AP WORLD GRIND

The Gupta Empire 240 - 550 CE

(240-550 CE) This is the next major dynasty in India after the Mauryan Empire. The first major ruler to know is Chandra Gupta (not related to Chandragupta Maurya). -This Empire came after the Mauryan Empire. - The Empire reached its peak under Chandragupta II. -the Gupta empire developed the concept of zero and Arabic numerals. -The Gupta Empire promoted Hinduism to the detriment of Buddhism. -The empire was brought to an end by the Hun invasions during the later half of the fifth century CE.

William Shakespeare 1590 CE

- English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet. -wrote over 39 plays -Often considered the greatest author of the English Language

Economic Liberalization --Late 1900's

- In a communist country like China or the Soviet Union, the government controls the economy directly; many of the businesses, factories, and agriculture are run by the government, and prices are controlled by the government. -However, attempts at government control of the economy under Mao Zedong and other leaders had not gone well. In the late 1900's, in the 1980's, governments began "economic liberalization." -This meant that they were using more of a "free market" approach. -This meant the economy was more like capitalism and there was more private ownership and competition; there was more free trade and people were allowed to keep profits -Even in capitalist countries like the United States and Great Britain, there was more "economic liberalization." This meant that there was more free trade between countries without taxes or tariffs on foreign goods. There was less government input into the economy (Less Keynesian economics), and more competition between private businesses

Han Dynasty Social Structure--Highest Class

- The emperor, Son of Heaven, the Nobility, and the government officials tested through the Civil Service Exam and the Confucian University. The Nine Ministers were in this class.

Causes of World War I--Assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand 1914 CE

- There were a variety of factors that caused World War I. These can be remembered with ANIME. There were lots of long term causes, things that caused a lot of tension and build up. -Nationalism, Imperialism, and Militarism all caused the European countries to build up their militaries in a competition to see who was the best and strongest country in all of Europe -All the European countries started forming military alliances in the late 1800's and early 1900's; by 1914 there were two big groups of Allies -However, the short term event that would "spark" or cause WWI was the ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ -This event angered Austria and led to a declaration of war between Austria and Russia -All of the countries in alliances had to then come in to defend their allies; pretty soon, all of Europe had declared war on each other and World War I started

Assassination, Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, Entangled Alliances -- CAUSES OF WW I

- There were a variety of factors that caused World War I. You can always remember that World War I is Trench Warfare, World War TWO is the one with the Nazis, the Holocaust, and the Atomic Bomb. -You can easily remember the causes of World War I from the term ANIME: -A _________________________ of Archduke Ferdinand -N: _______________________________ (countries competing to see who is the best) -I: _____________________________ (countries competing to take over colonies in Africa and Asia) -M: _______________________________ (countries building up armies and Navies) -E: ___________________________________ (it would have been a small war, but there were so many ______________ that everyone had to get in and fight) REMEMBER--- ANIME is World War I, HITLER is World War II!

The Epic of Sundiata 1300's CE

- _________________ was called the "lion prince," the founder of the Mali Empire in W. Africa -There was a famous story in West Africa about the "Lion Prince" and how he had founded the empire -This story was told verbally by African storytellers for generations from the 1300's until it was written down by French authours in the 1900's -___________________ was a Muslim ruler -This term is the name of the story that was famously told and spreading

The Bhagavad Gita 400 BCE

-"Song of the Lord"; one of the Indian epics -400 BCE -This is the single most important, most sacred Hindu text, although the Upanishads are very holy as well -The text is set as a conversation between a Hindu prince and Lord Krishna, discussing what the Prince should do according to dharma and karma -Laid out the principle rules of Hinduism; lays out the rules to follow and how you will achieve rebirth or salvation into a higher or lower caste. -Still sacred today, and Gandhi called it his "spiritual dictionary" -It is also considered an "Indian epic" piece of literature and you could use it an essay about culture/literature

Neo-Confucianism

-"new" form of Confucianism -Took old form of Confucianism and mixed it with Buddhism -The old form was more logical and less spiritual. This new form was more spiritual, dealing questions about the soul and the cosmos. -Zhu Xi was the famous thinker; he wrote the book "Family Rituals"

The Scramble for Africa 1875 - 1914 CE

---From 1750 - 1914 CE, the Europeans developed industrialization -In order to feed the factories during Industrialization, they needed tons of raw materials and resources -Industrialization also gave them the best military and technology in the world -The Europeans began to take over Africa, India, and Asia in order to get resources -In 1850 Africa was not colonized by the Europeans, but in 1875 the Europeans began a mad dash to try and take over the whole continent -All the European countries got involved and turned the entire continent into dozens of colonies by 1914 CE -This was one of the fastest periods of Imperialism in World History -Examples of brutality include the Belgians in the Congo, where hands were cut off for rubber -This is known as the __________________________________________

Decline of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires in the 19th Century (1800's)

---In the 19th century, Europeans began a new round of imperialism in Asia and the Pacific, as they were now stronger from the weapons and technology gained from industrialization -In the 1800's, thanks to imperialism and industrialization, certain European powers began to rise in power--namely the British, Germans, and French -However, two older European nations that had been very powerful from 1450-1750 CE began to lose power as they failed to industrialize -These two nations began to lose their colonies in wars to the Americans, Japanese, and other Western European nations that were stronger than they were -This term describes the fall in power of these two Western European nations

Qing Resistance to Self-Strengthening

---Once the Qing Dynasty began to fall apart in the 1800's, some members of Chinese society began to try and create reforms that would help modernize and industrialize China -In the late 1800's, the Qings created the _____________-_______________ Movement; they tried to create European style factories and European style military -However, many members of the elite resisted the ____________-___________ Movement. They thought it went against Confucian values; unlike Japan, they didn't want to become "westernized" --In one famous case, the Empress Cixi took money that was meant for the navy and built a marble boat in her garden

Gran Colombia

---The Enlightenment helped inspire the first major revolution during the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution -After that Revolution, the French and Haitians staged revolutions and rebellions -Revolutionary fever then spread to Latin America -Simon Bolivar united the colonists in several colonies and led a massive rebellion against the Spanish -This was a revolution to get rid of the Spanish from Latin America -After it was successful, Bolivar founded the Republic of ______________________; it was several Latin American colonies joined together -He modeled it on the United States; his hero was George Washington -Unfortunately, Bolivar found it hard to keep the states together; _________________________ fell apart and became the modern countries of Bolivia, Columbia, etc. -What was the name of the Republic Bolivar tried to found?

Latin American Revolutions 1820 CE

---The Enlightenment helped inspire the first major revolution during the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution -After that Revolution, the French and Haitians staged revolutions and rebellions -Revolutionary fever then spread to __________________________ -Simon Bolivar united the colonists in several colonies and led a massive rebellion against the Spanish -This was a revolution to get rid of the Spanish from ___________________________________ -After it was successful, Bolivar founded the Republic of Gran Colombia; it was several _______________________________ colonies joined together -He modeled it on the United States; his hero was George Washington -What were these revolutions called?

Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana, 1957 - 66

--After World War II, nationalist leaders all around the world challenged the European rule -In Sub Saharan Africa, ___________________________ led the fight for freedom in Ghana against the British, and he managed to do it non-violently. He endured several jail terms and repressive controls, but he suffered, stuck it out, and led Ghana to independence in 1957 -After leading the fight in Ghana, ______________________ became its first ruler. The British QUeen Elizabeth II even visited while he was President, and in a symbolic moment, the former colonizer and colonist met as equals -______________________ also sought to unite Africans across national borders in order to increase their power in the Pan African Movement. African leaders saw that they had been pushed around by the Europeans, and attempted to unite in order to increase their political and economic strength -However, _________________________ and Pan African leaders faced massive challenges. The African countries were not able to unite, and Nkrumah himself was overthrown from power in Ghana in 1966. Ultimately, even though it still exists today, the Pan African movement has struggled to gain any success in uniting Africa.

Indian National Congress 1885 CE

--After the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the British made India into a massive colony as the Mughal Dynasty ended -Initially, the ___________________________ was started by educated Indian elites with British approval -Soon, the _____________________________ became a group that was searching for Indian independence from the British -In the early 1900's, this group began to put more and more pressure on the British Govt to give India it's freedom -However, that freedom would not come until after World War II. The leadership of Gandhi would guide India through a 25 year period of

Jizya

--Although it was Islamic, the Ottoman Empire contained subjects of many different religions -There were thousands of Christians and Jews in the Empire -If you were a Christian or Jew, you had to pay a tax, known as the ________________ -Once you paid the tax, you could keep your religion, and you could form a "millet" community where you could practice your own tradition -This is the name for the tax

Olympe de Gouges's "Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen" 1790

--As the ideas of the Enlightenment spread in the 1700's, women began to fight for more freedom and rights for equality -One incredibly important woman in France stood up for her rights and composed an incredibly important document, the ________________________________________________ -It was based off of a similar document that was published for men, and declared that women deserved and needed several of the social and political rights that men had -She was sadly executed on the guillotine during the Reign of Terror

Chinese, Indian, and Persian Textile and Porcelain Production 600 CE to 1450 CE

--During Era 3, 600 CE to 1450 CE, there was tons of trade and travel going through Eurasia; the conquest of the Mongols also further increased trade and travel in Eurasia -Textiles like silk, wool, and cotton cloths became incredibly popular, as did porcelain pottery from China -As a result, three major areas began small "factories" to produce textiles and porcelain: China, Persia, and India -In China, cities like Hangzhou and Chang'an became centers of industrial production of silk and porcelain, which where then exported (sent out) for trade along the silk roads -In Persia, the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates made cities like Baghdad into centers for production of porcelain and also produced elaborate and beautiful carpet textiles that they would export (send out) in trade -In India, the Delhi Sultanates also produced porcelain and silks that they would export through the Indian Ocean Basin and Silk Roads for trade

British Settler Colony--South Africa 1806- 1910

--During Imperialism from 1750 - 1914 CE, the Europeans began to take over Africa, India, and Asia in order to get resources -In 1806, the British established a settler colony in South Africa and took the colony from the Dutch, who had ruled it since 1652 -This caused quite a bit of conflict between the British and the Dutch, who fought a series of wars for control of the colony in the late 1800's, known as the Boer Wars -These were incredibly brutal wars; although it was European v. European, tens of thousands of natives also suffered as slaves, soldiers, and were caught in the crossfire -Ultimately, the British came out on top, but in order to help make the Dutch happy they helped create systems to keep the black natives on the bottom of the social structure

The 95 Theses, 1517 CE DATE REQUIRED FOR CREDIT

--During the Middle Ages, the Catholic church started to become corrupt. If you sinned, you were able to "buy forgiveness" from the church; you could pay for "Indulgences" which forgave your sin -A man named Martin Luther believed that you could not buy your way into heaven. He wrote a rant about it called the _______________ _____________ and the printing press helped spread it all over Europe -Luther and others began protesting against the Catholic church. Many new Christian churches formed and broke off and away from the Catholic Church. This movement spread like wildfire across Europe and millions joined the new churches and left the Catholic church. -This movement was called the Protestant Reformation; the answer to this question is the name of the document the monk published -DATE REQUIRED FOR CREDIT HERE

Martin Luther

--During the Middle Ages, the Catholic church started to become corrupt. If you sinned, you were able to "buy forgiveness" from the church; you could pay for "Indulgences" which forgave your sin -A man named _______________ _______________ believed that you could not buy your way into heaven. He wrote a rant about it called the "95 Theses" and the printing press helped spread it all over Europe -_______________ and others began protesting against the Catholic church. Many new Christian churches formed and broke off and away from the Catholic Church. This movement spread like wildfire across Europe and millions joined the new churches and left the Catholic church. -This movement was called the Protestant Reformation; the answer to this question is the name of the Monk

Edo (Tokyo)

--During the Tokugawa Shogunate from 1600 - 1850 CE, the class of nobility was called the "daimyo" -The Tokugawas tried to come up with ways to limit or control the power of the "daimyo" ; the Shogun required that the "Daimyo" spend every other year living in the Tokugawa capital city of ____________________ -This way, the Shogun could keep an eye on the daimyo and make sure they weren't getting too much power -This term is the name of the Japanese capital city where the Every Other Year System was enforced

The Every Other Year System

--During the Tokugawa Shogunate from 1603 - 1867 CE, the class of nobility was called the "daimyo" -The Tokugawas tried to come up with ways to limit or control the power of the "daimyo" ; the Shogun required that the "Daimyo" spend every other year living in the Tokugawa capital city of Edo (Tokyo) -This way, the Shogun could keep an eye on the daimyo and make sure they weren't getting too much power -This term is the name of the system the shogun came up with for the daimyo that is described here

British Imperialism in India and Asia 1857 - 1948 CE

--From 1750 - 1914 CE, the Europeans developed industrialization -In order to feed the factories during Industrialization, they needed tons of raw materials and resources -Industrialization also gave them the best military and technology in the world -The Europeans began to take over Africa, India, and Asia in order to get resources -The British took over places all over the world, but their biggest and most valuable colony was in _____________________ -In _____________, the British East India Company had been growing more powerful for over 200 years -They hired Sepoys (Indians) to fight for them against the dying Mughal Dynasty; the Sepoys rebelled against the British East India Company and killed many whites -After the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the British military and government came in, took down the Mughals, and turned ____________ into a British Colony -The British also were Imperialist in _______________; here they fought the Opium Wars and established Spheres of Influence with the other Europeans

Social Darwinism

--From 1750 - 1914 CE, the Europeans developed industrialization -In order to feed the factories during Industrialization, they needed tons of raw materials and resources -Industrialization also gave them the best military and technology in the world -The Europeans began to take over Africa, India, and Asia in order to get resources -The Europeans needed to justify their imperialism; a theory called _________________ ___________ said that the Europeans were the highest race in the world and said they had the right to dominate other races -This theory was based in "science" that said blacks were closer to apes, and the white race was the highest form of evolution -This theory has since been proven false and wrong, but the Europeans used it to justify why they deserved to take over

Book of the Dead 1550 BCE to 50 BCE

--Hieroglyphics combined graphic symbols and pictographs to create a powerful writing system -Writing was critical for several purposes; record-keeping, tax collection, trade, governmental decrees, history, and religious purposes -Egyptian hieroglyphic writing was especially beautiful and was used to decorate Egyptian monuments and buildings. It would contain pictures and symbols that would often tell a story or honor a god or ruler -It was also used to create religious texts, such as the famous "________________________". - THe _______________________________ was a collection of spells written by Egyptian priests that were meant to help guide a dead person's journey through the underworld and into the afterlife. -It was written by many priests over the course of 1000 years -Many of the spells from the __________________ would be carved into pyramids, onto coffins, or other monuments. The book itself could often be placed in the coffin with a dead ruler

Tokugawa Ieyasu

--In 1600, Japan was ruled by an emperor -There was also a Shogun, who was the highest ranking military general --In 1603, ______________ ______________was the Shogun; he staged a rebellion and took power away from the Emperor -He started the _________________ ______________, which would last for 250 years -He left the emperor in place however, as a puppet or figurehead. Throughout this entire time, the Shoguns had all the real power -The ___________________s kept Japan isolated for 250 years; in 1853 CE Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Japan and "opened" it to trade at gunpoint; the Tokugawa Shogunate ended soon thereafter -THIS IS THE NAME OF THE SHOGUN WHO TOOK POWER FROM THE EMPEROR AND STARTED THE TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE

Trans-Siberian Railroad 1900 CE

--In late 1800's, the Romanov Russian Empire began to try and catch up to the British and other Western Europeans -Sergei Witte was appointed Industrialization Chief or Minister; he was in charge of bringing factories, railroads, and Industrialization to Russia -He successfully oversaw the building of the _________________ ____________________ ___________________, a crucial railway project that connected the entire empire via rail -This project made it so that you could now travel all the way across Russia via railroad -Witte also built thousands of miles of railroad throughout the rest of the country

Otto von Bismarck 1871

--In the 1800's, Nationalism really started to build in Germany -In this area, there had been various countries and empires, but the area had not been called Germany yet -Political leaders like ___________________ began to promote the idea of a unified Germany -_______________________ managed to unify Germany in 1871 and began to build a strong nation around the military and imperialism -_____________________ was a master strategist and politician who believed in using military force; he said that speeches and votes would not rule the world, but "Blood and Iron."

Mestizos

--In the Spanish colonies, there was the "Castas" social class system -This meant that you were mixed race between Spanish and Indian blood; the darker your skin was, and the more "Indian" you were, the less power and opportunity you had -This class was below the Creoles, who were mainly white and European; they would be forced to work on the Haciendas as only a step above slaves in the encomienda system

Shah Jahan 1630 CE

--Indian Islamic ruler of the Mughal Dynasty --The Mughals were incredibly wealthy at their peak; they wanted to show off their power and wealth, so this ruler built the Peacock Throne and the Taj Mahal -Son of Akbar the Great; big thing to know is he built the Peacock Throne and Taj Mahal (to honor his wife!) and demonstrate the fantastic wealth of the Mughal Dynasty

Queen Nzinga of Ndongo 1650 CE

--Initially, the Portuguese established a mutually beneficial (helped both sides) trading relationship with the Kingdom of the Kongo and Ndongo -However, over time they began taking too many slaves and destroying the society of Kongo/Ndongo -This famous warrior queen led a spirited resistance against the Portuguese; she even rode into battle with her troops and fought a guerrilla war against the Portuguese to keep her people free -In one famous case, the Europeans did not offer her a seat in a meeting. She had one of her male concubines go on all fours and she sat on his back! -She led a resistance fight for her entire life, but after she died, the Portuguese were able to take over Kongo/Ndongo and turn it into a colony

The Qanat System and Spread of Qanat System 600 BCE to 600 CE

--Irrigation technique developed in Persia -way to get water from underground into the fields -Used a well to get the water to the fields and was very effective to help grow crops in some of the dry climates in the area -Began to spread around Asia and Europe to improve agriculture

Liberalism

--Starting in the 1500's, there was the Scientific Revolution in Europe -Scientists started to question things like religion and started to use logic and reason to explain the way the world worked -Thinkers and philosophers built on the Scientific Revolution in the 1600's. They started to try and explain things in life according to reason and logic and not according to religion or superstition -These thinkers, like John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau, began to say that people had natural rights such as life, liberty, and property -This movement became known as the Enlightenment -The Enlightment appealed especially to people in the middle class who owned property; they wanted their individual rights protected; -People who followed these ideals were called ______________________ -The idea was called _______________________ -It's a term still used in politics today for people that believe in these ideas

Causes of the Haitian Revolution 1790's

--The Enlightenment helped inspire the first major revolution during the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution -The American Revolution helped inspire this country to start a revolution -This country was a French colony in the Caribbean where 90% of the population were slaves; they suffered brutally under the "Black Codes" where the masters used violence and brutality to keep them in check -However, this revolution was actually started as a Civil War between the White Slaveowners and the class of free mixed-race men, the "Gens de Couleur" -Many of the "Gens de Couleur" had fought in the American Revolution and came back to Haiti and wanted to start their own Revolution; they started fighting with the White Slaveowners -While the free mixed-race "Gens de Couleur" were fighting the White Slaveowners, the black slaves staged their own rebellion to try and break free -These were the Causes of the ____________________ _______________

The Peacock Throne

--The Mughal Dynasty was an Islamic dynasty in India that was very wealthy at its height -Shah Jahan wanted to demonstrate the wealth and power of the empire and so he built this in 1630 CE -This throne contained ten million rupees worth of diamonds, rubies, emeralds, and pearls -Considered the "greatest seat upon which a human has ever sat"

The Manchu Qing Empire 1640 - 1911

--The ______________________ were a group of nomadic warriors that invaded China in the 1600's -They began the ____________ ___________ Empire, which was the last Chinese Dynasty -This Empire had famous emperors such as Kangxi and Qianlong, along with the Empress Cixi -Under the ________________________, China went into economic isolation and began to lose its position of power in the world -Rulers used the Mandate of Heaven and the Emperor was known as the Son of Heaven; these religious ideas justified the _____________ rule -Monumental Architecture: the Forbidden City and Great Wall were added to during this time -The empire fell in the early 1900's as the Europeans divided it up into spheres of influence

Al Qaeda and the IRA-- ERA 6: 1914 - Present

--The twentieth century was insanely violent, with incredible numbers of casualties/deaths between World War I and World War II, roughly 78 million deaths total -Some groups and leaders responded by trying to become non-violent; however, other groups began using terrorist attacks to achieve their aims -One of the most successful terrorist groups was _____________________________; they were active in the Middle East and North Africa -Led by Osama bin Laden in 1988, this terrorist group has led attacks and bombings on US embassies around the world and led the attacks on September 11th. -The ____________________________ is another terrorist group. The Irish Republican Army. They are fighting to get Northern Ireland free from British Imperialism. They believe Northern Ireland should be its own country united with Southern Ireland, not part of the British government. They have also led several bombing and terrorist attacks on the British government.

Fascism in Germany, Italy, and Japan

--World War I and World War II were Total Wars--they weren't just fought on the battlefields -They required the entire society to participate and mobilize; everyone had to work in the factories and had to ration or save goods to support the MASSIVE war effort -In order to mobilize all of the resources of the states, governments had to use a variety of techniques to motivate people -In Germany, Italy, and Japan, the governments began following an ideology that helped motivate people for war; this ideology promoted the following: -Extreme nationalism -Extreme militarism (development of a large military and a society that supports military values) -One dictator/ruler with Total Power -Loyalty to the state, no criticism allowed -This ideology was known as ___________________________________

World War II Warfare--Airplanes, Tanks, Aircraft Carriers, Firebombs

--World War II was started due to territorial aggression from the fascist powers, the Germans and the Japanese -World War II Warfare and war technology was incredibly deadly and would lead to a staggering number of casualties (wounded/dead) -This was NOT trench warfare; this war was fought all over the world. -Airplanes played a big role in dropping bombs on ships, enemies, and even cities. By the end of the war, both sides were dropping bombs on civilian cities of the enemy, trying to destroy factories and kill civilians to lower support for the war -Tanks were devastatingly powerful, destroying enemy soldiers and fortifications -Aircraft carriers and destroyers were the largest ships ever built; some of the most important World War II battles were fought at sea, like the Battle of Midway -The Atomic Bomb dropped on Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki ended the war and was the most powerful weapon ever created -As a result of this, World War II was the deadliest conflict in history, with more casualties than any other. 60 million died, many of whom were civilians (not soldiers)

Egyptian Hieroglyphic Writing 3200 BCE

--_____________________ combined graphic symbols and pictographs to create a powerful writing system -Writing was critical for several purposes; record-keeping, tax collection, trade, governmental decrees, history, and religious purposes -this type of Egyptian writing was especially beautiful and was used to decorate Egyptian monuments and buildings. It would contain pictures and symbols that would often tell a story or honor a god or ruler -There was also _________________________ writing on sheets of papyrus that would be used for administrative texts and religious documents. You could also find simplified commercial records of trade -Because this type of writing was difficult to use, and took a long to write, Egyptians later developed a type of writing that was a little simpler, called hieratic writing

Pan-Africanism: 1963- Present

--throughout the 20th century there were several Transnational Movements (movement across country's borders...the root "trans" means across) -These movements sought to unit people around the world regardless of what country they were in; they would cross national borders. One of these major movements was Pan-Africanism. -Pan-Africanism--After World War II, leaders like Ghana's President Kwame Nkrumah sought to unite Africans across national borders in order to increase their power. African leaders saw that they had been pushed around by the Europeans, and attempted to unite in order to increase their political and economic strength -However, Nkrumah and Pan African leaders faced massive challenges. The African countries were not able to unite, and Nkrumah himself was overthrown from power in Ghana in 1966. Ultimately, even though it still exists today, the Pan African movement has struggled to gain any success in uniting Africa.

James Cook

-A British sea explorer who explored the Pacific and claimed Australia for the British in 1770 CE -Visited Hawaii and many of the other Pacific and South Pacific Islands; one of the first Europeans to visit many parts of the world -Was killed in a fight with the Hawaiians in 1779

Paul of Tarsus 30 CE to 50 CE

-A Jewish man who actually became a missionary who spread Christianity -One of the Twelve Apostles -Spread Christianity in Europe and SW Asia from 30 CE to 50 CE -Traveled on the Roman Roads system and traveled far and wide in the Mediterranean Sea Lanes to spread Christianity -He is the single most important missionary in all of Christian history and really turned Christianity into its own religion after the death of Christ -Eventually he went to Rome and tried to convince the emperor to convert to Christianity. He refused to honor the Roman gods though, and after two years of pushing his luck he was executed

Tariffs

-A _____________________________ is a tax that a country puts up to prevent foreign goods from coming into the nation -During 1450 - 1750, when lots of European countries believed in mercantilism, countries put up tons of tariffs. Let's take an example. The British might put up a tax on any foreign goods entering Britain. So any French or Spanish good coming into Britain would subject to a tax -The advantage of a tariff is that it makes goods in your own country more valuable; so the British might have more of their own goods. -The disadvantage of a tariff is that it makes for less trade in your country. If foreign goods are taxed, there are going to be less foreign goods entering your country. We already know the dangers of limiting trade... -If you take away tariffs, you are creating a "free market"--meaning anyone can trade with anyone.

Financial Instruments: the Stock Market

-A financial instrument is anything that can be used that can be traded as money; for instance, paper money, coins, gold, silver, etc. -During the Industrial Revolution from 1750 - 1900 CE, as capitalism took off, there was an increase in the variety of financial instruments available -One thing that people began trading A LOT was _______________________. People owned parts of companies and they could sell their part of a company to someone else for money -A place or way was created to sell these ________________________ -This led to a large increase in massive corporations and businesses

Scientific Paradigms: Einstein's Theory of Relativity

-A paradigm is a major shift in how people think -Albert Einstein blew people's minds away and changed how people thought when he came up with the __________________ in the early 1900's -This theory stated that time was not a constant; that depending on how fast you were moving, time could actually slow down or speed up -Salvador Dali was affected by this theory in his paintings that showed clocks melting in a desert dreamscape -You need to know the new Scientific Paradigm that Einstein came up with

Salvador Dali

-A paradigm is a major shift in how people think -Albert Einstein blew people's minds away and changed how people thought when he came up with the theory fo relativity in the early 1900's -This theory stated that time was not a constant; that depending on how fast you were moving, time could actually slow down or speed up -this famous Spanish painter was affected by this theory in his paintings that showed clocks melting in a desert dreamscape; his painters were very surreal and didn't appear to be realistic -His work shows the new paradigms in art as a result of scientific changes.

The Persian Wars 499 BCE to 449 BCE

-A period of time involving wars between Persia/The Achaemenids and Greece -2 Major battles: Battle of Marathon Battle of Salamis The Persians/Achaemenids had a MUCH bigger army but they lost to the Greeks; shown in the movie "300."; -eventually led to fall of Achaemenid/Persian empire when Alexander the Great would invade

Population Resettlement: India to Pakistan

-A population resettlement is when a large group of people migrate together to a new country together. One major example of this is when Jewish people moved to Israel after World War I. -A second major example of this is after the partition (division) of India. -Once India finally gained it's freedom from Britain in 1948, most of India was Hindu, although roughly 1/3 of India was Muslim (descended from the Mughals!). -The Indian Muslim leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah got his wish and India was partitioned into two countries: India and ___________________________. ________________ was in the Northwest of India. As a result, millions of Indian Muslims left the Hindu south and began resettling/migrating to Pakistan -Along the way there was tons of bloodshed as Hindus and Muslims fought on the migration routes; Gandhi said the migration routes were like "rivers of blood" flowing through India, and compared it to a "vivisection" or cutting open of the human body -SO this is a major example of a population resettlement!

Indentured Servitude

-A type of forced or coerced labor that was similar to slavery, but not quite as bad. You basically had to agree to be a slave for 5 to 7 years -At the end of the the 5 to 7 years, if you had served well, you were supposed to get free land on the frontier and supplies to start a farm -Most _______________________________ were white and came from British jails; they often mixed and lived with slaves, which caused the upper classes to be concerned

Magnetic Compass

-ANOTHER great invention from the Tang/Songs in China -Helped ships navigate -Told ships what direction they were headed in -Technology spread quickly around the world -Chinese merchants could use it to get spices, gems and diamonds from India -Could also use it get spices from Southeast Asia

East Asia

-AP World Region for China and Japan

American Silver

-Above all else, as part of mercantilism, the Spanish wanted to get this so they could use it to increase their power and wealth -Once they mined it, they sent most of it on ships back to Spain; some of it traveled on the Manila Galleon boats to the Philippines so it could be used to trade with China -They had mines at Potosi and in Mexico where they used the Mit'a System to force the natives to work to get this -As it spread around the world, this was critical for increasing trade and allowing countries to create money and currency

Spanish Silver

-Above all else, as part of mercantilism, the Spanish wanted to get this so they could use it to increase their power and wealth -Once they mined it, they sent most of it on ships back to Spain; some of it traveled on the Manila Galleon boats to the Philippines so it could be used to trade with China -They had mines at Potosi and in Mexico where they used the Mit'a System to force the natives to work to get this -As it spread around the world, this was critical for increasing trade and allowing countries to create money and currency

The Five Year Plan

-According to Marxist theory, in a communist country, the the government controls all of the land, the factories, and the economy. The government owns all major factories, mines, and agricultural products -The government also drives growth in a communist economy. In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin developed this plan which was meant to drive industrialization and the collectivization of agriculture -THe first part was to modernize USSR's Industries and factories, including it's military -The second part was to collectivize agriculture, make people work together on big group farms -The collectivization failed miserably, as peasants resisted and millions died of starvation

Decline of the Mauryan Empire 185 BCE

-After Ashoka, things began to fall apart -Military started to get lazy and not train -Taxes became too high, people started to rebel -Nomadic Invaders brought them down (this is how TONS of ancient societies end)

The Conquistadores

-After Columbus in 1492 CE, the Spanish sent soldiers with horses and steel armor to conquer South/Central America -Cortes conquered the Aztecs and Pizzaro conquered the Incans -This was the name for the Spanish conquerors

The Yuan Dynasty/Khanate

-After Genghis Khan's death, the Mongol Empire was divided into four Khanates -In this Khanate, the Mongols tried to stay separated from the local people. They tried to not adopt local customs -The Mongols didn't want to run the government themselves, but they also didn't trust the locals. So in this Khanate, foreigners from Persia and Europeans were brought in to run the government -This was the Khanate in China

The Golden Horde Khanate

-After Genghis Khan's death, the Mongol Empire was divided into four Khanates -This was the Khanate (area controlled by a Khan) where the Mongols controlled Russia -In the Khanate, there wasn't too much government structure; the __________________ would keep a large army around and often raid into Russia for food and suppliles

1853 CE

-After Matthew Perry arrived, Japan was now "opened" up from isolationism -After a few years, the Tokugawa Shogunate fell apart and the Meiji Reformation happened -Japan rapidly began to industrialize and Westernize -This question asks for the DATE of the arrival of Matthew Perry and the "Opening of Japan"; what date did this happen?

Nasser Builds Aswan Dam in Egypt 1960

-After WWII ended, many countries became independent from the Europeans as part of decolonization. In many of these newly independent states, the government began to take on a bigger role in the economy than they would in a normal capitalist economy -In Egypt Gamal Nasser took over as President and started to play a huge role in Egypt's economy. The government nationalized (basically bought and owned) all of the old British and French companies, including the tobacco, cement, and phosphate industries -His biggest project was working with the Soviet Union to construct the ____________________, which could provide power to Egypt. His work with the Soviets led to increased suspicion from the Americans. The dam not only provides electricity, but also irrigation and flood control for Egypt.

Nasser's Economy in Egypt 1957

-After WWII ended, many countries became independent from the Europeans as part of decolonization. In many of these newly independent states, the government began to take on a bigger role in the economy than they would in a normal capitalist economy -In Egypt Gamal Nasser took over as President and started to play a huge role in Egypt's economy. The government nationalized (basically bought and owned) all of the old British and French companies, including the tobacco, cement, and phosphate industries -After he took over those companies and industries, he continued to nationalize (take over for govt) several more industries, including the Helwan Steelworks; by the time he was done 1/3 of Egypt's businesses were owned by the government. 2/3 were owned by private citizens/companies. -His biggest project was working with the Soviet Union to construct the Aswan Dam, which could provide power to Egypt -These measures had some successes, and some failures. Moderate/mixed success.

The Global Balance of Power Shift After World War II, 1945

-After WWII, two major superpowers were left standing as the hegemony of Western Europe was now destroyed -The United States and the Soviet Union (USSR) were left as the two dominant superpowers -Western Europe began to lose control of its colonies in Africa and Asia as they staged nationalist rebellions against the Western Europeans during decolonization, which further weakened European power -The United States and Soviet Union began to engage in an ideological struggle, capitalism v. communism. This conflict, lasting from 1945-90, became known as the Cold War -During the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union began to compete around the world and force countries to declare either as capitalist or communist nations

Decolonization after World War I and World War II

-After World War 1 (1918) and World War II (1945), a major process called ______________________ began -The Europeans had taken over colonies all around the world, especially Africa and Asia in Era 5 1750 -1914 CE -After the World Wars, the Europeans were weaker; many colonies saw this as a chance to rebel and start fighting for their independence -Leaders such as Gandhi in India and Jomo Kenyatta in Kenya began leading rebellions against the British; some of these were violent rebellions, and some were non-violent

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

-After World War I, many colonies in Africa and Asia began to fight for their freedom from the European countries -In India, the British had vastly superior military forces and technology, so a violent revolution was not going to work -Gandhi is the leader everyone has heard of; but there was another massively influential leader in India's decolonization movement, a Muslim (so he must have been descended from the Mughals!) who was the leader of India's large Muslim population -He was the driving force behind the India - Pakistan partition, as he wanted Indian Muslims to have their own country to live in. Therefore India was split into two countries, and millions of Muslims migrated across India to move there

Satyagraha

-After World War I, many colonies in Africa and Asia began to fight for their freedom from the European countries -One of the major countries fighting for freedom from the British was India -In India, the British had vastly superior military forces and technology, so a violent revolution was not going to work -Gandhi pioneered the use of _________________(non-violent civil disobience); protesting against unjust laws, but doing it peacefully -One of his most famous and effective __________________________ campaigns was the Salt March, where he intentionally broke the tax on salt law and inspired millions around the country to do the same

Mahatma Gandhi (Freedom Fighting 1925-50)

-After World War I, many colonies in Africa and Asia began to fight for their freedom from the European countries -One of the major countries fighting for freedom from the British was India -In India, the British had vastly superior military forces and technology, so a violent revolution was not going to work -This revolutionary leader pioneered the use of "Satyagraha" (non-violent civil disobience); protesting against unjust laws, but doing it peacefully -One of his most famous and effective "satyagraha" campaigns was the Salt March, where he intentionally broke the tax on salt law and inspired millions around the country to do the same -He dedicated his life to freeing India from Britain; after 30 + years of fighting non-violently, India gained its independence after World War II in 1948 -He was against the India-Pakistan Partition, but it happened anyways; he was sadly killed by an assassin

Decolonization

-After World War I, many of the European colonies begin movements to fight for their freedom -Some colonies, like India, led by Gandhi, begin non-violent movements against their masters, the British -some colonies, like Vietnam with the French, begin violent revolutions and begin to fight for their freedom -Many colonies will not gain their freedom until after World War II. After World War II, we will see a huge movement around the world to give African and Asian colonies their freedom from the Europeans

The Salt March 1930 CE

-After World War I, which ended in 1918, many colonies in Africa and Asia began to fight for their freedom from the European countries -One of the major countries fighting for freedom from the British was India -In India, the British had vastly superior military forces and technology, so a violent revolution was not going to work -Gandhi pioneered the use of "Satyagraha" (non-violent civil disobience); protesting against unjust laws, but doing it peacefully -One of his most famous and effective "satyagraha" campaigns in 1930 was the _________________, where he intentionally broke the tax on ________________ law and inspired millions around the country to do the same

India's Negotiated Independence 1948

-After World War I, which ended in 1918, many colonies in Africa and Asia began to fight for their freedom from the European countries -One of the major countries fighting for freedom from the British was India -In India, the British had vastly superior military forces and technology, so a violent revolution was not going to work -This revolutionary leader pioneered the use of "Satyagraha" (non-violent civil disobience); protesting against unjust laws, but doing it peacefully -For over 25 years, Gandhi led his country in a non-violent fight against the British, leading Satyagraha after Satyagraha -World War II was a huge turning point in decolonization, as many colonies got their freedom from the Europeans after World War II ended in 1945. India was able to negotiate their independence from the British in 1948. -It was significant that India did not have to fight a violent rebellion to get their freedom from the British; they were able to get it through negotiations

Government Control of the Economy in Communist China

-After World War II ended in 1945, China became Communist, which had been a civil war for a long time -As a communist country, the government began to control all aspects of the economy. In a capitalist country, the government doesn't own factories, businesses, or set prices. In a communist country like China, the government controls the economy more directly -China desperately wanted to modernize and industrialize; it therefore created the Great Leap Forward, similar to the Soviet Five Year Plan, it tried to modernize the Industry and collectivize agriculture -The plan failed miserably, particularly the collectivization part; the leader who had come up with this, Mao Zedong, blamed the bad harvest on "the sparrows." Once the sparrows were killed, bugs began eating the crops! -People joked it was the "Giant Leap Backward" -The leader who came up with this plan was Mao Zedong -This term is about what the government does in an communist economy

Mao Zedong (1945 - 1976)

-After World War II ended in 1945, China became Communist, which had been a civil war for a long time -As a communist country, the government began to control all aspects of the economy. In a capitalist country, the government doesn't own factories, businesses, or set prices. In a communist country like China, the government controls the economy more directly -China desperately wanted to modernize and industrialize; it therefore created the Great Leap Forward, similar to the Soviet Five Year Plan, it tried to modernize the Industry and collectivize agriculture -The plan failed miserably, particularly the collectivization part; the leader who had come up with this, ______________________ , blamed the bad harvest on "the sparrows." Once the sparrows were killed, bugs began eating the crops! -People joked it was the "Giant Leap Backward" -The leader who came up with this plan was _______________________________________

The Great Leap Forward 1960 CE

-After World War II ended in 1945, China became Communist, which had been a civil war for a long time -As a communist country, the government began to control all aspects of the economy. In a capitalist country, the government doesn't own factories, businesses, or set prices. In a communist country like China, the government controls the economy more directly -China desperately wanted to modernize and industrialize; it therefore created the _________________________________________, similar to the Soviet Five Year Plan, it tried to modernize the Industry and collectivize agriculture -The plan failed miserably, particularly the collectivization part; the leader who had come up with this, Mao Zedong, blamed the bad harvest on "the sparrows." Once the sparrows were killed, bugs began eating the crops! -People joked it was the "________________________ Backward" -The leader who came up with this plan was Mao Zedong -What is the name of the plan?

ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS: World Trade Organization 1995 - Present

-After World War II, countries around the world needed to rebuild. Some ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS were created--international groups that had some sort of mission to help the world's economy -This Economic Institution was originally known as GATT--and it's goal was to increase trade around the world. In order to increase trade, the idea was to take down TARIFFS. A tariff is a tax that a country puts on foreign goods, which makes it harder to trade. -GATT attempted to remove tariffs and increase free markets--opening up trade -IN 1995, GATT turned into the WTO--which stands for ______________ _________________ _______________. - The WTO works to increase trade around the world and also regulate (make rules) for trade. By breaking down trade barriers, this increases GLOBALIZATION

ECONOMIC INSITUTIONS: The World Bank 1945 CE

-After World War II, countries around the world needed to rebuild. Some ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS were created--international groups that had some sort of mission to help the world's economy -This economic institution was created to help low and middle income countries (NOT THE United States, Europe, etc) to rebuild. This economic institution loans maoney to the countries. Its goals are to: -Eliminate poverty -Help build transportation in these countries -Build businesses -Eliminate corruption in government -Help provide jobs -Ultimately this is a really cool international economic institution that aims to help developing countries

The Zionist Jewish Settlement of Palestine--1948

-After World War II, international sympathy was up for Jews after the horrors of the Holocaust -WIth the help of Britain and the United States, the Jews established their own country in the Middle East in the territory of _________________________ -The problem was that this movement displaced thousands of _____________________________; this has led to 50 years of terrorism and war in the region between the Islamic countries and the Jewish state of Israel. The Jews in Israel are surrounded by hostile Islamic countries; the United States is an ally of Israel and has protected them in the Middle East -What was name of the movement of Jews to this new home?

