attacks from outsiders, Inflation, rebellions between the rich and poor, Empire was too big to protect, Plague, religious strife caused by the Christians, government corruption, assassinations, Diocletian divided the empire, the declining population and lessening salary, it became harder to recruit soldiers, corruption

Tiananmen Square Massacre

In 1989, demonstrators peacefully assembled to push for greater democracy in China; when the demonstrators refused to disperse the government sent in troops and tanks

Filial Piety

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors

Asian Colonization

India- conquest of India grew out of the early interactions with European trading firm; Gradual conquest started w/ British East India Company; easy to conquer India because of the lack of unity after the fall of Mughal Empire; overall colonial takeover was slower/more gradual than that of Africa

Ottoman Empire

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia; After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922; It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe; from Constantinople they launched raids into the Balkans of Europe; under Suliman, conquered land from 3 continents; launched siege of Vienna which was a turning point in expansion and European unity against muslim invaders; used an extensive civil service and bureaucracy; janissaries; merchant class were important; mainly Sunni muslims but had great diversity bc of land they conquered; women had more equality than other areas, including the right to own property; ended after WWI and was weakening before that; aka "Sick Man of Europe"

Treaty of Tordesillas

Line of Demarcation was about half way between the Cape Verde Islands, which were already Portugeses, and the islands discovered by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage and claimed for Spain; Spain had access to more land than Portugal and will acquire the largest land-based empire in the Americas

Yuan Dynasty

Mongol dynasty that ruled China from 1271-1368; name = "great beginning"

Brahmins

Priests, at the top of the caste system; had the highest power/ranking in society; were the closest to enlightenment in Hinduism

Constantine

Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE; issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians; founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire; helped spread Christianity throughout the entire Roman empire and made Europe predominantly Christian

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337); extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 on which he established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world by giving away gold and silver so much that it caused a 50 year economic depression; richest man ever in history

Abbasaid Caliphate

Second major islamic caliphate after Umayyad; allowed non-Arabs to play a prominent role in society; restrictions on women grew

Dhow

Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail (lanteen) and a sewn timber hull

Sati

The Indian custom of a widow voluntarily throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband to kill herself

Reasons why US entered WWI

The sinking of the Lusitania and the Zimmerman Note

African diaspora

name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade

Atlantic Slave Trade

had many distinctive features, including the immense size of the traffic in slaves, the centrality of slavery to the economies of colonial America, and the prominence of slave labor in plantation agriculture; for the first time in slavery history, there was a distinctive racial dimension, as Atlantic slavery came to be identified wholly with Africa and with "blackness"; distinctive was the treatment of slaves as a form of dehumanized property, lacking any rights in the society of their owners, and the practice of slave status being inherited across the generations with little hope of eventual freedom for the majority; particularly ironic is the fact that American slaveholding took place in the only society, with the possible exception of ancient Greece, that affirmed values of human freedom and equality while permitting widespread slavery; the Atlantic slave trade did possess some similarities with other patterns of slave owning, including the acquisition of slaves from Africa: the enslavement of outsiders and other vulnerable people, and the fact that slavery was a common practice since the earliest civilizations

the Middle Way

in Buddhism, a way of life, neither too strict nor too easy

Indian Rebellion, 1857-1858

massive uprising of much of India against British rule; also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny from the fact that the rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ

Middle Passage

name commonly given to the journey across the Atlantic undertaken by African slaves being shipped to the Americas

Social Impact of the Black Death

Demand for laborers for higher pay; peasant revolutions; increase in per capita production

Israelites

Descendants of Abraham who left Mesopotamia and settled in Canaan; God's chosen people; also known as Jews; fled from captivity in Egypt during Exodus with Moses

Mongol empire

an empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan; vast transcontinental empire that connected east & west with an enforced Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace); allowed trade, technologies, commodities (trade), and ideologies; split into Il Khan, Golden Horde, Chagodai, and Yuan Dynasty after death of Genghis

Common features of empires

controlled large areas and populations; were brought together by conquest and funded in part by extracting wealth from conquered peoples; stimulated the exchange of ideas, cultures, and values among the peoples they conquered; sought to foster an imperial identity that transcended more local identities and loyalties; all ultimately collapse

