AP World Chapter 16

How did the outcome of the War of 1812 hasten the ethnic cleansing of Native Americans east of the Mississippi?

Because of the British defeat, they withdrew support from the Native Americans leaving them to fend for themselves against the land-hungry Americans.

The Shawnee prophet Tenskwatawa was similar to Hong Xiuquan in which of the following ways?

Both of them overcame personal failures through religious visions and embracing a strict moral code.

Both Usman dan Fodio and Muhammad Ibn abd al-Wahhab drew on what inspirations for Islamic reform?

Both of them wanted to recreate a "purer" Islamic past, drawing inspiration from Muhammed and the early caliphs.

Why did small-scale settlements in southern Africa give way to larger states during the early nineteenth century?

A group of political revolts reordered the political map, called the Mfecane movement. Specifically Shaka, who created a ruthless warrior state that drove out populations of the region, forcing a shift from small communities to large, centralized monarchies.

On what idea(s) could disparate groups of radicals agree?

Both wanted to preserve the status quo because of the radicals' threat to return to revolutions.

How would life in Fourier's phalanx qualify as a reform of Restoration Europe's economic order?

He believed that the way he organized it made work more enjoyable, so people were more excited to work

In ways did the Zuku leader, Shaka, resemble Mongol leaders?

He had a remarkable ability to incorporate defeated communities into the state and absorb young men into his military.

Why did American officials fear Tecumseh's message even more than his brother's?

He had charismatic organizational talents, and the Americans believed he was going to form an empire.

Why did Charles Fourier consign yucky jobs such as cleaning latrines to adolescents?

He thought they actually liked mucking about in the filth.

The impetus (AP vocabulary!) of Mohammad Ibn al-Wahhab's Islamic reform movement was a reaction to what things?

His Islamic reform movement found a ready response because people felt threatened by the new commercial activities and fresh intellectual currents swirling around them, and Add al-Wahhab wanted a return to pure Islam.

How did the status of Islam in West Africa change after the establishment of the Sokoto caliphate?

It went from being a faith of a small minority of people to the religion of a vast majority.

The Taiping Rebellion was a nineteenth-century example of what Chinese tradition?

Peasant revolts

What did the groups that led the 1848 revolutions in Europe have in common?

They shared frustration with old elites and a desire for independent nations.

The leaders of eighteenth and nineteenth-century Islamic revitalization movements sought to reestablish the glory of Islam through which practice?

They sought to establish new religiously based governments in which Muslims rules and Islamic law prevailed.

What was a goal of the Mayans in the Yucatan peninsula when they revolted against the Mexican government in 1847?

They were fed up with rising taxes and ebbing autonomy, and they wanted political equality.

The goals of European reactionaries during the Restoration period

To return to the world that existed before the French Revolution and they rejected change

What contributed to social and political instability in both China and Africa

Trade with the British (or Europeans in general)

How did the British change their approach to ruling India after 1857?

Transferred the responsibility of governing to the crown

What was called for in the People's Charter?

Universal suffrage for all adult males, the secret ballot, equal electoral districts, and annual parliamentary elections

What characterized the British counterinsurgency effort in India?

Brutal vengeance

From which groups did European nationalist movements draw their greatest number of supporters?

Conservatives and liberals alike (including kings, aristocrats, and bourgeois) employed nationalist fervor to advance their own ambitions.

In what way did the Mayans who followed José María Barrera resemble the Chinese who followed Hong in the Taiping Rebellion?

Like the followers of Hong in China's Taiping Rebellion, Indian rebels forged an alternative religion: it blended Christian rituals, faiths, and icons with Mayan legends and beliefs.

What groups were most attracted to Wahhabi Islam and Wahhabism was a direct threat to whose political power?

Local inhabitants and the House of Saud were attracted to Wahhabi Islam, while Wahhabism was a direct threat to the Ottomans' power and hold on the Arabian Peninsula.

During the early nineteenth century, what events led to a crisis in southern Africa?

Political organizations still operated on a small-scale in Africa, but now there was a huge competition for land, which only increased with the arrival of the British. The import of European goods also destabilized southern Africa.