Israeli - Palestinian Conflict-- 1948 - PResent

-After World War II, international sympathy was up for Jews after the horrors of the Holocaust -WIth the help of Britain and the United States, the Jews established their own country in the Middle East in the territory of _________________________ -The problem was that this movement displaced thousands of _____________________________; this has led to 50 years of terrorism and war in the region between the Islamic countries and the Jewish state of ___________________ -Thousands and thousands have died as a result of the conflict in this region -What was the name of the conflict between these two nations?

Cold War Overview 1945 - 1990 (DATES REQUIRED FOR FULL CREDIT)

-After World War II, the two major superpowers the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union began to compete around the world and force countries to declare either as capitalist or communist nations -These two countries never fought each other in a direct war during the Cold War, but they would still fight in Proxy Wars throughout Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Here are the major events of the Cold War you need to know. 1945 - 1990: Nuclear Arms Race -1950-53: Korean War (Proxy War) -1950 - 1959: Cuban Revolution (Proxy War, Latin America) -1962 Cuban Missile Crisis -1963-75 Vietnam War (Proxy War) -1979-89 Afghan-Soviet War (Proxy War) -1980's Glasnost and Perestroika -1990 Fall of the Soviet Union -DATES REQUIRED FOR FULL CREDIT

Nationalist Leaders and Decolonization

-After World War II, there was a massive wave of decolonization around the world as the former European colonies in Africa and Asia gained their freedom and independence -Almost every one of the independence movements had a central leader who played a pivotal role in gaining independence for the country. They promoted nationalism (national pride) and are referred to as nationalist leaders. Here are the major ones you need to know: -Gandhi: India 1920's - 40's -Jacobo Arbenz: Guatemala 1950's -Gamal Nasser: Egypt 1950's -Ho Chi Minh: Vietnam 1950's - 70 -Kwame Nkrumah: Ghana 1950's-60's -Neto: Angola 1960's - 70's -Nelson Mandela: South Africa 1960 's - 1990's

South Asian Migration to Britain

-After World War II, there was a massive wave of decolonization around the world as the former European colonies in Africa and Asia gained their freedom and independence -Some colonies had to fight violent wars for their independence, like Vietnam against the French and the Americans and Angola against the Portuguese -Other colonies were able to negotiate their independence peacefully and didn't have to fight, like Ghana and India. -However, many former colonies still maintained (kept) ties to their former colonial masters. For instance, in many former colonies, they continued to play the sports that their colonial owners had played and continued to speak the language and worship the religion of the former colonial masters. -In some cases, some people even migrated from the former colonies to the mother country. In India for instance, thousands of Indians from South Asia migrated to Britain and London in the second half of the 1900's. -This migration helped keep economic and cultural ties between the former colonies and the mother countries

Angolan War of Independence 1961-74

-After World War II, there was a massive wave of decolonization around the world as the former European colonies in Africa and Asia gained their freedom and independence -Some colonies had to fight violent wars for their independence. This was a Portuguese colony that had fallen to the Portuguese over 300 years earlier; this had been the former kingdom of Kongo, where King Affonso had sent his letters and Queen Nzinga had led her spirited resistance against the Portuguese -In 1961 the Angolans called on the spirit of Nzinga (they actually named army units after her!) and fought a fierce, 14 year long guerrilla war against the Portuguese to get their independence led by the general Augustino Neto -This war was particularly brutal and there were lots of atrocities on both sides. As always, since this was during the Cold War, the United States was supplying arms and weapons to one of the rebel groups, and the USSR/Soviet Union was supplying arms and weapons to another one of the rebel groups -After 14 years of fierce fighting, General Neto and the Angolans won their struggle and gained their independence!

General Augustino Neto 1961 - 74

-After World War II, there was a massive wave of decolonization around the world as the former European colonies in Africa and Asia gained their freedom and independence -Some colonies had to fight violent wars for their independence. This was a Portuguese colony that had fallen to the Portuguese over 300 years earlier; this had been the former kingdom of Kongo, where King Affonso had sent his letters and Queen Nzinga had led her spirited resistance against the Portuguese -In 1961 the Angolans called on the spirit of Nzinga (they actually named army units after her!) and fought a fierce, 14 year long guerrilla war against the Portuguese to get their independence led by the general _________________________ -This war was particularly brutal and there were lots of atrocities on both sides. As always, since this was during the Cold War, the United States was supplying arms and weapons to one of the rebel groups, and the USSR/Soviet Union was supplying arms and weapons to another one of the rebel groups -After 14 years of fierce fighting, General _______________________ and the Angolans won their struggle and gained their independence!

Armed Struggle: Decolonization

-After World War II, there was a massive wave of decolonization around the world as the former European colonies in Africa and Asia gained their freedom and independence -Some colonies were able to negotiate their independence peacefully and didn't have to fight, like Ghana and India. -Other colonies had to fight violent wars for their independence, like Vietnam against the French and the Americans and Angola against the Portuguese. -These struggles often became a part of the Cold War, as the Soviet Union would give aid and weapons to colonies if they promised to become communist, and the United States would promise to give them weapons and military aid if the colonies promised to become capitalist/democratic when they gained their independence -So many of these armed struggles for independence became Proxy Wars during the Cold War; the most important ones to know are Vietnam fighting for freedom against the French and Americans, and then Angola (used to be Kongo with Nzinga!) fighting against the Portuguese

Mexican Constitution of 1917

-After Zapata and Villa led the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920, the government passed a new Constitution - the__________________________________ did the following: - gave some land back to the peasants (land redistribution...this led the United States to fear communism in Mexica) -universal suffrage (voting rights) to men -State-supported public education -Minimum wage for Mexicans and maximum hour restrictions

Apartheid in South Africa, 1948-1994

-After the British defeated the Dutch for control of South Africa in 1902, the British and Dutch wanted to remain at the top of the social hierarchy and keep the blacks at the bottom -After World War II in 1948 they developed a system of laws similar to the Jim Crow laws so that the white population could control and segregate the black population -These laws stated that whites owned 87 percent of the land; that blacks had to carry a pass book around with them every where they went; that they could not get an education; that they could not marry a white person; amongst other injustices -This system was known as __________________________ -Nelson Mandela and others in the ANC (African National Congress) would dedicate their lives to fighting this system

The Thirty Years War 1618 - 1648

-After the Protestant Reformation, there was a lot of religious conflict in Europe as the Reformation spread -In Italy, the Holy Roman Emperor tried to force people to stay Catholic, although many tried to leave Catholicism -This started one of the most brutal wars in European history; almost every European country got involved -It was incredibly brutal and destructive; fought in the 1600's, it was the most brutal war in Europe until the World Wars -Hundreds of thousands died; many were massacred or hung from trees outside of towns

International Organizations in the 20th Century

-After the World Wars, there was an increasing desire to seek world peace and prevent major international disasters and wars. -Especially after the destruction of the World Wars, people wanted to create organizations that were aimed at promoting world peace and helping countries cooperate with each other. The first international organization created was the League of Nations, which was created based on the vision of Woodrow Wilson at the Treaty of Versailles after World War I -The League of Nations was ineffective and it was replaced by the United Nations after World War II. The United Nations contains a powerful five nation security council -The major goals of the United Nations include maintaining World Peace, preventing major conflicts and wars, and protecting human rights around the globe

Khanate

-After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire was divided into four major ________________ -Each ___________________ was controlled by a Mongol General, some of whom were sons or grandsons of Genghis -

Abbasid Decline or Fall (1250 CE)

-After the death of Harun Al-Rashid, the Abbasids began to decline -His sons fought Civil Wars for power, and there were constant arguments over who should be the next Caliph -The governors of the different areas were supposed to support the Caliphate. But instead, they started to take power for themselves. -Peasant uprisings and Rebellions weakened the empire -The last straw was the invasion of the Mongols in 1250 CE

Economic Spheres of Influence

-After the economic imperialism and Opium Wars of 1840 CE, the British began to take power in China -The other Europeans were not to be left out; they all wanted to get pieces of China so their economies could benefit -the weak Manchu Qing China was divided into ________________ of ______________ -Each European country had a certain area of the Qing Dynasty that they controlled economically; their citizens could have extraterritoriality, they didn't have to pay taxes, and their businesses began to take over through economic imperialism -This was extremely humiliating and frustrating for the Chinese, and led to the Boxer Rebellion

Portuguese Trading Post Empire

-After the successful voyage of de Gama in his caravels, the Portuguese saw that there were ENORMOUS profits to be made in the spice trade with India and the silk trade with China -Instead of taking the silk roads, the Portuguese built ________________ along the coasts of Africa and India -By 1550, the Portuguese had built dozens of______________________ between West Africa and East Asia. -They had superior canon to the Muslim and Asian boats and tried to force all other boats to buy a pass from the Portuguese -If an Arabic boat was found without a pass, they would be executed or their hands would be cut off

1840 CE

-After this, the Europeans started to divide the Qing empire up into spheres of influence and the Qing Empire got destroyed by rebellions -This is the date for the Opium War; the British defeated the Manchu Qings and after this date, the Qing Dynasty began to lose power and crumble

Domesticated Animals 8,000 BCE to 600 BCE

-Agriculture actually includes the domestication of plants and the domestication (taming/controlling) of animals -The domestication of animals was a HUGE part of agricultural societies. Domesticated animals could provide a dependable source of meat, eggs, dairy, and milk. -Domesticated animals could also provide transportation and labor, as animals like horses and oxen could be hooked up to plows to help with farming -One negative side effect of domesticated animals was the spread of diseases. Many domesticated animals spread disease for humans. However, once you survived, these groups had immunity to disease. -The following are required examples of domestication: -SW Asia/Middle East (Mesopotamia): sheep, goats, pigs, cattle -East Asia: pigs, chickens, and water buffaloes -The people in the Americas were out of luck in this department. There were hardly any animals in the Americas that were able to be domesticated for work (the horse was brought in the 1500's by the Spanish)

Akbar's Divine Faith

-Akbar studied many different religions and tried to create a religion that combined many different religions -The _____________________________ was his attempt to create a syncretic (mixed) religion from Hinduism and Islam -After his death, this religion faded and did not succeed as his grandson, Aurangzeb, was not religiously tolerant

1492

-All European colonization in the Americas happened after this date -The year Christopher Columbus landed in the New World

Jacques Cartier 1530 CE

-All of the Europeans were desperate to find "The Northwest Passage," a sea route to get to China by sailing through or over North America -Basically they were looking for a river that went all the way across North America so they could sail straight from Europe to China -This French explorer tried to find it three times in the 1530's, but failed every time -Instead, he claimed the land in Canada for France. The French established a powerful fur trade there.

Currency in Han Dynasty

-All of the classical civilizations started to mint coins and money in order to make trade flow easier and pay govt officials -The Han Dynasty was no exception as the dynasty used tin-silver in order help lubricate (oil up, make smoother) trade in the dynasty and on the silk roads

The Nile River Valley 5,000 BCE

-Along with Mesopotamia, this was one of the first major cradles of civilization -The __________________ River flowed through Northern Africa into the Mediterranean Sea. Two major civilizations sprang up along this river -In the South was Nubia -In the North along the ___________________ was Egypt. -Crops likes watermelons arrived in this area around 5000 BCE, along with wheat and barley that arrived through trade from Mesopotamia. In both of these civilizations, they began to use the floodplains and the irrigation from the __________________ River to grow crops extensively. -As in Mesopotamia, agriculture and irrigation led to a HUGE populations boom in Egypt and in Nubia. By 4000 BCE villages were spread all along the _______________ River Valley -As in Mesopotamia, the rise of population created the need for political and economic organization. Villages grew into cities, and cities grew into city-states. Elites with powerful military skills took over the cities and the surrounding agricultural areas and began to create laws and systems of government to keep things organized and productive

Millets

-Although it was Islamic, the Ottoman Empire contained subjects of many different religions -There were thousands of Christians and Jews in the Empire -Christians and Jews were allowed to form a community where they could keep their religious traditions, languages, and even have their own laws, even though they were still Ottoman subjects - ____________________ Communities could perform their own marriage ceremonies and start their own schools -In order to form ________________ communities, Jews and Christians in the Ottoman empire had to pay a tax known as the "jizya"

Religious Diversity in the Ottoman Empire

-Although it was Islamic, the Ottoman Empire contained subjects of many different religions -There were thousands of Christians and Jews in the Empire -You were not required to convert to Islam; however you did have to pay a tax called "jizya" in order to live in the Ottoman Empire -If you payed the "jizya" tax, you were allowed to form a "Millet" community. This meant that you could live in the Ottoman Empire, but still have your own community with religious laws, traditions, languages, and culture -Note: MILLET or JIZYA are not the answer here

Caliphate

-An Islamic kingdom or empire; ruled by a person who has been chosen to be Muhammad's successor -This was a slightly new type of government in the 700 CEs; it's like an empire, but the ruler is a religious and political figure; almost like the Pope and King combined -The ruler has ultimate authority as both a political and religious figure -The most significant ________________________ you need to know are the Umayyad and Abbasid (750 CE to 1250 CE)

Ideologies

-An ________________________ is basically a set of ideas about how a government or country should be organized -Different ____________________ provide different thoughts or systems for how how societies and countries should be set up -Required examples of ____________________: capitalism, communism, fascism, socialism, etc. -Throughout the 20th century, different countries were trying to promote different ____________________. Often, they would even go to war in order to prove that their ____________________________ was the best. -Fascism: Germany, Italy, Japan -Capitalism: United States, Western Europe -Communism: USSR (Soviet Union, later Russia), China

Justinian 530 CE DATES REQUIRED

-An energetic and tireless Byzantine emperor, known as "the sleepless emperor" -Rebuilt Constantinople to make it more glorious, including the construction of the biggest church in Christendom, the Hagia Sophia -Created a code of laws for people to follow; this was THE definitive law code, it's named after him; lots of later European codes would be based on it -The Code required that every citizen of the Empire be a Christian, anyone who was not a Christian was not a citizen -his Code Forbid pagan religions (non-Christian, polytheistic) and forbid animal and human religious sacrifices, saying that anyone present at such could be accused of murder -Also expanded the empire and grew it to be bigger than it had been -rose up from being a peasant through his own tireless work and energy to become the emperor -DATE REQUIRED FOR FULL CREDIT

Overview Classical Greek Civilization 500 BCE to 336 BCE

-Ancient Greece was one of the core, foundational "classical" civilizations in Era 2: 600 BCE to 600 CE, in the Mediterranean AP Region -These Classical Civilizations came after Mesopotamia and Egypt, which were in Era 1. They were Rome, Han, Mauryan/Gupta, and Achaemenid -The Greeks were a highly influential society in many ways; they made several breakthroughs in Science and Mathematics with thinkers like Archimedes and Pythagoras; -They had several influential breakthroughs in Philosophy with thinkers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle -They had major breakthroughs in Art and Architecture, with the classic "white columns" and the use of domes -They also had several breakthroughs in Government and City-States like Athens were one of the first places to develop a limited democracy (only male "citizens" could vote) -Classical Greece was not really an empire but was divided into "City-States"--Athens and Sparta were the strongest -Many of the Greek breakthroughs would have a huge influence on later cultures, including Rome, India, and the Islamic Caliphates, who would all build on Greek Mathematics, Science, Architecture and Philosophy to make their own countries stronger

Pericles

-Ancient Greek who lived in Athens -He was a huge supporter of Athenian democracy and one of its leading politicians; was called the "First Citizen of Athens" -Was also an outstanding soldier, general, and orator (public speaker) -This leader also promoted Greek arts, philosophy, and science; it is largely as a result of his efforts that Athens became known as the cultural and educational center of Classical Greece

Wood-Block Printing

-Another big Tang/Song invention in China -earliest forms of this involved carving letters or characters into a wooden block and then pushing it down onto paper -later, moveable type became available and made this faster -Diffused through trade to the Abbasid Caliphate and other areas of the world

Sternpost Rudder

-Another great invention from the Tang/Song Dynasties -helped a boat steer (not the compass!) -A wooden steering piece under the water that was connected to a steering wheel or post on top of the boat -Chinese merchants could use it to get spices, gems and diamonds from India -Could also use it get spices from Southeast Asia

Birth Control Pill 1960 CE

-Another medical innovation was the rise of birth control -In 1914, Margaret Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in Brooklyn, NY -Her goal was to give women more control over their reproduction. Many working class women were struggling to hold down jobs when they kept getting pregnant -Her clinic was very controversial amongst religious groups but was wildly popular amongst women in New York --Margaret Sanger kept fighting for women's right to birth control her entire life. At the age of 80, she was able to help get the production of "___________________," which women could take in order to prevent pregnancy --This medical innovation was incredibly popular with women, as 2.3 million women were using it after only two years of production

Margaret Sanger and Birth Control 1914

-Another medical innovation was the rise of birth control -In 1914, ____________________________ opened the first birth control clinic in Brooklyn, NY -Her goal was to give women more control over their reproduction. Many working class women were struggling to hold down jobs when they kept getting pregnant -Her clinic was very controversial amongst religious groups but was wildly popular amongst women in New York --__________________________ kept fighting for women's right to birth control her entire life. At the age of 80, she was able to help get the production of "the pill," which women could take in order to prevent pregnancy

Mahayana Buddhism

-Another type of Buddhism -Was a little bit less strict, easier to follow than traditional Buddhism -Merchants and others helped it spread from India to China, Japan, and Central Asia

The Hittites and Iron 1,300 BCE

-Around 1,300 BCE the Hittites, in North Africa and SW Asia, learned iron metallurgy. Iron metallurgy was much stronger and more powerful than copper/bronze, and made for better weapons and tools. -The Hittites were originally nomadic pastoralists. They rode horses and used chariots, which made them extremely effective in warfare -Using horses and chariots they were able to invade the Fertile Crescent and start their own powerful state. Eventually, due to their use of iron and spoke-wheeled chariots, they became the most powerful state in the area and conquered large parts of Mesopotamia

Domesticated Plants and Agriculture

-Around 10,000 years ago in 8,000 BCE, one of the most important revolutions in world history occurred. In several places around the world, people began to domesticate plants and agriculture began (farming began) -The following are required examples of domesticated plants that humans could grow for food: -SW Asia/Middle East (Mesopotamia): wheat and barley -East Asia/Yellow River Valley: Rice and millet -Mesoamerica (Mexico): Maize (corn) --Latin America, the Andes Mountains (South America): Maize + Potatoes

Environmental Impact of Agriculture: Irrigation + "Slash + Burn"

-Around 10,000 years ago in 8,000 BCE, one of the most important revolutions in world history occurred. In several places around the world, people began to domesticate plants and agriculture began (farming began) -Agriculture had a huge impact on the environment, as forests were cleared, soil was depleted, and irrigation was built in order to provide water for plants. -In order to provide water to the fields, agricultural societies began irrigation. They would dig ditches or underground water tunnels and divert (block) water from rivers into the ditches and tunnels. This would bring water to the fields they needed -Agricultural societies during the Neolithic Revolution would also "slash and burn" forests to clear land for plants. They would cut down and burn forests to make fields. In the long run, this would cause lots of damage to the soil, as the trees would provide critical nutrients -As a result of these practices, agricultural societies did quite a bit of damage to the environment and some historians speculate (educated guess) that civilizations like the Mayans actually fell apart because they destroyed their natural environment around them

Effects of Agriculture--Specialization of Labor

-Around 10,000 years ago in 8,000 BCE, one of the most important revolutions in world history occurred. In several places around the world, people began to domesticate plants and agriculture began (farming began) -The switch to agriculture had HUGE effects. Demographics (populations statistics) also changed a lot as people began living in larger and more dense groups. Eventually hunter-gatherer bands formed villages and then even cities -Agriculture also allowed for "specialization of labor"--not everyone had to hunt/gather, so people could be priests, warriors, artisans, carpenters, merchants, farmers, etc. -"specialization of labor" was a crucial part of the development of civilizations. Because a portion of the population could farm and raise food for everyone else, people could now concentrate all of their time on one specific job, like being a carpenter or blacksmith -However, "specialization of labor" also led to more social classes and to forced labor. War captives or other lower class people were forced into slavery or other forms of forced/coerced labor and had to do the back-breaking, soul-crushing manual labor in the fields to grow food

Neolithic Revolution 8,000 BCE

-Around 10,000 years ago in 8,000 BCE, one of the most important revolutions in world history occurred. In several places around the world, people began to domesticate plants and agriculture began (farming began) -The switch to agriculture had HUGE effects. People had a more reliable food supply, which led to a huge demographic (population statistics) shift as human populations began to grow all around the world -Agriculture had a huge impact on the environment, as forests were cleared, soil was depleted, and irrigation was built in order to provide water for plants. -Demographics (populations statistics) also changed a lot as people began living in larger and more dense groups. Eventually hunter-gatherer bands formed villages and then even cities -In the new towns and cities, social classes and elite classes of warriors developed and there was less equality in society. Patriarchy (male-domination) also increased as women lost power in agriculture societes -Agriculture also allowed for "specialization of labor"--not everyone had to hunt/gather, so people could be priests, warriors, artisans, carpenters, merchants, farmers, etc. This also led to more social classes

Effects of Agriculture on Demographics and Family Structure

-Around 10,000 years ago in 8,000 BCE, one of the most important revolutions in world history occurred. In several places around the world, people began to domesticate plants and agriculture began (farming began) -The switch to agriculture had HUGE effects. People had a more reliable food supply, which led to a huge demographic (population statistics) shift as human populations began to grow all around the world -Demographics (populations statistics) also changed a lot as people began living in larger and more dense groups. Eventually hunter-gatherer bands formed villages and then even cities -Human populations exploded. Before agriculture, in 10,000 BCE, there were roughly 4 million humans. By 500 BCE, after agriculture spread, human population increased to roughly 100 million humans!!!! -Demographics also changed in that family structures also changed. Families were large and closely knit during hunter gatherer days, with families all living together in small groups. Once people began living in cities and towns, families became smaller and were less tightly knit together as they spread out into the cities

Demographic Impact of the Middle Passage 1450 CE to 1850 CE

-Around 11 million slaves were transported from West Africa to the Americas on the __________________________________ -There was a massive impact on the _______________________ of West Africa. - A majority of slaves taken were men, so females outnumbered males in West Africa and many more females were able to rise to positions of power in their societies and kin groups -15% of slaves died on the _____________________, the journey from Africa to the Americas, as a result of the horrible conditions and diseases on board the ships -The African Diaspora was created as the demographics of the Caribbean and the Americas were changed; islands in the Caribbean became largely African, and African mixed in with South and North American populations

The Epic of Gilgamesh 2,000 BCE

-Around 2900 BCE, a type of writing and record keeping developed in the Mesopotamian city-state of Sumer -_____________________ combined graphic symbols and pictographs to create a powerful writing system -One of the first major works of literature in the world was _____________________________________ which was published around 2000 BCE -_____________________________________ recounted the adventures of _____________________ and Enkidu. It was a reflective piece that looked at human's place in the world and discussed several interesting themes. -Themes discussed and explored were: friendship, the relationship between humans and the gods, and the especially the MEANING OF LIFE AND DEATH. -The stories were so popular and powerful that they would be told and discussed in Mesopotamia for over 2000 years.

Cuneiform Writing 2900 BCE

-Around 2900 BCE, a type of writing and record keeping developed in the Mesopotamian city-state of Sumer -_____________________ combined graphic symbols and pictographs to create a powerful writing system -Writing was critical for several purposes; record-keeping, tax collection, trade, governmental decrees, history, and spreading laws like Hammurabi's Code -________________________ was written by a scribe with a stylus pressing into wet clay. Once the clay hardened in the sun, it preserved the scribe's message -Because it required a lot of practice and learning, Mesopotamians established some of the first schools to teach people to read and write -Literacy was usually most common amongst priests and government officials

Demographic Impact of the Columbian Exchange

-As American foods from the Columbian Exchange spread around the world, populations skyrocketed because of the nutritional value of American foods -Foods like manioc, potato, and maize had tons of calories, so populations in Eurasia and Africa went up -The native Amerindian population PLUMMETED because of the diseases brought by the Europeans -The first word is a fancy word for "Population"

Sunni Islam/Muslims

-As Islam started to develop, it started to split into two major groups -The first major group was the ______________ Muslims; they believed that the early Caliphs were holy and that they could lead Islam -Also called, "Traditionalists", this was the most popular branch of Islam -The Ottomans were ______________________ Muslims -They hated and fought against Safavids, who were ________________ Muslims (the other side)

Shi'a Islam/Muslims

-As Islam started to develop, it started to split into two major groups -The second major group was called the ______________ Muslims; they believed that the only people qualified to lead Islam were the direct descendants of Muhammed's son-in-law, Ali -The Safavids were __________________ Muslims -They hated and fought against the Ottomans, who were ______________________ Muslims (the other side) -There are lots of tension between these two groups!

Effects of Agricultural Diffusion in Dar al-Islam- Urbanization and more

-As Muslim travelers travelled through Dar al-Islam, there was a lot of DIFFUSION (passing goods and ideas along) -Crops moved west from Asia and India into the Middle East/North Africa. They had several key effects: -Population increase (from Rice, spinach, etc) -Increased cities as population grew. Baghdad and Cairo, in Egypt, are two of the most important cities whose populations grew enormously -They provided valuable trade goods to go into the four major trade zones: the Trans-Saharan Caravan routes, trade in the Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean Basin , and Silk Roads -Cotton led to a huge increase in textiles, which became a really important industry in Dar al-Islam

Sugarcane, Rice, and Cotton

-As Muslim travelers travelled through Dar al-Islam, there was a lot of DIFFUSION (passing goods and ideas along) -These were the three most important crops that spread through Dar al-Islam in the 700's and 800's CE -These crops led to higher population and nutrition, as well as providing valuable trade goods to go into the four major trade zones: the Trans-Saharan Caravan routes, trade in the Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean Basin , and Silk Roads -One of these crops led to a huge increase in textiles, which became a really important industry in Dar al-Islam -These goods originated in Asia; they spread West from India into the Islamic Caliphates

Chinese Exclusion Act 1880 CE

-As a part of Industrialization, there was a massive need for workers in the factories and for workers in the countries that were producing and exporting raw materials -As a result, during Industrialization from 1750 - 1900 CE, there were also massive migrations around the world -Thanks to the steamship and railroad, people could travel much quicker around the world -One group that immigrated a lot were the ____________________ -When they migrated, they often faced discrimination and harassment from the native people; this was especially true in the United States -Because Americans resented them so much, they passed the first immigration law in American history that prevented any more ________________ from coming to America. -This law was called the _____________________________________

Ethnic Enclaves--Chinese in the Americas

-As a part of Industrialization, there was a massive need for workers in the factories and for workers in the countries that were producing and exporting raw materials -As a result, during Industrialization from 1750 - 1900 CE, there were also massive migrations around the world -Thanks to the steamship and railroad, people could travel much quicker around the world -One group that immigrated a lot were the ____________________ -When they migrated, they often formed neighborhoods where other people from the home country lived together. These neighborhoods would have ______________ signs, restaurants, languages, etc. -Many _____________ came to live in the United States and throughout the Caribbean and Latin America -When migrant minorities lived together in the same neighborhood, it was called _________________

The Republic of Haiti 1804 CE

-As a result of this Revolution, this country became a Republic/Democracy -It was considered the only successful slave revolution in World History -The French were kicked off the island and much of the land was redistributed to the people -This became the first Black Republic!

Egyptian Imperialism and Decline, 3100 BCE to 550 BCE (DATES REQUIRED)

-As in Mesopotamia, the Egyptians sought to expand and conquer. Once Menes united the empire in ____________________ BCE, they kept attempting to expand and conquer. -The pharaohs sent armies south into Nubia, and conquered parts of Nubia, crushing many of the smaller city-states that had emerged there -The most aggressive pharaoh was Tuthmosis III, who personally led 17 campaigns into modern day Syria and Palestine. -When all was said and done, Egypt under Tuthmosis dominated the Nile River Valley and the coastal regions of North Africa -Eventually, the conquered peoples began to rebel and Egyptian power declined. The Nubians drove the Egyptians out of their territory and by 1100 BCE the Egyptians were in full retreat from Nubia in the South -Meanwhile, the Hittites and Assyrians, equipped with iron weapons, began invading from the north. As happened in Mesopotamia, the Egyptians eventually fell to a series of foreign conquerors and invaders, and the great Egyptian empire fell apart around _______________ BCE. MUST GIVE DATES FOR THIS TO GET FULL CREDIT.

The Unification of Egypt, 3100 BCE - 550 BCE

-As in Mesopotamia, the rise of population in the Nile River Valley created the need for political and economic organization. Villages grew into cities, and cities grew into city-states. Elites with powerful military skills took over the cities and the surrounding agricultural areas and began to create laws and systems of government to keep things organized and productive -Around 3100 BCE, a ruler named Menes rose up and conquered all of the territory on the Nile River near the Mediterranean Sea. -Menes united the Egyptian villages along the Nile River and started a capital city at Memphis, which would become the political, cultural, and religious center of Ancient Egypt -This was the official beginning of the Egyptian civilization, which would go on to become one of the world's first complex civilizations -This civilization would be famous for monumental architecture with the Pyramids of Giza; for it's literature, with the "Book of the Dead;" -Also famous for its writing, with hieroglyphics; for its art; for its burial practices, with mummification; and its cities and art. -Egypt also engaged in important trade along the Nile River, to the south, with the kingdom of Nubia

Menes 3100 BCE

-As in Mesopotamia, the rise of population in the Nile River Valley created the need for political and economic organization. Villages grew into cities, and cities grew into city-states. Elites with powerful military skills took over the cities and the surrounding agricultural areas and began to create laws and systems of government to keep things organized and productive -Around 3100 BCE, a ruler named ____________ rose up and conquered all of the territory on the Nile River near the Mediterranean Sea. -_____________________ united the Egyptian villages along the Nile River and started a capital city at Memphis, which would become the political, cultural, and religious center of Ancient Egypt -This was the official beginning of the Egyptian civilization, which would go on to become one of the world's first complex civilizations -This civilization would be famous for monumental architecture with the Pyramids of Giza; for it's literature, with the "Book of the Dead;" -Also famous for its writing, with hieroglyphics; for its art; for its burial practices, with mummification; and its cities and art. -Egypt also engaged in important trade along the Nile River, to the south, with the kingdom of Nubia

Patriarchy in Mesopotamia

-As in all civilizations, the rise of agriculture also led to the rise of a patriarchal, male-dominated society in Mesopotamia -In both public and private affairs, men had decision making power over women. Within their houses, men decided what work family members would do and made marriage arrangements for their children. -Hammurabi's Code further enforced patriarchy, or at least showed how patriarchal Mesopotamian society was. Men could even sell their wives and children into slavery if necessary in order to pay off their debts. -According to Hammurabi's Code, men could legally kill their wife for adultery by drowning her in water. Men, however, were legally allowed to have consensual sex with concubines, slaves, or prostitutes without a penalty -Men also dominated public affairs, and were kings, government officials, and held almost all high ranking official positions

Peasant Agriculture + Labor Organization in Tang/Song China

-As in all societies, there was a social structure and systems of labor organization in Tang/Song China -China did not use a system of slavery (only foreigners could be enslaved), however the peasant farmers were not completely free from oppression. Some Chinese peasants did have to provide coerced (forced) labor to their landlords for a certain portion of the year -it was difficult for peasant farmers to own land, although it became easier for them under the Equal Field System in the early Tang Dynasty -taxes could be very high on the peasants as well, as they would have to pay a percentage of their rice to their landlords -Luckily, agricultural techniques improved vastly for poor peasant farmers. Fast-ripening rice, the iron plow, and the ox-collar all made farming easier and more effective. This led to the increasing urbanization (growth of cities) in China. -Peasant farmers were also honored and protected to some degree by Confucianism

Influence of Daoism on Medical Practices

-As part of Daoism, Daoists were constantly seeking to unify with nature and find the balance between humans and nature -In order to do that, Daoists performed lots of experiments with plants and animal substances; they also were trying to find the elixir of life -As a result of Daoist plant and animal experimentations, there were 52 chapters of medical advice or prescriptions covered in the book "Bencaogangmu" -Daoism helped create an interest in the use of herbs and plants in Chinese medicine that still exists today

Potatoes, Maize, Manioc

-As part of the Columbian Exchange, the Europeans brought these three crops from the Americas and they spread to Asia and Africa -These crops were incredibly high in calories and nutrition; so as they spread around the world, populations in Africa, Europe, and Asia began to BOOM -Name the THREE American crops!

Causes of World War I-- Imperialism

-As part of this -ism, the Europeans were fighting to take over Colonies. The Scramble for Africa began around 1875. The Europeans competed to carve Africa up into colonies -They also competed to divide China up into spheres of influence and divide up SE Asia. -In order to win this competition to get colonies, they had to build up their militaries in a major way -Countries like Germany and Britain built their navies up, building Dreadnought ships, to try and become more powerful -This competition to take over colonies and build a powerful military helped lead up to and cause World War I

Antibiotics 1907 CE

-As the 20th century (1900's) progressed, medicine and diseases changed rapidly as well -In 1907, this was invented, and it revolutionized medicine forever in the 20th century -This type of medicine attacks bacteria and attacks infection; together with vaccines, this medicine has eliminated diseases like syphilis and tuberculosis in the developed world -Along with vaccines, this is why we don't have things like the Bubonic Plague any more in developed countries

Lifestyle Disease--Diabetes

-As the 20th century (1900's) progressed, medicine and diseases changed rapidly as well -Many old diseases like smallpox and measles were conquered in developed countries with the help of vaccines and antibiotics -However many new "liftestyle" diseases sprang up as people gained more weight and started eating less healthy -One major lifestyle disease is _____________________; this is also tied to being overweight, and happens to people who can not produce enough insulin -If the body cannot make insulin, it has trouble dealing with sugar in the body; people who have ___________________ have to take insulin shots and have to regulate their diet very carefully -This LIFESTYLE diseases have increased massively in the last 100 years as people's diets and routines have become less healthy

Lifestyle Disease -- Heart Disease

-As the 20th century (1900's) progressed, medicine and diseases changed rapidly as well -Many old diseases like smallpox and measles were conquered in developed countries with the help of vaccines and antibiotics -However many new "liftestyle" diseases sprang up as people gained more weight and started eating less healthy -One of these major diseases was _____________________; this resulted from people being overweight and putting a lot of stress on their __________________________ -This disease can result in death from ____________________ attacks, and can lead to high blood pressure -This LIFESTYLE diseases has increased massively in the last 100 years as people's diets and routines have become less healthy

Diseases Associated with Poverty-- Malaria and Tuberculosis

-As the 20th century (1900's) progressed, medicine and diseases changed rapidly as well -Many old diseases like smallpox and measles were conquered in developed countries with the help of vaccines and antibiotics -However, in many undeveloped or poor countries there are still not enough vaccines and antibiotics. These two diseases in particular still kill millions around the world because people in poverty cannot afford the necessary vaccines and antibiotics -The first disease is spread through mosquitoes and is particularly deadly in Africa -The second disease is associated with the lungs and can be treated with antibiotics if you can afford it

Nutritional Effects from Columbian Exchange

-As the American crops from the Columbian Exchange spread around the world, it had a huge demographic (population) impact as populations around the world skyrocketed -crops like manioc in Africa, and the potato in Europe and Asia, had a big impact because it improved the ___________________ of people's diet. -So this means there was a big improvement in ______________ from the __________________ Exchange.

The Abolition of Slavery and the Slave Trade 1850 CE

-As the ideas of the Enlightenment spread in the 1700's, more and more people began to question slavery and the justice of the slave trade -Abolitionists in England and the Americas began to fight to end chattel slavery and the slave trade across the Middle Passage -By 1810 CE, the Slave trade was illegal in the United States -By 1865 CE, slavery was illegal in the United States -By the late 1800's, slavery was illegal through almost all of the Americas -Other forms of coerced labor were still around and economic inequalities were hard to overcome

The Women's Suffrage Movement

-As the ideas of the Enlightenment spread in the 1700's, women began to fight for more freedom and rights for equality -Women like Olympe de Gouge in France, Mary Wollstonecraft in England, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in the US were especially influential -Beginning in 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention, feminist leaders began to push hard for __________________________, or the right to vote -Leaders in Europe and the US pushed hard for this right; it was not granted to women in America and other places until 1920

The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

-As the ideas of the Enlightenment spread in the 1700's, women began to fight for more freedom and rights for equality -Women like Olympe de Gouge in France, Mary Wollstonecraft in England, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in the US were especially influential -Beginning in 1848 at the _________________________________, feminist leaders began to push hard for Suffrage, or the right to vote -Leaders in Europe and the US pushed hard for this right; it was not granted to women in America and other places until 1920 -At _______________________ they also pushed for the right to retain property after marriage, greater divorce & child custody rights, & equal education opportunities.) - organized & led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucreita Mott. It demanded greater rights for women. (suffrage,

Indian Indentured Servitude in the 1800's

-As the institution of slavery died out in the 1800's due to the Enlightenment, plantation owners needed a way to replace the labor they had lost -They did this through _________________ ____________________ -Between 1820 and 1914 about 2.4 million people left their home countries and traveled to distant parts of the world to work as ___________________ ______________ -The Most popular destinations for labor were the sugar plantations in South Africa and in the Caribbean islands -The majority of ____________________________ came from the British colony of _________________

Volta do Mar

-As they became powerful ocean explorers, the Europeans began to learn that the winds and currents on the ocean moved in the same pattern every year -They could take advantage of these patterns when they sailed; if they were headed in the right direction at the right time of year, they could catch the winds at their back - The ________________________ was a wind pattern that the Portuguese used to help them sail more quickly to and from Portugal -The ___________________________ was so useful that all the European ships started to use this principle as they sailed all around the world, learning the different wind currents and patterns. "Return through the Sea." Portuguese sea route that took advantage of prevailing winds and currents, not the monsoon winds

Pax Mongolica

-As we know, the Mongols under Genghis and Khubilai Khan conquered a massive amount of territory, the largest land empire the world had ever seen -As they conquered, they united much of Eurasia through trade. The Mongols protected trade routes and made trade safer in the empire; this allowed for the diffusion of goods throughout the Mongol Empire -So after the Mongols conquered, there was a time of relative peace and prosperity, where trade flourished; this was known as the ___________ _______________________ -So think about trade, peace, and prosperity in the Mongolian Khanates!

Pyramids of Giza 2500 BCE

-As with all civilizations, Egyptian rulers sought to build monumental architecture in order to display their immense power. -The Egyptian built perhaps the largest and most famous monumental architecture of any civilization, the Pyramids at ______________________ -The largest pyramid was 481 feet tall and was the tallest man made structure in the world for almost 4000 years -The pyramids are built in honor of Egyptian Pharaohs and their families. The Pyramids contain multiple chambers where the pharaohs were entombed as mummies in their coffins -Archaeologists have discovered and still attempt to discover secret passages and tombs in the pyramids -Parts of the interior contain hieroglyphics and inscriptions from "The Book of the Dead." -There are different theories about how the pyramids were built. They were built by slaves over the course of years. Some estimates guess that it took 200,000 slaves almost ten years to construct -the pyramids became known as one of the seven wonders of the Ancient World, and is the oldest one and the only one to remain largely intact today

Mauryan Trade

-Ashoka built VAST roads, 1,600 miles long -Lots of trade with Achaemenid Persia and China -Trade in spices, diamonds, gold, ivory -These are goods that India will trade for thousands of years. India known for trade in luxury goods like spices and diamonds.

Ashoka's Government and Political Structure

-Ashoka conquered large amounts of territory with the military, but he made his name as a political governor who created a strong centralized government -He established a capital city at Pataliputra, where he created a tightly organized bureaucracy (political organization with officials, secretaries, etc.) -The government bureaucracy (the officials) were in charge of organizing taxes and collecting taxes, which would pay for all of the government projects, salaries, construction of roads, military, etc. -Ashoka communicated his political policies to everyone in the realm by building stone pillars that were built all around India. -Ashoka's pillars told everyone to follow his rules and to observe Buddhism; they also promised he would be a fair ruler if the rules were followed -He built long roads, over 1,600 miles long, so he could visit farther parts of India and could increase trade as well

Pataliputra

-Ashoka conquered large amounts of territory with the military, but he made his name as a political governor who created a strong centralized government -He established a capital city at __________________________, where he created a tightly organized bureaucracy (political organization with officials, secretaries, etc.) -The government bureaucracy (the officials) were in charge of organizing taxes and collecting taxes, which would pay for all of the government projects, salaries, construction of roads, military, etc. THIS IS THE NAME OF HIS CAPITAL CITY

Comparing Three Different Government's Role in the Economy--Fascist Economy, Capitalist Economy, Communist Economy

-At the beginning of the twentieth century (the 1900's), there three different models for how a government could run their economies -The first way was Capitalism. IN a capitalist country, like the United States, the government did not play a big role in the economy. Businesses were owned by private corporations or companies. Businesses competed to see who could produce the best products. The government did not take a very active role in owning businesses or regulating prices -SECOND WAY: In a communist countries, like the Soviet Union and later China, the government took a much more active role. The government really controlled the national economy. Many factories and industries were actually owned by the government. The government created plans like the the Five Year Plan and Great Leap Forward to help modernize and improve the economy. -THIRD WAY: In a fascist country, the government's role is kind of in between communism and capitalism. The government takes more of an active role in the economy, sometimes owning industries and businesses. However, lots of businesses can remain privately owned and competition and survival of the fittest is encouraged. Everything in the economy is meant to ultimately benefit the nation, as fascist countries are VERY VERY patriotic and nationalistic.