Crusades

crusades benefitted Italian port cities and trade; caused first Jewish Holocaust; caused feudal system to collapse; led to creation of 4 strong nation-states: Portugal, Spain, England, and France; Europeans learned new tech (plantations from Middle East), and Muslim Scholarship; hardened cultural barriers between Orthodox and catholics; European empire building starts (uses "God Wills It" excuse); funds/causes the Renaissance; proved politically or ideologically important worlds of Europe and Islam have collided

Ivan the Terrible

earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed, even killing his own son; expanded eastward through Siberia, drove out nomads, and tried to limit the power of Russian nobles (boyars)

Goods along sand roads

most traded good was gold; West Africa also traded salt and slaves along the trans-saharan route; other goods included ivory and kola nuts; goods were highly priced because of the difficulty and length of the trip

Indian ocean commercial network

the massive, interconnected web of commerce in premodern times between the lands that bordered on the Indian Ocean (including East Africa, India, and SE Asia); the network was badly disrupted by Portuguese intrusion beginning around 1500

Black Death

the name given to the massive epidemic that swept Eurasia in the 14th century CE; it may have been bubonic plague, anthrax, or a collection of epidemic diseases; wiped out 1/3 of Europe with the bubonic plaque; often blamed on the mongols who brought the rats who carried fleas to areas where Italian merchants traded; Italian merchants would accidently bring these infected rats to Europe; Mongols were indirectly the causes b/c they promoted more trade

Spread of disease

"Pax Mongolica" allowed disease to spread along Silk Road (bubonic plague); followed Mongols from central Asia to China (kills 1/2 population; plague-infested rats traveled to Europe on ships, killing 1/3 of population; the animals (rat and flea) carried the infection; diseases that spread included smallpox and measles too

Cuban Revolution

(1958) A political revolution that removed the United States supported Fugencio Batista from power; led by Fidel Castro who became the new leader of Cuba as a communist dictator; communist island in the western hemisphere; Cuban Missle Crisis

Mauryan Empire

(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya; impressive political structure that was similar to Persian, Chinese, and Roman empires but not as long-lasting; large military which consisted of 600,000 infantry soldiers, 30,000 calvary, 8,000 chariots, 9,000 elephants; large amount of spies to provide rulers with local information

Peloponnesian War

(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north; opened the way for Macedonia (Alexander the Great) to conquer Greece

Socrates

(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes; Greek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth

Great purges

(AKA the Terror); in late 1930s; massive attempt to cleanse the Soviet Union of supposed "enemies of the people"; nearly a million people were executed between 1936 and 1941; 4 million or 5 million more were sentenced to forced labor in the gulag; these "enemies" identified by Stalin's secret police

samsara

(Hinduism and Buddhism) the endless cycle of birth and suffering and death and rebirth

Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II

(Mehmed the Conqueror) The Ottoman campaign culminated in 1453 when this leader captured the Byzantine capital of Constantinople

Differences of Rome and China

(PERIOD 2) Rome = assimilated more cultural traditions (ruled as distinct minority); relied more on regional elites and the army to provide cohesion; developed elaborate body of law applicable equally to all people China= culture was model which achieved more cultural homogeneity; language served as an instrument of elite assimilation; relied on a civil service system; developed elaborate bureaucracy

major environmental changes in New World

(Period 4); 1) Soil exhaustion - Plantations in the Americas tended to rely on single crops, a process that depletes the soil of nutrients, and since land was plentiful, often the planters just moved on to clear more land. For example, in the Caribbean, instead of rotating sugar with other crops, planters found it more profitable to clearly new lands when yields began to decline. Eventually, they moved on to other islands; 2) Deforestation - The Spanish first cut down forests in the Caribbean to make pastures for the cattle they brought, and deforestation accelerated when more areas were cleared for plantations. In North America, shipbuilding in the northern English colonies took its toll of forests. In all of the Americas, the forests near the coasts were the first to go, so that deforestation was significant in many areas by 1750; 3) Deforestation was also taking place in Europe during this period. Timber was needed for ships, buildings, wagons, barrels, and many other items. The Little Ice Age that began in Europe during the 1590s made wood shortages worse. People burned wood to keep warm, and by the mid-17th century, forests were growing scarce and wood prices skyrocketed. This wood shortage encouraged the use of coal for fuel, and since England had coal in great supply, deforestation almost certainly helped their economy grow. However, deforestation had many negative effects, especially on the poor; 4) The Little Ice Age spread as far as China, where it caused hardship that led people to rebellion and discontent, a condition that contributed to the mid-17th century demise of Ming China