In what way did nineteenth-century nationalist goals prove destructive in the twentieth century?

The term nation was so abstract that it unleashed a series of competing claims that were incompatible with another and would prove enormously destructive in the twentieth century.

What device was used by Mexicans to lure Mayans into plantation labor?

Debt peonage (obligated fathers and sons to work for meager wages to pay off debts)

What was required of Shawnee culture if they were to be able to cooperate with U.S. government officials?

European reformers insisted they give up hunting and take up farming, and they were also pushed to abandon communal living in favor of private property rights.

Who supported Usman dan Fodio's revolt against the Hausa city-states?

Fulani tribes and Hausa-speaking peasants who suffered under the rule of the Hausa landlord class.

What did Marx and Engels believe would be the outcome of the conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat?

It would end in a colossal transformation of human society and would usher in a new world of true liberty, equality, and fraternity.

How did nationalist thinkers define "the nation"?

Nations were generally considered to be those who shared a common language, culture, and history, but nationalist fought over which people counted and who decided.

What were common factors in the Shawnee, Maya, and Indian rebellions against colonial control?

Native Americans insurgents and rebels in British India drew on their traditional cultural and political resources to imagine local alternatives to foreign impositions. Native groups in the Americas and India met the period's challenges with prophecy, charismatic leadership, and rebellion. The insurgents all sought to defend their cultures and looked to an idealized past free from outside influences, but the new worlds they envisioned bore unmistakable marks of the present as well.

Why did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels call their theories "scientific" socialism?

Scientific socialism was rooted, they argued, in a materialist theory of history: what mattered in history were the production of material goods and the ways in which society was organized into classes of producers and exploiters.

What was one of the reasons for the collapse of the Taiping Rebellion?

Struggles within leadership, excessively rigid code of conduct, and opposition from Manchu and Han elites and western governments

How did the actions of rebels and dissidents in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries reflect their dislike of capitalism and colonialism?

The challengers differed in significant ways because the alternatives they proposed reflected the local circumstances in which each of them developed. Some rebels and dissidents called for the revitalization of traditional religions; others wanted to strengthen village and communal bonds; still others imagined a society where there was no private property and where people shared goods equally. The actions of these dissenters depended on their local traditions and the degree of contact they had with the effects of industrial capitalism, European colonialism, and centralizing nation-states.

What event sparked the Great (Sepoy) Rebellion of 1857?

The greased cartridge controversy

Why is the nineteenth-century principles of government by and for property-holding citizens derived from the revolutions of the late eighteenth century

The ideals of these revolutions in politics, equality before the law and government by and for property-holding citizens, provided the dominant answers to age-old questions of who should govern and how

Hong Xiuquan believed that he was:

The younger brother of Jesus, meaning that he was God's other son. He believed God was now sending him to rid the world of evil.

Prior to the mid-nineteenth century, how did the Mayan experience of colonial rule differ from that of other indigenous Mexican peoples?

Their lives were disrupted less by the Spanish conquest because their land lacked precious metals and fertile lands, so they focused elsewhere.

What change did the British East India Company make in its approach to ruling India during the 1840s?

They began to annex what had been independent princely domains and stripping native aristocrats of their privileges.

In what way did the peasants show their divergence from the Indian elite in the Great (Sepoy) Rebellion of 1857?

They destroyed anything that represented the authority of the company and attacked local power-holders who they thought benefitted from the company's rule

Why were women especially drawn to Fourier's proposed reforms?

They saw it as a higher form of Christian communism because they thought it could address the problems of prostitution, poverty, illegitimacy, and the exploitation of workers.

In Restoration-period Europe, what was a goal of liberal thinkers?

They wanted free trade and equality before the law without accepting the price controls and political violence of the Terror. They believed free markets would make the most sensible decisions and insisted on the individual's right to do as he pleased as long as no harm came to anyone else.

Similarity between the goals of Hong, the leaders of the Islamic revitalization movements, and Shaka?

They wanted to restore lost harmony because the perceive the present world as unjust.

What were the sharp contrasts between millenarian revolts such as the Taiping Rebellion and orthodox institutions?

Women played important roles.