Keynesian Economics and The New Deal 1933-37

-At the beginning of the twentieth century, capitalist governments were hands off--they didn't interfere in the economy, they just let businesses compete. -However, when the Great Depression hit, governments in the United States and Europe needed a way to help get the country back on its feet -John Maynard Keynes was an economist who proposed that governments should get more involved in the economy. Keynesian Economics said that governments should spend money building PUBLIC WORKS: schools, roads, bridges. -Leaders like Franklin D. Roosevelt in the US took his advice and made the _________________. As part of the _______________________, the government spend BILLIONS of dollars in the economy on FDR's Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform. It built parks, highways, bridges, and others. The goal was to give people jobs; millions of people did get jobs and the economy slowly started to recover -The _______________________ worked, to some extent. There was a lot of spending and debt. Ever since, governments have played more of a role in the economy in capitalist countries.

John Maynard Keynes and Keynesian Economics 1930's

-At the beginning of the twentieth century, capitalist governments were hands off--they didn't interfere in the economy, they just let businesses compete. All businesses and industries were owned by private citizens and corporations -However, when the Great Depression hit, governments in the United States and Europe needed a way to help get the country back on its feet -_________________________________ was an economist who proposed that governments should get more involved in the economy. He said that governments should spend money building PUBLIC WORKS: schools, roads, bridges -If the government spent money on building projects and building things, the idea was that this would provide jobs to people and would help end the Depression -Leaders like Franklin D. Roosevelt in the US took his advice and made the New Deal; it worked, to some extent. Ever since, governments have played more of a role in the economy in capitalist countries.

Huang Chao's Rebellion 885 CE

-At the end of the Tang Dynasty -this general led a revolt against the Tangs -lasted ten years, from 875 CE to 885 CE -The peasants and lower classes revolted with the general, as he would take money from the wealthy and give it to the poor -important to note: like the Byzantine Empire, the Tang and Song Dynasties both faced lots of rebellions from unhappy peasants, who felt like they didn't have enough land and were being taxed too much. -This rebellion was also against foreign merchants, as the general killed 120,000 foreigners when he took over the city of Guangzhou -This rebellion helped weaken and bring down the Tang Dynasty

Rankings in the Castas System

-At the top of the social class system were the "peninsulares," people born in Spain -Below the "peninsulares" were the "creoles;" European and Spanish descent, and white, but they were born in the New World -Below this was "mestizos" --mixed race between Indian and Spanish -Below this was "Mulatto"--mixed black and white/Spanish -At the very bottom were slaves and Indians -Artwork and cards that we look at in class helped people remember the social classes

Moctezuma

-Aztec ruler who was taken captive by Spanish Conquistador Hernan Cortes, he actually "ruled" from captivity before being killed -He is THE Major ruler you need to know for the Aztecs -Before Cortes, conquered far and wide and expanded the Aztec empire -Was incredibly rich, tons of gold and other goods

Regional Trade Agreements--NAFTA 1994

-Back in 1450-1750 CE, all of the Europeans obeyed Mercantilism. According to mercantilism, it was important to put tariffs (taxes on trade) up that would make trade more difficult -In the 1900's, and particularly after WWII, the ideas of the Free Market started to spread. Countries started to form Economic Alliances/global trading blocs where countries in a region would agree to have no tariffs, and to open up trade fully between the countries. This mean that they took down tariffs and would open up free trade. -One of the biggest economic alliances/regional trading blocs was _____________________, in North America. This was an economic alliance/trading bloc between the US/Canada/Mexico where they agreed to have free trade and have no tariffs -This allows for liberal, free market policies of trade between the countries. This created a lot of trade in North America - NAFTA stands for North American Free Trade Agreement

Tenochtitlan's Market

-Because of the Tribute System, neighboring tribes always had to send goods to the Aztecs. So there was always things like textiles (cloth), gold and silver jewelry, food crops, and jaguar skins being sent to the Aztecs -Slaves were bought and sold here. The Aztecs conquered neighboring tribes and turned them into slaves. -In this ____________ in Tenochtitlan, you would see trade in textiles (cloths), gold and silver jewelry, and food like maize

Fossil Fuels: Coal and Oil

-Before the Industrial Revolution, factories were incredibly small and had to be near a river or use animals to get power -During the Industrial Revolution, James Watt invented the Steam Engine and Siegfried Marcus came up with the internal combustion engine; these were now used to power factories -In order to run these engines, the inventors used __________________________ -There were two major ___________: ___________ and _______________ -These products became incredibly valuable and the Europeans practiced imperialism to obtain them; men like Rockefeller made a fortune selling these fuels during the Industrial Revolution

The Steam Engine 1780 CE

-Before the Industrial Revolution, factories were incredibly small and had to be near a river or use animals to get power -During the Industrial Revolution, inventors created machines that could burn fossil fuels such as coal and oil to produce power; this allowed factories to be anywhere -This invention, created by James Watt in Britain, burned coal and then used ____________________ to power an __________________ -The _______________ ___________ could be used to power any number of machines in a factory or a railroad car -They were especially useful in Britain's textile (cloth making) industry; over 1,000 were in use by 1800

The Internal Combustion Engine

-Before the Industrial Revolution, factories were incredibly small and had to be near a river or use animals to get power -During the Industrial Revolution, inventors created machines that could burn fossil fuels such as coal and oil to produce power; this allowed factories to be anywhere -This invention, created by Siegfried Marcus. in Europe, burned burned oil in a small space and used the energy from the burning oil to rotate something -The energy from the rotation is used to power machines in factories and also moving vehicles, such as railroads or later cars

Steamships 1860 CE

-Before the Industrial Revolution, ships could only sail with the wind or with the current of the river; after this was invented, boats could now travel directly up a river or against the wind -This revolutionized maritime (ocean) travel and trade; it was now much easier to ship massive quantities of goods and to travel uprivers -It used Watt's ______________ engine -Canals were built for it -The invention of this finally allowed a traveler to beat Ibn Battuta's record for distance traveled!

British Imperialism in India 1857 - 1948

-Before the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the crumbling Islamic Mughal Dynasty was in power, but the British East India company was starting to take power away from the Mughals -After the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the British government made India into a massive colony as the Mughal Dynasty ended -Queen Victoria sent a British VICEROY to rule and thousands of British soldiers and settlers were sent to India -The British dominated the government and made massive changes in Idnia; they cleared forests and began forcing the Indians to work in agriculture growing opium, tea, and coffee -TEA, OPIUM, COFFEE--three products the British grew -In order to transport the goods, they also built canals and railroads throughout India -Resistance to British Rule began as the Indians formed the Indian National Congress

British Imperialism in India, 1857 - 1948 CE

-Before the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the crumbling Islamic Mughal Dynasty was in power, but the British East India company was starting to take power away from the Mughals -After the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the British government made India into a massive colony as the Mughal Dynasty ended -Queen Victoria sent a British VICEROY to rule and thousands of British soldiers and settlers were sent to India -The British dominated the government and made massive changes in Idnia; they cleared forests and began forcing the Indians to work in agriculture growing opium, tea, and coffee -TEA, OPIUM, COFFEE--three products the British grew -In order to transport the goods, they also built canals and railroads throughout India -Resistance to British Rule began as the Indians formed the Indian National Congress

The Little Ice Age 1300 - 1800 CE DATES REQUIRED

-Beginning in the ______________________'s, there was a decrease in temperatures around the world -This decrease lasted from almost 500 years -This led to a contraction (shrinking) of human settlement in many areas of the Northern Hemisphere -The Northern Hemisphere means people living in the northern half of the globe, like in Alaska, Canada, Northern Europe, Russia, etc. -It also led to some changing agricultural practices as certain crops could no longer grow in certain areas -The Viking (Norse) colonies in Greenland disappeared as a result of the decreasing temperatures and their ability to grow anything -as a result of the changing agricultural practices and lack of food, there were several famines (starvation periods), such as the Great Famine of -1315-1317 CE -As usual, in times of strife, people blamed other humans for the problems. Witch hunting increased in Europe as a result of the Little Ice Age as people sought to blame and burn women as a result DATES REQUIRED FOR CREDIT

Han Wudi, the "Martial Emperor" 141 BCE

-Besides Liu Bang, who was the founder of the Han Dynasty, this was the most significant and important ruler of the Han Dynasty -___________________________ was significant for two major reasons: he centralized the administration (organized the government) and he pursued imperial expansion (used the military to expand the empire) -He built and organized an ENORMOUS bureaucracy (govt officials and govt offices) to run the government -He built roads and canals to increase trade within the empire and outside of the empire, helping with the creation of the silk roads -To finance (support with money) his massive bureaucracy and projects, he had to levy taxes on agriculture, trade, and industries -In order to run his government, he needed bureaucrats (officials). He created a Confucian University in order to train govt officials -He also used the military to pursue aggressive expansion of the empire. During his rule the empire took over Vietnam and Korea -KNOW THIS GUY!!! Most important ruler of the Han Dynasty

Effects of Pastoralism and Agriculture on the Environment 8,000 BCE to 600 CE

-Both pastoralism and agriculture had HUGE impacts on the earth's natural environment -Pastoralists had a big impact on the environment, as pastoral herds would graze on large grasslands and eat tons of plant life -Agriculture had a huge impact on the environment, as forests were cleared, soil was depleted, and irrigation was built in order to provide water for plants. -In order to provide water to the fields, agricultural societies began irrigation, which depleted water supplies in some rivers and lakes -Agricultural societies during the Neolithic Revolution would also "slash and burn" forests to clear land for plants. They would cut down and burn forests to make fields. In the long run, this would cause lots of damage to the soil, as the trees would provide critical nutrients -As a result of these practices, agricultural and pastoral societies did quite a bit of damage to the environment and some historians speculate (educated guess) that civilizations like the Mayans actually fell apart because they destroyed their natural environment around them

The Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki-- 1945

-By the middle of World War II, both sides were attacking the civilian (non-soldier) populations of the other side. -Both sides were bombing the towns and cities of the other side. The idea was to cripple the factories of the other side and to kill so many civilians that the nation would want to stop fighting -The Japanese were ruthless in massacreing Chinese citizens at Nanking and other places -As the Allies started to win at the end of the war, they began a ruthless firebombing campaign over Japan, dropping tons of bombs on Japan in an attempt to force them to surrender -The Japanese continued to fight the Americans until the Americans unleashed the most powerful weapon in world history on two of their cities, _______________ and __________________________________. -This resulted in the deaths of roughly 200,000 Japanese civilians; Japan surrendered after the second bomb was dropped and World War II ended -The Atomic Bomb dropped on Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki ended the war and was the most powerful weapon ever created -As a result of this, World War II was the deadliest conflict in history, with more casualties than any other. 60 million died, many of whom were civilians (not soldiers)

Bezant

-Byzantine gold coin or money -because the Byzantines were the center of trade for Western Asia/Mediterranean, this coin was the dominant coin in that area

Baghdad

-Capital City of the Abbasid Caliphate -Massive trading city, became very wealthy from Silk Roads and all the taxes coming in from the outer realms of the Abbasid Caliphate -Large population with hundreds of thousands of people -Central city where the Abbasids ran their really well organized government from; influenced by the Persian Achaemenids, they divided the empire up into provinces; the governor of each province reported back to the Caliph at Baghdad

Tenochtitlan

-Capital City of the Aztec Empire in Mesoamerica, the Aztecs built this city on an island in the middle of a lake surrounded by marsh -the lake fed them and allowed them to develop the "chinampa" system of agriculture where they grew maize (corn) year around -The lake also served as a defense, as warriors constantly patrolled the bridges leading to the city. -________________ was a massive center of trade; the Aztecs made all of the neighboring tribes pay them tribute, so the neighboring tribes were always sending them textiles (cloths), jewelry made out of gold and silver, and food

Constantinople

-Capital city of Byzantine Empire, named after the founding emperor, the Christian Emperor Constantine -Huge diverse city with lots of different religions (Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Zoroastiranism) and people from all over Eurasia; -Largest city in all of Europe for most of the Byzantine Empire; population around 1 million people (larger than San Francisco today) -people went to a massive stadium called the Hippodrome for entertainment where they watched chariot races and the fans were divided into Blue and Green groups, who often would fight in the streets before and after races -KEY trading city because of its location; lots of trade running through the city from the Silk Roads, Middle East on its way to Europe; basically all the trade going from Asia to North Africa and Europe went through the city -Also key religious city; cite of the Hagia Sophia, largest Church in Christendom -Fell in 1453 CE to the Ottomans when Mehmed the Conqueror used gunpowder, Janissaries, and huge cannon to knock down the protective walls around the city

Chang'an

-Capital city of the Han Dynasty where Liu Bang, Han Wudi, and other Han Emperors ran the dynasty -Also where the Nine Ministers and other govt bureaucrats (officials) would work from in order to run the empire

Cuzco

-Capital city of the Incan Empire, it was the religious and ceremonial center of the empire -population over 100,000 people -This is where the Incan rulers and nobles lived in grand palaces

Tikal

-Capital city of the Mayan empire -filled with massive temples along with 40,000 people -Included massive Temple of the Giant Jaguar -also had enormous plazas, trading centers, was a big religious and cultural center -Center of the biggest Mayan City-State

The Columbian Exchange

-Christopher Columbus "discovers" the New World accidentally -Once the Americas are discovered, the Europeans begin to colonize it; this sets off a MASSIVE exchange of goods, foods, slaves, diseases, and other things known as the______________________ -Diseases like Smallpox, Measles, and Influenza DECIMATED Amerindian populations -American food crops like Potatoes, Maize, and Manioc were very nutritional and spread to Europe, Asia, and Africa and helped increase world population -Cash crops like Sugar and Tobacco were grown in the Americas and sent to European markets

Greek Influence on Politics

-Classical Greece was not really an empire but was divided into "City-States"--Athens_ and Sparta were the strongest -Athens, under the leadership of Pericles, became known as the city that was the center of Greek culture, science, and education, and was the place where many of the major Greek breakthroughs took place -Athens was the first known democracy in the world and lasted as a democracry from 500 BCE until the conquest of Alexander the Great of Macedon in 330 BCE -It was a "limited" democracy as only adult, male, land-owning "citizens" could vote; this meant that about 50,000 out of 250,000 people could vote -It was a Direct Democracy, which meant that citizens did not elect representatives, as in the Roman Republic, but actually voted directly on issues themselves -The most important democratic Athenian leader was Pericles, the famous general and orator (public speaker) -Greek or Athenian democracy was highly influential as it influenced the Roman Republic, and then, two thousand years later, influenced the Enlightenment thinkers and the next major rounds of democracy during the Age of Revolutions (American, French, Haitian, Mexican and Latin American Revolutions)

Athens

-Classical Greece was not really an empire but was divided into "City-States"--________________ and Sparta were the strongest -This city-state, under the leadership of Pericles, became known as the city that was the center of Greek culture, science, and education, and was the place where many of the major Greek breakthroughs took place -The Greeks were a highly influential society in many ways; they made several breakthroughs in Science and Mathematics with thinkers like Archimedes and Pythagoras; -They had several influential breakthroughs in Philosophy with thinkers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle -They had major breakthroughs in Art and Architecture, with the classic "white columns" and the use of domes -They also had several breakthroughs in Government and City-States like ________________ were one of the first places to develop a limited democracy (only male "citizens" could vote) -One of the most powerful City-States of Classical Greece, the peak of its power was from 500 BCE to 300 BCE

Byzantine Trading Goods

-Cloths, textiles, wools -fine work in gold and silver -Glassware -Byzantines used the Bezant coin to buy and sell items in their economy -The Byzantines also started a growing silk industry

Li

-Confucianism is all about promoting social harmony (a society with strong relationships between the people) and provides rules for everyone to follow in their social relationships -Called for individuals to behave appropriately or morally. You should show courtesy to everyone, especially elders.

Filial Piety

-Confucianism is all about promoting social harmony (a society with strong relationships between the people) and provides rules for everyone to follow in their social relationships -This concept is stressed in Confucianism. Above all else, honor your parents and your ancestors.

Ren

-Confucianism is all about promoting social harmony (a society with strong relationships between the people) and provides rules for everyone to follow in their social relationships -This term tells you that you need to have an attitude of kindness and compassion towards other human beings

Confucianism in the Han Dynasty

-Confucius was an ancient Chinese philosopher who created a set of rules and rituals for all Chinese people to follow -Confucianism is kind of like a religion, but mostly the goal is to promote social harmony (rules for everyone in society to follow so that people get along and the society works well) -Confucianism promotes social harmony by outlining proper rituals and social relationships for all people in China, including the rulers, who have to follow Confucianism -Filial piety (obeying fathers and elder family members) and ancestor veneration (performing rituals to honor your ancestors) are a HUGE part of Confucianism -The Analects are the central text of Confucianism; they are a book written by Confucius that stresses the rules and relationships that are important in Confucianism -Confucianism calls for you to behave properly in your life towards others; REN stresses kindness towards people; LI stresses moral behavior and respect for elders

Spread of Eightfold Path and Four Noble Truths

-Core Ideas of Buddhism -With trade, these ideas began to spread to China, Japan, and Southeast Asia -Emphasize Buddhist Idea of living the "middle path." Live a life of moderation--don't go too far in any direction. Take the middle route! -These ideas diffused throughout Eurasia as trade along the Silk Roads helped spread new ideas, technology, and culture

Han Literature: "Daodejing" (Classic of the Way and of Virtue)

-Daoism was a religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature. -This religion assumed that there was an important balance between humans and nature; -Daoism has many important writings and books that were crucial to its development; this major book emphasized trying to find the balance between humans and nature by living as simply as possible -This book and Daoism called for people to stop competing with each other and striving for material wealth and goods; instead, Daoism asked you to live very simple lives, give up all your material possessions and wealth, and meditate in order to become one with nature -Daoism and this book also called for SMALLER government, meaning less taxes and less govt involvement in people's lives

1607 CE

-Date of the founding of Jamestown, the first tobacco growing British colony in North America

1945 - 1976

-Dates for Chinese Communism under Mao Zedong, which includes Great Leap Forward in 1960 CE

1857 - 1948

-Dates for India as an official British Colony; starts in _________________after the Sepoy Rebellion and the British Crown takes over India; ends in ________________ with a negotiated independence after Gandhi's freedom fighting

1868 - 1912 CE

-Dates for Meiji Restoration

1820 CE

-Dates for Mexican War for Independence and Latin American Wars for Independence/Gran Colombia

1200 - 1370 CE

-Dates for the Mongol Empire

1300 CE to 1923 CE

-Dates for the Ottoman Empire, one of the longest standing empires in world history

Theodora

-Daughter of a bear keeper in a circus, born a free peasant -Was even a striptease artist before winning the heart of Justinian, the Emperor -Very intelligent and strong-willed, often influenced the policies of her husband Justinian

The Black Plague (Black Death) 1300 - 1400 CE DATES REQUIRED FOR CREDIT

-During Era 3, 600 CE to 1450 CE, there was tons of trade and travel going through Eurasia; the conquest of the Mongols also further increased trade and travel in Eurasia -In the early 1300's, a deadly disease pathogen began spreading around Eurasia through trade routes: the Bubonic Plague -The Bubonic Plague, or Black Death, brought on the greatest demographic disaster in world history. An estimated 75 to 200 million people died -it is believed that the Plague originated in China and was carried by rats along the Silk Roads and on boats in the Indian Ocean basin -As a result, societies were thrown into a panic. Millions died, and there were huge labor shortages around the world -One benefit was that the survivors would gain immunity; when the Americas would come into contact with people from Eurasia, they would have no immunity to diseases and their populations would be devastated DATES REQUIRED FOR CREDIT

Increase in Urbanization in Era 3, 600 CE to 1450 CE

-During Era 3, 600 CE to 1450 CE, world population continued to increase as Agriculture spread through trade and migration -As population increased, urbanization also increased as cities grew immensely around the world. -There were several reasons why cities increased in size and scope around the world. You need to memorize these reasons: 1--Increase in safe and reliable transport on horse, camel or sailing vessels 2--The rise of trade and cities serving as centers of trade 3--Warmer temperatures between 800 CE to 1300 CE led to increase in population 4--Increasing agriculture leads to specialization of labor 5--Use of coerced (forced) labor and slave labor to produce lots of food crops Important trading cities to know: Constantinople (Byzantine Empire), Chang'an (Tang/Song China), Hangzhou (Tang/Song China), Tenochtitlan (Aztecs), Timbuktu (Mali Africa), Baghdad (Abbasid Caliphate)

Decline of Some Urban Areas Era 3 600 CE to 1450 CE

-During Era 3, 600 CE to 1450 CE, world population continued to increase as Agriculture spread through trade and migration -Many cities grew immensely in size and scope; however, some urban areas declined in this time period and some cities had huge population losses -There were several reasons why some cities declined, and you need to memorize them. The reasons why some cities declined were: 1--Invasions from people like the Mongols 2--Diseases like the Black Plague 3--The Little Ice Age went from 1300 CE to 1850 CE and led to a decrease in agriculture in some places

European and Japanese Feudalism Era 3: 600 to 1450 CE

-During Era 3, 600 to 1450 CE, much of Europe and Japan was decentralized -Being decentralized meant that there were not many strong, central rulers that were ruling from capital cities; Europe and Japan were divided up in to small areas that were ruled by local lords -Feudalism was the name of the social structure of the time. Even though it was decentralized, there were still some weak Kings. The Kings would grant land to to the Nobles. - Nobles lived on the land and owned large pieces of land and usually lived in a large house or castle -Below the Nobles were Knights/Samurai--who were a wealthier military class; the weapons and armor of Knights/Samurai were very expensive, thus most of this class was well off. They were required to give military service to their lord. -The peasants or serfs were tenants on the lord's land and were below the knights/samurai. They had to pay him rent in the form of crops or labor. -The peasants or serfs also had to serve in his military force whenever they were required to do so; the lord was supposed to provide Military protection for all those sworn to him -In some cases, the nobility formed the warrior class of Knights and samurai, and the poorer peasants were not required to fight, but just had to provide labor, goods, and other services -So this overall system, which is similar to serfdom, was called feudalism. It's also important to remember that both Europe and Japan were DECENTRALIZED in Era 3: 600 to 1450 CE, without huge empires or too much central authority

Nationalism 1750 - 1914 CE

-During Era 5, 1750 - 1914 CE, borders started to become more defined and countries became very patriotic. This was called __________________ -_______________________-ism is when a country becomes more and more proud of their shared heritage, culture, and power. -When ___________________ gets really strong, you MUST be loyal to your country above all else. Criticism of the country is not tolerated. -As part of _______________________-ism, political leaders like to promote patriotism. "We are the best, etc." -This competition and national pride would help increase Imperialism, WW1, and WW2

Causes of World War I--Nationalism

-During Era 5, 1750 - 1914 CE, borders started to become more defined and countries became very patriotic. This was called __________________ -_______________________-ism is when a country becomes more and more proud of their shared heritage, culture, and power. -When ___________________ gets really strong, you MUST be loyal to your country above all else. Criticism of the country is not tolerated. -As part of _______________________-ism, political leaders like to promote patriotism. "We are the best, etc." -In the late 1800's especially, the Europeans became very very competitive with each other in trying to each prove they were the best. National pride in places like Germany and Britain fueled military competition. This national competition and pride helped to set up the tension that would cause World War I.

Magnetic Compass + Astrolabe

-During the 1400's and 1500's, the Europeans began borrowing sailing inventions from other cultures so they could sail across the Atlantic and around Africa -These were nautical (sailing) inventions that were absolutely key for European exploration -One was borrowed from China (Tang/Song invention) and had diffused to the Europeans; it helped them find their direction on the ocean -The second invention was the _______________; this was a Greek invention and helped them use the stars to find their latitude (location) on a map

The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948

-During the 20th Century, the world was torn apart by insane amounts of wars and violence -Humanitarian Organizations began to form in order to try and provide support and some basic human rights to people -After World War II, the United Nations was created as one of the leading international organizations in the world -One of the major missions of the UN is to provide basic human rights to every person on the planet -The idea that every human was entitled to certain basic rights started to become popular after the horrors of World War II; the UN published this document that listed the Human Rights that everyone was entitled to -These rights included: -Life -Food and Shelter -Freedom of speech and religion

Human Rights

-During the 20th Century, the world was torn apart by insane amounts of wars and violence -Humanitarian Organizations began to form in order to try and provide support and some basic human rights to people and international organizations like the United Nations formed to try and protect human rights -The idea that every human was entitled to certain basic rights started to become popular after the horrors of World War II; the UN published the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. -Many organizations now try to defend basic human rights around the world. These rights included: -Life and health. Prevention of genocide is big for human rights. Around the world people are still killed for their religion, ethnicity, race, or other reasons. -Food and Shelter. Several organizations seek to ensure people are not starving and have places to live (Habitat for Humanity). -Freedom of speech and religion. -Women's rights.

HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATION: The International Red Cross 1949 - Present

-During the 20th Century, the world was torn apart by insane amounts of wars and violence -Humanitarian Organizations began to form in order to try and provide support and some human rights to people and to respond to humanitarian crises (disasters and wars) around the world -This International Humanitarian Organization is famous for providing medical care and aid to people around the world, especially during times of war or disaster -When earthquakes, monsoons, hurricanes, epidemics of diseases strike, this organization is often on the front lines providing medical supplies and aid -This organization is truly international as it goes across borders -This organization has won three Nobel Prizes: 1917 (World War I), 1944 (World War II), and 1963.

Humanitarian Organization--The World Health Organization 1948 - Present

-During the 20th Century, the world was torn apart by insane amounts of wars and violence -Humanitarian Organizations began to form in order to try and provide support and some human rights to people and to respond to humanitarian crises (disasters and wars) around the world -This humanitarian organization is a subset or a smaller part of the United Nations. This organization is dedicated to improving the health of people around the world -This org. had a huge impact in eliminating smallpox from most places in the world. A lot of their efforts focus on fighting diseases around the world. -Currently they are focusing on HIV/AIDS, Ebola, Malaria, and tuburcelosis--for the most part, COMMUNICABLE diseases (diseases that spread from human to human).

Norman Borlaug and The Green Revolution 1945 - 1970

-During the 20th century (1900's), the human population on earth was growing rapidly, and agriculture had to find a way to keep up -In the 1940s/50s/60s, after World War II, Norman Borlaug helped spread new agricultural practices that changed farming forever. Farmers began using genetically enhanced seeds that could grow much faster and bigger -They began using pesticides to kill insects -They began using new machines to help with irrigation and watering techniques -As these practices spread around the world to places like India, people grew even more food and the earth's population grew even more -All of these changes in agriculture were huge. This process was called the ________________________________________

Proxy Wars during the Cold War, 1945 - 1990

-During the Cold War, the US and Soviet Union "fought" for 45 years in order to try to convince countries in Asia, Latin America, and Africa to become capitalist or communist -In certain cases, the USA or Soviet Union would offer money to countries if they promised to be capitalist or communist -In other cases, they would fight "_______________ Wars." The US and Soviets would never fight each other directly--but instead they would provide weapons and training to countries where there was a civil war in order to help one side win and make the country either capitalist or communist. -For example, there was a civil war going on in Vietnam. The Soviet Union gave weapons and supplies to the Northern side, who was fighting to make Vietnam communist. The United States gave weapons and supplies to the Southern side, who was fighting to make Vietnam capitalist/democratic. -Eventually, the United States army even came in to fight in Vietnam against the North. However, the Soviet Union never joined in for the North, so there was never a direct war. -So these conflicts were called "________________ Wars." During the Cold War, there were _______________ Wars in Korea, Afghanistan, Israel, Vietnam, Kongo, Angola and Cuba.

Cold War Proxy War Latin America: Cuban Revolution 1953-59

-During the Cold War, the entire globe was affected. Almost every country in Africa, Asia, and Latin America was being forced to declare a side. Either you were democratic and with the United States, or you were Communist and you were with the Soviet Union -Led by Fidel Castro, a revolution began in ________________________ in 1953. The government was a democratic/capitalist government led by Fulgencio Batista and supported by the United States. Castro and his communists were attempting to overthrow the government. -Despite the United States helping the capitalist government, Castro and the revolutionaries were successful and overthrew the government. They established a communist state in ___________________ -This country immediately became major allies with the Soviet Union and began to accept supplies and major weapons from the USSR. THey also began to try and spread communism to other areas of Latin America and the Caribbean -This country came almost came into major conflict with the United States during the ________________ Missile Crisis

Fidel Castro

-During the Cold War, the entire globe was affected. Almost every country in Africa, Asia, and Latin America was being forced to declare a side. Either you were democratic and with the United States, or you were Communist and you were with the Soviet Union -Led by ___________________, a revolution began in Cuba in 1953. The government was a democratic/capitalist government led by Fulgencio Batista and supported by the United States. _______________ and his communists were attempting to overthrow the government. -Despite the United States helping the capitalist government, _______________and the revolutionaries were successful and overthrew the government. They established a communist state in Cuba -Cuba immediately became major allies with the Soviet Union and began to accept supplies and major weapons from the USSR. They also began to try and spread communism to other areas of Latin America and the Caribbean -This country came almost came into major conflict with the United States during the Cuban Missile Crisis -________________________ ruled for an insane amount of time and was President until 2008

Cold War Proxy War: Afghan-Soviet War- 1979-89

-During the Cold War, the entire globe was affected. Almost every country in Africa, Asia, and Latin America was being forced to declare a side. Either you were democratic and with the United States, or you were Communist and you were with the Soviet Union -Proxy wars began tearing nations apart as the United States and USSR wrestled for control and influence in third world countries -In this country, the Soviet Union got heavily involved trying to prevent the country from becoming Democratic -This was in the Middle East; the American CIA funded and trained Osama bin Laden and the Mujahideen, supplying them with stinger missiles to take down helicopters and planes -The "democratic" side was victorious and the Soviets lost an embarrasing defeat that helped contribute to their decline in the 1980's

The Non-Aligned Movement 1955

-During the Cold War, the entire globe was affected. Almost every country in Africa, Asia, and Latin America was being forced to declare a side. Either you were democratic and with the United States, or you were Communist and you were with the Soviet Union -Proxy wars began tearing nations apart as the United States and USSR wrestled for control and influence in third world countries -Some countries got fed up with it. In 1955 they met at the Bandung Conference, the first ever conference of all "black/brown" leaders from Asian and African nations. -They decided there was a third path; not to choose EITHER side. They created an option where they wouldn't choose either side in the Cold War and stay neutral. -The was known as the ___________________________________________

The Bandung Conference 1955 CE

-During the Cold War, the entire globe was affected. Almost every country in Africa, Asia, and Latin America was being forced to declare a side. Either you were democratic and with the United States, or you were Communist and you were with the Soviet Union -Proxy wars began tearing nations apart as the United States and USSR wrestled for control and influence in third world countries -Some countries got fed up with it. In ______ they met at the __________________________, the first ever conference of all "black/brown" leaders from Asian and African nations. -They decided there was a third path; not to choose EITHER side. They created an option where they wouldn't choose either side in the Cold War and stay neutral. -The was known as the ___________________________________________

NATO (1949) and the Warsaw Pact (1955)

-During the Cold War, the entire globe was affected. Almost every country in Africa, Asia, and Latin America was being forced to declare a side. Either you were democratic and with the United States, or you were Communist and you were with the Soviet Union -Proxy wars began tearing nations apart as the United States and USSR wrestled for control and influence in third world countries -The Americans and Soviets both began forming alliances. The American alliance included Canada and many of the Western European powers that had been given money as part of the Marshall Plan; the American alliance was known as ____________________________ -The Soviet alliance was all of the countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia that were a part of the Soviet Union, along with a few other communist nations. This alliance was known as the ____________________________________

Proxy War-- Vietnam 1963 -1975

-During the Cold War, the entire globe was affected. Almost every country in Africa, Asia, and Latin America was being forced to declare a side. Either you were democratic and with the United States, or you were Communist and you were with the Soviet Union -Proxy wars began tearing nations apart as the United States and USSR wrestled for control and influence in third world countries -This Proxy War in SE Asia was one that the United States got heavily involved in. Led by Ho Chi Minh, North_______________________________ was communist and were trying to unite South _______________________ and create a communist country -At first, they had to fight the French after World War II -Then they had to fight the Americans from 1963 to 1975. -They fought insane guerrilla warfare with tunnels and traps -They beat the Americans and got their freedom, establishing a communist country in 1975

Ho Chi Minh 1950 - 1970 (Dates in Power)

-During the Cold War, the entire globe was affected. Almost every country in Africa, Asia, and Latin America was being forced to declare a side. Either you were democratic and with the United States, or you were Communist and you were with the Soviet Union -Proxy wars began tearing nations apart as the United States and USSR wrestled for control and influence in third world countries -This Proxy War in SE Asia was one that the United States got heavily involved in. Led by ___________________, North Vietnam was communist and were trying to unite South Vietnam and create a communist country -At first, _________________ and the Vietnamese had to fight the French after World War II -Then they had to fight the Americans from 1963 to 1975. -They fought insane guerrilla warfare with tunnels and traps -They beat the Americans and got their freedom, establishing a communist country in 1975

Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

-During the Cold War, the entire globe was affected. Almost every country in Africa, Asia, and Latin America was being forced to declare a side. Either you were democratic and with the United States, or you were Communist and you were with the Soviet Union -Proxy wars began tearing nations apart as the United States and USSR wrestled for control and influence in third world countries -This event took place in ____________________; the Soviet Union shipped nuclear missiles to this country in the Caribbean -The United States discovered the missiles and realized they were pointed at the United States -An insane period of tension followed for 13 days -Nuclear war was narrowly avoided by President Kennedy and Premier Kruschev as the Soviets agreed to take missiles out of Cuba and the Americans agreed to take missiles out of __________________

The Bessemer Process for Steel

-During the Industrial Revolution, an inventor named Henry ________________ created a cheap and fast way to make ______________ from iron -Once he came up with this, people began using _________________ to build factories, railroads, and buildings -Andrew Carnegie made a fortune in the United States using this method and selling this product

Karl Marx and "The Communist Manifesto" 1848 CE

-During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way economies were run and how they worked -Adam Smith wrote a book called "The Wealth of Nations" where he promoted an economic theory called Capitalism -This theory relied on competition between individuals; it was "every man for himself" -One of the problems of capitalism was that due to the competition, some people like Rockefeller and Carnegie became wildly wealthy, while most people remained in the lower classes working in the factories -A German philosopher named Karl Marx came up with a different theory called Marxism . In this theory, he was against capitalism, and he said that ultimately the lower classes were going to rise up and overthrow capitalism and create an equal society -Marx and his partner Engels published a book in 1848 CE that outlined how he thought the lower classes would rise up and replace capitalism with communism. The name of this book was __________________________________ -It was incredibly popular and influential and spread like wildfire through Europe, where the "proletariat" lower classes were suffering in the factories. -This book inspired communism and socialism; this man became a hero in the Soviet Union and was the basis for much of the communist thought in the 20th century

Karl Marx and Marxism 1848 CE

-During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way economies were run and how they worked -Adam Smith wrote a book called "The Wealth of Nations" where he promoted an economic theory called Capitalism -This theory relied on competition between individuals; it was "every man for himself" -One of the problems of capitalism was that due to the competition, some people like Rockefeller and Carnegie became wildly wealthy, while most people remained in the lower classes working in the factories -A German philosopher named ____________________ came up with a different theory called ___________________________ . In this theory, he was against capitalism, and he said that ultimately the lower classes were going to rise up and overthrow capitalism and create an equal society -This theory emphasized class struggle, and claimed that capitalism was wrong and would be overthrown -This theory inspired communism and socialism; this man became a hero in the Soviet Union and was the basis for much of the communist thought in the 20th century

Capitalism

-During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way economies were run and how they worked -Adam Smith wrote a book called "The Wealth of Nations" where he promoted an economic theory called ____________________________ -This theory relied on competition between businesses; competition would drive all the prices in the free market economy -The "Invisible Hand" of competition would knock bad businesses out of business; the businesses that could become more efficient would be the ones that did well -This system promoted individuals to compete for themselves; "Every man for himself" mentality -It led to very strong inventions and economies, but it also led to huge gaps between the rich and the poor as some people like Carnegie and Rockefeller got incredibly rich, while the factory workers remained very poor

Communism

-During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way economies were run and how they worked as Capitalism spread -This theory relied on competition between individuals; it was "every man for himself" -One of the problems of capitalism was that due to the competition, some people like Rockefeller and Carnegie became wildly wealthy, while most people remained in the lower classes working in the factories -A group of people who were angry about the inequalities of capitalism came up with Socialism, which is very similar to _____________________ but came before it -In Socialism, the government controls all of the land, the factories, and the economy. The government is run by the people, and one of the goals is to set up a system where everyone was equal -The most famous Socialist was a German philosopher named Karl Marx came up with a different theory called Marxism. In this theory, he was against capitalism, and he said that ultimately the lower classes were going to rise up and overthrow capitalism and create an equal society, which he called ___________________ -So Socialism was the idea that everyone would be equal, and it came before _____________________, which is a type of socialism

Socialism and Socialists

-During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way economies were run and how they worked as Capitalism spread -This theory relied on competition between individuals; it was "every man for himself" -One of the problems of capitalism was that due to the competition, some people like Rockefeller and Carnegie became wildly wealthy, while most people remained in the lower classes working in the factories -A group of people who were angry about the inequalities of capitalism came up with _______________________________________, which is very similar to communism, but came before it -In _____________________-ism, the government controls all of the land, the factories, and the economy. The government is run by the people, and one of the goals is to set up a system where everyone was equal -Different _________________ists had different ideas on how to set up an equal society; Robert Owen was a very famous ____________________ist -The most famous __________________ist was a German philosopher named Karl Marx came up with a different theory called Marxism. In this theory, he was against capitalism, and he said that ultimately the lower classes were going to rise up and overthrow capitalism and create an equal society, which he called communism -So __________________-ism was the idea that everyone would be equal, and it came before communism, which is a type of socialism

Urbanization 1750 - 1914 CE

-During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way economies were run and how they worked as Capitalism spread throughout Europe and the Americas -As Factories sprang up all around European and American cities, the cities themselves grew MASSIVELY. By 1900, over 50 percent of people lived in a city in industrialized nations. This was a HUGE change -As cities grew, there were problems. Industrial cities were polluted, unsanitary places without proper plumbing or clean water. Diseases persisted. -Poverty was widespread as the poor lower class lived in huge TENEMENTS (dirty, nasty apt. buildings). Crime increased. -New immigrants from the countryside and from other countries kept the cities constantly growing and full of energy and bustle

The Industrial Middle Class 1800's CE

-During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way economies were run and how they worked as Capitalism spread throughout Europe and the Americas -Capitalism and Industrialization from 1750 - 1900 CE had a big impact on social classes in Industrial society; the lower class grew immense and was composed of (made up of) a the industrial working class, the people working in the factories - A new ______________ CLASS was developed, a group that was not employed in the lower level factories but was not in the elite aristocracy; they had jobs like teachers, doctors, lawyers, and store owners -This new ________________ class enjoyed new leisure activities like watching sports, listening to live music, and traveling on the railroads, steamships, and canals

Global Migration to Cities for Work 1750 - 1914 CE

-During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way economies were run and how they worked as Capitalism spread throughout Europe and the Americas -Factories sprung up in cities all around Europe, the United States, and Japan. These factories required massive amounts of labor -Immigrants often left the countryside or their home countries to go live and work in industrial countries. -Millions of immigrants flooded the United States from Europe and Asia. Many ended up working in factories, leading to increased urbanization and growth of cities like New York and Boston -Cities like London and Chicago also grew as immigrants flooded the city -All around the globe, immigrants migrated to the cities and urbanization skyrocketed

The Impact of Industrialization on Women and the Family

-During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way economies were run and how they worked as Capitalism spread throughout Europe and the Americas -Industrialization dramatically changed the way women worked and lived. Instead of working at home on the farm, lower class women were now able to get jobs outside of the home in the factory -Initially, lower class women often would need to be "supervised" if they lived away from home and worked in the factories; later, they would be able live on their own and keep their own wages -Middle-class women aimed to STAY OUT of the factories and it was a sign of low-class if a woman had to work; middle class women focused on reading, education, child-rearing, and other "domestic" pursuits -There was also a big increase in the demand for domestic servants from the upper classes; many women became maids, child nurses, etc.