major population shifts

(Period 4); A rise in the population of Europe - Europe's population had been decimated by the 14th century plague epidemic, so during the 15th and 16th centuries, population levels were growing to match previous levels. A decrease in the population of the Americas - This trend may run counter to common knowledge, but it does reflect the decimation of Amerindian populations by their encounters with Europeans. For example, in the late 15th century North America had almost 4 million people, Mexico had more than 21 million, the Caribbean and Central America each had almost 6 million, and South America (Andes and Lowlands) had almost 30 million. By 1700 the entire western hemisphere had only 13 million, a decrease from 67 million or so in 1500; No overall population decrease occurred in Africa - Again, counter to common belief, the slave trade did not decimate the populations of Africa. By 1700 Africa had more than 60 million people, almost doubling their population in 1000. To be sure, some areas of Africa did reflect huge population losses, and logically those were places where the slave trade was most vigorous. Because the Atlantic trade was so much larger than the Saharan trade, areas most affected were along Africa's west coast, such as the Gold Coast and Slave Coast to the north, the Bight of Biafra in the middle, and Angola in the south. Between 1000 and 1700 C.E., the populations of Asia - including the Middle East, Indian, and East Asia -more than doubled to a total of about 415 million. Clearly, overall world population grew, and the majority of people by the end of the time period still lived in the Middle East and Asia

Russia

(Period 4); Russia started to just now begin to participate in global commerce bc Russia had to reorganize politically after the Mongol threat was over, they conquered Siberia, and in this period, Russian monarchs wanted to expand their territory and become involved in the wealth available by participating in global commerce

cause of environmental changes in new world

(Period 4); The Columbian Exchange almost certainly caused some environmental changes that help to explain the population trends listed above. For example, maize and cassava (a nutritious plant used in modern day in tapioca) were transported by Portuguese ships from Brazil to Angola in southwest Africa. Angolans cultivated the crops, which adapted very well to their land. Some historians believe that this exchange provided the base for the population increase that followed, despite the fact that many Angolans were captured and deported to the New World as slaves. Likewise, the Andean potato eventually became the staple for poor people in Europe, sustaining population growth despite the number of people that began to migrate to the New World

Rise of Atlantic slave trade

(Period 4); the rise was explained by immense difficulty and danger of the work, the limitations attached to serf labor, and the general absence of wage workers all pointed to slavery as the only source of labor for sugar-producing plantations; the cutting off of the supply of Slavic slaves, the demographic collapse of Native American population, and the Christian faith of marginal Europeans left Africans as the only viable source of slaves for the plantation economies of the Americas

End of classical empires

(Rome, Han China, and Gupta India)- outside/nomadic invasion, too big (overextension of boarders), disease, and social tensions

Five Relationships

(confucianism) 1. husband and wife 2. parent and child 3. elder and younger brother 4. ruler and Minister or subject 5. friend and friend

Shi Huangdi

(r.221-210 BCE) The first emperor of the Qin Dynasty who believed strongly in Legalism and sought to strengthen the centralized China through public works; name means "first emperor"; was buried with thousands of statues of his soldiers

Merchants in china

(period 2) viewed as unproductive, making a shameful profit over hard workers; stereotyped as greedy; also seen as threat to elite

slavery in rome

(period 2); 40% of population; slaves could own slaves; most were POWs or bought from pirates on Mediterranean or east african coast

slavery in india

(period 2); criminal, debtors, and POWs commonly enslaved; state required owners to provide for needs of slaves and prohibited them from abandoning slaves in old age

slavery in ancient greece

(period 2); was 1/3 of Athens population; poor had 1-2 slaves, wealthy could have thousands; many earned freedom, but were never given rights or citizenship

advantage Europe had

(period 4); Marginality, geography, wealth & states, rivalry, merchants, religion, and technology

