AP World Chapter 19

Tanzimat

- 'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient. - This was when the Ottoman Empire started changing from being ruled by a religious leader to bureaucracy. - Began process of modernization, modest openings for women. Sought to provide economic, social, and legal underpinning for a strong and newly recentralized state, changes to legal status, more equality, challenged Islamic state

Opium Wars

- 1838-1842, 1856-1858, two wars fought between Western powers (British) and China after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods, especially opium, China lost both wars and was forced to make changes. Reversed trade roles, China lost much of its silver to trade, resulted in the opening of ports for European trade, Christianity, foreigners could now travel freely

Boxer Uprising

- 1898-1901, rising of Chinese militia, many Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed, anti-foreign movement, laid siege on foreign embassies, saw Qing dynasty as foreign and ineffective. Admired Western science, technology, political practices, believed only a unified nation where rulers and ruled were closely related could save China

Young Turks

- 1900s, military and civilian elites had opposition to revived despotism, advocated militantly secular public life, modernization, saw Ottoman empire as a Turkic national state. Military coup in 1901 allowed them to exercise power, pushed radical secularization, eventually ended the Ottoman empire

Sultan Abd al-Hamid II

- A Ottoman ruler who suppressed those who wanted to reform and create new ideals in Ottoman society. Re-introduced the old practice of distinguishing in between muslims and Non-Muslims. - Accepted a reform constitution and elected parliament but quickly suppressed it. After suspending reforms, he reverted to an older style of despotic rule for the next 30 years, renewed claim as caliph, successor to Prophet, protector of Muslims everywhere

Informal Empires

- Areas that were dominated by Western powers in the 19th century, but retained their own governments and measure of independence, such as China and the Ottoman Empire. Gave rise to new nationalist conceptions of society, initially small with limited appeal, but became greatly significant in the future

How did Western pressures stimulate change in China during the 19th century?

- British merchants in China sold opium - a highly addictive drug. Silver out of China for opium went to Europe. Emperor started the Opium Wars in attempts to put an end to the treacherous opium trade. Chinese officials destroyed opium; British were offended -sent a large naval expedition to China to end restrictive conditions. Treaty of Nanjing imposed restrictions on Chinese sovereignty & opened 5 ports to European merchants. Second Opium War further humiliated China. China would lost control of Vietnam, Korea, and would be dependent on Western powers thus becoming a portion of Europe's informal empire.

Self-strengthening movement

- China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 70s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the west. Sought to reinvigorate traditional China, improved infrastructure, inhibited by fears of conservative leaders, strengthened local authorities, ultimately failed

China 1911 (Revolution)

- Collapse of China's ancient imperial order, at the hands of organized revolutionaries, but mostly from the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government. Evidence of the failure to respond to European pressures, such as the Hundred Days of Reform in 1898 that was also stopped

What accounts for the massive peasant rebellions of nineteenth century China?

- Economic success - massive population growth. Absence of Industrial Revolution and agricultural production could not maintain the demands of China's people. This led to growing pressures on the land, smaller farms for peasants, unemployment, and ultimately impoverishment, misery, and starvation. China's government did not enlarge to adapt the growing population pressure. Harsh treatment of peasants led to rising numbers of bandit gangs and peasant rebellions. The Taiping Rebellions created China's internal conflict - peasants ultimately rejected some Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism for Christian values.

Russo-Japanese War

- Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905

What contributed to changing European views of Asians and Africans in the 19th century?

- Europeans developed a secular arrogance along with "religious superiority" - they had unlocked secrets regarding nature, created society of wealth, and produced unsurpassed military power. This is how Europeans judged themselves vs. the world. Opinions of other cultures dropped sharply. Racism! - through (social) Darwinism. Hierarchy of races - white on top. New sense of expanding Empire: Europe fated to dominate over "weaker races" Made imperialism, war and aggression seem natural and progressive. - All powerful Europe.

In what ways did the Industrial Revolution shape the character of 19th century European imperialism?

- Imperialism was made popular in Europe through the growth of mass nationalism. Rivalry - competitive political system. Struggle for more colonies meant status and power. Imperialism appealed on economic and social grounds to the wealthy, seemed politically & strategically necessary in international power politics, and was emotionally satisfying to the Europeans. Overseas expansion! Steam-driven ships & new technology provided easy access. Underwater Atlantic Telegraph Cable provided the technology to communicate.

How did Japan's historical development differ from that of China and the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century?

- Japan confronted Western power through "black ships: of Matthew Perry which forcefully demanded Japan to open up to world relations. Became modernized, powerful, united, industrial nation. Chinese & Ottoman Empires both could not create industrial economies to fend off European intrusion. Both empire collapsed. Was not centralized enough and thus new Western power would dominate. Internal reforms made structure weak. Japan - wealth of merchants, rising peasant class, less/restricted authority of Shogunate. Decisive break with the past, not Taiping in China that destroyed any fresh start. Japan was not the interest to capture as the other two empires were.

How did Japan's relationship to the larger world change during its modernization process?