The Impact of Industrialization on Family Demographic

-During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way economies were run and how they worked as Capitalism spread throughout Europe and the Americas -The demographics of how families were set up were impacted massively by the spread of Industrialization. Before Industrialization, families often worked together in a group on the farm. -Now, each member of the family went their separate ways for as long as 14 hours in a day. Dad worked at one factory, mom at another, and poor children often had to work too. Families began to spend less time together -Men gained even more power as the biggest wage earner in the family; families also became smaller; the "Nuclear Family" included only Mom/Dad/Children, but not the extended family of grandparents, cousins, etc that often lived together on a farm or in a village

The Factory System and Specialization of Labor

-During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way the workplace was organized -When you worked in a factory, people started to become really good at one job. They would learn how to work one machine or do one skill over and over again throughout the day. This was called the __________________________ -This was incredibly boring, but very efficient -Workers often had to work 12 to 14 hours a day in hot, dirty, smelly, and dangerous conditions -This whole system was called the _____________________________________

George Stephenson and the Railroad 1850 CE

-During the Industrial Revolution, transportation was crucial. The factories were mass producing goods in one place, but they had to be carried to the markets -This inventor used Watt's Steam Engine to provide the power for the first _____________________ -This invention would revolutionize transportation; thousands of miles of track would be laid down across Europe and the United States by the 1860's -They even built a track all the way across Siberia in Russia under Industrialization Chief Sergei Witte -For full credit, you must name the INVENTOR and the Invention

The Protestant Reformation 1500's

-During the Middle Ages, the Catholic church started to become corrupt. If you sinned, you were able to "buy forgiveness" from the church; you could pay for "Indulgences" which forgave your sin -A man named Martin Luther believed that you could not buy your way into heaven. He wrote a rant about it called the "95 Theses" and the printing press helped spread it all over Europe -Luther and others began protesting against the Catholic church. Many new Christian churches formed and broke off and away from the Catholic Church. This movement spread like wildfire across Europe and millions joined the new churches and left the Catholic church.

Hangzhou

-During the Tang and Song Dynasty, urbanization (growth of cities) increased massively as Chinese agriculture really took off due to the new rice varieties and new agricultural techniques and China became the most urbanized place in the world. -Capital of Song Dynasty, this was a massive center for trade, as lots of long distance trade on the silk roads came into this city. Horses, wool, textiles, carpets, spices, gems, diamonds, and more would come into this city from the Indian Ocean basin and Mediterranean Ocean along the silk roads -One of the largest cities in the world during the Song Dynasty, with over one million residents -This city and the other major Chinese cities were bustling (energetic) cities full of hundreds of restaurants, hotels, markets, brothels (prostitution houses), theaters, craft shops selling silk and porcelain, and more -In ______________________, the taverns (bars/restaurants) had different floors depending on how much you wanted to drink; if you only wanted a glass or two of wine, you sat on the bottom floor; if you wanted to stay and have a whole night of revelry (partying) you would go up to the top floors of the tavern -because there was so much trade coming in from the silk roads, there were merchants and entertainers from all over the world who lived here. There were Muslim merchants from the Abbasid Caliphates, and Christian merchants from the Byzantine Empire. Persian dancers provided entertainment in this diverse metropolis

Chang'an

-During the Tang and Song Dynasty, urbanization (growth of cities) increased massively as Chinese agriculture really took off due to the new rice varieties and new agricultural techniques. China became the most urbanized area in the world. -Capital city of the Sui and Tang dynasties, this was the largest city in the world during the Tang Dynasty, with almost 2 million residents -Established during Sui Dynasty, but Tang Taizong built it up to much bigger and more impressive levels in the Tang Dynasty -Center for trade and politics. The Tang Dynasty built long networks of roads and communication to run the dynasty, and many of these roads came back to this city -The Sui and Tang rulers lived here, along with many of the Scholar Bureaucrats who ran the government after they passed the Civil Service Exam -This city and the other major Chinese cities were bustling (energetic) cities full of hundreds of restaurants, hotels, markets, brothels (prostitution houses), theaters, craft shops selling silk and porcelain, and more

Iron and Steel Production in the Tang/Song Dynasties

-During the Tang/Song Dynasties, there was a massive increase in production of __________ and ____________ in China -Production went up by 10 times -____________ and ___________used for weapons and agricultural tools -Also used for bridges and pagodas. -They would be produced in major cities like Hangzhou and Chang'an; helped Tang/Song China become more powerful and technologically advanced

The Salaried Samurai

-During the Tokugawa Shogunate from 1600 -1850 CE, the Shoguns were constantly worried about rebellions from the "Daimyo" nobility, the noble class just below them -In order to strengthen their power, the Shoguns began hiring professional _____________________ to fight for them and build a professional standing army -This was similar to other Empires around the world like the Ottomans with the Janissaries and the European countries who were paying military professionals to build standing armies

Kabuki Theater

-During the Tokugawa Shogunate from 1603 - 1867 CE the Japanese developed a beautiful style of theater and performing arts called __________________ Theater -Essentially this like a really fancy and beautiful Japanese play -It features colorful scenery and beautiful, bright costumes and an exaggerated style of acting

The Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan 1603 CE to 1867 CE

-During the Tokugawa Shogunate from 1603 - 1867 CE, the class of nobility was called the __________________ -The Tokugawas tried to come up with ways to limit or control the power of the _______________ ; the Shogun required that the __________ spend every other year living in the Tokugawa capital city of Edo (Tokyo) -This way, the Shogun could keep an eye on the ______________ and make sure they weren't getting too much power -The shogun also approved all marriages between ______________ families -This was all an attempt by the Shogun to control the _________________; he wouldn't let the ________________ meet the emperor without the Shogun being present

Russo-Japanese War 1905 CE

-During the Tokugawa period, the Japanese were isolated for 250 years from 1600 - 1850 CE -After Commodore Perry in 1853, the Meiji Restoration took place as the Tokugawas fell -The Japanese went in the opposite direction of their earlier times; with the aid of European advisors, they built a powerful military that was modern and Industrialized -They began to try and take over countries in Asia in order to get resources for their new factories and railroad -They fought the Chinese and the ______________________ and took land and resources from both -This term is the war they fought against the ____________________ (not the Chinese!). It happened in 1905 CE and they were victorious, able to easily defeat a much larger foe

Japanese Imperialism during the Meiji Reformation

-During the Tokugawa period, the Japanese were isolated for 250 years from 1600 - 1850 CE -After Commodore Perry in 1853, the Meiji Restoration took place as the Tokugawas fell -The Japanese went in the opposite direction of their earlier times; with the aid of European advisors, they built a powerful military that was modern and Industrialized -They began to try and take over countries in Asia in order to get resources for their new factories and railroad -They fought the Russians and the Chinese and took land and resources from both -They also took over several islands in the Pacific -This process was called: ______________________________________________________________

Sino-Japanese War 1895 CE

-During the Tokugawa period, the Japanese were isolated for 250 years from 1600 - 1850 CE -After Commodore Perry in 1853, the Meiji Restoration took place as the Tokugawas fell -The Japanese went in the opposite direction of their earlier times; with the aid of European advisors, they built a powerful military that was modern and Industrialized -They began to try and take over countries in Asia in order to get resources for their new factories and railroad -They fought the Russians and the ______________________ and took land and resources from both -This term is the war they fought against the ____________________ (not the Russians!). It happened in 1895 CE and they were victorious, able to easily defeat a much larger foe

The City of Rome and Roman Architecture

-During the height of the Roman Empire, Rome was the largest city in the world. -The city was very advanced for its time, with sewer systems, public baths, theaters, arenas, government buidings, and magnificent palaces for the patricians -Roman architecture was famous for its beauty and size. The Romans used white marble to construct MASSIVE buildings. -The most famous Roman structure was the Colosseum, the massive stadium used for the gladiatorial games -A signature of Roman architecture are the beautiful columns and huge domes

Jacobo Arbenz 1954 CE

-During the late 1800's and early 1900's, America was practicing economic imperialism in Latin America -American companies were taking over Latin American countries and dominating their economy, bribing politicians, and serving as the major employer for thousands -The United Fruit Company, a massive transnational corporation, took over in Guatemala and owned huge parts of land and resources; they bribed politicians to let them keep the land and make favorable policies -In 1954 a new President was elected, President __________. ________________started a new Land Reform Policy that tried to take land away from the United Fruit Company and redistribute (give it back) to the lower class Guatemalans -The CIA was scared that taking land from the rich company and giving it to the people was like Communism. The CIA organized a rebellion against ____________________ and he was exiled, where he died. -Guatemala descended into a 40 year Civil War; the company turned Guatemala into a "Banana Republic," which was the main product being grown and exported-

Arbenz's Land Reform Policy 1954

-During the late 1800's and early 1900's, America was practicing economic imperialism in Latin America -American companies were taking over Latin American countries and dominating their economy, bribing politicians, and serving as the major employer for thousands -The United Fruit Company, a massive transnational corporation, took over in Guatemala and owned huge parts of land and resources; they bribed politicians to let them keep the land and make favorable policies -In 1954 a new President was elected, President __________. ________________started a new ________________________ Policy that tried to take land away from the United Fruit Company and redistribute (give it back) to the lower class Guatemalans -The CIA was scared that taking land from the rich company and giving it to the people was like Communism. The CIA organized a rebellion against ____________________ and he was exiled, where he died. -This term is the name of the President + the name of his policy of taking land away from the UFC and redistributing it (giving it back) to the lower classes

The United Fruit Company in Guatemala 1899 - 1980 CE

-During the late 1800's and early 1900's, America was practicing economic imperialism in Latin America -American companies were taking over Latin American countries and dominating their economy, bribing politicians, and serving as the major employer for thousands -This massive transnational corporation took over in Guatemala and owned huge parts of land and resources; they bribed politicians to let them keep the land and make favorable policies -In 1954 a new President was elected, President Jacobo Arbenz. Arbenz started a new Land Reform Policy that tried to take land away from the ____________________________ and redistribute (give it back) to the lower class Guatemalans -The CIA was scared that taking land from the rich company and giving it to the people was like Communism. The CIA organized a rebellion against Arbenz and he was exiled, where he died. -Guatemala descended into a 40 year Civil War; the company turned Guatemala into a "Banana Republic," which was the main product being grown and exported

MIgrations + Bering Land Bridge Crossing, 18,000 BCE

-Early Hunter Gatherer bands migrated quite a bit during the Paleolithic Period -Often they would be following herds of animals that they were hunting, and that would lead to migration. Sometimes climate change, environmental pressures, or other forces would cause Hunter Gatherer bands to migrate -Most historians believe that humans originated in Africa and spread throughout the world via migration. In approximately 18,000 BCE, humans crossed the Bering Land Bridge from Russia into Alaska. Because it was an Ice Age, there was actually a frozen land bridge where there is now ocean today. The hunters were probably following the mammoths they were hunting as they crossed into the Americas. - They were then able to spread south through the Americas, and these people would eventually become the Incans, Aztecs, and other Native American peoples

Spread of Christianity 30 CE to 1750 CE

-Early on , this religion was persecuted (attacked) in Rome -The single most important early missionary to spread the teachings of Christ was Paul of Tarsus, who spread the teachings of Jesus around the Mediterranean Ocean through the sea lane trading networks. He was killed by the Romans for spreading the religion. -Paul was one of the Twelve Apostles, who were the closest followers and students of Jesus. They were the first major missionaries throughout the Roman Empire. -By 200 CE, missionaries began to spread the word about this religion to an even greater extent -The religion spread into the Mediterranean and Europe and became the dominant religion there -Became popular in the Middle East/SW Asia as well -Became popular in Roman Empire eventually and the Emperor Constantine would convert to Christianity and move the capital of the Roman Empire east to Constantinople in 320 CE

Queen Hatshepsut 1470 BCE

-Egypt, like all societies, quickly developed into a patriarchy as women lost rights due to agriculture -However, women still found ways to wield influence. Queen _________________________ actually ruled as pharaoh with her stepson Tuthmosis III -She had several accomplishments as a very capable ruler, including: Increased trade, set up military expeditions, encouraged mining, and fostered agriculture -In order to depict her in the same way as the other pharaohs, a statue of her was built that shows her wearing a beard traditionally worn by the pharaohs, even though she didn't have facial hair!

The Mayans 300 CE to 1100 CE

-Empire in Mesoamerica -Flourished from 300 to 1100 CE -Known for building massive religious ceremonial centers, built over 80 pyramids, palaces, and temples -Most important political and relgious center was Tikal -Organized empire into small city-states in order to keep empire organized and running

Ottoman Architecture in Istanbul

-Empires traditionally built large palaces and architectural construction projects to show their power -The Ottomans loved to build magnificent palaces and mosques to show their wealth and might; -In the city of _________________ in particular, they built magnificent palaces and mosques -the most beautiful mosques was the the Suleymaniye Mosque, built in honor of Suleyman the Magnificent (NOT THE ANSWER!)

Suleymaniye Mosque

-Empires traditionally built large palaces and architectural construction projects to show their power -The Ottomans loved to build magnificent palaces and mosques to show their wealth and might; -the most beautiful _________________ was the the ___________________, built in honor of ______________ the Magnificent

The United Nations 1945 - Present

-Especially after the destruction of the World Wars, people wanted to create organizations that were aimed at promoting world peace and helping countries cooperate with each other. The first international organization created was the League of Nations, which was created based on the vision of Woodrow Wilson at the Treaty of Versailles after World War I -The League of Nations was ineffective and it was replaced by the United Nations after World War II. The United Nations contains a powerful five nation security council that hold the most power. The nations on the security council are Russia, The United States, China, Britain, and France. -The major goals of the United Nations include maintaining World Peace, preventing major conflicts and wars, and protecting human rights around the globe -The UN has its own military that acts as a peacekeeping force and can be sent in to prevent major conflicts around the globe.

Cyrus the Great 550 BCE

-Established the Achaemenid Empire A great conqueror who strengthened the Empire. Known as a great general who used the military very effectively to conquer and establish the empire -Established massive Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; he united all of the old Mesopotamian empires into the Achaemenid. -A Persian ruler who captured Babylon. He was known for his mercy. He was tolerant of other religions and culture, and even incorporated different architectural styles into his buildings. -Mentioned in the Bible in Isaiah 45 because he helped the Jews and freed the Jews.

Slave Trade in the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean

-Even before the Middle Passage and TransAtlantic slave trade, there was already slavery in Africa -Within African Kingdoms such as Kongo and Songhay, slaves were captured through war and used internally in Africa -Slaves were also sent across the Trans-Saharan caravan routes and were traded by Arabic traders in the Middle East, Mediterranean Sea, and Indian Ocean -SO! Many students think of African slaves and the Middle Passage; slavery had existed in Africa before that, and were also being sent to other parts of the world

1492 -1800 CE

-Everything having to do with colonization and transAtlantic trade in the Americas happens AFTER Columbus -The Dates of the Columbian Exchange

Impacts of Global Migration 1750 - 1914 CE

-Factories sprung up in cities all around Europe, the United States, and Japan. These factories required massive amounts of labor -Immigrants often left the countryside or their home countries to go live and work in industrial countries. -Millions of immigrants flooded the United States from Europe and Asia. Many ended up working in factories, leading to increased urbanization and growth of cities like New York and Boston -Due to the physical nature of the jobs available, many of the immigrants were male; this left women to take on new roles and responsibilities in their home villages -Many man migrated seasonally; they would go work in the factories for 9 months in a country, then return home to their families for several months -When they arrived in new cities, immigrants created "ethnic enclaves" where people of the same ethnicity all lived in the same neighborhood, such as Chinatown and Little Italy in New York City

Zhu Xi

-Famous Neo-Confucianist -Mixed Buddhism with old Confucianism to make "Neo" or new Confucianism -Wrote book "Family Rituals" to help people know how to properly perform Confucian rituals, honoring your ancestors, etc.

Adolf Hitler, the Nazis, and Fascism in Germany

-Fascism was an ideology that basically became a type of government in Germany -After World War I, all of the blame for the war was placed on Germany and the Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to pay $33 billion in reparations payments to the Allies; under the burden of this debt, the German government fell apart and collapsed -This set the stage for a new leader to rise to power, one who promised a "new age." He promoted the ideology of Fascism and began a new government. -This leader was a master motivator and wanted to prepare Germany for Total War. He gave speeches, used propaganda, made films, and created a nationalist spirit. Germany rallied and returned to being an incredibly powerful, warlike nation As parts of Fascism, you would have seen in Germany: -Extreme nationalism -Extreme militarism -Loyalty to the state, no criticism allowed -Ultimately this leader started World War II and played a large role in the Holocaust as well. He was extremely racist and decided, along with other leaders of his political party (the _____________) that every Jew, person with a disability, gypsy, homosexual, etc. should be put to death. -This leader is now known as one of the most notorious criminals in world history

Benito Mussolini and Fascism in Italy 1930's

-Fascism was an ideology that basically became a type of government in Italy -In Italy, this leader began promoting fascism. In a Fascist country, you're going to see: -Extreme nationalism -Extreme militarism -One dictator/ruler with Total Power -Loyalty to the state, no criticism allowed -This man's fascist group were known as the Black Shirts. Under this leader, Italy allied with Hitler and the Nazis -As part of Fasciscm, Italy was very aggressive. They took over Ethiopia and helped start World War II.

Causes of World War II-- Axis Aggression

-Fascist leaders took over in Germany, Italy, and Japan. These leaders were VERY aggressive and promoted imperialism in their countries. --World War II was started due to territorial aggression from the fascist powers, the Germans and the Japanese, as they began taking land throughout Europe and Asia, invading the Sudetenland -The Japanese also began taking over territory in the Pacific, invading China and taking over Manchuria -Germany and Britain had a huge nationalist rivalry and hated each other; however, the British wanted to avoid war if possible - they met Hitler at the Munich Conference and they practiced "appeasement," where they let Hitler keep the territory he had taken -However, this policy failed miserable as Hitler just kept taking more and more land. He INVADED POLAND and after that war had to be declared to stop the Axis powers

Social Structure during European and Japanese Feudalism, 600 CE to 1450 CE

-Feudalism--decentralized, so the Kings and capital cities didn't have much power Social Structure was: -Kings at the top, gave land to the nobles -Nobles owned land, had people sworn to them -Knights/Samurai were a rich military class below the nobles; sworn to fight for nobles -Peasants/serfs were tenants who rented the land from the nobles; were required to pay rent in the form of food or military service when required

Constantine 320 CE

-First Emperor of the Byzantine Empire -Founder of the Empire, he was actually a Roman Emperor -Split the Roman Empire in half; moved the Capital from Rome to Constantinople, in the East -First Christian Emperor; made it illegal to kill Christians and helped majorly with the spread of Christianity -Claimed power from God (Christian); "Caesaropapism"--meaning that he was both the political ruler and the spiritual/religious leader -After the western half of the Roman Empire fell, the eastern half survived and became the Byzantine Empire; capital city was renamed after him

Liu Bang 202- 195 BCE

-First emperor and founder of the Han dynasty and one of the only Chinese emperors to rise from the peasant class -Rose up as a general and won a huge civil war in China to take power from the crumbling Qin Dynasty -_________________________ established the Han capital city at Chang'an and began to established a centralized government system run by government officials -He actually reduced taxes (very rare!!!) and helped reduce slavery in China, which would never really take off like it would in other areas of the world (although peasant farmers would be similar to serfs) -Although he disliked Confucianism early in his life, he became a big supporter of Confucianism and under his reign the rules and traditions of Confucianism began to spread and increase all throughout China - He chose his ministers from educated men with Confucian principals. THIS IS THE MAJOR LEADER TO KNOW FOR THE HAN DYNASTY!

Start of Byzantine Empire 320 CE

-First major Christian Empire - Constantine split the Roman Empire in half; moved the Capitol from Rome to Constantinople, in the East, around 320 CE -After the western half of the Roman Empire fell, the eastern half survived and became the Byzantine Empire -The Byzantine Empire survived for over a thousand years after its beginning and became one of the most powerful empires in Eurasia; -The Byzantine Emperors would use Caesaropapism to justify their rule--ruling as both political ruler as emperor and religious ruler as "pope" -Became known for being a massive center of trade and religion; would be organized into political states called "Themes" -Because it was such a large empire, there was a lot of political organization, tons of government officials, bureaucrats, etc. (some people said too many bureaucrats!) -Would eventually have problems with peasant rebellions

Hunter Gatherer Economic Structures

-For the most part, hunter-gatherer bands stayed and lived in small kinship groups (groups of families) -There was little trade during this time, and every group had to be self-sufficient (each group had to be able to make everything they needed to survive) -Despite this, there was still SOME trade and exchange of people, goods, and ideas. Hunter-gatherers groups would sometimes meet and exchange ideas, technology, and trade -In particular, different stone tools for hunting and building could be exchanged as humans spread across the globe

Jamestown 1607 CE

-Founded in 1607, this town struggled mightily when it was first founded until the discovery of Tobacco -This was the first British town in North America in Virginia; initially, the town really struggled with starvation, disease, and Indian attack -Once tobacco was discovered and grown by John Rolfe, the town was economically successful and the colony of Virginia became one of the first powerful colonies in the British Empire

Siddhartha Gautama 550 BCE

-Founder of Buddhism in 550 BCE -Also known simply as The Buddha -At first, he was one of the richest Brahmin sons and was showered with luxury for his whole life. After seeing the sick and poor, _____________went away and starved himself under a tree. He became free of everything from life, and began to feel enlightened, and found the way to end suffering. -Buddhism will be based off of his teachings. Buddha translates from the word the enlightened one. Key terms are Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, and Nirvana!

Song Taizu 960 CE

-Founder of Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty would never become too powerful, although it would last for three hundred years -He emphasized organizing the government, continuing to use the civil service exam, industry in iron, steel, and porcelain, and Confucian education -did not emphasize the military as much and mistrusted many of the military leaders. This would continue throughout the Song Dynasty -Gave bureaucrats (govt officials) a lot of responsibility and power, so the importance of the Civil Service Exam became even greater. Scholar Bureaucrats would earn high salaries, increasing the merit-based promotion and competition for these positions -As a result, Song Taizu and the Song Dynasty would be known for having a strong political organization, with excellent government officials who were very loyal to the dynasty -However, the weakness of the military would eventually be its downfall, as the empire would be unable to protect itself from the invasion of the Mongols in 1279 CE

Genghis Khan

-Founder of the Mongol Empire, one of the greatest conquerors of all time -Military genius; reorganized military so that men were loyal to HIM and not to their tribes -Used incredible military tactics to conquer thousands of square miles in Asia and the Middle East -established capital city at Karakorum -After death, his line continued to rule through Kubilai Khan

Osman Bey 1300 CE

-Founding Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, a nomadic, warlike Turk -Very warlike, a "Ghazi" which means Islamic warrior of God -Founds the Islamic Empire, which will last 600 + years

Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ) 0 BCE

-Founding figure of Christianity -Taught and preached about kindness, forgiveness, and a love for a monotheistic God -He was known for being a very charismatic speaker and leader; he recruited lots of "disciples" who became missionaries and spread his message around Eurasia -Claimed to be the Son of God and his messenger on earth -Christianity had lots of influence from Judaism and ________________________- was originally Jewish -He was persecuted by the Roman Empire and crucified (nailed to a cross) on the orders of the Roman Emperor Pontius Pilate. Legend has it that after his death he was reborn again through a miracle.

Muhammad 570 CE - 632 CE DATE REQUIRED FOR ANSWER

-Founding prophet of Islam -Made a famous journey to Mecca, known as the "Hijra." Mecca is now the holy city of Islam. The five pillars of Islam require every Muslim to visit there once -____________________ CE , DATE REQUIRED IN ANSWER -Successfully established Islam as a prophet and missionary and spread it throughout the Middle East/Arabia -Is named in the first pillar of Islam as the prophet of God, Allah -Muslims believe that Allah sent revelations to Muhammad, and those were written down in the Qur'an. These rules are set down for Muslims to follow

Pachacuti

-Founding ruler of the Incan empire in 1430 -Great military general and leader, took over several kingdoms and launched an empire

Spread of Buddhism within Asia 1450 CE to 1750 CE

-From 1450 - 1750 CE, ______________________ continued to spread within Asia -China became even more devoted to ___________________________ -SE Asia became more _______________________________ -Japan developed its own form, Shinto ______________________________ -This religion includes the Eight Fold Path and the Four Noble Truths

The Kingdom of Kongo 1450 - 1700 CE DATES REQUIRED FOR FULL CREDIT

-From 1450 - _____________ CE, this began as one of the most powerful kingdoms in West/SW Africa, on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean -This empire had lots of trade with the Portuguese; initially, it was a beneficial trade to both empires, as the Portuguese were trading goods to the Kongolese and many Kongolese even converted to a syncretic (mixed form of Chrisitianity) -As time passed, the slave trade increased and the Portuguese slavers began to have a negative effect on the ___________________ kingdom -Rulers like King Affonso and Queen Nzinga of Ndongo tried to resist the Portuguese -Eventually the kingdom fell to the Portuguese and became the first European colony in Africa in the year ______________________________ -AP Region: Sub-Saharan Africa, SW Africa

Wood-Block Prints in Japan

-From 1600 -1850 CE, this type of artwork became very popular in Tokugawa Japan -These artists were able to create beautiful prints on wood-blocks using water based inks -"The Great Wave off Kanagawa" is a famous example of wood-block prints

Piracy in the Caribbean 1650 CE to 1770 CE

-From 1650 to 1750 CE, _______________________ really took off in the ____________________ as people wanted to rob the British, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and other European ships in the region -People began to try and rob these ships in order to take their cargo, which often included slaves, sugar, rum, whiskey, timber, tobacco, fish, or other goods -In the late 1700s the European and American navies began attacking ______________ to protect their merchants and the____________________ became less successful

The Industrial Revolution 1750 - 1914 CE

-From 1750 - 1900 CE, there was a dramatic change in the world's economy as Europe and the United States began to produce "goods" in massively different ways -New machines such as the steam engine and internal combustion engine powered other machines in massive factories -Fossil fuels such as coal and oil became incredibly valuable in order to power the factories -The assembly line and mass production increased efficiency and lowered costs -Transportation was changed immensely with the railroad, steamship, and canals -It wasn't all improvements; working conditions were horrible, and massive urbanization (movement to cities) led to horrible and unsanitary conditions in the tenements -All of these changes are part of the ___________________________________________

Single Export Economies in the Non-European Countries

-From 1750 - 1900 CE, there was a dramatic change in the world's economy as Europe and the United States began to produce "goods" in massively different ways -To power the Industrial Revolution, the Factories required fossil fuels such as oil and coal -They also required massive amounts of raw materials such as rubber and cotton -Countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa began producing one or two major raw materials and exporting them to the Europeans -For instance, India began producing vast amounts of cotton to send to the British textile factories -The Belgians forced the Congolese to send rubber to them, or they would cut their hands off -This meant that many of the economies in these countries became dependent on the Europeans, and the rest of their agriculture and economy declined -Countries that focused on one product to send to the Europeans were called _______________________________________________________________________________

Industrialization's Effect on Non-European Countries

-From 1750 - 1900 CE, there was a dramatic change in the world's economy as Europe and the United States began to produce "goods" in massively different ways -To power the Industrial Revolution, the Factories required fossil fuels such as oil and coal -They also required massive amounts of raw materials such as rubber and cotton -Often, the Europeans would practice Imperialism to take over countries in Africa and Asia to get their raw materials (example: Belgians in the Congo w/cutting off hands for rubber) -Therefore in this time period, Industrialization was a pretty negative force for Asia, Africa, and Latin America, as they didn't have the inventions and were outgunned and turned into raw material producers

The Sepoy Rebellion 1857 CE

-From 1750 - 1914 CE, the Europeans began to take over Africa, India, and Asia in order to get resources -The British took over places all over the world, but their biggest and most valuable colony was in India -In India, the British East India Company (joint-stock!) had been growing more powerful for over 200 years -They hired _________________ (Indians) to fight for them as a paid military force - the _______________ were becoming resentful of the BEIC; the rebellion was sparked when the BEIC asked them to rip ammunition cartridges with their teeth that had animal fat on them; this was against Hinduism and Islam -The _______________ rebelled against the British East India Company and killed many whites -After the _________________ 1857, the British military and government came in, took down the Mughals, and turned India into a British Colony -So this was a rebellion against the British East India Company by Indians that eventually caused the British to take over the country and turn it into a colony

Imperialism 1750 1914 CE

-From 1750 - 1914 CE, the Europeans developed industrialization -In order to feed the factories during Industrialization, they needed tons of raw materials and resources -Industrialization also gave them the best military and technology in the world -The Europeans began to take over Africa, India, and Asia in order to get resources -The United States and Japan also participated and took over territory throughout Latin America and the Pacific/Asia -This included the Scramble for Africa and dividing China into Spheres of Influence -This process of taking over was called ________________________________

Temple of the Giant Jaguar

-Giant Mayan temple in the capital city of Tikal -Over 150 feet high, worshipped by population of 40,000 -Center of the biggest Mayan City-State

Darius the Great 530 BCE

-Grandson of Cyrus the Great, he was the third ruler of the Persian Achaemenid Empire -Expanded the Achaemenid Empire to the point where he ruled over 3,000 KILOMETERS of territory in his empire. __________ conquered widely, but his most important achievements were to: Created royal road, postal system, network of spies (eyes and ears). -HUGE that he created the Persian Royal Road (1,677 miles) to increase trade and travel; -He also build a capital city at Persepolis. He put together a massive empire and divided it into districts. -His one failing was he could never conquer the Greeks--he put together a massive army and could never conquer them.

Greek Art and Architecture

-Greek Art and Architecture was very distinctive (unique) and influential -The classic Greek Architecture involved the use of white marble, large columns, and some of the first major domes -Greek architects pioneered knew techniques to create these domes and large temples; many of the most famous buildings were Greek temples to honor their polytheistic Gods like Zeus and Athena -One of the most famous Greek buildings was in Athens and was known as the Parthenon, a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena -Greek art was also revolutionary, especially many of the famous white marble sculptures that usually depicted (showed) the Greek polytheistic gods -Greek art and architecture had a huge influence on Roman art and architecture, which mimicked its style -Greek sculpture techniques also spread east through the Silk Roads and through the conquests of Alexander the Great, and sculptors from India used Greek sculpting techniques to create the first statues of Buddha; this is one of the important and cool examples of cultural syncretism (mixing)

Gens de Couleur

-Haiti was a French colony in the Caribbean where 90% of the population were slaves; they suffered brutally under the "Black Codes" where the masters used violence and brutality to keep them in check -There were also two other social classes, the White Slaveowners and the class of free mixed-race men, the __________________________ -Many of the ____________________________ had fought in the American Revolution and came back to Haiti and wanted to start their own Revolution; they started fighting with the White Slaveowners -While the free mixed-race ______________________________ were fighting the White Slaveowners, the black slaves staged their own rebellion to try and break free -This helped cause the Haitian Revolution

Han Wudi's Political Administrative Structure

-Han Wudi was significant for two major reasons: he centralized the administration (organized the government) and he pursued imperial expansion (used the military to expand the empire) -He built and organized an ENORMOUS bureaucracy (govt officials and govt offices) to run the government -To finance (support with money) his massive bureaucracy and projects, he had to levy taxes on agriculture, trade, and industries -In order to run his government, he needed bureaucrats (officials). He created a Confucian University in order to train govt officials -Overall he centralized the government (brought the power to one place) and increased the level of organization in the government -He also used the Nine Ministers who were the highest ranking government officials who were in charge of various aspects (parts) of running the government and empire

Chandragupta's Government and Political Structure

-He organized the empire and used bureaucrats (officials) to help organize the empire. -He divided the empire into four provinces, each headed by a royal prince. -Each province was then divided into local districts whose official collected taxes and enforced the law. -This is an example of a centralized government organizing and governing a country. There was a capital city and a ruler that organized a political structure and government

Julius Caesar 44 BCE

-He was a Roman general that would take power away from the Senate and declare himself "Emperor for life." He was considered a masterful general and commanded the loyalty of the military - So the Republic was first, but then this guy came along and brought down the Republic and started an Empire. -________________and his nephew Augustus Caesar would establish the Roman Empire -He was assassinated by members of the Senate in 44 BCE, but his nephew Augustus Caesar would take over and continue the Empire (no Republic!)/ One of the most famous Roman Emperors--along with Augustus, this is the most famous Roman Caesar.

Cults of Shiva and Vishnu in SE Asia

-Hindu Gods -As Hinduism spread in SE Asia, in places like Vietnam people made cults to worship these gods

Brahma and Reincarnation 600 BCE to 600 CE

-Hinduism is one of the most ancient religions, based off the Vedic Religions brought to India by the Aryans -The core texts of Hinduism were based off of the Sanskrit scriptures and the Vedas--the core texts were the Bhagavad Gita and the Upanishads -From 600 BCE to 600 CE, in Era 2, Hindus followed the teachings in these texts carefully to learn how to follow the teachings of Hinduism. -One of the major themes of Hinduism found in the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita was the idea of reincarnation. People who lived a good life and followed the codes of Hinduism would affect their "karma;" if people had good karma, they would be reincarnated (reborn) into a higher caste in their next life; if they had bad karma, they would be be reborn into a lower caste -In order to teach about reincarnation, the Hindu Sanskrit texts gave examples of Brahma, the Hindu creator God, being reborn in different forms -The Hindu creator god Brahma could be reborn into many different forms, and he even had four different faces. These Hindu epics helped teach people about reincarnation and how it worked in Hinduism

Dharma

-Hinduism was derived from the Vedic Religions and the Rig Veda, which was brought in by the Aryan invaders -In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties. You need to follow this code correctly, and if you do, you will be reborn into a higher caste or social class. -Therefore, the idea of _______________ helped contribute to the social caste system in India

The Aztec Empire in Mesoamerica 1430 CE to 1520 CE DATES REQUIRED FOR CREDIT

-Huge Empire in Mesoamerica ( modern day Mexico) started by the Mexica people in _________________ CE -They built a massive capital city of Tenochtitlan on an island in the marshy region of a lake -Very warlike people, conquered far and wide, large system of slavery -Brought down by the Spanish Conquistador Hernan Cortes in ____________________ CE DATES REQUIRED FOR CREDIT

Siege of Constantinople in 1453

-In 1453 CE, Mehmed the Conqueror and the Islamic Ottoman forces conquered this city -This city had been the capital of the Byzantine Empire and was a symbol of Christianity; it was also a crucial trading center -Once they took it over, they renamed the city Istanbul -The Ottomans used gunpowder and cannon to break through the mighty walls of the city -Once the city fell, the Ottomans marched straight to the Hagia Sophia and turned it from a church to an Islamic mosque

The Tokugawa Shogunate 1603 CE to 1867 CE

-In 1600, Japan was ruled by an emperor -There was also a Shogun, who was the highest ranking military general --In 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu was the Shogun; he staged a rebellion and took power away from the Emperor -He started the _________________ ______________, which would last for 250 years -He left the emperor in place however, as a puppet or figurehead. Throughout this entire time, the Shoguns had all the real power -The Tokugawa Shoguns kept Japan isolated for 250 years; in 1853 CE Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Japan and "opened" it to trade at gunpoint; the ______________ ______________ ended soon thereafter

Settler Colony--Dutch in South Africa 1652-1815

-In 1652, the Dutch East India company established a trading post colony at the Southern tip of Africa at Cape Town -The colony became a settler colony as Dutch colonists moved and settled there -As they moved and settled there, they used their superior weapons to conquer, kill, and enslave the native Xhosa people -However, this settler colony would not last forever. A more powerful European nation--the British--would come along in 1806 and take over the colony from the Dutch

Hammurabi's Code 1770 BCE

-In 1770 BCE, the greatest Mesopotamian ruler arose. Hammurabi of Babylon was the next great ruler after Sargon's empire fell apart. From his capital of Babylon, _______________________ conquered the city-states of Mesopotamia. __________________ was a master politician and administrator--he organized the government better than Sargon ever had and also organized taxation. He created one of the first political bureaucracies in the world with a system of government officials and tax collectors - His most important contribution to world history was the creation of a code of law. ________________ wrote a code of laws that established strict codes of behavior and outlined strict punishments for law-breakers. Murder, theft, fraud, adultery, incest, sheltering of runaway slaves, and other crimes were all given the death penalty -A major part of the code was the "lex talionis"-- law of retaliation. Punishments for major crimes would fit the crime--"an eye for an eye." If a noble broke the eye of another noble, he would have his own eye broken or destroyed. However, if he broke the eye of a commoner, he would only have to pay a fine in silver.

Mesopotamian conflict with Hittites 1595 BCE to 1180 BCE

-In 1770 BCE, the greatest Mesopotamian ruler arose. _________________________ of Babylon was the next great ruler after Sargon's empire fell apart. From his capital of Babylon, _______________________ conquered the city-states of Mesopotamia. __________________ was a master politician and administrator--he organized the government better than Sargon ever had and also organized taxation. He created one of the first political bureaucracies in the world with a system of government officials and tax collectors along with a code of law known as Hammurabi's Code -Hammurabi's descendants ruled his empire for almost 200 years. However, the wealth of the Babylonian empire attracted nomadic invaders. In 1595 BCE the ___________ invaded and destroyed the Babylonian Empire. -The ____________________ had two major advantages that allowed them to be extremely effective in war; 1--they used iron weapons, which was an incredibly powerful resource. 2--they rode on horse drawn, spoke-wheeled chariots, which allowed them to move faster than any other army and shoot compound bows from the chariots -Once they conquered parts of Mesopotamia, they began their own empire, which lasted until approximately 1180 BCE.

Belgium in the Congo

-In 1850 Africa was not colonized by the Europeans, but in 1875 the Europeans began a mad dash to try and take over the whole continent in what became known as the Scramble for Africa -All the European countries got involved and turned the entire continent into dozens of colonies by 1914 CE -This was one of the fastest periods of Imperialism in World History -One of the most brutal colonies was held by the country of __________________. Their colony was in the ______________________ -In this colony the _______________ demanded Rubber for their factories. In order to get the native people to get rubber for them, they made a system where every town had to provide rubber baskets each month. If they did not meet the quota, the European soldiers would start cutting off people's hands and feet, even children -Literally millions died and were murdered under this harsh regime; it is one of the most brutal periods of forced labor and colonization in world history -The brutal Belgian king that ran this colony and extracted so much wealth from it was King Leopold; the peak of his brutality was in the 1890's

King Leopold and the Belgian Rubber Plantations in the Congo 1890's

-In 1850 Africa was not colonized by the Europeans, but in 1875 the Europeans began a mad dash to try and take over the whole continent in what became known as the Scramble for Africa -This was one of the fastest periods of Imperialism in World History, known as the Scramble for Africa, as Africa was turned into dozens of colonies -One of the most brutal colonies was held by the country of Belgium. Their colony was in the Congo -In this colony the Belgians demanded rubber for their factories. In order to get the native people to get rubber for them, they made a system where every town had to provide a certain number of rubber baskets each month. If they did not meet the quota, the European soldiers would start cutting off people's hands and feet, even children -Literally millions (most estimates around 10 million) died and were murdered under this harsh regime; it is one of the most brutal periods of forced labor and colonization in world history -The brutal Belgian king that ran this colony and extracted so much wealth from it was _________________________; the peak of his brutality was in the 1890's THIS TERM IS THE NAME OF THE BRUTAL EUROPEAN KING who ran the Belgian Colony

The Great Depression 1930 - 1939 (MUST KNOW DATES FOR FULL CREDIT)

-In 1929, the Stock Market in New York experienced an historic crash; the crash started of chain of events that plunged the American economy into a massive depression -The ripple effect from the United States spread around the world, as the US had loans out to many European countries. Soon Europe and the rest of the world was also plunged into Depression. -You MUST know the EFFECTS: 1--Germany's economy crashed so hard that their government fell apart. This allowed Hitler to take power and start a fascist government in Germany 2--Governments around the world began to take a more active role in their economies. In capitalist countries, usually, the government does not interfere. It just let's competition rule the economy. However, during the Depression, governments began to put in programs like the New Deal to try and get the economy back on its feet So ultimately, one of the really important effects of the Great Depression is that governments in Europe and the United States became more involved in running their economies -The Depression ended when WWII began MUST KNOW DATES FOR FULL CREDIT

Hellenistic Greece and Its Influence 336 BCE to 168 BCE

-In 336 BCE a young general named Alexander the Great invaded the Greek States from Macedon, a city-state just North of the main city-states -Alexander proved to be one of the greatest military minds of all-time and conquered not only Greece, but Egypt, threw down the Achaemenid Empire in the Middle East, and pushed his armies as far east as India -Alexander was undefeated in battle but died after 13 years of disease; he left behind a massive empire that was divided up by his generals -His empire was known as the Hellenistic Greek Empire and lasted for approximately 175 years -The major impact of this empire was that it spread Greek culture and learning to the Middle East and India; both places would later use it and build on it -Hellenistic Greece came falling down with the rise of the Roman Republic and Roman power in the Mediterranean as they were invaded and conquered by the Romans in 168 BCE

The First Triumvirate 60 BCE

-In 60 BCE, some powerful Roman generals began to make alliances and started to seize power from the Senate -This was an unofficial alliance of the three leaders in Rome: Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus was formed in 60 B.C.E. -Eventually these leaders will start a civil war that is going to be the end of the Roman Republic -Julius Caesar and his nephew Augustus Caesar would win out and they would establish the Roman Empire -So Rome didn't fall apart here; it just stopped being a Republic and became and Empire - So the Republic was first, but then these guys came along and brought down the Republic and started an Empire. The most important one to know is JULIUS CAESAR.