Unification of Germany

(period 5); 1871; started by Otto von Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 that expelled Austria from German politics and resulted in North German Confederation and legalization of Bismarck's previous spending; concluded with war with France; Bismarck used his policy of "blood and iron" to unite the German states under Prussian rule

weakening of ming

1)Climatic change - A broad change of climate swept from Europe to China during the 1600s, with the weather turning much colder. This change seriously affected agriculture and health, and also contributed to serious famine across China. These conditions led frustrated peasants to frequent rebellion. 2) Nomadic invasions - The 1500s saw the reemergence of the Mongols as a regional power, this time with the help and support of Tibet. In gratitude, the Mongols bestowed the Tibetan leader with the title of Dalai Lama, or "universal teacher" of Tibetan Buddhism. The Japanese also attacked Korea, a Chinese tributary state, requiring Ming armies to defend the area. 3) Pirates - As sea-based trade became more and more important, the number of pirates also increased in the Chinese seas, just as they did in the Americas. Pirates were both Chinese and Japanese, and they lay in wait for ships going in and out of Chinese ports. 4) Decline of the Silk Road - After so many centuries, the famed Silk Road trade finally fell into decline during this era. New technologies and European control meant that more and more trade was conducted by water, and land-based trade decreased. 5) Inept rulers - The last emperors lived in luxury in the Forbidden City, and had little to do with governing the empire. For example, the last emperor was so disengaged that he did not know that he was under attack until the enemy literally was climbing over the palace walls

Satrap

A governor of a province in ancient Persia

Christianity

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior; believed in ten commandments; Legalized in Rome by Edict of Milan; centered in Israel; appealed to lower classes; had monasticism and asceticism; God is engaged in history and demands social justice; tests translated into Arabic and influenced later Muslims; Ark of Covenant

Daoism

A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature; believed the best life is one of willful ignorance, seeking no knowledge, and avoiding involvement in politics; recognizes no law; main test was the "Dao de Jing"; wanted to live simply; believed in a nameless, shapeless, creative force in the universe, the wu wei-interaction, that education corrupts the mind, that behavior should be in harmony with nature, if people cease striving for glory, riches, etc there would be no war, no envy, and less suffering; founder was laozi

Sack of Rome

August 24, 410; city was attacked y Visigoths led by Alaric I; major shock for the Romans as it was the first time in almost 800 years that Rome had fallen to an enemy

East India Company

British East India company and Dutch east India company; british trading posts in India soon became colonies (Mumbai, Calcutta, Madras); Dutch practiced "trade by warfare" while the British seeked permission by Mughal to use Indian market; Dutch focused on Indonesia, & British on India; both slowly evolved into more conventional forms of colonial domination; both private companies; British stayed on the coasts; Dutch were more violent in conquest of spice islands; have laws that say you can only sell goods to country of colony; had Charters

Theravada Buddhism

Buddhist sect that focuses on the wisdom of the Buddha; considered closer to the original teachings of the Buddha; more traditional route; more popular in southern Asia

Causes and effects of WWI

Causes- Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism (MAIN); also the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Effects- high casualties, land destroyed, German's economy destroyed, unrest in colonies, political unrest, Hitler, etc

Causes and Effects of Latin American Revolutions

Causes- Napoleon's invasion of Spain and Portugal; Spanish mercantilist policies; Enlightenment Effects- Set up for later revolutions in Latin America b/c the rights and needs of the lower class and people of Native American and African descent were ignored; beneficiaries: Creole elite (i.e plantation owners and merchants)

Causes/Effects of Industrial Revolution

Causes- the population growth and an energy crisis; scientific revolution; enlightenment; competition; large coal deposits; wanted more revenue; factors of production (land, labor, and capital); stable govt Effects- increased global population; labor unions and political parties; environmental problems; middle class rises; businesses influence govt; capitalism, communism and socialism; labor and environment laws; rise in the number of universities; gov opportunities for women; immigration; rise of suburbs and transportation systems

Causes/Effects of Imperialism

Causes- want money, resources, power, etc; industrial revolution; racism; social darwinism; nationalism; European competition Effects- want money, resources, power, etc; industrial revolution; racism; social darwinism; nationalism; European competition