- Japan's modernization persuaded Western powers to revise the unequal treaties in Japan's favor. - Equal with Western nations!! Empire-building enterprise. Successful wars against China & Russia = Japan a formidable military competitor in East Asia. Colonies in Taiwan and Korea. Some nations admired Japan. Japan was an economic, political, and military competitor. Defeat of Russia launched other revolutions in Western countries. - "Awakening of the East" Empire of Japan treated China bitterly. Merchants traded textiles.

Taiping Uprising

- Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864, based on the teachings of Hong Xiuquan, largely rejected Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism, China became an industrial nation. - Resulted in the abolition of private property, redistribution of land, end of prostitution and opium smoking, sexual segregation, originated among the Hakka people, tried to loosen restrictions on women

Young Ottomans

- Movement of young intellectuals to institute liberal reforms and build a feeling of national identity in the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the nineteenth century. - Lower level officials, military officers, and writers, who sought major changes in the political system, mid-19th century, overcome backwardness, favored European-style democratic constitutional regime. Embraces Western technology and scientific knowledge, short lived victory in 1876 with a constitution and elected parliament

What lay behind the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century?

- Ottoman Empire was unable to prevent region after region from falling under control from Christian (European) powers. Domains of empire shrank from Russian, British, Austrian, and French aggression. Loss of Egypt as territory. Parts of the empire: Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania achieved independence based on surging Nationalism and support from British/Russians. Central Ottoman state had weakened. Janissary Corps lost military edge. Technological and military gap with west growing. Capitulations - granted some exemptions from law - European penetration. Growing indebtedness of empire - foreign loans - dependency on Europe.

In what ways did the Ottoman state respond to its various problems?

- Programs of "defensive modernization" were mounted - no internal uprisings. No huge population growth. Leaders were Turks or Muslims. Reforms that sought to reorganize and update army and to draw on European advisers and technology. - Stirred hostility from both the ulama and the Janissary Corps - saw it as conflict with Islam. Reformist measures - Tanzimat Reforms - as an empire looked for underpinning for a re-centralized state. Modernization! Westernization! Rights of non-Muslims!

In what different ways did various groups define the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century?

- Reform supporters: Ottoman Empire was a secular state whose people were loyal to the dynasty that ruled it, rather than a primarily Muslim state based on religious principles. - Young Ottomans - Favored a Western-style government. Islam modernization. Rule of despotism - Young Turks - Abandoned Islam; advocated militantly secular public life - modernization and Ottoman Empire as a Turkish national state. Radical secularization of schools, courts, law codes. More women rights! Secular Nationalism - public loyalty.

In what respects was Japan's 19th century transformation revolutionary?

- Reforms transformed Japan more than self-strengthening moment in China or radical efforts of Ottoman Empire. National Unity! National government with governors (not Daimyo) & centralized state. National army. No more samurai. Social reform - everyone under emperor were equal commoners. Peaceful reform! Fascination with everything Western. - Technology, Science, clothing, legal & education systems. Modeled society after West. Constitution, elected parliament. Emperor had ultimate power. Modern education system. Shinto with Kami and filial piety. Industrialization & zaibatsu.

Tokugawa Japan

- Rulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868, provided much internal peace for Japan, however not really unified, - Had very detailed governance rules, change of class status, became very urbanized. - Corruption became a big issue, social change undermined their superiority, failure to deal with 1830 famine eroded effectiveness, peasant uprisings weakened control

What strategies did China adopt to confront its various problems? In what ways did these strategies reflect China's own history and culture with the new global order?

- Self-Strengthening Moment - policies sought to reinvigorate a traditional China while borrowing cautiously from the West. Examination system - Civil Service Exam - sought good men for official positions to cope with reconstruction after wake of the Taiping Rebellion. Support for landlords and repair of dikes and irrigation - helped restore rural social and economic order. Factories (textiles and steel) established, coal mines expanded, telegraph system. > modernization. European dominance = Chinese nationalism.

Unequal Treaties

- Series of 19th century treaties in which China made major concessions to western powers, first was the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, imposing many restrictions, and opened five ports. These eroded China's independence, due to the Chinese restricting opium use and trade, did not benefit from lessons of free trade and conduct with other countries

Social Darwinism

- The belief that the fittest and best in terms of social would lead to the survival of their race and people. Europeans and people who were ahead in comparison to most of the world thought this, which led to imperialism and European racism. - View of society based on natural selection; stonger people would prosper and weaker ones would fail

Meiji restoration

- The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

In what ways was Japan changing during the Tokugawa era?

- The samurai evolved into a Bureaucracy - 5-6% of population. Devoted to warrior code - Bushido. Economic growth, commercialization, & urban development. More rice = rural manufacturing enterprises. Japan is world's most urbanized country. - 10% population. Emerging capitalist economy. Education = high literacy rates. Solid foundation for industrial growth - 19th century. Merchants prospered - richer than Samurai. Peasants moved to cities, became artisans or merchants. Shogunate losing control.

"The sick man of Europe"

- Western Europe's name for the Ottoman Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries based on sutlan's inability to prevent Western takeover and deal with internal problems. The Ottoman Empire's domain greatly shrank, Napoleon took Egypt, much territory got independence with growth of nationalism - The frequent ethnic revolts and the rest of Europe picking away at it.