Assyrian, Babylonian, and Roman Conquests and the Jewish Diaspora

-In 722 BCE, the Assyrians came and conquered the Jewish states in Israel -In 586 BCE the Mesopotamian empire of Babylon conquered Israel as well -Every time Israel was conquered, many Jews fled to other areas of the Mediterranean and SW Asia/Middle East. IF they did not flee, they were also sometimes forced to leave Israel -This created a Jewish Diaspora (spreading). Judaism began to spread all throughout North Africa, SW Asia, and the Mediterranean region -Once the Roman Empire conquered the Mediterranean region, Jews continued to be persecuted. -Judaism would later be the foundation for Christianity, and Christian missionaries like Paul of Tarsus would use the Roman Roads and Mediterranean Sea Lanes to spread Christianity

Economic Liberalization under Deng Xiaoping in 1980's

-In China, as a communist country, the government began to control all aspects of the economy. In a capitalist country, the government doesn't own factories, businesses, or set prices. In a communist country like China, the government controls the economy more directly -However, attempts at government control under Mao Zedong from 1945 to 1976 had not gone well. The Great Leap Forward had failed miserably. -Under China's new leader in the 1980's, ________________________, China started to open up its economy and use a more "free market" approach -This meant the economy was more like capitalism and there was more private ownership and competition; there was more free trade and people were allowed to keep profits. He allowed foreign investments into China basically brought some capitalism to China -This was very successful and ________________ is credited with turning China's economy around and turning it into one of the fastest growing economies for 35 years

Overview Era 2, 600 BCE to 600 CE

-In Era 1, 8,000 BCE to 600 BCE, hunter gatherers transitioned to agriculture -Agriculture grew up in several key spots around the; several major civilizations sprang up; the two most significant that you needed to know were Mesopotamia and Egypt -Early religions also grew with Vedism, Zoroastrianism, and Hebrew Monotheism (Judaism) -These two civilizations declined around 600 BCE -In Era 2, 600 BCE to 600 CE, new "classical" civilizations sprang up around the world. These civilizations were even more advanced, with advanced political systems, religions, militaries, cultures, literature, etc. -You are required to know the following civilizations: -Southwest Asia: Persian Achaemenid Empire -East Asia: Qin and Han Empires -South Asia: Mauryan and Gupta Empires -Mediterranean Region: Phoenician, Greek, and Roman Empires -Mesoamerica (Mexico): Teotihuacan, Mayan Empire -Andean South America: Moche

Shamanism and Animism

-In Era 2, 600 BCE to 600 CE, the spread of religion was one of the major storylines as religions like Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and Confucianism (philosophy) spread around the world -Even though organized religions spread rapidly, there were still hundreds of thousands of people living in tribal villages as hunter gatherers or small tribes. These people kept practicing their religions, which were generally shamanism and animism -Animism was the type of religion where tribal people would worship animals, plants, and other natural objects. They would believe that animals and natural plants had spiritual power or essence -Animism was usually polytheistic, and tribal people would often worship sun gods, rain gods, creator gods, gods of heaven and hell, etc. -A Shaman was a spiritual or religious leader in a tribe who was in charge of communicating with the spirit world -A Shaman could communicate with the gods for the tribe, ask for rain, talk to a dead relative, perform healing rituals, etc. -So even though organized religion spread, shamanism and animism still persisted (kept going) in many tribal areas around the world

Ancestor Veneration 600 BCE to 600 CE

-In Era 2, 600 BCE to 600 CE, the spread of religion was one of the major storylines as religions like Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and Confucianism (philosophy) spread around the world -Even though organized religions spread rapidly, there were still hundreds of thousands of people who worshipped in non-organized religions. One of the major aspects of non-organized religions was ancestor veneration -Ancestor veneration is the process of honoring or remembering your ancestors; in this process, many cultures will perform sacrifices, have ceremonies, or attempt to communicate with their ancestors to ask them for help or blessings -Ancestor veneration was especially important in East Asia, where people performed many rituals and ceremonies to honor and communicate with the dead -In China, people believed they owed their whole bodies and souls to their ancestors. In order to help their ancestors in the afterlife, the Chinese would hold sacrifices and burn items at an altar, with the thought being that they could actually send those items to their ancestors by burning them

Effects of Belief Systems on Gender Roles

-In Era 2, 600 BCE to 600 CE, the spread of religion was one of the major storylines as religions like Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and Confucianism (philosophy) spread around the world -In particular, Buddhism, Christianity, and Confucianism affected gender roles, gender relationships, and women's roles in society -As a sign of devotion to God/Buddha, Christian monks and nuns and Buddhist monks and nuns were required to be celibate and not have sex. They lived in monasteries where they focused on religion, and to keep themselves focused on the spiritual realm -This lifestyle was called monasticism, where Christian and Buddhist monks and nuns lived in celibacy in monasteries -Confucianism also affected gender roles by emphasizing filial piety. Filial piety meant that children should honor their parents and their ancestors -In particular, male ancestors and male elders received the most respect. Confucianism and Chinese culture also emphasized the importance of male heirs, or having a male child to carry on the family line -The emphasis in Confucianism on male heirs led to infanticide or killing of Chinese female babies

Italian City-States 600 CE to 1450 CE

-In Era 3 600 CE to 1450 CE there were some new political forms of governance that arose. In the Middle East/SW Asia, the Caliphate was a new way of governing -Another political structure that became popular was the city-state. They city-state had been used in ancient Mesopotomia and was used by the Mayans and Greeks -In a city-state, there is one major city that forms the center of the state. The surrounding territory is used for agriculture; the city serves as a center for trade and uses the military to protect the surrounding area -from 600 CE to 1450 CE, Italy was no longer under the Roman Empire. Italy divided into powerful city-states that were known especially for their merchants and trading in the Mediterranean Sea routes. -The most powerful Italian city-states were Venice, Milan, and Florence -Italy would remain divided into city-states until the 1800's, when the rising tide of nationalism would lead to the unification of Italy under Cavour and Garibaldi

The Crusades 1096 CE to 1487 CE

-In Era 3, 600 CE to 1450 CE, Islam sprang onto the scene and became one of the fastest growing religions in the world. Islam urged expansion through war (jihad) if necessary -Christianity was also growing incredibly quickly during Era 3. These two religions came into conflict in the Mediterranean region, as the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates fought wars with the Christian Byzantine Empire, whose capital city was Constantinople -In 1096 CE, the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I requested help from the Christian Pope in Rome. He was worried about fighting of the Islamic threat -Pope Urban II called for Christian military forces from Europe to invade the Middle East/SW Asia to help support Christianity, support the Byzantine Empire, and reclaim cities and sites important to Christianity -For the next four hundred years, thousands of Christians from Western and Southern Europe traveled to the Middle East to fight against Islam for Christianity -One of the major effects of the Crusades was obviously a huge increase in animosity (anger) between Christianity and Islam that still continues today -Another major effect was actually the transfer or exchange of technology and culture between Christianity and Islam. -Christians learned new ideas about hygiene and science from the Muslims; they actually rediscovered ancient Greek texts that Muslim mathematicians and scientists had in their library; -Christians also gained new techniques for agriculture and irrigation, along with secret glass-making techniques that they got from Syria -Muslims learned new military tactics and strategies from the conflict with the European Christians

The Romanov Dynasty 1613 CE - 1917 CE

-In Russia this family established a 300+ year long dynasty that ruled over Russia as Tsars. It began in _____________CE (see term) -This Russian Dynasty/Empire was very powerful at its height, but always struggled to catch up to the Western Europeans in terms of technology and Industrialization -Famous leaders/Tsars included Tsars Peter the Great and Catherine the Great -The emancipation (freeing) of serfs in 1861 led to a lot of change in the country, as there was now a much bigger free peasant class -In the late 1800's, the peasant classes began to rebel against the Dynasty -The Dynasty fell after 300 years in ______________ (see term) CE when Lenin and the Communists started the Bolshevik Revolution

Anti-Apartheid Movement 1960-1994 CE

-In South Africa in the 1900's, they developed a system of laws similar to the Jim Crow laws so that the white population could control and segregate the black population -Led by Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress, the black South African started to protest against these laws in the 1950's and 60's after World War II -In one incident at Sharpsville, they tried non-violent protest but were massacred by the police as they attempted to protest the pass laws -The movement against these laws was called the....

Nelson Mandela in South Africa

-In South Africa in the 1900's, they developed a system of laws similar to the Jim Crow laws so that the white population could control and segregate the black population; these laws were called Apartheid -Led by ________________ and the African National Congress, the black South African started to protest against these laws in the 1950's and 60's after World War II -___________________ was arrested in 1964 and spent 27 years in prison in South Africa -He became a symbol of injustice and after 27 years was freed; he led the charge against Apartheid and became the nation's first black President in 1994

Paper Money

-In Tang and Song China, there was so much trade they ran out of copper and silver coins (why they were so desperate for silver later on!) -The government then started to print this -Some people tried to fake it and make counterfeit -The government took measures to stop it

Emancipation of Serfs, 1861 CE

-In ________________, the Romanov Tsar Alexander the II decided to ___________________ the __________________ -This means that he was ending _____________ in Russia, a form of coerced labor -Even though the _____________ were now free, they still had very few to no political rights -Liked the freed slaves in America, they struggled to find jobs, gain political rights, and rise in power economically

1861 CE

-In ________________, the Romanov Tsar Alexander the II decided to emancipate the serfs -This means that he was ending serfdom in Russia, a form of coerced labor -Even though the serfs were now free, they still had very few to no political rights -Liked the freed slaves in America, they struggled to find jobs, gain political rights, and rise in power economically -THIS TERM IS THE DATE for the Emancipation of Serfs in Russia

Fascist Corporatist Economy

-In a fascist country, the government's role in the economy is kind of in between communism and capitalism. The government takes more of an active role in the economy, sometimes owning industries and businesses. -However, lots of businesses can remain privately owned and competition and survival of the fittest is encouraged. Everything in the economy is meant to ultimately benefit the nation, as fascist countries are VERY VERY patriotic and nationalistic. -Fascist governments would take a very active role in getting their country's economy ready for war as well. Hitler and Mussolini owned or mandated that factories begin producing war and military supplies in order to prepare for the massive wars ahead

Social and Gender Equality in Hunter-Gatherer Societies 8,000 BCE to 600 BCE

-In a hunter-gatherer society, people do not accumulate and store up wealth that gets passed down to the next generation. Therefore, in hunter-gatherer societies, there was much less social stratification (split into social classes) -Every member of society had to contribute to the group's survival; as a result, most groups worked cooperatively to survive instead of competitively against each other to rise to the top -While there were leaders and some people that gained more power than others, in comparison to today, HG societies were much more egalitarian (equal) -This extended to women as well. Women played a vital role in HG societies. The calories that women contributed to HG diets from gathering plants, berries, and other foods were actually more than the calories that men provided through hunting animals. -As a result, women were more respected members of HG societies and there was a lot less patriarchy (male domination). Women had more of a say in group decision making and held more power than they do in many of the male-dominated societies around the world today

Shogun

-In feudal Japan, there was an emperor who was supposed to rule the country -There was also a _____________, who was the highest ranking military general -When Tokugawa Ieyasu started the Tokugawa _________________, he was a _______________________. He took power from the Emperor, although he left him alive as a figurehead or puppet ruler

State-Sponsored Industrialization in Tsarist Russia, Late 1800's CE

-In late 1800's, the Romanov Russian Empire began to try and catch up to the British and other Western Europeans -Sergei Witte was appointed Industrialization Chief or Minister; he was in charge of bringing factories, railroads, and Industrialization to Russia -He successfully oversaw the building of the Trans-Siberian Railroad, a crucial railway project that connected the entire empire via rail -It's important to note that in Russia, the STATE sponsored (the government paid for) a lot of the Industrialization in the country; in places like Britain, most of it was private business -Although Witte was good at what he did, by 1905 CE Russia still struggled to Industrialize as the peasants rebelled and many resisted change

Sergei Witte 1900 CE

-In late 1800's, the Romanov Russian Empire began to try and catch up to the British and other Western Europeans -This man was the Industrialization Chief or Minister; he was in charge of bringing factories, railroads, and Industrialization to Russia -He successfully oversaw the building of the Trans-Siberian Railroad, a crucial railway project that connected the entire empire via rail -was the most important economic figure for Russia in the 1800 (19th century) -Although he was good at what he did, Russia still struggled to Industrialize as the peasants rebelled and many resisted change

Civil Service Exam

-In order to govern the vast Han Dynasty, the Han emperors needed a large number of bureaucrats (govt officials) to enforce the laws, collect the taxes, judge legal cases, etc. -In order to identify the best and brightest minds in Chinese society, the Han Dynasty began using the Civil Service Examination -The focus of the exam was the teaching of Confucius; in order to pass, you had to memorize the teachings of the famous Chinese philosopher, which emphasized things like filial piety (respect for elders) and ancestor veneration (honoring) -It was incredibly hard to pass the exam, but if you passed it, you could reach the highest levels of power. Any male in China, even peasants, could sit for the exam. -Even after the fall of the Han Dynasty, the Civil Service Exam would continue to be used for over a thousand years, all the way through the Qing Dynasty until it ended in 1905 CE

Cold War Proxy War: The Korean War, 1950 - 53

-In other cases, they would fight "Proxy Wars." The US and Soviets would never fight each other directly--but instead they would provide weapons and training to countries where there was a civil war in order to help one side win and make the country either capitalist or communist. -The first major proxy war fought during the Cold War was in __________________________. There was a civil war and the Northern half was fighting for communism, and the Southern half was fighting for capitalism/democracy. -Initially, the United States was supplying weapons and training to the Southern side, and the Soviet Union was supplying weapons and training to the Northern side. However, when the South began to lose, the United States sent its full military in. -General Douglas MacArthur initially led American troops to a series of victories -However, eventually China joined the war on behalf of the Communist North and the momentum of the war shifted. In the end, a stalemate (basically a tie) was declared and the country was divided in two along the 38th parallel line. Today, North ______________ is still Communist and still bears hatred towards the United States, while South ___________ is capitalist/democratic and is an ally.

Miguel Cervantes and "Don Quixote"

-In the 1600's, a new type of fiction started to be born; a long story written and printed using the printing press called "the novel" -One of the first long novels ever published was in 1600 by Spanish author __________ _____________; it was called "Don Quixote" -"Don Quixote" was a comedic novel about a knight riding around the countryside and it was a satire about chivalry and knighthood

Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1760 CE

-In the 1600's, the Enlightenment began; thinkers and philosophers around Europe began to use reason and logic to question the way things were set up -Many Enlightenment thinkers began to question if Absolute Monarchy and Kings was a fair or just form of government -One of the most famous and important Enlightenment thinkers was _____________________________. He deeply hated the privileges of the elite classes and was one of the first thinkers to promote or talk about equality between social classes -He published "The Social Contract," which stated that the people, not the king, was actually the Sovereign (the most important power) in a government -He believed in Democracy and his ideals helped start the French Revolution -He was French

John Locke 1690 CE

-In the 1600's, the Enlightenment began; thinkers and philosophers around Europe began to use reason and logic to question the way things were set up -Many Enlightenment thinkers began to question if Absolute Monarchy and Kings was a fair or just form of government -One of the most famous and important Enlightenment thinkers was _____________________________. He didn't believe that Kings had the Divine Right to rule, and he believed that it was the job of the government to protect the individual rights to life, liberty, and property -In his "Second Treatis of Civil Government," _____________argued for individual rights; the King was not there to rule; the King was there to make sure everyone in the country had their rights -Thomas Jefferson would build on ______________'s ideas of the rights to life, liberty, and property in the Declaration of Independence; his writings inspired many revolutions and constitutions

The Age of Revolutions 1750 - 1900

-In the 1600's, the Enlightenment began; thinkers and philosophers around Europe began to use reason and logic to question the way things were set up -Many Enlightenment thinkers began to question if Absolute Monarchy and Kings was a fair or just form of government -The Enlightenment helped inspire the American Revolution in 1775; against all odds, the American colonists defeated the superior British forces -After the success of the American Revolution, revolution against kings and mother countries spread like wildfire throughout the Atlantic World; the French Revolution came next, followed by the Haitian Revolution -After the Haitian Revolution, the Mexicans and Latin Americans also fought successful rebellions and gained their freedom from Spain -These revolutions were often led by inspirational leaders; you need to know them, plus the causes/effects of the Revolution -This term is the name for all the revolutions in this time

The Declaration of Independence 1776 CE

-In the 1600's, the Enlightenment began; thinkers and philosophers around Europe began to use reason and logic to question the way things were set up -Many Enlightenment thinkers began to question if Absolute Monarchy and Kings was a fair or just form of government -The Enlightenment helped inspire the first major revolution during the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution -During the Revolution, American leaders published a document that contained many of the Enlightenment ideas of John Locke, talking about individual rights to life, liberty, and property -This document is the foundational document of the American Revolution; if you get this wrong, I will also disown you

The American Revolution 1775 CE

-In the 1600's, the Enlightenment began; thinkers and philosophers around Europe began to use reason and logic to question the way things were set up -Many Enlightenment thinkers began to question if Absolute Monarchy and Kings was a fair or just form of government -The Enlightenment helped inspire the first major revolution during the Age of Revolution, the ____________________________________ -The success of this Revolution helped inspire other countries in the Atlantic World to stage their own revolutions -This revolution really built on the Enlightenment ideas of John Locke, talking about individual rights to life, liberty, and property -Against the British, the 13 colonies in this revolution were not expected to win against a militarily superior foe -If you get this wrong, I'll disown you

Nationalism in Germany under Otto von Bismarck, 1800's

-In the 1800's, Nationalism really started to build in __________________________________ -In this area, there had been various countries and empires, but the area had not been called ________________________ yet -Political leaders like Otto von Bismarck began to promote the idea of a unified __________________________ -They used the ideas of nationalism to increase national pride. They promoted a national culture, community, and military. Leaders like _____________________ helped unify the country and create a powerful nation

Tiananmen Square Protests 1989

-In the 1980's, China was still a Communist country; however, millions of Chinese students who had been educated in the West began a protest for democracy in 1989 -Deng Xiaoping, the leader of China after Mao, sent in tanks to break up the protest -The famous picture of Tankman was taken, sending ripples around the world -The protests turned bloody, but the Chinese government held onto power -Where was this protest?

Perestroika-- Fall of the Soviet Union

-In the 1980's, the economy of the Soviet Union began to struggle. Mikhail Gorbachev introduced a new economic policy known as ____________________________; this meant that the Soviets started doing some capitalist things, giving people profit motives, allowing companies to keep profit, etc. -According to strict communism, major businesses should be owned and run by the government, who controls a lot of the economy. However, under ____________________, there were some private businesses allowed that were allowed to compete. If they were successful, they could keep their profits. Again, this meant that there was some capitalism in the communist country. -After these policies were introduced, the countries were still struggling; countries in Eastern Europe like Poland started rebellions and began trying to leave the Soviet Union -In 1990, the countries in Eastern Europe left the Soviet Union and the whole thing collapsed; the Soviet Union went back to just being Russia

Mikhail Gorbachev-- Fall of the Soviet Union

-In the 1980's, the economy of the Soviet Union began to struggle. The new leader ________________________ introduced a new economic policy known as "Perestroika"; this meant that the Soviets started doing some capitalist things, giving people profit motives, allowing companies to keep profit, etc. -__________________ also introduced a new policy of "openness" called "glasnost."; this allowed people to have the freedom of speech to criticize the government -After these policies were introduced, the countries were still struggling; With the new policy of "Glasnost", people began criticizing the Soviet government and people in Eastern Europe wanted to leave the Soviet Union - countries in Eastern Europe like Poland started rebellions and began trying to leave the Soviet Union -In 1990, the countries in Eastern Europe left the Soviet Union and the whole thing collapsed; the Soviet Union went back to just being Russia

Glasnost

-In the 1980's, the economy of the Soviet Union began to struggle. The new leaderMikhail Gorbachev introduced a new economic policy known as perestroika; this meant that the Soviets started doing some capitalist things, giving people profit motives, allowing companies to keep profit, etc. -Gorbachev also introduced a new policy of "openness" called _____________________; this allowed people to have the freedom of speech to criticize the government -After these policies were introduced, the countries were still struggling; With the new policy of _____________________________________, people began criticizing the Soviet government and people in Eastern Europe wanted to leave the Soviet Union - countries in Eastern Europe like Poland started rebellions and began trying to leave the Soviet Union -In 1990, the countries in Eastern Europe left the Soviet Union and the whole thing collapsed; the Soviet Union went back to just being Russia;

Globalization--The Olympics-- 1894 - Present

-In the 20th century, particularly after World War II, globalization has really increased. The idea is that the world is increasingly becoming "one world"--meaning that people around the world share in culture, music, communication, etc. -There are several things that are increasing "globalization"--meaning the breaking down of barriers and shared culture around the world. One of the major factors leading to globalization is international sporting competitions -One of the biggest international sporting competitions that happens every four years are the _____________________. There are winter and summer ______________________________ -Over 200 nations participate; the widespread participation and attention helps the world become more global and sharing in more culture

Globalization--World Cup Soccer-- 1930 - Present

-In the 20th century, particularly after World War II, globalization has really increased. The idea is that the world is increasingly becoming "one world"--meaning that people around the world share in culture, music, communication, etc. -There are several things that are increasing "globalization"--meaning the breaking down of barriers and shared culture around the world. One of the major factors leading to globalization is international sporting competitions -One of the biggest international sporting competitions that happens every four years is the ______________________________. This is the biggest sporting event in the world and millions around the globe watch and celebrate the games of the tournament -Brazil has won five times, while Germany and Italy have won four times each. Ronaldo of Brazil is often considered the greatest player in ________________________ history.

Diffusion of Music and Film--Bollywood

-In the 20th century, particularly after World War II, globalization has really increased. The idea is that the world is increasingly becoming "one world"--meaning that people around the world share in culture, music, communication, etc. -There are several things that are increasing "globalization"--meaning the breaking down of barriers and shared culture around the world. One of the major factors leading to globalization is the diffusion (spread) of music and film around the world. -Due to improved communication and transportation technologies, like the internet and airplanes, people around the world can share in much of the same music, movies, and TV shows. In Afghanistan, the movie "Titanic" became famously popular in the 2000's even though the government tried to ban it. -_______________________-wood is the Indian version of Hollywood. The Indian film industry is HUGE--in 2011 there were 1000 movies made, whereas in Hollywood there were only 500 made. _________________-wood is also incredibly popular, with millions of tickets being sold each year -As music and movies diffuse (spread), the world becomes more globalized and shares in more culture

Diffusion of Music and Film--Reggae 1960's to Present

-In the 20th century, particularly after World War II, globalization has really increased. The idea is that the world is increasingly becoming "one world"--meaning that people around the world share in culture, music, communication, etc. -There are several things that are increasing "globalization"--meaning the breaking down of barriers and shared culture around the world. One of the major factors leading to globalization is the diffusion (spread) of music and film around the world. -Due to improved communication and transportation technologies, like the internet and airplanes, people around the world can share in much of the same music, movies, and TV shows. One type of music that has spread throughout the world is ______________________ -This music originated in Jamaica in the late 1960's. Popularized by superstar Bob Marley, the music diffused (spread) to the United States, Europe, Latin America, Africa, and the rest of the world -Marley and other ______________________ artists promoted a vision of world peace and racial equality -As music and movies diffuse (spread), the world becomes more globalized and shares in more culture

Multinational Corporations--Coca Cola 1892 - Present

-In the 20th century, particularly after World War II, globalization has really increased. The idea is that the world is increasingly becoming "one world"--meaning that people around the world share in culture, music, communication, etc. -There are several things that are increasing "globalization"--meaning the breaking down of barriers and shared culture around the world. One of the major factors leading to globalization is the rise of multinational corporations. -Multinational corporations are HUGE businesses that sell their products in lots of different countries around the world. They often have factories and distribution centers in dozens of countries around the world. -This American soft drink giant is one of the largest multinational companies in the world. This product is available in every single nation around the world except for North Korea and Cuba (communist nations). -This company and other multinational corporations have grown so powerful in some countries that they can dominate the government or economy through economic imperialism

Multinational Corporations--Sony

-In the 20th century, particularly after World War II, globalization has really increased. The idea is that the world is increasingly becoming "one world"--meaning that people around the world share in culture, music, communication, etc. -There are several things that are increasing "globalization"--meaning the breaking down of barriers and shared culture around the world. One of the major factors leading to globalization is the rise of multinational corporations. -Multinational corporations are HUGE businesses that sell their products in lots of different countries around the world. They often have factories and distribution centers in dozens of countries around the world. -This Japanese electronics giant produces all sorts of electronics, movies, and music. It is currently ranked 115th out of the 500 biggest corporations in the world. -This company and other multinational corporations have grown so powerful in some countries that they can dominate the government or economy through economic imperialism

The Mayans, Incans, and Aztecs

-In the Americas /Mesoamerica during Era 3, 600 - 1450 CE, there were three major Empires that sprang up and became very powerful -Incans were centered around the Andes mountains in South America -The Aztecs and Mayans were in Mesoamerica (essentially modern day Mexico and Central America) -These empires were known for their powerful political, trading, and military systems -Built long systems of roads

Joseph Stalin 1925 CE - 1950 CE

-In the Communist Soviet Union, founding father VI Lenin passed away and was succeeded by ___________________ -One of his major economic plans was the Five Year Plan, which pushed Industrialization and collectivization of agriculture -He was ruthless, sending thousands to the "Gulag" concentration camps in Siberia if criticized -Led the USSR for over 25 years, all through World War II -Name translates to "The Man of Steel"

Colony of Angola 1700 CE

-In the Kongo, the Portuguese began demanding and taking so many slaves that it destroyed the society -Rulers like King Affonso and Queen Nzinga of Ndongo tried to resist the Portuguese and Queen Nzinga led a spirited defense/rebellion where she fought a guerrilla war for her entire life in 1600's to keep them out of the Kongo -Eventually the kingdom fell to the Portuguese after Nzinga's death and they created the Colony of _______________________ in _________ CE -This was the first major European colony in Africa, but the Scramble for Africa would come until the late 1800's

Peninsulares

-In the Spanish colonies, there was the "Castas" social class system -This meant that you were a white European and you were born in Spain; these people had the most power and opportunity -They were the ones mainly in charge of running the Spanish colonies in the Americas and had the most power

The Creoles

-In the Spanish colonies, there was the "Castas" social class system -This term meant that you were a white European and of Spanish descent, but you were born in the New World; these people had the second most power and opportunity -This group was not as powerful as the "peninsulares" because they had not been born in Europe; the "peninsulares" were often given positions and power over this group because they had been born in the New World

Mexican Revolution of 1910 (DATE REQUIRED FOR CREDIT)

-In the early 1900's, Mexico was in a rough social and economic situation. It was governed by a powerful dictator, Porfirio Diaz. 95% of the peasants in the country did not own any of the land. Not much had changed since Father Hidalgo led the Mexican War for Independence 100 years earlier. The Caudillos (regional warlords) were still in power -Two men rose up and started a rebellion. Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa, two charismatic leaders, started a rebellion that had tremendous popular support -Their saying was "Tierra y Libertad"--Land and Liberty. Zapata himself began capturing hacienda land from the rich and redistributing it to the peasants. -In the end, both Zapata and Villa were killed by the government. However, the government did pass the Mexican Constitution of 1917, which gave some land back to the peasants and also gave universal suffrage (voting rights) to men

Emiliano Zapata 1910's

-In the early 1900's, Mexico was in a rough social and economic situation. It was governed by a powerful dictator, Porfirio Diaz. 95% of the peasants in the country did not own any of the land. Not much had changed since Father Hidalgo led the Mexican War for Independence 100 years earlier. The Caudillos (regional warlords) were still in power -Two men rose up and started a rebellion. ___________________________ and Pancho Villa, two charismatic leaders, started a rebellion that had tremendous popular support -Their saying was "Tierra y Libertad"--Land and Liberty. ____________________________ himself began capturing hacienda land from the rich and redistributing it to the peasants. -In the end, both ______________ and Villa were killed by the government. However, the government did pass the Mexican Constitution of 1917 which gave some land back to the peasants and also gave universal suffrage (voting rights) to men

The Auxilia

-In the early years of the Roman Republic, every male aged 17 to 46 years old was required to serve in the military and they weren't paid. It was part of your duty as a citizen in the Republic to join the military -Later on, the military would become a professional job and the soldiers would be paid -The military was incredibly well-organized and efficient; the army was divided into "Legions" of about 5,000 men. The legions were made up of Roman citizens -As the Romans expanded and took over territory, they recruited the people they conquered into the military. The units of the conquered were called "The________________." -So the ____________________ was a force of soldiers fighting for the Roman empire who were not actually originally Roman. They could come from conquered territories in North Africa, Germania, and all over -The troops from the _______________________ were usually stationed in parts of the empire that were different from their homeland

Plantation Farming

-In the southern British colonies, the British began to import slaves onto large farms where they grew tobacco, indigo, rice, and later on, cotton -These were MASSIVE farms in the South that required indentured servants and later slaves in order to run

European Merchants in Asia 1450 - 1750 CE

-In this area of the world, the European Merchants established trading posts -Unlike in the Americas, the Europeans found it difficult to take over Asia as these countries were too advanced to be easily taken over -Countries like China and Japan also became isolationist and were difficult to take over -Therefore in this area, the European Merchants mainly just used their caravels to transport goods from one Asian market to another or brought goods to other trading posts in the Indian Ocean -They also brought goods from this region back to Europe for trade

Aurangzeb 1670 CE

-Indian Islamic ruler of the Mughal Dynasty -Grandson of Akbar the Great, this emperor was NOT religiously tolerant; started around 1670 CE -He re-established the jizya tax on the Hindu lower classes and demolished several temples -The empire reached it's greatest total area under him -Because of his oppression and lack of toleration, he faced many rebellions and dissent from the Hindus in India

Akbar the Great 1600 CE

-Indian Islamic ruler of the Mughal Dynasty -He was considered the greatest Mughal Emperor, he was a powerful ruler who expanded the empire and was also known for his religious tolerance -He famously threw an advisor out of a window--twice! Took power around 1600 CE -He created "the Divine Faith"-- a syncretic religion that mixed parts of Hinduism and Islam together; -he married a Hindu

King Afonso I 1525 CE

-Initially, the Portuguese established a mutually beneficial (helped both sides) trading relationship with the Kingdom of the Kongo -The Portuguese converted many Kongolese to a syncretic (mixed) form of Christianity -This Kongolese King was famous for being a devoted Christian; he would even forget to eat because he was reading the Bible -However, he also started to protest against the Portuguese because they were taking so many slaves; he began to write letters to the Portuguese king asking that he stop the slave trade -The Portuguese king ignored his letters and the slave trade increased; when this King died, the Kongo was losing power to the Portuguese

Effect of the Portuguese on the Kongo

-Initially, this group of Europeans established a mutually beneficial (helped both sides) trading relationship with the Kingdom of the Kongo -This group of Europeans brought textiles (cloths), and weapons to the Kongo to trade with the Kongolese -In return, they wanted copper, ivory, AND SLAVES -This group of Europeans converted many Kongolese to a syncretic (mixed) form of Christianity -Eventually, the benefits of trade stopped for the Kongolese as the _________________ began to take more slaves. -Rulers like King Affonso and Queen Nzinga of Ndongo tried to resist the ___________________ -Eventually the kingdom fell to the ________________ and became the first European colony in Africa in 1700

Gunpowder in the Tang Dynasty

-Invented during the Tang Dynasty in China -Spread west to Europe and the Middle East -At first, was just used in bombs and wasn't that effective -by 1200's, people in Europe and SW Asia were experimenting with using this in metal barreled cannons -Diffused through trade and through the Mongolian conquest and moved westard

Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism

-Islam combined parts of these three faiths in order to create one religion -Islam had parts of all three of these faiths in it and was influenced by these faiths -These were all older religions than Islam

Sunni Islam

-Islam split into two major branches, and this is one of the major branches of Islam -This is the larger branch; the Ottomans would go on to be ________________________ Muslims -The two branches had a major disagreement of the Fourth Caliph, Ali. The Shia Muslims believed that Ali should be Caliph, and when he was assassinated, they split from the Sunni Muslims and started their own branch/sect of Islam -For over a thousand years the two branches have been split, and certain countries are dominated by Sunni or Shia Muslims. Political parties often divide along Sunni or Shia Islam -Numerous wars have been fought between the two branches, including the deadly Ottoman(Sunni)-Safavid (Shia) conflict

Shia Islam

-Islam split into two major branches, and this is one of the major branches of Islam -This is the smaller branch; the Safavids would go on to be Shia Muslims -The two branches had a major disagreement of the Fourth Caliph, Ali. The Shia Muslims believed that Ali should be Caliph, and when he was assassinated, they split from the Sunni Muslims and started their own branch/sect of Islam -For over a thousand years the two branches have been split, and certain countries are dominated by Sunni or Shia Muslims. Political parties often divide along Sunni or Shia Islam -Numerous wars have been fought between the two branches, including the deadly Ottoman(Sunni)-Safavid (Shia) conflict

Veiling of Women

-Islam was a strict patriarchy; fathers, brothers, and husbands guarded women sexually very carefully -Even before Islam, there had been a tradition of upper class women in Persia and Mesopotamia veiling themselves to hide some of their features from lower class men -as Islam spread into Persia and Mesopotamia, upper class women began adopting this old Mesopotamian tradition -increasingly became identified with Islamic dress and control over women; over time, this helped increase patriarchal male control over women

Spread of Islam 1450 - 1750 CE

-Islam was founded in 620 CE by the Prophet Mohammed, making it the youngest of the world's major religions, Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism -Dar al-Islam (the house of Islam, or the regions of the world where countries are largely Islamic) spread to new regions from 1450 CE to 1750 CE -Sufi mystics were a type of missionary that helped spread Islam in West and Sub-Saharan Africa and East Africa -Islam began to spread across the Sahara desert through the Trans-Saharan caravan routes and to trading cities like Timbuktu -Empires like the Songhay Empire in West Africa began practicing a form of syncretic Islam -So this term is about the -....

Sufi Mystics

-Islam was founded in 620 CE by the Prophet Mohammed, making it the youngest of the world's major religions, Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism -Dar al-Islam (the house of Islam, or the regions of the world where countries are largely Islamic) spread to new regions from 1450 CE to 1750 CE -______________ _____________ were a type of missionary that helped spread Islam in West and Sub-Saharan Africa -They helped spread Islam to places like the Songhay Empire -They were successful at spreading Islam because they usually allowed SYNCRETISM; they would let the people in West Africa keep some part of their original religion

The Spread of Islam: Trade, Warfare, and Missionaries

-Islam, like other major religions, spread through three major ways: trade, warfare, and diffusion through missionaries -Islam expanded rapidly through trade as merchants brought the faith along the Trans-Saharan caravan routes and along the Silk Roads to SE Asia and India; merchants also spread Islam throughout the Middle East and North Africa -Motivated by "jihad," Islamic people also used their military power to conquer nearby countries and turn them Islamic (note: answer is NOT "jihad") -Islam also expanded rapidly due to Islamic missionaries spreading the word; types of missionaries include the Sufi Mystics -Islam spread to North Africa, the Middle East, South Asia (India), SE Asia and even to parts Europe

The Ottoman Empire 1280 CE - 1923 CE

-Islamic Empire based in the Middle East, although it included territory in Africa, SW Asia, and Europe -Famous rulers were Osman Bey (the founder), Mehmed the Conqueror, and Suleiman the Magnificent -used the "devshirme" process to recruit soldiers and bureucrats; Janissaries were the elite military -One of the longest standing empires in world history -At it's peak, incredibly strong military that harnessed the use of gunpowder

Sharia

-Islamic Law that governs the way people should live -Through this law, Islam became more than a religion; in Islamic states, the laws, the society, are all governed by Islam -In the Caliphates, like the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, ____________________ law was used to govern cities and states -It covers many areas of life and law, including crime, sexuality and adultery, hygiene, diet, and prayer -________________ law is seen as the word of God, as recorded in the Quran. Remember, the Quran is the direct word of god, as told to Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel -________________ law became more than just a religious set of rules; it became the social, economic, and political laws that governed cities and states in Dar al-Islam

First Foundational Civilizations 4,000 BCE to 600 BCE:

-It is essential that you know the names and locations of the first foundational civilizations and their locations, along with the rivers for some of them -The civilizations are divided into two sets to memorize, this is the first set -SW Asia/Middle East: Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys 4,000 BCE -North Africa: Egypt in the Nile River Valley -South Asia: Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley THIS IS THE FIRST SET

First Foundational Civilizations 8,000 BCE to 600 BCE: (second set)

-It is essential that you know the names and locations of the first foundational civilizations and their locations, along with the rivers for some of them -The civilizations are divided into two sets to memorize, this is the second set -East Asia: Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley -Latin America: Olmecs in Mesoamerica (central Mexico) -Latin America: the Chavin in the Andes mountains of South America THIS IS THE SECOND SET

Virginia 1600 CE to 1750 CE

-Jamestown was in this tobacco growing colony; it was the first major British colony in North America -Once tobacco was discovered and grown by John Rolfe, the colony was economically successful and it became one of the first powerful colonies in the British Empire -Initially included indentured servitude; would gain more slaves throughout the 1600s

The Influence of Judaism on Christianity

-Jesus and all of his early followers were all Jews -Christianity was originally just a sect of Judaism (a part of Judaism) but after Paul of Tarsus started spreading Christianity, Jewish leaders didn't want to be associated with the religion and it became its own religion -The Bible is composed of the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is the Jewish part of the Bible and is still used today in Judaism. The New Testament was the part that was new to Christianity -The New Testament was written and compiled (put together) by the disciples of Jesus. It contained the story of the life of Jesus and his major teachings and miracles accomplished -Like Judaism, Christianity demanded living by a strict moral and ethical code according to the Bible -Also like the Jews, the Christians refused to honor the Roman gods and cults and were therefore persecuted (attacked) by the Romans

Christianity and the Emperor Constantine 320 CE

-Jesus of Nazareth was put to death in 30 CE by the Roman Empire, as was Paul of Tarsus in 50 CE, for refusing to recognize the Roman Gods and -Christians continued to be persecuted and killed by the Roman Empire for 150 years -Eventually, more and more Romans began converting to Christianity. In 320 CE, the Roman Emperor ___________________________ converted to Christianity and made it illegal to persecute or kill Christians. - He also split the Roman Empire in half and moved the capital east to Constantinople, which would eventually become the Byzantine Empire -Dates required for FULL CREDIT

Rome and Christianity 0 CE to 600 CE

-Jesus of Nazareth was put to death in 30 CE by the Romans because his preachings were seen as a threat to the Roman gods and Roman way of life -Despite being persecuted, the Twelve Apostles, who were the closest students of Jesus, continued to use Roman roads and the Mediterranean Sea Lane trading routes to spread the teaching of Jesus around the Roman Empire -They were led by Paul of Tarsus, who was also put to death by the Romans in 50 CE -Christians continued to be persecuted and killed by the Roman Empire for 150 years -Eventually, more and more Romans began converting to Christianity. In 320 CE, the Roman Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and made it illegal to persecute or kill Christians -The religion continued to spread to Western Europe and would become the dominant religion in Western Europe and Southern Europe

Influence of Mesopotamian Cultural and Legal Traditions on Judaism

-Judaism was the first major monotheistic religion -They lived and prospered in the states of Mesopotamia -The Hebrews used the same "eye for an eye" philosophy from Hammurabi's Code. -Many of the philosophies that were found in the Hebrew Scriptures/Old Testament were borrowed or influenced by the Mesopotamian legal codes -Similar to Hammurabi's code, they used "lex talionis"--a legal system where the punishment would fit the crime, "An eye for an eye" -Therefore we can learn a lot about Mesopotamian culture by looking at the ancient Hebrew Scriptures/the Old Testament

The Incan Empire 1430 - 1530 CE DATES REQUIRED

-Largest empire in South America during Era 3 -Known for its great system of roads, incredibly warlike people -Letter "D" on the map image -Strict social structure -Beautiful legendary city at Machu Picchu and Capital at Cuzco -Very rich, lots of silver -Brought down by the Spanish Conquistador Francisco Pizzaro in _______________ CE DATES REQUIRED FOR FULL CREDIT

The Tanzimat Reforms 1839 - 1876 CE

-Like so many other empires, from 1750 - 1914 CE the Ottomans began to lose power to the heavily industrialized and militarized Europeans -The Ottomans eventually realized they were far behind; like the Qing Chinese with the Self-Strengthening Movement, they tried to make a series of reforms to modernize and industrialize -These reforms attempted to remodel the Ottoman Empire to be more like the Europeans; They focused on: -European Military Training -European Education and LEgal Systems -A Constitution and govt based on the Enlightenment -Unfortunately, as in China, conservative Muslims resisted the change and it was too little too late to save the Ottomans

Ottoman Resistance to the Tanzimat Reforms

-Like so many other empires, from 1750 - 1914 CE the Ottomans began to lose power to the heavily industrialized and militarized Europeans -The Ottomans eventually realized they were far behind; like the Qing Chinese with the Self-Strengthening Movement, they tried to make a series of reforms to modernize and industrialize called the Tanzimat Reforms -These attempted to remodel the Ottoman Empire to be more like the Europeans; They focused on: -European Military Training -European Education and Legal Systems -A Constitution and govt based on the Enlightenment -Unfortunately, as in China, conservative Muslims resisted the change and many elites fought against the Tanzimat Reforms -The answer is not JUST the Tanzimat Reforms...there's more to it...