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence; During the war, the United States supported Filipino general Emilio Aguinaldo in his efforts against the Spanish colonial government

Inca vs Aztec

Inca empire- much larger than the Aztec (almost all Andes), built a more bureaucratic empire (more of a state-controlled economy), govt played a major role in both production and distribution of goods, and authority of the state penetrated and directed society and economy far more Aztecs- controlled only part of Mesoamerican cultural region, Mexica rulers largely left their conquered people alone and no elaborate admin system arose to integrate conquered territories or to assimilate, extracted substantial tribute from its subjects, and system of commercial exchange that was based on merchants and free markets

Spanish colonies

Latin America, Florida, and southwest USA; main activity/job was mining for gold and silver (Potosi); consisted of plantation economies (encomiendas); consisted of a lot of missionaries

Five Pillars of Islam

Proclamation that Allah is the one true God and that muhammad is the messenger of Allah, Prayer-5 times a day, Give to the poor (almsgiving), Fast during Ramadan, and Go on a pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)

Effects of the French Revolution

Revolutionary ideas spread across Europe inspiring other revolutions and demanding changes; Middle Class benefited heavily; minorities (Jews & Protestants) also benefited; freedom of religion

Spain and the Philippines

Spain established themselves on Philippines to try to catch up with Portugal; Philippines named after Spanish king Philip II; Spanish established an outright colonial rule instead of a trading post empire; Conquest and colonization was largely accomplished from Mexico and involved small military ops, gunpowder weapons, local alliances, gifts & favors to chiefs, and the pageantry of Catholic ritual; takeover was relatively easy and bloodless; became the only major outpost for Christianity in Asia; Spanish practices were mirrored from the Americas; Women lost their major roles as spiritual specialists, healers, etc causing some Filipinos to either flee to mountains and revolted or fled to Manila

Franscisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador; defeated the Inca and killed Atahualpa

Early Qing Dynasty

The Manchus (from Manchuria) finally overthrew the Ming Dynasty in 1644; had been asked by the Mings to help fight off the Mongols and the Japanese; After fighting the Mongols and Japanese off, they decided to take China as their own.; called themselves the Qing ("pure") Empire because they saw themselves as restoring China to glory; ruled China until 1911, and in the years before 1750, the empire was very strong; emperors ruled under many of the same precepts that China had always had, such as the Mandate of Heaven, which they saw as justification for their takeover; did keep their ethnic identity, forbidding intermarriage between Manchus and Chinese; outlawed the Chinese from learning the Manchurian language, and they required Chinese men to shave their heads and grow long queues at the back of their heads as a sign of submission; Despite the problems that China faced as a land-based Gunpowder Empire, the early Qing Dynasty ruled over a "golden age" of Chinese civilization; Two of its early emperors had long and prosperous reigns: Kangxiand Qianlong; Kangxi was an enlightened, brilliant ruler whose many talents illustrate the era; He was a Confucian scholar, poet, and supporter of education, but he was also a conquering warrior who understood the importance of war; China was so prosperous in these early Qing days that Qianlong cancelled taxes on several occasions because the government simply didn't need the money

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America; Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia; Bolivia is named after him

Bhagavad Gita

The most important work of Indian sacred literature; a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit; a book in popular Hinduism that was a response to Buddhism; made reaching moksha easier; the eternal message of spiritual wisdom from ancient India; means "the song of god/the lord"

Meiji restoration

Western countries had made several unequal treaties with Japan, causing a Civil war that resulted in a young group of samurai taking over; restored power to 15 year old emperor (Meiji); new ruler eliminated the shogunate and the samurai (and Japanese feudalism as a whole); goal was to save Japan from foreign domination via transforming Japan using elements of the West; committed to decisive break with pst via industrialize and modernize; reforms were defensive as they felt their independence was in danger; students from Japan studied abroad and brought in foreign advisors; created Parliament and constitution (Britain), public school system (USA) , and modernized military (Prussia)

Alexander the Great's Empire

a huge empire that spread from Egypt in the west to India in the east; he kept control of his vast empire bu encouraging the intermarriage to foreign women, maintaining the framework of Persian administration, he adopted Persian customs, and he established Greek-style cities