Han Dynasty Trade and Building of Roads

-Liu Bang, Han Wudi, and other Han emperors aggressively promoted trade in the dynasty and with other civilizations -Han Wudi especially promoted the building of long roads in order to increase trade and travel -At the same time, Chinese silk became wildly popular in Western Europe and the Middle East/SW Asia. The Persian Achaemenid, Roman, Mauryan, and Guptan empires all wanted to trade with China for silk; as a result, religion, technology, and culture all spread as well

Mecca

-Located in Saudi Arabia in the Middle East -The Holy City of Islam -Every Muslim required to go to Mecca and make a pilgrimage there once in lifetime as part of the five pillars of Islam -Became famous because Muhammad made one of his big early journeys to this city

Shudras

-Lowest social class, the serfs/semi-slaves, in Mauryan and Gupta India

The Byzantine Empire 300 CE to 1450 CE (DATES REQUIRED for credit)

-Major Christian Empire in the Mediterranean/SW Asia/North Africa from ________ CE to __________CE -Famous rulers include Constantine (first major Christian Ruler) and Justinian (Justinian's Code) -Started as Eastern half of Roman Empire and then became Byzantine Empire -Capital City of Constantinople, huge center for trade, one of the largest and most important cities of the ancient world. entertainment and sports venue at the Hippodrome -Emperors had absolute power and special privileges, only ones allowed to wear purple; strong political bureaucracy (political organization) with lots of government officials to collect taxes, keep record, etc -Faced constant fighting and competition with the Islamic Caliphates, the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates -Monumental Architecture--Hagia Sophia, biggest Christian church in the world, later turned into a mosque by Ottomans -Started to decline due to Peasant Rebellions, including Rebellion of Basil the Copper Hand -Fell to the Ottomans in ________________ CE -DATES REQUIRED FOR FULL CREDIT

Mauryan Empire 322 BCE to 185 BCE

-Major Major Indian Empire -Founded by Chandragupta Maurya -Became incredibly powerful -Another famous ruler is Ashoka Maurya -Lots of trade with Persian Achaemenids and China -Trade in spices, diamonds, gold, ivory--goods that India will trade for thousands of years. India known for trade in luxury goods like spices and diamonds. -Initially Hindu, and the majority of people were Hindu. However, Ashoka helped spread Buddhism and Buddhism became a major religion as well -In part based on the Vedas and the Aryan invasion, they had the caste system: 1) Brahmins (priests); 2) Warriors (kshatriyas); 3) Peasants and Merchants (vaishyas) and 4) serfs or semi-slaves (shudras)

Islam

-Major world religion started around 630 CE -Started by the prophet Muhammad -God is Allah; this is a monotheistic religion that demands the worship of the one true god, Allah. -Combined parts of Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism, all of which influenced this religion -Holy city of Mecca; believers are encouraged to make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime, ideally every eyar -Centers around the Five Pillars of Islam, which are the five central beliefs of Islam -the Qu'ran is the holy text of Islam and lays out the rules and laws of Islam, including sharia law (the law that Islamic codes follow) -Islam encourages members to fight "jihad" or holy wars to spread Islam. Through holy wars, Islam spread rapidly throughout the Middle East and North Africa -Through holy war, trade with merchants, and through Islamic missionaries like the Sufi mystics, Islam continued to spread throughout Eurasia. Islam took over Spain for a time, and reached into India (South Asia), SE Asia, and far into Sub-Saharan and East Africa

North Atlantic Fishing Trips

-Many Europeans were still taking trips across the _____________________________ in order to fish for cod -This led to the settlement of Iceland, Greenland, and Nova Scotia -Once the Americas were discovered, fishermen in the North Atlantic continued to look for a water route to Asia -Some people tried to go through North American rivers; others, like Vitus Bering, searched for routes through the Arctic and over the top of North America

Lamaist Buddhism

-Many Mongols in China converted to this religion -This is the religion with the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path -Khubilai Khan himself was a member of this religion

The Cradle of Civilization and the Fertile Crescent 4,000 BCE

-Many historians point to an area in the Middle East/SW Asia as the "cradle of civilization." It's also known as the Fertile Crescent -this is the area where agriculture really sprang up in a major way -This is also where many of the first states developed. These states developed into one of the first big civilizations, Mesopotamia, around 4,000 BCE. -This area contained the states of Bablyon and Sumer, which would become part of the Mesopotamian civilization -The Hittites would invade around 1,300 BCE and use iron weapons and chariots to wreak havoc and take over lots of the territory there

Pastoralists and New Transportation--Chariots 2,000 BCE and Horseback Riding 3,500 BCE

-Many pastoralists were very warlike as they would often fight each other or raid settled, agricultural cities. Pastoralists used compound bows and iron weapons to conquer; -Pastoralists also came up with new forms of transportation because they travelled so much, like the chariot and riding on horses. These technological breakthroughs diffused throughout Eurasia especially. -The chariot was a wheeled vehicle that would get pulled by one or two horses. The Chariot could be used in warfare as it was easier to shoot arrows from a chariot than on the back of a horse. A chariot could also be used for transportation of goods and trade. The SPOKED wheel was a key invention for the chariot -Pastoralists also pioneered riding on horses, something that would change trade, travel, and warfare forever. Horseback riding allowed for much longer distance trade and travel, and horses were also used as cavalry in warfare and could be extremely effective in battle. -The Hittites used chariots and compound bows in their military to deadly effect, and were able to take over lots of territory using these weapons and methods

Hagia Sophia

-Massive Christian church in Constantinople -Built by Justinian to show his power -famous for its massive dome, visitors would often marvel at its size and splendor; people thought the dome, with its gems and diamonds and thousands of lamps, was like the heaven's itself -Rumored to have magical miraculous healing powers, people believed its columns and doors could heal sick people who rubbed against them or passed beneath them; therefore people would travel hundreds of miles to reach the church -Taken over by Ottomans and turned into a mosque

Karakorum

-Massive center of trade and technology. The Mongols would make artisans, blacksmiths, thinkers, inventors, and writers leave their conquered villages and go to this city -Because of this, technology, religion, and disease spread all around the mighty and vast Mongol Empire -Capital city of the Mongol Empire

Cicero--Roman Political Thought Socrates--Philosophy, Govt, and Logic Aristotle--Mathematics Era 2: 600 BCE to 600 CE

-Mathematicians like _____________ began to use math to describe and explain the world -Thinkers like _________________ began to use philosophical questions to discuss human nature and the role of government -Political leaders like _________________ wrote and thought extensively about how government's should be set up, and tried to keep the Republic alive in Rome; many Roman thinkers and politicians were influenced by the Ancient Greeks

Mayan Warfare

-Mayan warriors tried to capture other warriors in combat; captives would be kept as slaves or sacrificed in a human sacrifice to the Mayan gods -Mayan city-states would constantly be fighting against each other

Mesopotamians Traded Away: Wool, leather and olive oil Indus River Valley Traded: Indian copper, ivory, and pearls

-Mesopotamia was not one empire but it was a "civilization." It was actually a collection of 12 city-states in the area "between the rivers." At certain points in time, different city-states would conquer the others and establish empires, like the Babylonian Empire -As Mesopotamia grew as a civilization, trade grew enormously. At first, it was trade between city-states. Then trade grew outside of the region to areas n/s/e/and west of the civilization. -Eventually trade got so distant that it finally connected with another one of the early civilizations. The Mesopotamians conducted long distance trade with the Indus River Valley, one of the first long distance trading networks in history. -The Mesopotamians traded: ______________ , _______________, and ________________ -They received from the Indus River Valley: Indian _____________, _____________________,and _____________________________ -As always, trade also helped spread cultural ideas and technology as well

Trade Between Mesopotamia and Indus River Valley 2300 BCE to 1750 BCE

-Mesopotamia was not one empire but it was a "civilization." It was actually a collection of 12 city-states in the area "between the rivers." At certain points in time, different city-states would conquer the others and establish empires, like the Babylonian Empire -As Mesopotamia grew as a civilization, trade grew enormously. At first, it was trade between city-states. Then trade grew outside of the region to areas n/s/e/and west of the civilization. -Eventually trade got so distant that it finally connected with another one of the early civilizations. The Mesopotamians conducted long distance trade with the Indus River Valley, one of the first long distance trading networks in history. -The Mesopotamians traded: wool, leather and olive oil -They received from the Indus River Valley: Indian copper, ivory, and pearls -As always, trade also helped spread cultural ideas and technology as well

Divine Right in Mesopotamia

-Mesopotamia was not one empire but it was a "civilization." It was actually a collection of 12 city-states in the area "between the rivers." At certain points in time, different city-states would conquer the others and establish empires, like the Babylonian Empire -As in almost every civilization, rulers claimed a divine right--meaning they told the people that they were meant by the gods to rule -The early rulers of Mesopotamia were extremely effective at creating this impression on their people. Rulers from the city-state of Sumer for example even told their people that they were the offspring or children of the gods themselves -The famous ruler Gilgamesh, of the city-state of Uruk, claimed to be the son of a goddess and a king, making him 2/3 divine (god) and 1/3 human =Some legends even recognized Gilgamesh (famous from the Epic of Gilgamesh) as a full god -Massive building projects and monumental architecture were undertaken to honor the kings and show their relationship to the gods -Divine right was important for kings because it encouraged people to pay taxes, be obedient, and honor the king

The Development of Mesopotamian City States, 3200 BCE to 2350 BCE

-Mesopotamia was the world's first major civilization that grew up in the Fertile Crescent/Cradle of Civilization in SW Asia/Middle East. This civilization grew up in between the Tigris and Euphrates river in modern day Iraq -From 3200 BCE to 2350 BCE , 12 cities became incredibly powerful in Mesopotamia. Cities like Uruk became populated and powerful. -As cities grew, they became more organized and developed into states. As a state, they formed governments that controlled not just the city but also the agricultural areas around the cities. They built temples, built defensive walls to protect the cities, and palaces. They would often be attacked by nomadic pastoral raiders. -As city-states, they also developed codes of law to protect the citizens. They built massive Ziggurats, impressive temples to the local gods. One famous Ziggurat was the Temple of Inanna, the fertility god -They also built and developed irrigation systems for the Mesopotamian agriculture

Hammurabi and the Babylonian Empire in Mesopotamia 1750 BCE - 1595 BCE

-Mesopotamia was the world's first major civilization that grew up in the Fertile Crescent/Cradle of Civilization in SW Asia/Middle East. This civilization grew up in between the Tigris and Euphrates river in modern day Iraq -From 3200 BCE to 2350 BCE , 12 cities became incredibly powerful in Mesopotamia. Cities like Uruk became populated and powerful. -In 1770 BCE, the greatest Mesopotamian ruler arose. _________________________ of Babylon was the next great ruler after Sargon's empire fell apart. From his capital of Babylon, _______________________ conquered the city-states of Mesopotamia. __________________ was a master politician and administrator--he organized the government better than Sargon ever had and also organized taxation. He created one of the first political bureaucracies in the world with a system of government officials and tax collectors - His most important contribution to world history was the creation of a code of law. ________________ wrote a code of laws that established strict codes of behavior and outlined strict punishments for law-breakers. Murder, theft, fraud, adultery, incest, sheltering of runaway slaves, and other crimes were all given the death penalty -_________________________'s descendants ruled his empire for almost 200 years. However, the wealth of the Babylonian empire attracted nomadic invaders. In 1595 BCE the Hittites, wielding iron weapons on their chariots, invaded and destroyed the Babylonian Empire.

Sargon of Akkad 2300 BCE

-Mesopotamia was the world's first major civilization that grew up in the Fertile Crescent/Cradle of Civilization in SW Asia/Middle East. This civilization grew up in between the Tigris and Euphrates river in modern day Iraq -From 3200 BCE to 2350 BCE , 12 cities became incredibly powerful in Mesopotamia. Cities like Uruk became populated and powerful. -The first major Mesopotamian ruler that you need to know is ___________ of Akkad. ___________started out as a minister to a King and then organized a coup and took power for himself. _____________ developed an extremely powerful military and went on a rampage, conquering the city-states of Mesopotamia one by one and tearing down their defensive walls -No single city-state could withstand ___________________'s forces. He seized control of cities and also trade routes. By controlling trade, he was able to finance his military juggernaut and become unstoppable. At the high point of his rule, his empire covered all of Mespotamia and ruled over all of the city-states -Like almost all rulers of early empires and civilizations, ________________ claimed divine right and said that the gods meant for him to rule. -_______________________'s descendants ruled his empire but it fell apart by 2150 CE.

Important Dates Mesopotamia :

-Mesopotamia: 4000 BCE to 600 BCE Sargon: 2300 BCE Hammurabi and the Rise of Babylon: 1750 BCE to 1595 BCE Cuneiform Writing: 2900 BCE Epic of Gilgamesh: 2000 BCE

Metallurgy 6,000 BCE and the Wheel/Wheeled Vehicles 3500 BCE

-Metallurgy was another invention that made agricultural societies and early societies incredibly powerful and gave them a big advantage over hunter-gatherers -Copper was the first metal that was worked into tool. Around 6,000 BCE people discovered that if you heated copper up, you could bend or shape it into certain types of tools or weapons like knives or axes -Around 1,300 BCE the Hittites, in North Africa and SW Asia, learned iron metallurgy. Iron metallurgy was much stronger and more powerful than copper/bronze, and made for better weapons and tools. Their iron weapons helped them conquer large amounts of territory. -In 1,000 BCE artisans and craftsmen in Mesopotamia also began to use bronze and then iron as part of metallurgy. -The invention of the wheel and wheeled vehicles was also critical during this time. The wheel was probably invented around 3,500 BCE in Mesopotamia. Wheeled carts and wagons allowed people to transport heavy goods long distances and helped increase trade and travel in the Old World. Domesticated animals like horses and oxen were key to pulling wheeled vehicles.

VI Lenin

-Millions of lower class people around Europe were inspired by the ideas of Karl Marx, which led to the rise of communism and socialism. But someone needed to put it into play in an actual country -In Russia, the Romanovs were in power, and had been for 300 years. This man would lead the Bolshevik Revolution, which would bring down the Romanov Dynasty -After he brought down the Romanovs, he started the first major communist country in the world, the Soviet Union -Considered the founding father of the Soviet Union -Died while relatively young, and Joseph Stalin took over

The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 CE

-Millions of lower class people around Europe were inspired by the ideas of Karl Marx, which led to the rise of communism and socialism. But someone needed to put it into play in an actual country -In Russia, the Romanovs were in power, and had been for 300 years. VI Lenin would rise up and would lead the ______________________________, which would bring down the Romanov Dynasty -After Lenin brought down the Romanovs, he started the first major communist country in the world, the Soviet Union

Government Control in a Communist Economy

-Millions of lower class people around Europe were inspired by the ideas of Karl Marx, which led to the rise of communism and socialism. The Soviet Union became the first major Communist country after Lenin led the Bolshevik Revolution -In a capitalist, laissez-faire economy, the government does not control or interfere with the economy. Competition governs everything, and people are free to build what they want, start what they want, etc. Businesses and factories are owned by private citizens like Rockefeller and Carnegie -According to Marxist theory, in a communist country, the , the government controls all of the land, the factories, and the economy. The government owns all major factories, mines, and agricultural products -The government also drives growth in a communist economy. For instance, the Five Year Plan in the Soviet Union and the Great Leap Forward in Mao's Communist China were plans from the government to drive the industrialization and agriculture of the economy

Mongol Mothers and First Wives

-Mongol society was still patriarchal, but Mongol women had more power and respect than in most societies -Genghis Khan especially honored his mother and his first wife; these women could influence male leaders in their decisions -There was polygamy (multiple wives) -Women close to the ruler were allowed to voice their opinions in council and could affect many decisions

Harun Al-Rashid 800 CE

-Most important Abbasid Caliph and ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate -Ruled around 800 CE; lived in the capital city of Baghdad -Incredibly wealthy, he would even give money to the common classes by tossing gold coins into the streets of Baghdad - lived in capital of Baghdad, promoted the arts and architecture by paying artists and writers to create their works -Borrowing their system of ancient organization from the Achaemenids, the Abbasids ran a very well-organized political government -The Caliphate was divided into provinces with regional governors (like the Achaemenid Satrapies) -The governors collected taxes and reported to the Caliph __________________ in Baghdad -"Qadis" (judges) and "Ulama" (religious scholars) were government officials that helped every town follow sharia law, the rules of Islam -After he died, the Abbasid Caliphate began to decline. His son's fought Civil Wars for power, and peasant rebellions and uprisings led to the decline

Joint-Stock Companies

-Much of the British and European ocean exploration from 1450 CE to 1750 CE was driven by private companies and not by governments; a company would raise money by selling ____________________ -The company would sell ______________ to people; if you bought _______________ and the company did well, you would make a lot of money; if the company did not do well, your would lose money -People would buy ________________ and the companies would go on journeys to India and China to try to make money -The British East India Company (BEIC) and Dutch India Company (VOC) were examples of this

Joint Stock Companies

-Much of the British and European ocean exploration from 1450 CE to 1750 CE was driven by private companies and not by governments; a company would raise money by selling ____________________ -The company would sell ______________ to people; if you bought _______________ and the company did well, you would make a lot of money; if the company did not do well, your would lose money -People would buy ________________ and the companies would go on journeys to India and China to try to make money -The British East India Company was an example of this

Greek Influence on Islam

-Muslims widely admired these people and borrowed much of the scientific and medical writings from ___________ -They particularly tried to learn from the __________ philosophers Aristotle and Plato -_______________ mathematics and science influenced Muslims and inspired them to find their own powerful mathematical and scientific discoveries -By borrowing from other cultures, Islamic societies like the Abbasid Caliphate became advanced technologically and culturally and rose to great power in Era 3, 600 CE to 1450 CE

The Mongols 1200 - 1370 CE

-Nomadic/pastoral group led by Khans -Conquered a massive amount of territory in Eurasia the 1200's and 1300's -Known for military prowess and speed using horses, bows and arrows, and strict military organization -After they conquered, rule led to diffusion (spread) of technology and ideas -Conquered territories divided into Khanates -The Mongols were better conquerors than they were governors, and their empire fell apart quickly after they started it

Chandra Gupta

-Not related to Chandragupta Maurya -This was the first major, significant ruler of the Gupta Dynasty, which came after the Mauryan Dynasty, in India -Formed alliances with powerful families and started an Empire -Started around 320 CE; brought back the old Mauryan capital city at Pataliputra -Unlike Ashoka, the Gupta Emperors were not as detail oriented as Ashoka and the Mauryans had been. They were also not as centralized. -The Guptas left local government and administration in the hands of their allies in the different regions of the empire. On the other hand, Ashoka, the Mauryan ruler, had wanted to govern everything carefully himself from the capital city

The Nine Ministers

-Obviously, the Emperor was the most important member of the government in the Han Dynasty. Known as the Son of Heaven, the Emperor had absolute (total) power. He claimed the Mandate of Heaven, meaning the Gods approved of his rule -The highest ranking government officials in the Han Dynasty were known as the _____________ who held the nine most important positions and made sure the taxes and laws of the empire were being enforced

Bread and Circuses

-Often, the Roman plebeians (lower classes of citizens) would be unhappy about various things, such as unemployment or disease in the city -The Consuls, the Senate, or later, the Caesars, would almost try to bribe/distract the lower classes with entertainment and food -Entertainment, often in the form of the Gladiator games in the Coliseum, and food was offered to keep plebeians quiet without actually solving unemployment problems. So if they people were unhappy, they would be offered bread and circuses.

Fall of the Tokugawa Dynasty 1860's

-Once Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Japan, the Tokugawa started to lose massive amounts of power as the samurai and daimyo began to rebel -The Tokugawas fell and the samurai restored the Emperor, Emperor Meiji, to power -The new Emperor and his council of powerful lords decided to Westernize and modernize Japan; they started one of the most remarkable periods in world history, known as the Meiji Restoration

Meiji Reformation 1868 - 1912 CE

-Once Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Japan, the Tokugawa started to lose massive amounts of power as the samurai and daimyo began to rebel -The Tokugawas fell and the samurai restored the Emperor, Emperor _____________, to power -The new Emperor and his council of powerful lords decided to Westernize and modernize Japan; they started one of the most remarkable periods in world history, known as the ______________ _______________ -The Japanese started to modernize and industrialize faster than any country in world history; they sent travelers to Europe and America to learn about Industrialization -They hired hundreds of Europeans and Americans to come to Japan to train their army and build factories and railroads -By the end of the ____________________ ______________, the Japanese were a fully industrialized and modernized state, capable of beating the Russians and Chinese in head-to-head wars

The India-Pakistan Partition 1948

-Once India finally gained it's freedom from Britain in 1948, there was still controversy -Most of India was Hindu, although roughly 1/3 of India was Muslim (descended from the Mughals!). -The Muslim leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah wanted India to be split into two countries so that the Muslims could have their own country -Gandhi was against this idea as he believed it would provoke violence and go against national unity -Jinnah won out and India was divided into two countries in 1948. Millions of Muslims began migrating to the new country of ____________________, and there was tons of violence and death along the migration routes. Today, there is still hatred and rivalry between the two countries.

The Catholic Reformation or Counter Reformation

-Once Martin Luther published the "95 Theses", millions around Europe started leaving the Catholic Church -The Catholic Church realized it had to make some changes to keep people in the church; it began its own series of reforms and corrections -They created a new group of missionaries called the Jesuits who went to the Americas and elsewhere to convert people to Catholicism -They built Catholic schools to get kids dedicated to Catholicism early on -There was also lots of Witch Hunting and Religious Wars in Europe; thousands were burned at the stake or killed over religion

First States and Rulers of States

-Once agriculture sprang up, people started living together in cities and villages. Eventually, a group of people would conquer and unite a group of cities and and that would became a STATE. After that, a powerful state would take over other states and create a CIVILIZATION. -The STATE was smaller than a civilization, but bigger than a city. A state was a collection of cities brought together typically under one ruler -States were powerful systems that had large amounts of labor and resources; they used agriculture to create specialization of labor and other important aspects of civilization --They had a political structure and political bureaucrats (govt. officials). Typically, one ruler ruled over the civilization who had divine (godlike) blessing or power. Typically the ruler also had control over or the support of the military, which was key for ruling effectively -As states grew, they competed and fought with each other. One of the earliest successful states were the Hittites, who were able to use chariots, compound bows, and iron tools to take over other states in Mesopotamia -Early regions of state expansion and empire building were in the Fertile Crescent and Cradle of Civilization, in Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and the Nile Valley

Characteristics of Civilizations-- 4,000 BCE

-Once agriculture sprang up, people started living together in cities and villages. Eventually, a group of people would conquer and unite a group of cities and and that would became a STATE. After that, a powerful state would take over other states and create a CIVILIZATION. -The early civilizations were different from each other, but they shared many characteristics in common. The common characteristics of civilizations were: -Agricultural surplus (extra) that allowed for large populations and specialization of labor -They contained cities and had complex institutions, like armies, religious buildings and codes -They had stratified social hierarchies (separate social classes) -They had lots of trade and often had long-distance trading relationships with other civilizations or sometimes with nomadic pastorlists -some, but not all, had a form of record keeping or writing -They had a political structure and political bureaucrats (govt. officials). Typically, one ruler ruled over the civilization who had divine (godlike) blessing or power

Chattel Slavery

-Once indentured servitude became too expensive, British plantation owners began turning to ___________________________________ for the labor for tobacco, indigo, rice, and later cotton -This type of _____________________ is the worst kind of forced labor; it means complete ownership over someone; you can buy and sell them, you own them from birth to death -These type of _________________ in the British colonies received the harshest treatment of any forced laborers and were often brought in from Africa via the Caribbean

Mulatto

-Once the British began bringing over slaves, there was mixing between the white and black populations -This was the term for someone who was mixed race, black and white. These people were considered "black" still and were not given privileges or opportunities in society

The Triangular Trade

-Once the Columbian Exchange took off, there was a massive amount of TransAtlantic trade that took off across the Atlantic Ocean -The Europeans were sending manufactured goods to Africa, especially old and outdated guns -The European merchants were taking slaves from Africa to the Americas to work the sugar and tobacco plantations -They were bringing back raw materials from the Americas, such as sugar, tobacco, rice, indigo, maize, and other products -This whole system and pattern of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas was known as the _______________________________________

The Atlantic System

-Once the Columbian Exchange took off, there was a massive amount of TransAtlantic trade that took off across the Atlantic Ocean -The Europeans were sending manufactured goods to Africa, especially old and outdated guns -The European merchants were taking slaves from Africa to the Americas to work the sugar and tobacco plantations -They were bringing back raw materials from the Americas, such as sugar, tobacco, rice, indigo, maize, and other products -This whole system and pattern of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas was mainly known as the Triangular Trade. THIS QUESTION IS NOT THE TRIANGULAR TRADE. THIS IS A FANCY TERM FOR THE TRIANGULAR TRADE. -Basically--> European manufactured goods to Africa; --> African slaves to the Americas --> raw materials from the Americas to Europe

Napoleon 1800 CE

-Once the French Revolution was successful, they started a Republic/Democracy; however, the new government got out of control and start beheading thousands of people who spoke out against them -This was known as the Reign of Terror -Meanwhile, a young general who had risen up from a middle class family was becoming increasingly popular -He staged a coup/rebellion and took over the French government -Eventually he became the Emperor of France; he also conquered much of Europe and became known as one of the greatest military minds in world history -He defeated several coalitions of European nations that were sent against him, until at last he was defeated and exiled to an island, where he eventually died

Byzantine Military Service in the Themes

-Once the Islamic Caliphates (Umayyad and Abbasid) rose in the 600's and 700's, the empire was constantly facing the threat of military and religious conquest; the Islamic Caliphates took over almost half of the Byzantine Empire in North Africa and the Middle East as a result, the empire divided itself into "themes" -Each theme was run by a military general and raised its own military; using organizational systems from their Roman ancestors, the military was extremely effective and was constantly battling the Islamic Caliphates for power -Free peasants (poor farmers) from each theme provided the majority of troops in the military -Based on the strength of the theme system, the Byzantine military regained its strength and power and was able to re-expand it's borders through military conquest -One way peasants could own land was by serving in the military of each theme; through military service, they could gain land

Basil the Bulgar-Slayer and Byzantine Military Imperialism 1025 CE

-Once the Islamic Caliphates (Umayyad and Abbasid) rose in the 600's and 700's, the empire was constantly facing the threat of military and religious conquest; the Islamic Caliphates took over almost half of the Byzantine Empire in North Africa and the Middle East as a result, the empire divided itself into "themes" -Each theme was run by a military general and raised its own military; using organizational systems from their Roman ancestors, the military was extremely effective and was constantly battling the Islamic Caliphates for power -Free peasants (poor farmers) from each theme provided the majority of troops in the military -Based on the strength of the theme system, the Byzantine military regained its strength and power and was able to re-expand it's borders through military conquest -in the 900's, a powerful Byzantine military ruler named _____________________ came to power and attacked the Bulgars in the West, seeking to expand the empire -After one battle in 1014 CE, this ruler famously ordered his troops to blind 14,000 Bulgarian survivors by stabbing their eyes out, but he left them alive. He supposedly left a few dozen survivors with only one eye blinded so they could lead the rest of the blinded people home from the battle field

Artisans and Craftsmen

-Once the Mongols conquered territory, they dealt with conquered people in various ways. If some people had resisted the Mongols, they could be slaughtered; if a town surrendered, some people might be spared -There were some people that Mongols often spared; these people were usually skilled in a trade, like blacksmith, carpenter, silversmith, wheelwright, cooper, etc. -These people were useful to the Mongols; they would be sent to Mongolian cities, where they would work for the Mongols and make them more powerful -These people were ______________ and _____________________________

The Self-Strengthening Movement, 1860 - 1895 CE

-Once the Qing Dynasty began to fall apart in the 1800's, some members of Chinese society began to try and create reforms that would help modernize and industrialize China -In the late 1800's, the Qings created the ___________-__________________ ______________; they tried to create European style factories and European style military -They still tried to keep some Confucian and Chinese customs; the saying was "Chinese learning at the base, Western learning for use." -The movement struggled to succeed because many of the elites resisted "westernization" and becoming like the Europeans, which went against Confucian values; for instance, the Empress Cixi took money that was meant for the navy and built a marble boat in her garden

The Encomienda System

-Once the Spanish conquered the New World, they gave out Haciendas (plantations) to the "peninsulares" and "Creoles"--the elites who were white Europeans --These white elites needed labor; before slavery, they forced the Indian population to work for them using this forced labor system -Under this system, Indians had to work as slaves for the white elites for a portion of the year -In return, the hacienda owner was supposed to provide Christianity to the natives -Obviously, this was an unfair system and thousands of natives died from harsh labor, undernourishment, and disease. The tradeoff was "forced labor for Christianity"--not much of a deal!

The Castas System

-Once the Spanish started having relationships with native and slave women, they created a racial classification system according to race -People of lighter skin and European ancestry had more power and opportunity; people of darker skin and African/Latin ancestry had less power and opportunity -The Spanish created a social hierarchy system known as the _______________ system that kept people of different races separated and gave more power to people of lighter skin

Canals

-Once the Transportation Revolution hit as part of the Industrial Revolution, people wanted to be able to ship large amounts of goods from factories on water -Sometimes large industrial cities were not near a river; so if the people wanted a river there, they would just build one! These were called _________________. They are basically man-made rivers. -There are massive, very important ___________________ in Panama, the Suez (Egypt), and the Erie ____________ in New York.

The Manchu Elite Classes

-Once the ________________ invaded China and started the Qing Dynasty, they tried to create an elite class that kept them separate from the Chinese -The __________________ made it illegal to intermarry between the Chinese and the ______________ -The _____________________ made the lower class Chinese shave the front of their heads in the ____________________ style as a sign of submission to the Qing Dynasty

The Manila Galleons 1565 - 1815 CE

-Once they mined it, the Spanish sent most of the silver back to Spain; some of it they put on MASSIVE trading ships known as the __________________ to the Philippines so it could be used to trade with China -These ships were ENORMOUS; almost as big as Zheng He's ships; they brought Spanish silver to the Philippines, and then they used it to buy silk, porcelain, and other luxury goods from the Chinese -Some of the ____________________ sunk in the ocean and today people still dive for them; one was discovered the and silver was still worth millions of dollars -the Spanish had mines at Potosi and in Mexico where they used the Mit'a System to force the natives to work to mine the silver

Manila Galleons

-Once they mined it, the Spanish sent most of the silver back to Spain; some of it they put on MASSIVE trading ships known as the __________________ to the Philippines so it could be used to trade with China -These ships were ENORMOUS; as big as Zheng He; they brought Spanish silver to the Philippines, and then they used it to buy silk, porcelain, and other luxury goods from the Chinese -Some of the ____________________ sunk in the ocean and today people still dive for them; one was discovered the and silver was still worth millions of dollars -the Spanish had mines at Potosi and in Mexico where they used the Mit'a System to force the natives to work to mine the silver

Battle of Marathon

-One of the Persian wars between Persians and Greeks. The Persians/Achaemenids had a MASSIVE army but lost to the Greeks. -A Greek Man ran 26.2 miles to deliver the message of victory to Athens, but fainted upon arrival.

Tang and Abbasid Trade

-One of the coolest exchanges of culture, technology, and goods was between the Tang Dynasty in China and the Abbasid Caliphate in the Middle East. -Abbasid merchants travelled on the Silk Roads and through the Indian Ocean basin to Chinese trading cities like Hangzhou and Chang'an. -Through trade, lots of things diffused: the Chinese sent magnetic compass, wood-block printing, porcelain, and paper making to the Abbasids -The Abbasids took the Chinese practices and improved on many of them; they set up silk weaving factories in Baghdad and made paper mills in Baghdad. They actually captured some Chinese paper makers at the Battle of Talas and forced them to show them the best techniques of making paper! -The Abbasids also imitated the Chinese production of porcelain -Once the Abbasids began to master the Chinese techniques, porcelain, paper, and silk began to diffuse throughout the rest of Dar al-Islam (the Muslim world) -Abbasid merchants brought knowledge of Algebra, Mathematics, Medicine, and Astronomy to China. Much of this knowledge the Abbasids had gained from studying the ancient Greeks

Technological and Cultural Transfers in the Crusades

-One of the major effects of the Crusades was the transfer or exchange of technology and culture between Christianity and Islam. -Christians learned new ideas about hygiene and science from the Muslims; they actually rediscovered ancient Greek texts that Muslim mathematicians and scientists had in their library; -Christians also gained new techniques for agriculture and irrigation, along with secret glass-making techniques that they got from Syria -Christians also gained new techniques for architecture from Muslim science and architecture, that allowed them to build larger and grander monumental architecture -Muslims learned new military tactics and strategies from the conflict with the European Christians

Use of Fire and Stone Tools

-One of the most critical technological developments for hunter-gatherer bands during the Paleolithic Era was learning to control and create fire -Fire could be used for a variety of purposes, all of which were important: -Cooking and Warmth in cold climates -Hunting--hunters would burn certain parts of a grass prairie to force a herd of animals to run into a trap, corral, or even off of a cliff -Another critical development was the use of stone tools. Hunter Gatherers used a technique called FLINT KNAPPING to create spears, bow and arrows, stone knives, axes, and hammers -All of these stone tools were critical for hunting and for constructing shelters

Leonardo DaVinci

-One of the most famous Italian painters during the Renaissance, he created "The Mona Lisa" and other famous works of art -Was also a scientist and an inventor; created early versions of the parachute, tank, and helicopter -Was from the Italian city-state of Florence

John Stuart Mill 1860 CE

-One of the results of Industrialization was that the poor were really suffering and living in bad conditions -This English philosopher tried to help individuals out by writing about ways to protect the rights of individuals and minorities in the new industrial work -He advocated (supported) the right for people to form labor unions and supported universal women's suffrage -He has been called "the most influential English speaking philosopher of the 19th century" -Father of Liberalism

The Spread of the Horse in the Americas

-One of the things that allowed the Spanish to conquer the American native populations was the _________________ -Once the Spanish arrived, the __________ began to take off and spread all around the Americas -In North America, the Plains Indians mastered the use of the _________________ as it spread through the Americas -THey used the ______________ in war and to hunt buffalo

The Upanishads 600 BCE

-Originally based on the Vedas (1500 BCE) one of the oldest religions in the world, and the Rig Vedas -Hindu scholars looked at the Rig Vedas and wanted to create texts for the foundation or basis of Hinduism. This is the foundational text of Hinduism, and is actually roughly 200 texts that are contained in a collection -The __________________ outline the rules and codes of Hinduism, and lay out the path that you can follow in order to gain salvation -They include discussion of karma and dharma as well -Emphasizes that depending on how you live, you will be reborn into a higher or lower social class. If you have good KARMA, you will be reborn into a higher class. If you have bad KARMA, you will be reborn into a lower class. -Hinduism also emphasizes Dharma--these are the moral duties or the code that you need to follow in order to be successful. If you do this correctly, you will be reborn into a higher caste (social clas

Angra Mainyu

-Part of the Zoroastrianism belief -Evil force -Battles with Ahura Mazda (who is the good force

Pastoralists Diffuse Weapons--Compound Bow 2,000 BCE and Iron Tools 1,300 BCE

-Pastoralism was when people were nomadic (moving around) herders of domesticated animals. People would move around the grasslands herding animals like sheep, goats, or cattle -Many pastoralists were very warlike as they would often fight each other or raid settled, agricultural cities. Pastoralists used compound bows and iron weapons to conquer; -The compound bow was a bow that was curved and shaped in a certain way that made it far more powerful than a normal bow, and it could be shot from horseback -The Hittites were an early nomadic people that were very warlike pastoralists. Around 1,300 BCE they developed iron weapons and invaded and took over much of Mesopotamia and created their own empire. Iron metallurgy gave them a huge advantage in building weapons, armor, and wheeled chariots that they used to attack people.

Patriarchy and Footbinding in the Tang/Song Dynasties

-Patriarchy (male dominance) increased dramatically during the Tang and Song dynasties -Confucianism already emphasized filial piety and veneration (honoring) of ancestors, particularly male ancestors. The Tang and Song Dynasties increased the obedience due to elder males in families, and honoring male ancestors became a huge part of Song culture. -Instead of just remembering male ancestors, families would journey hundreds of miles just to visit the graves of their ancestors -There were also arranged marriages for women -Women could not own property, men owned everything -Women also experienced ______________; Women's feet were broken and tightly wrapped to appear small and more attractive -was a sign of wealth and attractiveness -symbol of increased patriarchy (male dominance)

Persian /Achaemenid/Mesopotamian Influence on Islamic States

-Persia is basically the territory that the Achaemenids ruled, it also used to be Mesopotamia -Persia fell under Islamic rule quickly and lots of Persian traditions quickly influenced Islam -After Abu Al-Abbas started the Abbasid Caliphate, the Caliphate used Persian/Achaemenid government techniques to run and organize the government -Persian ideas of Kingship influenced how the Caliphs ruled. Like the Persian Kings, the rulers were seen as wise and helpful rulers, but also had absolute divine power -Persian influence also affected Islamic literature. Islamic literature was written in Persian; the most famous collection of stories was known as "The Arabian Nights." -Persian influence also affected gender status, as Islamic women adopted the ancient Mesopotamian practice of wearing veils in public

Persepolis

-Persian capital city -Capital of the Achaemenid Empire -Started by Darius the Great -Included MASSIVE buildings, temples, and places for Darius' advisors to live. -Had places for diplomats, scribes, accountants, and businessmen.

Fall of the Tang and Song Dynasties + the Invasion of the Mongols 1279 CE (Date Required!)