Enlightenment

a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly; major catalyst for many revolutions around the world; methods and questions of the Scientific Revolution were applied to human society

Cartaz

a pass that the Portuguese required of all merchant vessels attempting to trade in the Indian Ocean

Little Ice Age

a period of unusually cool temperatures that lasted for most of the early modern period (1450-1750); scholars suggest causes included low points in sunspot activity and increase in volcanic eruptions; impact included record cold winters, growth of Sahara, farmines, droughts, epidemics, uprisings, and wars

Ghana, Mali, Songhai

a series of important states that developed in western and central Sudan in the period 500-1600 CE in response to the economic opportunities of trans-Saharan trade (especially control of gold production)

Caste System

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society; justified by Hinduism

Jesus of Nazareth

a teacher and prophet born in bethlehem and active in nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity; born Jewish and believed he was the son of god; Christians believe he is the Messiah; peaceful teachings; didn't start out to start a religion; only active for about 3 years before being crucified by the Romans; became more popular after death

Sand roads

a term used to describe the routes of the trans-Saharan trade in Africa; arabian camel made it possible to make the long treks; different environments along the road = many different goods; Islam was most prevalent cultural change; created new kingdoms and cities in Africa interior whose economy was based on trade; gender hierarchies along this route weren't as rigid as in Eurasia

Dutch trading companies

acted to control not only the shipping but also the production of cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and mace; with much bloodshed, the Dutch seized control of a number of small spice-producing islands, forcing their people to sell only to the Dutch; On the Banda Islands, the Dutch killed, enslaved, or left to starve virtually the entire population and then replaced them with Dutch planters, using slave labor force to produce the nutmeg crop; the local economy of the Spice Islands was shattered by Dutch policies, and the people were impoverished; the British established three major trading settlements in India during the 17th century: Bombay, Calcutta and Madras; they secured their trading bases with the permission of Mughal authorities or local rulers; british traders came to specialize in Indian cotton textiles and hundreds of villages in the interior of southern India became specialized producers for the British market

Feminism in the 20th century

advocacy of the rights of women to be equal with men in all spheres of life Western culture is more personalized movements, while global south's movements involve the assimilation of women in greater social roles; suffrage in early 20th century;

Egypt

built on the banks of the Nile = "Gift of the Nile"; Nile was center of their society, provided travel and communication; south Nile - upper Egypt, north Nile - lower Egypt; easy agriculture due to the regular and yearly flood of the Nile; used excess leisure time from easy farming to make great constructions; state centered on pharaoh; patriarchal society; divine kingship; literacy drove admin system; hieroglyphs; taxes collected by govt

Paleolithic era

called the old stone age (from the stone tools and weapons they used); the world's population was very small, all small hunter-gatherer bands, men and women were equal (egalitarianism), nomadic culture, and created cave paintings; contrary to popular belief, worked less than farmers on average

common features of civilizations

cities are administrative centers (capitals), political system based on control of territory, not kinship groups, specialized/non-food jobs, status based on wealth (hierarchy), monumental building, system of permanent record keeping (language), and advances in science & art

Similarities of Atlantic Revolutions

democratic revolutions (i.e their overall thrust was to extend political rights further than ever before); inspired by the Enlightenment belief that political and social arrangements could be improved by human action; influenced subsequent movements that spread through Europe in the 19th century; challenged the absolute and divine authority of monarchies

American Web

describes the network of trade that linked parts of the pre-Columbian Americas; although less intense and complete than the Afro-Eurasian trade networks, this web provided a means of exchange for luxury goods and ideas over large areas; mainly exchanged culture through slow cultural diffusion; also known at American Network; maize was diffused across the americas via this route; sweet potatoes were also diffused into the Pacific islands

European exploration motives

desire for wealth from trade, search for converts to Christianity and recruitment of possible Christian allies against Muslim powers; sought to monopolized by force the commerce of the Indian Ocean and violently carved out empires in the Americas; had interest in overseas expansion (colonies); exploration went on after 1433 unlike the Chinese

Chivalry

developed in 11th and 12th century under influence of the church; an ideal of civilized behavior among the nobility; knights were to defend the Church and defenseless people, treat captives a honored guests and fight for glory, not for material rewards

Fur trade in America

did bring some benefits: trade of pelts for goods of real value, enhanced influence and authority for some Native American leaders, and ensured the protection of Native Americans involved in the fur trade, at least for a time, from kind of extermination, enslavement, or displacement that was the fate of some native peoples elsewhere in the Americas; negative impact: exposing Native Americans to European diseases and generating warfare beyond anything previously known, left Native Americans dependent on European goods without a corresponding ability to manufacture the goods themselves, and brought alcohol into Indian societies, often with deeply destructive effects

Limitations of the Mongols

did not have major cultural impact of the areas they conquered; did not try to spread their ancestor worship/shamanism to others; mostly interested in exploiting conquered people; culture today largely confined to Mongolia; the last great nomadic state; success was due to well-led and disciplined army; siege warfare experts

Chinese exploration motives

didn't need military allies, required little trade, and had no desire to convert foreigners to Chinese religion or culture = mainly wanted to obtain tributary states and show off how great they were to the rest of world; exploration also stopped abruptly in 1433

Americas' agricultural revolution

differed from the agricultural revolutions of the rest of the world; didn't have the native animals to domesticate, the only animal domesticated was the llama/alpaca in south america; corn was cultivated from a plant with an inch cob to a six inch cob; used terrace farming

Japanese Feudalism

emperor (has no real power) -> shogun (has the real power) - hereditary -> daimyo (the lower nobles under the shogun) -> samurai (knights)

Wudi

emperor under the Han Dynasty that wanted to create a stronger central government by taking land from the lords, raising taxes and places the supply of grain under the government's control; began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats

Protestantism

encouraged reading of the Bible was dominant form of Christianity in British colonies; Women adn families accompanied men to British America and the cultural expectation was reading and interpreting the Bible

Peter the Great

greatest tsar; wanted to Westernize Russia = grand embassy; passed laws regulating dress and grooming, introduced potatoes, started the navy, started newspapers, gave women more rights, and took control of Russian orthodox church; built St. Petersburg and made it capital bc wanted a warm water port

Greeks

hundreds of independent city states (polis); not an empire but had colonies throughout Mediterranean and Black seas; unique ideas of citizenship, of free people running the affairs of the state, and of equality for all citizens before the law; Athenian democracy was direct rather than representative

The "three obediences"

in Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first to her father, then to her husband, and finally to her son

"Ritual purity"

in Indian social practice, the idea that members of higher castes must adhere to strict regulations limiting or forbidding their contact with objects and members of lower castes to preserve their own caste standing and their relationship with the gods

Tokugawa Shogunate

military rulers of Japan who successfully unified Japan politically by the early 17th century and established a "closed door" policy toward European encroachments

Positives of Imperialism

larger empires that had many advantages (able to collect more information from the large population and arrange it to make scientific improvements in the societies they were creating & also able to spread better education and policies to lands that previously did not); Countries/tribes became more advanced (creating a more diverse society with the mix of cultures); Basically, the large empires formed from imperialism led to safer and more powerful countries and new cultures that emerged from different races living together

Spread of Islam

many people willingly embraced it, really good at war and fighting which convinced many conquered people that Allah was a powerful/good god to follow, and taxed people who didn't practice islam; didn't separate "church" and state; tolerant of other religions; Incentives: earliest slaves and converts were slaves and POWs who gained freedom by converting, converts didn't have to pay jizya, Islam favored commerce, and social climbers were helped by conversion

Scramble for Africa

name used for the process of the European countries' partition of the continent of Africa between themselves in the period 1875-1900

Ramayana

one of two classical Hindu epics telling of the banishment of Rama from his kingdom and the abduction of his wife by a demon and Rama's restoration to the throne

Llamas

only domesticated animals in the Americas as Americas don't have native horses, donkeys, etc; part of the reason culture was spread as they weren't good for long distance trade or travel

Great Schism

orthodox church split from Catholic Church; split because Byzantines weren't a fan of the Pope having so much power, Byzantines = Greek but Catholics= Latin, etc