-Rebellions in the Dynasty; internal rebellions, such as Huang Chao's rebellion and other peasant rebellions helped bring down the Tang Dynasty, and other rebellions helped weaken the Song Dynasty -the military wasn't very strong, especially in the Song Dynasty, and began to collapse -The Mongols invaded and took over, and this was the final reason for the collapse of the Song Dynasty -DATE REQUIRED FOR INVASION OF THE MONGOLS FOR FULL CREDIT

507 BCE to 0 CE Roman Republic 0 CE to 476 CE Roman Empire

-Rough dates for the Roman Republic -Julius and Augustus Caesar took over as emperors and ended the Republic, they started the Roman Empire -Rough dates for the Roman Empire after

Tang Taizong 620 CE

-Ruler that brought the Tang Dynasty to power; basically the founder in 620 CE -murdered two brothers and pushed father aside to get the throne -built an effective, stable government; revived many of the old Han and Sui Dynasty techniques of political control and centralization -During the Tang Dynasty, the Civil Service Exam would become even more important and would become the major path to political office and power; as a result, people were promoted on merit, which helped the government run more efficiently -Established and built up the capital city at Chang'an where merit-based Civil Service Bureaucrats ran the government -Built and promoted long networks of trade and communication through roads in order to help govern the empire -Followed and promoted Confucian rules, including filial piety, honoring farmers and agriculture, merchants not being honored, etc. -Under Tang rule, the Equal Field System would continue to be used to help promote social and economic equality and improve agriculture

Avesta

-Sacred Text about the Zoroastrinism religion -Written by Zoroaster -Official state sponsored Religion of the Achaemenid Dynasty

Kshatriyas

-Second highest social class in Mauryan/Gupta India, the warriors

The Abbasid Caliphate (750 CE - 1250 CE)

-Second major Islamic kingdom/ Empire -Started by Abu al-Abbas -Not an empire based on conquering; relied on Islamic missionaries to spread Islam and expand "Dar al-Islam" (the House of Islam) -Really really effective government structure and administration; capital city at Baghdad, where everything was organized -Instead on trying to conquer, the Abbasids wanted to organize the places they ruled. They were strongly influenced by the Persian Achaemenids in the way thy ran the government; they used regional governors, -"Qadis" (judges) and "Ulama" (religious scholars) were government officials that helped every town follow the rules of Islam -Declined with the Invasion of the Mongols

Chabi

-She was a Nestorian Christian -She influenced Khubilai Khan a lot, as she was one of his most trusted advisers -Wife of Khubilai Khan, who was the grandson of Genghis and ruler of China

Bolivar's Jamaica Letter

-Simon ____________________ was the leader of the Latin American Revolutions against the Spanish -He wanted to found a country, Gran Colombia, free from Spanish rule -In 1815 he wrote a letter to Europe; he was trying to get the British to help the Latin American countries gain their freedom from the Spanish -In his letter, he justified why "Spanish Americans" had the right to freedom and independence from Spain -This is one of the MAJOR documents you need to know, along with the Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Effects of Disease on Empires

-Size of empire decreased because of_______ -Economy was hurt because of _________ -Population went down because of __________ -Rebellions could happen because they blamed rulers for diseases -The empire could fall apart completely because of _______________ -In particular Rome and Han dynasties were hurt by _____________

The Caste System

-Social Class system in Mauryan/Gupta India -Came from the Vedic Religions and the Aryan invasion -Four main classes: 1) Brahmins (priests); 2) Warriors (kshatriyas); 3) Peasants and Merchants (vaishyas) and 4) serfs or semi-slaves (shudras) It was difficult to move up in caste and class, and this was a big part of Indian life for thousands of years.

Byzantine Decline and Invasion of the Ottomans in 1453 CE

-Some of the "themes" became so powerful, and some of the military generals became so powerful, that they stopped being loyal to the imperial court at Constantinople -Themes began refusing to pay taxes and following Byzantine orders from Constantinople, taking power for themselves -Islamic invaders from the Caliphates and the Turks continued to take territory from the empire -Peasant rebellions weakened the empire because they were unhappy with how little land they had and that they had to pay taxes -Finally, the last event that broke the Byzantine Empire was the Invasion of the ___________________________ and the fall of Constantinople in __________________ (DATE REQUIRED FOR CREDIT!!!). Mehmed the Conqueror invaded and used gunpowder, Janisarries, and huge cannon to overcome Constantinople's high walls -As a last symbol that the empire was truly dead, the Hagia Sophia was turned from a Christian Church to an Islamic Mosque

Sufi Mystic Missionaries

-Some of the most effective Islamic missionaries -They themselves were incredibly devoted to Islam, and would be examples of piousness (devotion). Some would even give up all of their possessions (charity part of the five pillars!) and live as beggars to show their dedication. -They would spread the word of Islam far and wide through Dar al-Islam and beyond, travelling through the four major trade zones to spread Islam - They were effective missionaries because they would often allow people to keep some of their own customs and mix it with Islam, meaning they would allow some syncretism (mixing of religions) -Because of their devotion and allowance for syncretism, they won thousands of converts and were especially successful in India and Persia

Ox Collar

-Something put around a ____________ -this animal and this invention were used in China to drag plows -This helped this animal drag plows through the fields and would lead to better growing and agriculture -The improvement in agriculture led to a huge increase in urbanization in China as Chinese cities grew to be the biggest in the world; Chang'an had a population of 2 million and Hangzhou had a population of 1 million

Hernan Cortes 1519 CE

-Spanish Conquistador who conquered the Aztecs in 1519 after Columbus "opened" up the New World -Conquered the Aztecs by using steel weapons and making alliances with the local people who resented the Aztec rule -Disease and the spread of it also played a key role in his victory -Had children with a local woman, La Malinche, who helped guide him to Aztecs -Conquest did find lots of gold, initially -Cruel and ruthless, reigned in blood over the Aztecs. Also known for daring and military genius.

Francisco Pizzaro 1532 CE

-Spanish Conquistador who conquered the Incans in 1532-33 -Conquered the Incan Empire; won a decisive battle at Cajamarca when he was vastly outnumbered -was victorious thanks to steel weapons and armor, the spread of disease, and used alliances with tribes that disliked the Incans -found lots of silver and gold in initial conquest, became wealthy governor, but was murdered

The Enlightenment 1650 CE - 1800 CE

-Starting in the 1500's, there was the Scientific Revolution in Europe -Scientists started to question things like religion and started to use logic and reason to explain the way the world worked -Thinkers and philosophers built on the Scientific Revolution in the 1600's. They started to try and explain things in life according to reason and logic and not according to religion or superstition -These thinkers, like John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau, began to say that people had natural rights such as life, liberty, and property -This intellectual movement was called The ______________________; once it started to spread around the world, it encouraged people to rebel against the Kings and Absolute Monarchies and to start democracies and Republics

Han Dynasty 206 BCE to 221 CE (DATES REQUIRED)

-THE Major Chinese Dynasty that you need to know for the Classical Period. -This dynasty was founded by Liu Bang -Scholars were on top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants. -Liu Bang chose his ministers from educated men with Confucian principals, Confucianism was big here. -The Civil Service Exam played a huge role in creating an administrative government bureaucracy (govt officials helping run and organize the govt) -Large amounts of trade on the Silk Roads, which helped spread Buddhism along with technology, etc. -Fell due to diseases, weakening of empire, extending too far, and the invasion of the Xiongnu Huns DATES REQUIRED FOR CREDIT

The Umayyad Caliphate 661 - 750 CE

-THe first major Islamic caliphate that lasted for a significant amount of time after the death of Muhammad -United large amounts of territory in the Middle East and North Africa and put Sharia law into play -This was a HUGE caliphate, as at the time, it was the largest empire in terms of land mass that the world had ever seen (Mongols would be bigger) -They allowed Jews and Christians to practice their religion within the caliphate as long as they agreed to pay the jizya tax -There were a series of Civil Wars in the 700's and eventually the Abbasids came along and toppled the caliphate

Civil Service Examination

-Test used by the Chinese Dynasties to become a bureaucrat (government official); the Manchu Qing Dynasty continued to use this system -you had to memorize the Confucian texts; an incredibly difficult exam -Anyone in China, rich or poor, could take it -If you passed, you became a scholar bureaucrat and became one of the powerful elites in China -Created a merit-based promotion system--you got to the top by having the best scores, based on your merit, not based on what social class you were in. -Wealthy classes still had the advantage of better education and private tutors

New Age Religion--Hare Krishna-- 1966 - Present

-Thanks in part to new forms of communication and technology, several "New Age" religions sprung up and spread around the world in the 20th century -One of the most popular and influential new forms of spirituality was the ___________________ ____________ movement. - The ___________________ _____________________ movement comes from Hinduism. It was founded in 1966 by Swami Prabhupada, who is also the leader and Guru of the movement. At the core of its beliefs are certain ancient Hindu scriptures from the Bhagavad Gita. -One of the major parts of this movement is worshipping the god Krishna. All of your acts and spiritual focus should be dedicated to pleasing him. ANother big aspect is spreading the practice of YOGA--which allows for you to focus your spirtuality while you worship. -Worhsippers of this religion are known for their public singing and dancing -The religion has spread through North America, Europe, and India. Today there are over 550 centers around the world to worship Krishna.

New Age Religion- Falun Gong 1992 - Present

-Thanks in part to new forms of communication and technology, several "New Age" religions sprung up and spread around the world in the 20th century -One of the most popular and influential new forms of spirituality was the ___________________ ____________ movement. It was founded by Li Honghzi -This movement began in China and also had a political impact as it came into clashes with the government. -The religion is very spiritual; it focuses on Buddhist and Daoist teachings. Followers do daily exercises called Tai Chi to focus their mind and body. THey are trying to become virtuous, healthy, and moral. Ultimately, through this practice, they seek to gain enlightenment. -This religion became MASSIVELY popular in China, with some estimates at 70 million followers. Tens thousands practice the religion outside of China in over 70 countries. -The religion clashed with the Communist government in the 1990's. 10,000 followers gathered in Beijing to request rights and recognition and this protest led to a government crackdown. Thousands of followers have been thrown in jail, and some claim that they have been used by the Chinese government for "organ harvesting."

Achaemenid Agriculture

-The Achaemenids used slaves for their agriculture. Agriculture was a huge foundation of the empire the most common things were barley and wheat used to make breads.

The Vedic Religions 1400 BCE to 600 BCE (DATES REQUIRED)

-The Aryans were nomadic invaders from the North who invaded India around 1400 BCE -The Aryans did not have a written language but they had a spoken language, Sanskrit -The Aryans brought with them a series of stories and songs that were transmitted orally; these stories and songs were religious in nature and were called the "Rig Vedas" -The "Rig Vedas" were songs and prayers honoring the Aryan gods; they were finally written down in 600 BCE, right at the end of Era -The Aryans and the "Rig Vedas" would form the basis of the caste system, which would exist for thousands of years in India -The _________________________________ would also form the basis for Hinduism -Therefore, the ______________________________ are some of the oldest religions in the world that still exist today in some form. And they have had a HUGE influence on India and Hinduism DATES REQUIRED FOR THIS ONE

The Rig Veda, 1400 BCE to 600 BCE (Written in 600 BCE)

-The Aryans were nomadic invaders from the North who invaded India around 1400 BCE -The Aryans did not have a written language but they had a spoken language, Sanskrit -The Aryans brought with them a series of stories and songs that were transmitted orally; these stories and songs were religious in nature and were called the "____________________________" -The "______________________________" were songs and prayers honoring the Aryan gods; they were finally written down in 600 BCE, right at the end of Era -The Aryans and the ________________________ would form the basis of the caste system, which would exist for thousands of years in India -The Vedic Religions would also form the basis for Hinduism -Therefore, the Vedic Religions are some of the oldest religions in the world that still exist today in some form. And they have had a HUGE influence on India and Hinduism

Aztec Trade in Mesoamerica

-The Aztecs made all of their subjects pay them tribute in the form of goods -This meant that trade was really increased in the Aztec Empire, helping spread goods, technology, and other things in Mesoamerica -Some of the common goods traded were textiles (cloth), jewelry, shells, food crops, -The most prized trade item was jaguar skins, as they were the most dangerous and feared predator in the jungle

Tribute

-The Aztecs made their subjects pay ______________ -The tribes the Aztecs conquered were forced to give them things like food crops, rabbit-fur blankets, jewelry, and obsidian knives -One of the most valuable things subjects had to give the Aztecs was jaguar skins, as jaguars were the most powerful and dangerous animals in the jungle

Human Sacrifice

-The Aztecs, Incans, and Mayans all did this -In particular, the Aztecs believed that this was necessary to please the gods and keep the crops growing -Captured warriors or conquered tribespeople would be killed in a religious ritual in order to please the gods -Their blood would be seen as a symbol of giving moisture to the earth for crops; when it wasn't raining, sacrifices would increase with the hope that sacrifice of blood would please the gods who would make it rain

Economic Imperialism and the Opium Trade in China

-The British began using economic imperialism to take over in China; the joint-stock company, the British East India Company, began growing the drug ______________ in India and selling it in China for Chinese silver -Millions of Chinese became addicted to the British _________________ and became unproductive members of society, smoking all day in _______________ dens -The Manchu Qings tried to stop the drug from being imported, and destroyed twenty thousand chests of _________________ that belonged to the British East India Company

The Opium Wars 1840 CE

-The British began using economic imperialism to take over in China; the joint-stock company, the British East India Company, began growing the drug ______________ in India and selling it in China for Chinese silver -The Manchu Qings tried to stop the drug from being imported, and destroyed twenty thousand chests of _________________ that belonged to the British East India Company -In retaliation for the destroyed ____________, the BEIC and the British government started a war. The British military sent a steam powered gunboat called "The Nemesis" straight up the Grand Canal and absolutely dominated the Chinese military -The British military had some of the most advanced industrialized weapons in the world, and the Chinese had swords, spears, and some old crappy muskets; the British won quickly and the Chinese sued for peace

Privileges of the Byzantine Emperors

-The Byzantine Emperors, as political and religious rulers (Caesaropapism), had incredible amounts of power and privilege -they were the only people allowed to wear purple in the Byzantine Empire -Even high government bureaucrats (officials) were treated as slaves by the emperors, and when they approached the emperor had to bow down to the ground three times and kiss the imperial hands and feet (like the Kow Tow in Imperial China!) -If you approached the high court, there were elaborate shows of machines, mechanical lions, and even the throne itself would move up and down to make you feel intimidated by the emperor -Lived in Constantinople, largest city in Europe/Middle East -Held important religious and political ceremonies in the Hagia Sophia, largest Christian church in the world at the time -Most famous and significant are Constantine and Justinian, along with Basil the Bulgar-Slayer

Byzantine Peasantry and Military Service

-The Byzantine Empire was at its strongest when there was a huge class of free peasants who owned small plots of land for farming -The peasants provided the backbone of the economy by providing wheat and other food items; they also provided the backbone of the military, serving in the military in each theme -due to the agricultural support of the peasants, Byzantine cities grew large and thrived; Constantinople was the largest city in Europe for 700 years with a population of almost 1 million people -peasants were not slaves, but some had arrangements like serfs, where they legally bound to the land and had to pay landowners large amounts of rent; some peasants had to work the same land for their entire life without ever being able to own it -One way peasants could own land was by serving in the military of each theme; through military service, they could gain land -Theodora was a famous peasant, daughter of a bear keeper in the circus, who rose from being a striptease artist to be the wife of the Emperor Justinian in 520 CE -towards the end of the Byzantine empire, free peasants staged many rebellions as they were unhappy with the amount of land they had and the taxes they were forced to pay; the most famous the Rebellion of Basil the Copper Hand

Byzantine Peasant Rebellions

-The Byzantine lower class peasants in the THEMES (states) were often rebelling against the Byzantines -often taxes or food shortages were the problems that people were rebelling against -The generals were always able to defeat the rebels in the end, but these always weakened the empire -These rebellions severely weakened the Byzantine Empire and helped lead to its decline in the 1200's and 1300's -The most famous rebellion was the Rebellion of Basil the Copper Hand, who was a general that had had his hand cut off and was replaced with a copper hand; rebellion failed in the end, but weakened the Byzantines

Effect of Columbian Exchange on the Environment

-The Columbian Exchange led to a MASSIVE increase in agriculture in the Americas -European agricultural technology made a HUGE difference in the Americas and European colonists began farming all over North and South America -European farming practices had a HUGE impact on the _________________________ of the Americas as lots of soil was depleted and forests were destroyed -So the big takeaway here--the Columbian Exchange and European farming really DAMAGED the American _______________________ because the forests were cut down for wood and soil was robbed of nutrients

Dutch East India Company (VOC) 1602

-The Dutch, like the Portuguese, also established a powerful trading post empire -They did it in India and Africa with a very powerful JOINT STOCK COMPANY that was started in 1602 -Unlike the Portuguese, this was a private company that required people to buy stock; if the company was successful, they got massive profits -This company established trading posts and a Trading Post Empire all over the world and the merchants who ran it were very powerful

The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 1789 CE

-The Enlightenment helped inspire the first major revolution during the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution -The American Revolution helped inspire this country to start a revolution -Inspired by Enlightenment thinkers like Locke and Rousseau, and by the American Declaration of Independence, the _________________ Third Estate composed a document called the _______________________________________________________________ -This was also similar to the American Bill of Rights -It laid out the individual rights that each person in the country was entitled to, such as free speech, free religion, right to a fair trial, etc.

Causes of the Mexican War for Independence against the Spanish early 1800's

-The Enlightenment helped inspire the first major revolution during the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution -The American Revolution helped inspire this country to start a revolution -This revolution had social and economic roots; this was a ______________________ colony SOCIAL: The upper class was composed of the "peninsulares," who were born in Europe and living in ________________; they had all the power -The Middle class were the "Creoles," who were white but were born in the Americas -Below the Creoles was everyone of mixed-race or African/native American heritage; black slaves, descendants of the Aztecs, etc. -The lowest classes were fed up with the taxes they had to pay and oppression they faced; they were starving and dying -A priest in a small town named Miguel Hidalgo gave a famous speech and started to rally people in his town to march with him -He started marching through _______________, gathering thousands into an army, and this was the start of the _____________ ___ _______________________________

The French Revolution 1790

-The Enlightenment helped inspire the first major revolution during the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution -The American Revolution helped inspire this country to start a revolution -This revolution was caused by social, economic, and political problems -The Third Estate, which was the lowest social class, rose up and overthrew the first Estate -The ideals of Enlightenment Philosopher Jean Jacques-Roussea helped inspire this Revolution -"The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" was published and the Third Estate started a Republic/Democracy; the King and Queen were executed via the Guillotine -Eventually the Revolution got out of control as the revolutionaries got extreme with Robespierre and the Reign of Terror -Napoleon took over and turned the country back into an Empire/Monarchy

The Causes of the French Revolution

-The Enlightenment helped inspire the first major revolution during the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution -The American Revolution helped inspire this country to start a revolution -This revolution was caused by social, economic, and political problems SOCIAL: The country was divided into Three Estates. The Third Estate was the lowest social class. They had none of the land, very few political rights, and had to pay lots of taxes. There were a lot of peasants, and they were unhappy ECONOMIC: Even though they were the poorest, the Third Estate had to pay most of the taxes. Also, the Monarchy in this country was very poor after having to pay so much for costly wars. POLITICAL: The King was trying to make people pay taxes that didn't want to. The Third Estate also got sick of being ganged up on by the other two estates that formed the upper classes.

American Cash Crops--Sugar and Tobacco

-The Europeans created colonies in the United States and used slave labor to create __________ crops as part of the Columbian Exchange -These were American luxury crops that were not vital or required for people's diets in Europe and the Middle East, but they were sold for lots of profit and money -These two ___________ crops grown in America and sold in European and Middle Eastern markets were _______________ and ____________________

French Fur Traders

-The Europeans from this country established a maritime empire North America/Canada -They established close alliances with the Indian tribes in Canada -The most profitable thing they gained from Canada was ___________________________, which they sent back to Europe for enormous profit -The _______________________ often intermarried with the Indians and took Indian wives, creating mixed populations

French Colonies in North America 1500 CE - 1800 CE

-The Europeans from this country established a maritime empire North America/Canada -They established close alliances with the Indian tribes in Canada -Unlike the English, these colonies had lots of mixing and marrying between the Indians and the European colonists; they called this "frontiers of inclusion" -The most profitable thing they gained from Canada was fur, which they sent back to Europe for enormous profit -The _______________________ often intermarried with the Indians and took Indian wives, creating mixed populations

Square and Lateen Sails

-The Europeans needed to be able to sail in different types of wind in their caravels - ______________________ sails (the first term) allowed them to use a following wind (a wind blowing from behind) - ________________ sails, which were triangular, allowed them to catch winds from the side and ships like caravels could even sail INTO the wind -Use of both of these types of sails were KEY as the Europeans like de Gama, Columbus, Dias, and Magellan embarked on expeditions around the globe

The Columbian Exchange and Ocean Exploration

-The Europeans were motivated to explore to get to China and the Europeans take to the oceans in order to begin exploration -Christopher Columbus "discovers" the New World accidentally -Once the Americas are discovered, the Europeans begin to colonize it; this sets off a MASSIVE exchange of goods, foods, slaves, diseases, and other things known as the______________________ -There was also the Triangular Trade -There was also a large growth in _______________ exploration as the Europeans also set up Trading Post Empires in Africa and Asia -This is the name of the unit

British Settler Colony in Australia

-The Europeans, Japan, and the United States began to take over Africa, India, and Asia in order to get resources, including the Scramble for Africa and dividing China into Spheres of Influence -Once the Europeans/Americans/Japanese took over, there were different types of colonies -In some colonies, the Europeans just sent the army and tried to make the natives work for resources -IN other colonies, Europeans actually migrated there to live and start settlements -This was a settler colony where the British tried to settle; however, they didn't send normal colonists, but they sent British criminals from prisons to live there and start colonies; this was known as a penal colony -This developed into a powerful British colony, but is famous because it was originally settled by criminals and prisoners

Max Robespierre and the Reign of Terror

-The French Revolution was successful at overthrowing King Louis XVI and his family -They beheaded him and his wife on the Guillotine -Once the Revolution was successful, they started a Republic/Democracy -The new government got out of control. Some of the people that didn't like the new government were speaking out against it. The French went crazy and starting executing thousands of people that spoke out against them -Leading the charge was the leader of the new government, ________________ -This time, when thousands were executed by the guillotine, was called the ____________ ___ ________________

Causes of World War II--The Great Depression

-The Great Depression plunged nations around the world into an economic crisis -Germany in particular was in real trouble. Germany was already $33 billion in debt from the Treaty of Versailles. The Depression destroyed their economy and made their government wildly unpopular -Because Weimar government in Germany fell apart, that set the stage for the rise of Hitler. Hitler rose to power and was able to put fascism into play in Germany. -Meanwhile similar things happened in Italy and Japan. The Depression plunged the countries into an economic crisis. This allowed for Fascist Leaders like Mussolini to take over. -Many Fascist leaders used War and Imperialism to help motivate their countries and get them out of the Depression. Once the factories were producing war supplies, that helped get the country back on its feet.

Greco Roman Philosophy and Science--Era 2: 600 BCE to 600 CE

-The Greeks and the Romans developed extensive philosophies and began developing some of the first breakthroughs in science -Greek and Roman thinkers emphasized using logic and reason to analyze the world -Mathematicians like Aristotle began to use math to explain things happening in the world -Thinkers like Socrates began to use philosophical question to discuss human nature and the role of government -Political leaders like Marcus Cicero wrote and thought extensively about how government's should be set up, and tried to keep the Republic alive in Rome

Gupta Political Organization

-The Gupta Empire was smaller than the Mauryan -Mauryans like Ashoka had attended to every little detail of ruling; the Guptas let local chiefs and rulers rule -The Guptas left local government and administration in the hands of their allies in the different regions of the empire. On the other hand, Ashoka, the Mauryan ruler, had wanted to govern everything carefully himself from the capital city

Great Wall of China in the Han Dynasty

-The Han Dynasty and other Chinese dynasties were constantly under threat from the nomadic invaders to the north and west of China -During the Han Dynasty, this threat came from the Xiongnu Huns, who were essentially the predecessors to the Mongols hundreds of years later -In order to protect against the Xiongnu Huns, the Han Dynasty continued to add to the massive construction project started by the Qin Dynasty, and added hundreds miles to the Great Wall of China -Despite the Great Wall, eventually the Xiongnu Huns would successfully raid and destroy the Han Dynasty

Patriarchy in Han Dynasty

-The Han Dynasty was highly patriarchal, as Confucianism emphasized male filial piety -Male filial piety meant obedience to your elders, and in particular, obedience to elder males in the family -Women wer expected to be devoted to and obey their husbands. Ban Zhao, a famous female author, wrote "Admonitions for Women" that emphasized how women should be obedient and subservient to their husbands

Han Dynasty Imperialism and Military Structure

-The Han Dynasty was the largest Chinese Dynasty up until that point, and the Han Emperors used a very effective military force to expand the borders of the Chinese Emperor -Han Wudi was especially effective as a conqueror, and was known as the "Martial Emperor" (warlike Emperor) - During his rule the empire took over Vietnam and Korea and forced them to pay tribute -Iron metallurgy was key in the effectiveness of the Han military as metal was crucial for armor and weapons -As with many classical empires, and even later empires, the Han Dynasty would force conquered peoples to fight in the military with them in order to increase the power of the military -The greatest military challenge to the Han Dynasty came from the Xiongnu Huns, the nomadic invaders from the north who would eventually bring down the Han Dynasty

The Hebrew Scriptures/ Old Testament 1100 BCE to 400 BCE

-The Hebrews would write their scriptures into the Old Testament --The Hebrews used the same "eye for an eye" philosophy from Hammurabi's Code. -They were written over a long period of time by various scholars; -The Ten Commandments were included and were told by God to Moses; these included rules to live by (thou shalt not kill, no lying, no thievery, no adultery, etc.) -The Hebrew Scriptures/Old Testament described a monotheistic God who was harsh with those who disobeyed his rules but rewarded those who had faith. He demanded that no other gods be worshipped besides him (Monotheistic) -Judaism would become the basis for Christianity and the Old Testament

Incan Roads

-The Incans built the best ______________ in all of the Americas -These _______________ were over 10,000 miles long and were HUGE for helping with trade in the empire -When the Spanish came in the 1500's, they were amazed at how nice and wide they were, shaded by trees -If an Incan ruler wanted fresh seafood, runners were sent from Cuzco for 320 miles along these ________ and they had their fish in two days

The Mit'a System

-The Incans forced every tribe they conquered to give up some of their men as temporary slaves to complete projects building roads, cities, and temples -The Spanish conquered the Incans then used the ______________ system to get labor for silver mining -One out of every Seven men in a tribe had to go work for four months out of the year as slaves in the silver mines -Any town who didn't send 1/7th of their male population would be severely punished

Incan Political Control

-The Incans ruled as a military elite -they made the people they conquered fight for them -The Incans weren't that numerous. If people rebelled against them, they tried to crush them or made them go live in distant parts of the empire -The Incans used a large number of bureaucrats (government officials) who used a system called "quipu" to help them keep track of responsibilities

Gupta Decline and the White Huns 550 CE

-The Invasion of the ___________ from the North brought them down -The _____________ were nomadic pastoral invaders. The Guptas were able to repel them for about 50 years, but eventually they fell to the Guptas -Dates required for this answer

The Forbidden City

-The Manchu Qing Emperors had immense powers and privileges as the Son of Heaven and it was important they were kept completely separate from the lower classes -They lived in an enormous palace in the center of Beijing surrounded by large walls; inside the walls, there were almost 1,000 buildings -there were massive Halls in the city, such as the Hall of Supreme Harmony and the Hall of Preserving Harmony -The Dragon Throne was in the Hall of Supreme Harmony; as you approached the emperor the whole approach was designed to make you feel awe and intimidation of the emperor, the Son of Heaven -Each building had little ornamental dragons and animals on it; the more it had, the more important the building was

Privileges of the Manchu Qing Emperors

-The Manchu Qing Emperors were considered the Son of Heaven, the most powerful beings on earth -Emperors like Kangxi and Qianlong were given immense power; the imperial wardrobe was forbidden to anyone but the emperor -The name characters of the emperor could not be used by anyone else in all of China -If you had the rare chance to see the emperor in person, you had to perform the KowTow--three kneelings, and nine head knocks on the ground. -They had thousands of Eunuch servants loyal to the Emperor who had no family of their own that were there to do his bidding

Mayan City-States

-The Mayan Kingdom was divided into dozens of city-states; this meant that there was a central city, with a population of people organized around the city in the surrounding area -The largest city-state was Tikal, with a population around forty thousand people -Each city state had it's own king and usually each city had large religious temples to the gods -The city-states would often war and fight with each other; when one city-state would conquer another, the losers would be turned into slaves; some slaves would have to work in agriculture, while others could be sacrificed at the temples as part of religious ceremonies -Most Mayan kings of the city-states were named after the most dangerous predator of the jungle, the Jaguar. Jaguar Paw, Shield Jaguar, Bird Jaguar, etc. -THe populations of the city-states were usually between ten and thirty thousand people -City-states is a similar political structure to ancient Mesopotamia, which had twelve city-states

Miguel Hidalgo 1810 CE

-The Mexican War for Independence had social and economic roots SOCIAL: The upper class was composed of the "peninsulares," who were born in Europe and living in ________________; they had all the power -The Middle class were the "Creoles," who were white but were born in the Americas -Below the Creoles was everyone of mixed-race or African/native American heritage; black slaves, descendants of the Aztecs, etc. -The lowest classes were fed up with the taxes they had to pay and oppression they faced; they were starving and dying -A priest in a small town named _____________ gave a famous speech and started to rally people in his town to march with him -He began marching through Mexico rallying thousands of mestizos and mixed race lower classes to his flag -He began leading the army and fighting against the peninsulares and Spanish -He was betrayed and killed by the Creole middle class; but the independence movement continued and was successful -Considered today the father of Mexico and a national hero; what's his name (the term)?

Mongol Resettlement

-The Mongols needed craftsmen, inventors, smiths, administrators, armor makers, miners, carpenters and people who were skilled workers -When the Mongols conquered a village or town, they would take the skilled workers and send them to Karakorum or one of the other capital cities -Because of this, technology and ideas DIFFUSED (spread) rapidly throughout the Mongol Empire

The Mongols and Trade

-The Mongols united a VAST amount of territory in Eurasia -The Mongols made a point to make all roads and routes really secure in the empire; so once the empire was established, _______________ flourished -Merchants traveled safely all throughout the empire with the protection of the Mongols, so long-distance _________ and travel skyrocketed

Decline of the Mongols 1350 - 70 CE

-The Mongols were amazing conquerors from a military standpoint, but they struggled to govern the lands they took -The Khanates only lasted around 100 years. Soon the native peoples began to rebel in the Khanates and push for their own governments back -One by one, the Khanates fell. However, the Mongols had brought Eurasia closer together than ever before and the effects on trade, technology, and the diffusion (spread of ideas) would be very long-lasting

The Taj Mahal 1650 CE

-The Mughal Dynasty was an Islamic dynasty in India that was very wealthy at its height -To honor his dead wife, Shah Jahan ordered the construction of this famous mosque, one of the most beautiful buildings ever constructed -This building demonstrates the power and wealth of Shah Jahan and the Mughals; different parts of the building represent different parts of Islam -One of the major national symbols of India

Jizya

-The Mughals were Islamic rulers ruling over a population of Hindus -Aurangzeb wanted to encourage Hindus to convert to Islam so he placed a tax on the Hindus that they had to pay each year -This was an unpopular tax and led to rebellions; the tax was called the _______________

Trade Between Egypt and Nubia

-The Nile River flowed through Northern Africa into the Mediterranean Sea. Two major civilizations sprang up along this river -In the South was Nubia -In the North along the Nile River was Egypt. -Egypt developed into a major civilization, and Nubia developed into powerful city states along the southern Nile -The trade between Egypt and Nubia was incredibly important for the development of both regions. The Nubians controlled the upper part of the Nile River, and had access to all of the goods from the interior of Africa. -The Egyptians traded for the gold, ivory, ebony, and other precious stones that they could only get from the southern Nubian lands -The Nubians would receive Egyptian wheat and food in return. They would also make sure that they profited by controlling all of the trade between Egypt and the rest of Southern Africa. -IT wasn't just goods being traded--- the Egyptian pharaohs sent armies into Nubia and attempted to expand into Nubia, and eventually took over parts of Lower Nubia and turned into part of the Egyptian empire

The Ottoman Loss of Egypt 1820 CE

-The Ottomans began to lose a lot of power from 1750 -1914 CE as its territory kept shrinking; the Russians and other nations were constantly taking territory away -The Janissaries began rebellions, and neglected their training, which led to more loss of territory. -In 1798, a young French general named Napoleon invaded some of the Ottoman territory in __________________; the area was thrown into turmoil; after Napoleon left, the weak Ottoman military was unable to take ___________________ back -The loss of __________________ was one of the most signficant losses of territory for the dying Ottoman Empire

Devshirme

-The Ottomans conquered some Christian territories in Eastern Europe -They would take young Christian boys and recruit them into the Ottoman government as slaves; they could either become bureaucrats (govt officials) or janissaries (soldiers) -The boys were taken away from their families and therefore the thinking was that they would be really loyal to the Sultan's family since the Sultan's family had become their family

Caravels

-The Portuguese were the European country that was most motivated to explore the oceans in the 1400s and 1500s -They built these long ships that were very maneuverable and could sail against the wind -Once they invented/developed these ships, they were able to explore and start trading post empires in Africa and Asia

Tsar Peter the Great 1689 - 1725 CE

-The Romanov Dynasty ruled Russia for 300 years; the rulers were called Tsars (Russian word for Caesars) -The first and most powerful Tsar that you need to know for the Romanov dynasty is _________________ the ____________ -He was the Tsar that really wanted to Westernize Russia; he visited Western Europe and came back and tried to modernize the military, the economy, and the government -WEIRD MEMORABLE FACT: He was the one that tried to get Russians to cut off their beards in order to be more like Western Europeans and went in the street with a pair of scissors to cut people's beards off -SECOND WEIRD MEMORABLE FACT: was freakishly tall for his time, 6' 8" -Built a new capital city called St. Petersburg; painting of him facing the West, looking out at the Ocean

Tsar Catherine the Great of Russia 1760 CE to 1800 CE

-The Romanov Dynasty ruled Russia for 300 years; the rulers were called Tsars (Russian word for Caesars) -The second incredibly powerful Tsar that you need to know for the Romanov dynasty is _________________ the ____________ -She was known for being an "Enlightened Monarch;" she had read parts of the Enlightenment and wanted to be more tolerant -As an Enlightened Monarch, she built schools and hospitals, and was also tolerant of different religions -She also continued Peter's attempts at modernization of the military and the economy WEIRD MEMORABLE FACT: Her real name wasn't ____________, it was Sophie; and she wasn't even Russian, she was Prussian! -Although she was married, she was rumored to have over 12 official affairs in her lifetime, and 3 of her children may have been illegitimate. She was famously generous to her lovers! -Expanded the empire and took land from the Ottomans

Frontier Settlements in Russian Siberia

-The Romanovs wanted to expand the Russian Empire, so they pushed and expanded into one of the coldest climates on Earth, ______________ -They went into this region as part of the lucrative fur trade; Russian hunters trapped animals and sold them for their pelts -This area was ridiculously cold so people didn't want to work there or move there; the Russian landowners that moved there had to offer working conditions to peasants that were better than in the main part of Russia -Serfdom was still pretty intense and horrible here -Many of the Russians that moved here were criminals, prisoners of war, and other social misfits; kind of like Australia -These settlements were on the edge of the Wilderness; the term for that is _________________

The Mit'a System

-The Spanish conquered the Incans then used the ______________ system to get labor for silver mining -One out of every SEVEN men in a tribe had to go work for four months out of the year as slaves in the silver mines -Any town who didn't send 1/7th of their male population would be severely punished

Potosi

-The Spanish desperately wanted silver from their colonies -They discovered it here, and used the Mit'a System to force 1/7th of the native populations to work in the mines -The conditions were horrible; it was known as the "Mountain that Eats Men" because thousands of Indians died there from cave-ins and diseases -Once they mined it, they sent most of it on ships back to Spain; some of it traveled on the Manila Galleon boats to the Philippines so it could be used to trade with China -As it spread around the world, this was critical for increasing trade and allowing countries to create money and currency

Christianity and Catholicism in Latin America

-The Spanish established religion in their colonies and forced the people to adapt Christianity -In particular, the natives were forced to convert to this type of Christianity -Today, Latin American countries are mostly _________________________ -Major cults sprang up in South America to worship the ______________________ saints

Cults of the Christian Saints in Latin America

-The Spanish forced the natives to convert to being Catholic Christians in the 1500's and 1600's -There was lots of initial resistance, but one area that the Natives embraced were the saints; they drew similarities between the saints and their gods that they had before the Spanish arrival -The Virgin of Guadalupe was the most popular saint in Latin America; people created ______________ to worship her -Legend had it that the Virgin of Guadalupe appeared to a Mexican peasant and told him she was the mother of Jesus

The Virgin of Guadalupe

-The Spanish forced the natives to convert to being Catholic Christians in the 1600's -There was lots of initial resistance, but one area that the Natives embraced were the saints; they drew similarities between the saints and their gods that they had before the Spanish arrival -The ________________________ was the most popular saint in Latin America; people created cults to worship -Legend had it that the _____________ appeared to a Mexican peasant and told him she was the mother of Jesus -There is a shrine outside of Mexico city to mark the spot -In the 1800s, when Hidalgo started the Mexican War for Independence, he used the __________________________ as his flag symbol

1500 CE to 1840 CE

-The Spanish had one of the most dominant empires in all of the world, with dozens of colonies in South America and Central America -They grew massively in hegemony (power) as they gained tons of resources like silver from Potosi and Acapulco and sugar and other food crops from their colonies -Dates for the Spanish Empire and colonies in the Americas; after the Spanish lose their colonies in South and Central America in the 1840's, those colonies remain as Spanish speaking countries

Christopher Columbus

-The Spanish sponsored this explorer; his "discovery" of the New World was one of the most significant events in world history -After he found the Americas, it set off an unprecedented exchange of goods, diseases, foods, and even people across the Atlantic Ocean -Landed in 1492 -Known as an outstanding sailor but a very cruel ruler; presided over the murder and death of several thousand Taino Indians

Tang Dynasty 618 - 907 CE and Song Dynasty 960 - 1279 CE DATES REQUIRED FOR CREDIT

-The Sui Dynasty in 581 CE was a short-lived but significant Dynasty, as it reunited China after hundreds of years of division after the collapse of the Han Dynasty in 206 CE -After the Sui Dynasty collapsed, two very powerful Chinese Empires came along, the Tang and Song Dynasties -Under these empires, technology flourished as China led the world in inventions and education -Important inventions include the magnetic compass, printing, sternpost rudder, flying cash, paper money, and more -Some call it the Golden Age of China because of all the inventions and technology, this is where the Chinese really got ahead of the rest of the world -Under these dynasties, there were big growths in population, cities, trade, and Buddhism -Tang Capital City = Chang'an; Song Capital = Bianjing; Major Trading City = Huangzhou -Civil Service Exam became used widely; merit-based promotions and the emphasis on education DATES REQUIRED FOR FULL CREDITE

Tang Tributary System

-The Tang Dynasty had a powerful military and sought to expand its borders to the south, north and west -Some areas were not fully taken over by the Tangs, but they would force these areas to pay "tribute" to the Tang Dynasty. -Places like Korea and Nepal would maintain their political independence, but they would have to send economic gifts to the court of the emperor -Ambassadors from places like Korea and Nepal would also have to show that the Chinese emperors were superior, god-like rulers by bowing before them and performing the kow tow (nine head knocks on the ground) -This system actually ended up benefitting both sides, as it led to an increase in trade. Many Chinese agricultural techniques spread to tributary states, as well as Chinese culture. Chinese Chan Buddhism, and the study of Confucius, spread quickly to places like Korea and Vietnam

Tang Transportation and Communication

-The Tang Dynasty used the Grand Canal, built by the Sui Dynasty, to great effect, using it to increase trade and transportation within China -The Tang Dynasty built and maintained extensive communication network based on roads, horses and human runners -Maintained inns and post offices along the road for communication -the Tang Dynasty even had relay teams of 9,600 runners to provide the Emperor with fresh seafood in the capital of Chang'an, which was more than 1000 kilometers away from the ocean -The network of roads helped the government keep the empire organized and tightly run, in addition to increasing trade -During the Tang and Song Dynasties, Chinese Maritime technology also helped increase trade and travel, as the magnetic compass, sternpost rudder, and other maritime inventions allowed for Chinese merchants to travel the seas effectively

Commodore Matthew Perry 1853 CE

-The Tokugawa Shogunate was very worried about European influence in Japan -They had seen what had happened to the neighboring Philippines, which had been taken over by the Spanish -In 1635 the Tokugawa Shoguns issued the Tokugawa Edicts; this was a set of laws that forbade any Japanese from leaving Japan, and blocked any foreigners from coming in -As a result of basically cutting off trade for 250 years, the Japanese became very isolated; this was called Japanese Isolationism -Japanese Isolationism ended in 1853 when _____________________ __________ _______________ , an American, entered Japan and forced them to open up trade at gunpoint -This term is the American naval commander that ended Isolationism in 1853 CE

Japanese Isolationism 1635 - 1853 CE

-The Tokugawa Shogunate was very worried about European influence in Japan -They had seen what had happened to the neighboring Philippines, which had been taken over by the Spanish -In 1635 the Tokugawa Shoguns issued the Tokugawa Edicts; this was a set of laws that forbade any Japanese from leaving Japan, and blocked any foreigners from coming in -The only people who were allowed to enter or exit Japan were the Dutch, so trade was very limited -As a result of basically cutting off trade for 250 years, the Japanese became very ____________________________ -This meant that they fell very far behind in terms of technology, the Enlightenment, new ideas, etc. -Here we see the damaging effect of cutting yourself off from the outside world; you get to preserve your culture, but you fall behind in military and technological power -Japanese _______________ ended in 1853 when Commodore Matthew Perry, an American, entered Japan and forced them to open up trade at gunpoint

The Tokugawa Edicts

-The Tokugawa Shogunate was very worried about European influence in Japan -They had seen what had happened to the neighboring Philippines, which had been taken over by the Spanish -In 1635 the Tokugawa Shoguns issued the _____________; this was a set of laws that forbade any Japanese from leaving Japan, and blocked any foreigners from coming in -Any foreigners who came to Japan were to be executed -Any Japanese who left Japan were to be executed -A ship of Portuguese decided to try their luck; the entire crew was beheaded, except for a few that were allowed to live to go tell the rest of the Europeans, "Come here no more." -After this, Japan became Isolationist for 200 years until the arrival of Matthew Perry in 1853

Japanese Modernization during the Meiji Reformation

-The Tokugawas fell and the samurai restored the Emperor, Emperor Meiji, to power -The new Emperor and his council of powerful lords decided to Westernize and modernize Japan; they started one of the most remarkable periods in world history, known as the Meiji Reformation -The Japanese started to modernize and industrialize faster than any country in world history; they sent travelers to Europe and America to learn about Industrialization -They hired hundreds of Europeans and Americans to come to Japan to train their army and build factories and railroads -By the end of the Meiji Reformation, the Japanese were a fully industrialized and modernized state, capable of beating the Russians and Chinese in head-to-head wars -This term is saying this process was: Japanese _______________________

jizya

-The Umayyad Caliphate placed a tax on non-Muslims living in the Caliphate, such as Jews and Christians -This was unpopular and led to resistance against the Umayyads -later, the Mughal dynasty in India would bring this back under Aurangzeb

United States Imperialism in the Pacific 1890's and early 1900's

-The United States wanted to get involved in the frenzy of Imperialism (taking over other countries) that they saw the Europeans doing -The United States began sending it's navy into the Pacific Ocean; in 1898, the United States annexed the island of Hawaii, which had been occupied by natives -In 1906 the United States fully claimed the Phillipines as well, taking the islands from the dying Spanish Empire, which was losing all of its power around the world. -The Americans also took over many smaller islands in the Pacific. All of these islands and possessions were key stops along the way to trading with China and Japan, which was still incredibly valuable

Cold War: Nuclear Arms Race 1945 - 1990

-The United States was the first country to have the atomic bomb after using it on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. However, we refused to share the technology with the Soviets, which immediately caused suspicion and helped increase tension at the beginning of the Cold War. Within a few years the Soviets had the technology and began building up their nuclear arms as well. -During the Cold War, the two superpowers engaged in a massive nuclear arms race in order to build up the largest set of nuclear arms in the world -This soon got out of control, as both sides built thousands and thousands of nuclear weapons, enough to blow up the entire world. -Some historians argue that nuclear weapons have actually made the world safer, though, because the superpowers became scared of fighting each other because they knew they would both get destroyed. This was called MAD--Mutually Assured Destruction. -By 1970, the United States had 30,000 nuclear weapons. By 1990, the Soviet Union had 40,000 -The closest the world ever came to all out nuclear war was the Cuban Missile Crisis, when the United States and Soviet Union almost launched nuclear weapons at each other.