Patriarchy in China

patriarchy linked to Confucianism; yin/yang- yin (Female) = weakness/darkness & yang (male) = heaven/rulers; men go out, women stay in -> emphasized public and political roles of men and domestic duties of women; women seen as passive, inferior and subordinate; few women exercised political authority (exception = Empress Wu); legally the wife was mother to all her husband's kids and controlled her dowry; daoism and buddhism loosened patriarchy

France

power from trade and colonization; louis xiv highlighted the system of absolutism; controlled nobles by having them live Versailles

Mesopotamia

present-day Iraq; in between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that were unpredictable and violent causing them to believe that their gods were angry and violent = needed to be pleased; Code of Hammurabi came from this civilization; unstable b/c Independent city states, frequent invasions due to little environmental protection, tigris & Euphrates flooded irregularly and at unhelpful times causing mass destruction, and city-state constantly at war for resources

British/Dutch East India companies

private trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600; they were given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples

Russian Revolution of 1917

revolution in one year; Bolsheviks overthrew provisional govt that was installed after tsar forced to give up throne; Bolsheviks led by Lenin; made Russia first communist country in the world; unlike China, the elites knew extensively about Karl Marx's works; eventually became USSR that would fall after Cold War

Origins of Civilization

rivers made agriculture easier & more productive (surplus); need for protection (warfare was easier with large, organized state), large scale irrigation projects, specialized labor, trade, and central government (favored groups protecting privilege)

Pax Romana

the "Roman peace", a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E. (about 200 years)

Siddhartha Gautama

the Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-486 BCE) who founded Buddhism; (The Buddha)

Effects of American Revolution

the United States of America was formed; the British lost their main colony and source of raw materials; other Latin American countries were inspired to revolt; the relationship between the French and the British continued to remain strained; France sees that its own ideas from the Enlightenment (freedom of speech, freedom of religion, right to rebel against an unfair monarch) as possible-leads to the French Revolution; Elite benefitted (plantation owners and merchants)

Anthropomorphism

the attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a god; a god(s) would have human emotions, and would be driven by these emotions (i.e. love, hate, lust, etc)

Constantinople

the capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the conqueror" in 1453, an event that marked the end of Christian byzantium

Helots

the dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society

Sikhism

the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak; combined elements of Hinduism and Islam

Janissaries

the elite infantry force of the Ottoman Empire; first standing army in the region since Romans; used gunpowder technology; obtained by devshirme system; had a pretty good life = some wealthy Europeans tried to get their sons kidnapped to become part of this force

Vasco de Gama

the first Portuguese explorer who was the first European to reach India by going around the tip of Africa

Judaism

the first monotheistic religion founded by Abraham; Saul was the first king (circa 1020 BCE); David was the king famous for his military victories; Solomon was the high point of Israelite monarchy (son of David)

Spice vs silver vs fur trade

the fur trade had a widespread ecological impact that was greater than the extraction of the other two commodities; the silver trade drove the commercialization of China to a greater extent than the other two; the fur trade in North America was driven by the willing participation of Native Americans rather than coercion or forced labor; all except the Siberian fur trade relied on new European sea trade routes

Israel-Palestine conflict

the ongoing dispute between the Jewish and Arab populations in the former Ottoman Empire region of Palestine; started after WW2 when Britain and US created Israel for Jews in a predominantly Muslim area; still going on today

Hellenistic Era

the period from 323 to 30 BCE in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors

Dharma

the religious and moral duties of an individual in Hinduism; the teachings of the Buddha in Buddhism

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans and made them take singular blame for the war; installed the League of Nations; the harsh treatment of the Germans helped give rise to WWII

Truly global world

the western hemisphere came into continued contact with the eastern hemisphere. Technological innovations, strengthened political organization, and economic prosperity all contributed to this change that completely altered world trade patterns

Women in the Quran

women were spiritually equal to men; socially, Quran viewed women as subordinate, especially in marriage; Quran helped women in some ways: banned female infanticide, women got control over their own property, granted limited rights of inheritance, required a woman's consent to a marriage, and recognized a woman's right to sexual satisfaction; early islam: some women played public roles & prayed in mosques, weren't veiled; restrictions on women grew under Abbasids - veiling