Han Dynasty Social Structure--Second Class

-The _______________ tier were the farmers and skilled craftsmen, like blacksmiths, iron metallurgists, carpenters, etc. who made things for the wealthier classes to eat or use. So this was essentially the middle class of the Han Dynasty

The Aryans 1500 BCE to 500 BCE

-The __________________ were nomadic invaders from the North who invaded India around 1400 BCE -The ____________- did not have a written language but they had a spoken language, Sanskrit -The _________________brought with them a series of stories and songs that were transmitted orally; these stories and songs were religious in nature and were called the "Rig Vedas" -The "Rig Vedas" were songs and prayers honoring the ________________ gods; they were finally written down in 600 BCE, right at the end of Era -The __________________ and the "Rig Vedas" would form the basis of the caste system, which would exist for thousands of years in India -The Vedic Religions would also form the basis for Hinduism -Therefore, the Vedic Relgions are some of the oldest religions in the world that still exist today in some form. And they have had a HUGE influence on India and Hinduism

Outcome of the Mexican War for Independence

-The _____________________________________ was fought to gain freedom from the Spanish -Miguel Hidalgo led the mixed-race lower classes and creoles against the "Peninsulares" and Spanish -They won their freedom from the Spanish; however, the Creole elites (white _____________ of European descent who had been born in ______________) kept almost all of the land and power -90% of the land and power remained in the hands of the creole elites; the mestizos/mulattoes/blacks/Amerindians remained poor and landless

Roman Republic 507 BCE to 0 BCE

-The city of Rome rose up as the dominant power in Italy in the 6th century BCE -The Roman military was incredibly dominant and united various Italian city-states into an empire -Rome's style of government was very unusual for the time period around the world. Most empires, like the Han, Mauryan, and Achaemenid, were ruled by an emperor who had absolute power -From 507 to 0 CE Rome was run as a Republic. This was the first Republic in World History. A republic is when the people choose representatives to run the government for them. There was no Emperor in Rome during this time, as it was run by the Senate, consuls, and other elected officials. -The Senate was mainly made up of elite aristocrats, while the consuls were two men chosen to be the primary leaders

The Four Noble Truths

-The core of Buddhism are the _________________--basically that all human suffering is caused by desire. If we can eliminate desire, and live a simple life, you can end suffering.

630 CE

-The dates for the start of Islam, Prophet Muhammad goes to Mecca

Janissaries

-The elite fighting force of the Islamic Ottoman Empire -These men were trained from youth to be fighting machines, they were the strongest fighters in the empire -Often they began their lives as Christian slaves who were taken through the "Devshirme" process; if they showed that they were athletic and smart, they could become _____________ -As the Ottomans began to crumble in the 1800's, the _______________ neglected their training and began to stage rebellions against the Sultans

Byzantine Political Structures and Bureaucracy

-The emperor was extremely powerful, it was a very centralized type of government, and the Byzantines were very organized politically -The emperor was considered divine/godlike, and had powers from the Christian God (Caesaropapism) -The emperor was not only a political ruler, but was also a religious leader as well, which was the doctrine of Caesaropapism; this meant they had absolute power and could not be questioned -Once the Islamic Caliphates (Umayyad and Abbasid) rose in the 700's, the empire was constantly facing the threat of military and religious conquest; as a result, the empire divided itself into "themes" -The empire was divided into political states called "Themes;" this was similar to states in the United States of America or Satrapies in the Achaemenid Empire -Each theme was organized and run by a military general, who was responsible for running the theme, protecting it with the military from the Islamic Caliphates, collecting taxes, and administering laws like Justinian's Code -the Byzantines used lots of officials and secretaries to run the government, collect taxes, etc. -Some say the Byzantines even had TOO MANY government officials; today, people say "byzantine" to mean too complicated

Hebrew Monotheism--Judaism 1300 BCE - Present

-The first group of Hebrews/Jews were the Israelites -They started this religion in Israel (Middle East) around _________________________________ -This the first major monotheistic religion, and it is still going strong today -They lived and prospered in the states of Mesopotamia -The Hebrews used the same "eye for an eye" philosophy from Hammurabi's Code. -Eventually the Jews were taken into slavery in Egypt, but Moses led them out of slavery -King David and King Solomon helped build the power of the Hebrew religion -The Hebrews would write their scriptures into the Old Testament -Judaism would become the basis for Christianity

Nationalist Rivalry Between Britain and Germany

-The first half of the 20th century (1900's) was dominated by the two major World Wars -In both of these wars, these two countries had massive rivalries to prove they were the best and the strongest countries in the world -In the 1700's and 1800's, _________________ had always been the most powerful, building the largest empire the world had ever seen -In the 1800's, the second country got motivated and started to build up its military and industrial might to catch ____________________________ -These two countries really hated each other -The rivalry between these two countries was a significant factor in the outbreak of both World War I and World War II as both countries had built up MASSIVE militaries and were out to prove they were the best

Era 3 Overview, 600 CE to 1450 CE

-The first major storyline in this Era is the rise of Islam and the prophet Muhammad -Islam arose in 630 CE and spread rapidly throughout the Middle East, North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa, and throughout Eurasia -A new type of empire arose, called a Caliphate. A Caliphate was an Islamic Empire whose ruler was a political and religious leader. The Ummayad and Abbasid Caliphates were the big Caliphates that dominated the Middle East during this time -The Byzantine Empire was the other major power in the Middle East/Mediterranean. They were a Christian Empire, but by the end of this time, they were in decline, and would fall in 1453 when Constantinople fell -This was the Golden Age of China, when the Sui, Tang, and Song Dynasties established incredibly powerful empires. This was the time in Chinese history where there were a ton of inventions, and China was economically and technologically ahead of the world -In the Americas, the Mayan, Incan, and Aztec Empires arose -At the end of the time period, the Mongols and Bubonic Plague will come along. -TONS of long distance trade and travel in the four major trade zones: Silk Roads, Indian Ocean Basin, Trans-Saharan routes, and Mediterranean Sea. Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta were travelling during this time!

1520 CE - 1857 CE SOUTH ASIA

-The first part of this term are the dates for the Mughal Dynasty -The second part of this term is the AP Region for the Mughal Dynasty, which includes India and Pakistan

The Sepoy Rebellion of 1857

-The joint-stock company, the British East India Company, began training and hiring Indian soldiers to fight for them. -These soldiers were known as ________________ -The company was trying to force them to bite cartridges that contained animal fat; this was against their religion. The ______________ were unhappy with the BEIC and staged a rebellion -They killed hundreds of whites in India; once the British heard about this, the Queen sent in military and took over India; this was the downfall of the Mughals -So the major thing to know about this event is that it was the downfall of the Mughal Dynasty, as the British took over the Empire

Han Dynasty Social Structure --Third Class

-The lowest class were servants and slaves. Slavery was not hugely common in China, as less than 1% of Chinese were slaves. One very important aspect of Chinese society was that Confucianism placed merchant traders in the lowest social class. This meant that Chinese society did not honor merchants.

Maize

-The major food crop that spread through the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan empires through trade -A type of corn, this was the most important food crop in Mesoamerica

Syncretism

-The mixing of local religions with a major religions; for example, Christianity/Islam being mixed with local religions like shamanism or animism -Example: in the Kongo, many people converted to Christianity. But many people still worshipped local gods, the sun gods, animal gods, etc.

The Mexica

-The most dominant tribe in the Aztec Empire. The Aztec Empire was really formed by the Mexica tribe, who allied with a few other tribes. -Incredibly feared as warriors -Once they established the Aztec Empire, the Mexica ruled over 12 million people in Mesoamerica or modern-day Mexico.

Global Economy 1450 - 1750 CE

-The silver trade coming from the Spanish mines at Potosi and other locations in the Americas went straight across the Pacific Ocean on the Manila Galleons. -Much of the silver also went back to Europe. -Once the silver was in the Philippines, it was used to buy luxury goods like silk and porcelain from the Chinese -These goods typically went back to Europe -So in 1450 - 1750 CE, we see for the first time that the economy is truly _______________________ -Everyone around the world, including the Americas, is linked together in trade and communication. The only exception is Oceania, which remains isolated and cut off -this was a big deal!!! For the first time in world history, by 1750 CE, the economy was truly _____________________

Han Dynasty Social Structure

-The social structure of the Han Dynasty was highly patriarchal -The average household in the Han Dynasty had five inhabitants -Confucianism emphasized filial piety, obedience to the older males in the household (and for children, older female parents as well) -There were three main tiers (levels) to the Han Dynasty social structure: 1--the emperor, the nobility and the government officials 2--the skilled farmers and craftsmen and 3--the unskilled servants and merchants -The emperor had total power and justified his rule through the Mandate of Heaven; the nobles were right up there in power with him, along with the bureaucrats who ran the government like the Nine Ministers -The second tier were the farmers and skilled craftsmen, like blacksmiths, iron metallurgists, carpenters, etc. who made things for the wealthier classes to eat or use -The lowest class were servants and slaves. Slavery was not hugely common in China, as less than 1% of Chinese were slaves. One very important aspect of Chinese society was that Confucianism placed merchant traders in the lowest social class. This meant that Chinese society did not honor merchants.

The Roman Military

-The strength of the Roman Empire/Republic was based around its incredibly powerful military -The Roman military was probably the most dominant military in World History, lasting for around 1300 years -In the early years of the Roman Republic, every male aged 17 to 46 years old was required to serve in the military and they weren't paid. It was part of your duty as a citizen in the Republic to join the military -Later on, the military would become a professional job and the soldiers would be paid -The military was incredibly well-organized and efficient; the army was divided into "Legions" of about 5,000 men. The legions were made up of Roman citizens -As the Romans expanded and took over territory, they recruited the people they conquered into the military. The units of the conquered were called "The Auxilia." -At its height, the army probably had a total of around 400,000 soldiers -The Roman army used the system of Roman roads to travel and fight all throughout the empire; the army fought in Africa to the South and as far north and west as Great Britain

Roman Military and the Punic Wars 264 BCE to 146 BCE

-The strength of the Roman Empire/Republic was based around its incredibly powerful military -The military was incredibly well-organized and efficient; the army was divided into "Legions" of about 5,000 men. The legions were made up of Roman citizens -As the Romans expanded and took over territory, they recruited the people they conquered into the military. The units of the conquered were called "The Auxilia." -The Roman army used the system of Roman roads to travel and fight all throughout the empire; the army fought in Africa to the South and as far north and west as Great Britain -Some of the most intense wars that the Roman military fought were between Rome and the Carthiginians, who were in the city of Carthage in North Africa along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea -The Romans were able to defeat the Carthaginians with their superior military in this series of wars, establishing them as THE dominant power in the Mediterranean

Effects of Agriculture--Social Stratification (Artisans, Warriors, and Elites)

-The switch to agriculture had HUGE effects. Demographics (populations statistics) also changed a lot as people began living in larger and more dense groups. Eventually hunter-gatherer bands formed villages and then even cities -Agriculture also allowed for "specialization of labor"--not everyone had to hunt/gather, so people could be priests, warriors, artisans, carpenters, merchants, farmers, etc. -However, "specialization of labor" also led to more social classes. Every civilization developed some sort of social class structure; usually there was a ruler at the top, who claimed to be empowered by a God or divine power. Then there would be a class of elite nobles or priests below him. Then a warrior class below that, followed by artisans (craftsmen like carpenters, blacksmiths, shopowners, etc), and below that the peasants or farmers. -This split into social classes is known as social stratification (splitting apart). Biggest classes to know are Elites, Warriors, and Artisans. -Agricultural societies also resulted in coerced (forced) labor. War captives or other lower class people were forced into slavery or other forms of forced/coerced labor and had to do the back-breaking, soul-crushing manual labor in the fields to grow food

Increase in Patriarchy and Forced Labor in Agriculture

-The switch to agriculture had HUGE effects. People had a more reliable food supply, which led to a huge demographic (population statistics) shift as human populations began to grow all around the world -In the new towns and cities, social classes and elite classes of warriors developed and there was less equality in society. Patriarchy (male-domination) also increased as women lost power in agriculture societies -Women were often forced to do agricultural labor in the fields. Also, because populations increased, women now had to spend more time with child-care. Women became increasingly kept to the domestic sphere (inside the household) and men began to specialize in various parts of labor -Women in Hunter Gatherer societies had more of a say in group decision making, whereas men began to dominate group decision making in most agricultural societies -Although agriculture provided lots of food and benefits, the actual work of farming was miserable and not enjoyable. Therefore agriculture led to the increase of forced labor, as powerful agricultural elites would conquer people and force them to do the work of farming in the fields. -Most slaves were captured during war and forced to work doing agricultural work or building temples, palaces, and structures. Therefore most slaves = war captives.

Ethnic Violence--the Holocaust

-The twentieth century (1900's) was one of the most violent centuries in World History, with World War I, War II, and the Cold War -The proliferation (growth) of violence led to an increase in ethnic violence -Ethnic violence is war or violence specifically directed at a religious group or racial group -During World War II, Jews and other minority groups were targeted by the Germans and Nazis during the ________________________________ -This was one of the most horrific cases of ethnic violence in World History; men, women, and children were rounded up and sent to work camps -At these work camps, they would often be worked to death; or, they would have experiments performed on them that could involve mutilation of body parts -Eventually, Hitler, Himmler, and the Nazis decided to try and exterminate the Jews altogether; they were sent to extermination camps, where they were sent into gas chambers and killed -Ultimately, an estimated 6 million Jews and 5 million other minority groups were killed, for a total of 11 million. -The word "__________________" means "sacrifice by fire."

The Military Industrial Complex in the United States-- 1945 - Present

-The twentieth century was insanely violent, with incredible numbers of casualties/deaths between World War I and World War II, roughly 78 million -As a result of the constant wars, some nations reacted in a way that intensified the conflict (made it stronger) -After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union began an insane arms race and began building up their militaries to incredible levels -In the United States, the government made deals with people in the arms industry and created a massive business producing war materials and war supplies. This relationship between the American government and the war factories is known as the ______________________________________________________ -Still today, the United States government spends a MASSIVE amount of money on military supplies and materials. In 2011, the United States alone spent more than the next 13 countries combined on military spending. -Ways that militarized states responded in ways that further intensified the conflict

Violence and Non - Violence in the 20th Century

-The twentieth century was insanely violent, with incredible numbers of casualties/deaths between World War I and World War II, roughly 78 million -As the violence continued and got worse, certain leaders began to promote alternative ways of fighting or dealing with conflict -Gandhi pioneered the use of Non-violent protest, which he called "satyagraha." He used civil disobedience--intentionally breaking laws he didn't agree with, but doing it peacefully. MLK Jr. would use the same strategies in the United States. -Pablo PIcasso also promoted non-violence and protested and fought through art. His painting "Guernica" showed a powerful vision of the damage and hurt that wars and violence could cause. -However, other groups engaged in terrorism and increased the violence; groups like Al Qaeda and the IRA (Irish Republican Army) used terrorism to gain their ends

Picasso and Guernica 1937

-The twentieth century was insanely violent, with incredible numbers of casualties/deaths between World War I and World War II, roughly 78 million -As the violence continued and got worse, certain leaders began to promote alternative ways of fighting or dealing with conflict -______________________ also promoted non-violence and protested and fought through art. His painting "____________________________" showed a powerful vision of the damage and hurt that wars and violence could cause. -The painting shows animals, humans, and even buildings going through the pain caused by war; after painting it, Picasso brought the painting on a world tour and it became one of the most famous anti-war symbols in history

Influence of War on Popular Culture: James Bond and Video Games

-The twentieth century was insanely violent, with incredible numbers of casualties/deaths between World War I and World War II, roughly 78 million -The violence and the wars had a profound (strong) influence on popular culture around the world. Violent movies and video games became incredibly popular in different cultures -One of the most popular movie series of all time was about a British spy who was constantly fighting evil around the world. These movies showed the influence that war and conflict had on the world. This series still continues today and is called ___________________________ -Video games also contained lots of violence and showed how much war had impacted the world. Games like "Call of Duty," "Halo," and "Call of Duty: Black Ops" showed the impact of war on popular culture

Overview Era 6, 1914 - Present CE

-The twentieth century, 1914 - Present, was a time of massive upheaval, war, and turmoil. The century is shaped by war. -World War I (1914) and rise of Communism -Great Depression (1930's) -World War II (1945) -The Cold War (1945-1990) -Decolonization and Freedom Movements (1920 - 1990) The world was fully connected at this point. These major events would affect nearly every country in some way. After World War II, we finally see the end of colonization around the world, as most African and Asian countries gain their freedom. -Technology also plays a huge role -Everyone was forced to take sides in the Cold War, except for the people who developed the Non-Aligned movement

Overview of Era 6, 1914 - Present

-The twentieth century, 1914 - Present, was a time of massive upheaval, war, and turmoil. The century is shaped by war. -World War I (1914) and rise of Communism -Great Depression (1930's) -World War II (1945) -The Cold War (1945-1990) -Decolonization and Freedom Movements (1920 - 1990) The world was fully connected at this point. These major events would affect nearly every country in some way. After World War II, we finally see the end of colonization around the world, as most African and Asian countries gain their freedom. -Technology also plays a huge role -Everyone was forced to take sides in the Cold War, except for the people who developed the Non-Aligned movement

The Ottoman-Safavid Conflict

-There was a neighboring Islamic empire that the Ottomans constantly fought with and battled with -This empire was a Shiite Islamic empire, whereas the Ottomans were mainly Sunni -These two empires fought numerous times, with the Ottomans using Gunpowder to great effect and winning a huge battle at the Battle of Chaldiran -The ____________________ recovered from the battle kept fighting the Ottomans for over a hundred more years

Greco-Roman Buddhist Art; Era 2: 600 BCE to 600 CE

-There was a really cool example of Cultural Syncretism (mixing) as Greco-Roman culture and Buddhism mixed to form new types of art -Trade and travel really took off in Eurasia from 600 BCE to 600 CE. As that happened, the Greco-Roman culture began mixing with Buddhism. -This syncretism (mixing) especially happened after Alexander the Great conquered India and Greek culture began mixing with Buddhist culture in 330 BCE. It continued for 1000 years into 700 CE (note that crosses from BCE to CE) -Buddhists used Greek and Roman styles and techniques of sculpture to make the first statues of the Buddha -This was the first time that the Buddha was shown in human form in a sculpture -This style of sculpture would eventually spread all throughout Asia

Flying Cash

-There was so much trade going on in Tang and Song China that they ran out of coins -Chinese merchants started to use letters of credit, kind of like checks -You could deposit money in a bank in one place in China, carry around a letter of credit or check, and then go to another place in China and use the letter of credit or check

The Central Powers--World War I

-There were two sides in World War I; after the Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, all of the Alliances kicked in and dragged everyone in Europe into a war -This was one of the sides in World War, countries allied together to fight -This alliance included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the dying Ottoman Empire

The Allied Powers-- World War I

-There were two sides in World War I; after the Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, all of the Alliances kicked in and dragged everyone in Europe into a war -This was one of the sides in World War, countries allied together to fight -This side started as: Britain, France, Russia, and Italy (MUST MEMORIZE AND NAIL THIS BULLET POINT FOR CREDIT) -At the beginning of the war, the United States was neutral; however, in 1917 the United States joined the war on this side

The Five Pillars of Islam

-These are five rules or routines that every Muslim must follow. These are critical behaviors that everyone needs to do! 1--Allah is the only god and Muhammad is his prophet 2--Must pray to Allah five times a day, facing Mecca 3--Give money to charity (2.5% of wages each year) 4--Fast (don't eat) during day time in month of Ramadan 5--Must go to Mecca at least once in your lifetime. Ideally every year

Okra, Rice

-These two food crops were brought by African slaves to the Americas and were grown as food crops in the Americas -This was part of the Columbian Exchange -AFRICAN CROPS, brought by slaves, to the AMERICAS

Eurasian Domesticated Animals--Pigs, Cattle, Horses

-These were Eurasian domesticated animals that were brought to the Americas as part of the Columbian Exchange -Two of these domesticated (tamed) animals were raised in the Americas to provide food for American populations -One was used by American Indians for transport and warfare

Qadi and Ulama

-These were Islamic terms for "Judges" and "religious scholars" -They were government officials during the Abbasid dynasty. They helped run towns and make sure that everyone was following Sharia law, the rules of Islam -Ibn Battuta, the famous world traveler, was an Islamic __________ (judge) who traveled the world helping to interpret and run sharia law

The Manchu Invasion of China

-These were pastoral nomads (raising cattle and sheep) who were very warlike and they invaded China from the North at the end of the Ming Dynasty -For forty years the ___________ fought in China and they eventually conquered the Chinese and started the Qing Dynasty in 1640 -Once they were in China, the _________________ were an elite class and tried to keep themselves separate from the Chinese -The Qing Dynasty they started lasted 300 years and was the last Chinese Dynasty

Plebeians

-These were the "common people" in the Roman Republic - They weren't the lowest class (slaves were the lowest), but were the lower class of free men. -They were considered citizens, which was critical in Rome. That mean that they could vote. They were able to elect representatives as part of the Republic. Their representatives were called Tribunes -Included peasant farmers, artisans (people who work with their hands, like carpenters, blacksmiths, etc.), merchants, traders, etc.

The Allied Powers, WWII

-These were the forces fighting against the Germans and Japanese -Major countries: Britain + France + China -At the beginning of the war, Russia signed a Non-Aggression Pact with Hitler and was neutral -THe United States was also technically "neutral" at the start of the war, although they were sending a lot of supplies to this side -Eventually, both the United States and Russia would join the war on this side; so by the end of the war, this side is: Britain, France, United States, Russia, + China -This side would ultimately win World War II

Mandarins and Eunuchs

-These were the highest civil servants or government officials in the Qing Chinese dynasty -You had to take the Civil Service Exam to become a _______________________________ -They were immensely powerful and helped run the government; as a result thousands of people competed for the jobs and to take the exam -_______________________ were castrated (had their genitals cut off) so that they would have no family of their own and would only want the Emperor's family to succeed; they would not try to put their family into power

Moses 1300 BCE, King David 1000 BCE, and King Solomon 950 BCE

-These were the three most important early leaders in Judaism -The first led the Jews out of slavery in Egypt and helped establish the Jewish states in Isreal -The other two were Kings who helped establish powerful Jewish states in Israel and helped the religion spread

Pottery, Plows, and Textiles

-These were three critical inventions that aided in the growth of agriculture and in the growth of the civilizations in this unit -the first invention something that was used to hold water or other liquids. This was critical for people who did not have abundant water and needed to transport it. It could also be used to hold extra food that agricultural societies had produced. -The second invention could be hooked up to a horse or oxen, and the horse/oxen would drag it behind them in the soil. This would turn over the soil and was important for keeping the soil fresh before it was planted with seeds -The third invention was a fancy word for cloth or clothing. This development allowed for more complicated and artistic clothing to be made. This allowed humans to survive in different climates but it also allowed furthered the differences in social classes. The elites were able to wear fancier and more expensive clothes while the lower classes had rougher and cheaper clothing.

Vaishyas

-Third highest social class in Mauryan/Gupta India, the peasants and merchants

Massachussetts

-This British North American colony was known for the Puritan religious group that founded it, known as the Pilgrims -Situated in what became known as New England, its major city was Boston -Its economy was based off of small farms, fishing, lumber, and lots of merchants who traded in the Triangular Trade with the Caribbean and Europeans

The Spanish Empire 1500 CE to 1840 CE

-This European nation built an incredibly powerful empire that relied on forced labor in the Americas -Started after Columbus, Pizzaro, Cortes, and the Conquistadores conquered in the Americas -Relied on the encomienda and mit'a labor systems -Used the "Castas" social class system -Empire fell apart after Napoleon invaded Spain and Latin American countries had their rebellions and revolutions in the early 1800's

Prince Henry the Navigator 1450 CE

-This Portuguese King started a school for navigation and sailing to promote Portuguese sailing and exploration on the ocean -As King, he sponsored many of the first Portuguese voyages to explore the coast of Africa and find an ocean route to China -Started the Portuguese trading post empires -After his death, Dias and de Gama would successfully round the Cape of Good Hope of Africa

Quang Duc and Self-Immolation

-This Proxy War in SE Asia was one that the United States got heavily involved in. Led by Ho Chi Minh, North Vietnam was communist and were trying to unite South Vietnam and create a communist country -Throughout the twentieth century, people came up with different ways to protest against people in power. Gandhi and MLK used non-violence. Picasso used art. This guy came up with a different way. -One Buddhist monk decided he wanted to protest American involvement in Vietnam in a non-violent way. He notified the newspapers to meet him at an intersection -He proceeded to pour gasoline on himself and light himself on fire as a protest against America being in Vietnam. He died, but the picture spread like wildfire around the world, and led to anti-America sentiment -His name + the term for burning yourself is the answer

The Abbasid Caliphate's Political Organization--influenced by Persian Achaemenids

-This caliphate had an excellent political organization -They were strongly influenced by Persian Achaemenids -Capital city at Baghdad; all rulings came from the city -The Caliphate was divided into provinces with regional governors (like the Achaemenid Satrapies) -The governors collected taxes and reported to the Caliph in Baghdad -"Qadis" (judges) and "Ulama" (religious scholars) were government officials that helped every town follow sharia law, the rules of Islam

The Haitian Revolution 1800 CE

-This country was a French colony in the Caribbean where 90% of the population were slaves; they suffered brutally under the "Black Codes" where the masters used violence and brutality to keep them in check -However, this revolution was actually started as a Civil War between the White Slaveowners and the class of free mixed-race men, the "Gens de Couleur" -While the free mixed-race "Gens de Couleur" were fighting the White Slaveowners, the black slaves staged their own rebellion to try and break free -An incredible former slave named Toussaint L'Ouverture went into the mountains where the slaves had gathered and built a massive slave army -This slave army fought battles against the French, the Whites, the Gens de Couleur...and, using guerrilla warfare, was able to successfully beat them all -This was the only known successful slave revolution in World History

Toussaint L'Ouverture

-This country was a French colony in the Caribbean where 90% of the population were slaves; they suffered brutally under the "Black Codes" where the masters used violence and brutality to keep them in check -While the free mixed-race "Gens de Couleur" were fighting the White Slaveowners, the black slaves staged their own rebellion to try and break free -An incredible former slave named ______________________________ went into the mountains where the slaves had gathered and built a massive slave army -This slave army fought battles against the French, the Whites, the Gens de Couleur...and, using guerrilla warfare, was able to successfully beat them all -This was the only known successful slave revolution in World History -This leader was betrayed under a flag of peace and was captured by the French and sent back to Europe, where he died of disease in a cell

1640 - 1911 CE

-This empire was started by the Manchus, who were warlike invaders of China from the North -This empire collapsed because it was invaded by the Europeans, who divided it into spheres of influence -These are the dates for the Manchu Qing Empire in East Asia

Empress Cixi 1900 CE

-This famous empress was one of the last rulers of the Qing Dynasty; she resisted the Self-Strengthening Movement and decided to side with her people against the Europeans in the Boxer Rebellion -She famously took money that was meant for the navy and built a marble boat in her garden -Her rise to power was pretty inspirational; she started out as an imperial concubine to the emperor and rose to such power that she became the empress herself -During the Boxer Rebellion, the Chinese Boxers were trying to kick the Europeans out and support __________; she had the choice of supporting the Boxers, or supporting the European invaders. She supported the Boxers, and when the Europeans crushed the rebellion, they made her pay millions of dollars worth of damages -After her, a four-year-old emperor took over the very quickly the Qing Dynasty fell apart in 1911 CE

Dar al-Islam

-This is a term that refers to all of the places in the world where Islam is the dominant religion -Literally means "House of Islam" -Major Islamic areas that are included in this term are: -North Africa and the Middle East -East Africa -Sub-Saharan Africa--cities at the end of the Trans-Saharan caravan routes -SE Asia and some parts of India (although Hinduism and Buddhism still more popular here). -As Islam spreads through North Africa and Middle East, this main area becomes known as __________________________

Millenarian Rebellion

-This is a type of religious rebellion where the person leading the rebellion convinces his followers that there will be some sort of "new world" or "second coming" if the rebellion is successful -Often the leader claims to be sent by God and tells his followers that he is following the orders of God -The leader often tells his followers that they too are given powers from God, i.e. the power that bullets will not harm them -Often these types of rebellions were started by people that had been conquered and they were trying get rid of European invaders or conquerers -Examples are: the Taiping Rebellion in China, the Boxer Rebellion in China, and the Ghost Dance with the Sioux Indians of the United States.

The Hacienda System

-This is basically the Spanish name for a plantation where the natives were forced to work and farm as part of the Encomienda System -Peninsulares and Creoles were given large pieces of land and they basically forced the native population to work there for a period of time each year -Products varied; some made wheat, grapes, and some were livestock ranches where cattle and sheep were raised

Paleolithic Era: Pre-history to 8,000 BCE

-This is the time period in human history before civilizations and agriculture -at this point in history, humans existed in small bands called hunter-gatherer or hunter-forager bands -These bands were mobile bands of hunters that were able to adapt to different geographical settings. These bands actually had much more social equality than civilized societies today -There was also more gender equality in hunter gatherer societies. Once agriculture developed, societies became more patriarchal (male-dominated). Women in H-G bands had more power and equality than people today -These early people were able to develop important early technology like stone tools and fire to help them hunt and build shelters to adapt to the environment -This period came to an end in 8,000 BCE with the Neolithic or Agricultural Revolution

Theme System 800 CE to 1450 CE

-This is the word for a Byzantine state or region; would be like a state in the United States or a satrapy in the Persian Achaemenid Empire -Once the Islamic Caliphates (Umayyad and Abbasid) rose in the 700's, the empire was constantly facing the threat of military and religious conquest; the Caliphates took over half of the Byzantine Empire in North Africa and the Middle East in the 600's and 700's as a result, the empire divided itself into "________________" -Each_________________ was organized and run by a military general, who was responsible for running the __________________, protecting it with the military from the Islamic Caliphates, collecting taxes, and administering laws like Justinian's Code -Each ___________ was responsible for reporting to the Emperor, who ruled from the capital of Constantinople -Because the "_____________" system was so effective, the Byzantine Empire was able to take back some of the land it lost to the Caliphates in the 900's and 1000's

The Ottoman Empire (what's going on with them from 1750 - 1914 CE)

-This major empire in the Middle East began to lose a lot of power from 1750 -1914 CE as its territory kept shrinking; the Russians and other nations were constantly taking territory away -The Sultans attempted to reform with the Tanzimat reforms, but many members of society resisted the reforms -The Janissaries began rebellions, and neglected their training -Europeans took more and more power and they were forced to sign capitulation or unequal treaties, which allowed the Europeans to have Extraterritoriality (they didn't have to follow ___________________ laws) -This empire became increasingly weak from 1750 -1914 CE; after World War I, it would completely fall apart in 1923 CE

Osama bin Laden

-This man fought in the Middle East against the Soviet Union in the Afghani-Soviet Proxy War as part of the Mujahideen guerrilla fighting group -the American CIA funded and trained this leader and the Mujahideen, supplying them with stinger missiles to take down helicopters and planes -The "democratic" side was victorious and the Soviets lost an embarrasing defeat that helped contribute to their decline in the 1980's -He would later go on to lead the terrorist organization Al Qaeda and would plan and lead several international terrorist attacks, including the attacks on 9/11 -He would be killed by American Navy Seals in a raid on his compound in 2011

Zheng He 1425 CE

-This massive eunuch Chinese Admiral led seven HUGE sailing expeditions in the Indian Ocean -His TREASURE SHIPS were ENORMOUS; seven times the size of Columbus's ships, and carried up to 1000 passengers -His TREASURE SHIPS had four decks, nine masts, and could carry exotic animals, trees, herds of horses, armies, and entire communities -70 years before Columbus, ________________ and these ships were bigger, faster, and capable of long voyages -The Ming Dynasty stopped the voyages because the Chinese were already wealthy and they were seen as a waste of time, money, and resources; they decided to focus on defending themselves from land attack from the Mongols

Chan Buddhism

-This religion became massively popular in Tang and Song China -Chinese liked it because of its high standard of morality, the fact that it was intellectual -The Eightfold Path, nirvana, and The Four Noble Truths were used, as these are still the central parts of Buddhism -Was a syncretic religion (mixed); __________________ mixed with Daoism, which emphasized nature and balance

Spread of Buddhism

-This religion spread along the Silk Roads -Most prominent (biggest) religion of merchants on the silk roads from 200 CE to 700 CE. -Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path spread widely -As the religion spread, it mixed with local religions and became a SYNCRETIC (mixed) religion -The Mauryan Emperor Ashoka helped spread this religion in a major way; he ordered stone pillars be built throughout India that helped spread the rules and philosophy of Buddhism -Spread from India to China and became very popular in China, Japan, and Southeast Asia

Spread of Hinduism 600 BCE to 600 CE

-This religion spread with trade -Started in India, and spread to Southeast Asia -Did not spread to China and Japan as much -Became popular in places like Vietnam; kings started to call themselves "Rajas" like in India and worship -Worhsip of gods Shiva and Vishnu spread -Mixed with local religions to make a SYNCRETIC religion (mixed religion)

The Mexican War for Independence 1810 - 1820 CE

-This revolution had social and economic roots SOCIAL: The upper class was composed of the "peninsulares," who were born in Europe and living in ________________; they had all the power -The Middle class were the "Creoles," who were white but were born in the Americas -Below the Creoles was everyone of mixed-race or African/native American heritage; black slaves, descendants of the Aztecs, etc. -The lowest classes were fed up with the taxes they had to pay and oppression they faced; they were starving and dying -A priest in a small town named Miguel Hidalgo gave a famous speech and started to rally people in his town to march with him -He started marching through _______________, gathering thousands into an army, and this was the start of the _____________ ___ _______________________________ -The mestizos/blacks/and native Amerindians rallied behind Hidalgo; they began fighting a war against the Spanish and the Peninsulares; -Hidalgo was betrayed and killed -The Creoles kept fighting with the lower classes against that peninsulares and the Spanish -by 1820 they won their freedom!

Ashoka's Support of Buddhism

-This ruler massively supported Buddhism -Helped spread Buddhism all around India by sending out missionaries -Also helped spread it by posting Buddhist rules on his stone pillars around the country -_______________________ became Buddhist after seeing the violence and deaths in his wars of conquest

Indian Influence on Islam

-This society was also widely admired by the Muslims for their achievements in math and science -In particular, they admired their alphabet and adopted their letters and numbers to help with record keeping -They also admired their mathematics, which allowed them to start doing astronomy (study of the stars) and they also started using their medical findings -Many of these things had been discovered during the Gupta Dynasty -By borrowing from other cultures, Islamic societies like the Abbasid Caliphate became advanced technologically and culturally and rose to great power in Era 3, 600 CE to 1450 CE

The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations 1920 CE

-This treaty ended World War I and set up an international peacekeeping body known as the _______________________________________ -It also caused Germany to pay $33 billion in reparations; this put Germany into such debt and depression that the government fell apart -Once the government fell apart, Hitler was able to take power and bring in Fascism as a dictator; therefore, historians say that the Treaty of ____________________ actually ended World War I but it also helped to set up or start World War II -So the important parts of the Treaty of Versailles: set up the international peacekeeping body known as the: __________________; 2) blamed Germany for the war and made them pay reparations, which ended up allowing Hitler to come to power and cause WW2

British East India Company 1600 CE

-This was a British joint-stock company that explored much of the world after getting its charter in 1600 CE -They established important trading posts all over the world in India, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Americas -People bought stock in the company and then if the company made a lot of profit on a voyage to India or China, the stock holders would get lots of money back in return

Serfdom in Russia 1000 CE to 1850 CE

-This was a form of forced labor -It was similar to slavery but not quite as bad -You couldn't be bought and sold -But you lived on the lord's land and you had to work for him throughout the year; over half your time was spent working for the lord -You couldn't marry freely or leave the land freely; so it wasn't quite as bad as slavery, but you had very few rights -So basically you were living on the lord's land and you had to do a lot of stuff for him, and you needed his permission to pretty much do anything. But it wasn't quite as bad as slavery. -This was the most popular type of coerced labor in Romanov Russia and there were millions of ________________

The Axis Powers, WWII

-This was a huge alliance of countries and forces led by Hitler and the Japanese during WWII -The major countries were: Germany, Austria, Italy, and Japan -These countries were known as fascist countries and were very aggressive during World War II; they began the war by engaging in Imperialism and trying to take territory and countries from neighboring countries -This side would ultimately lose the war

Songhay Empire 1464 CE to 1591 CE

-This was a major Islamic trading empire in West Africa, just below the Sahara desert -It was connected to North Africa as a major trading city once the caravans had crossed the Sahara desert -Became Islamic in the 1400's -Major ruler was Sunni Ali -Most important trading city was Timbuktu -Brought down by an army of Moroccans armed with guns

Rebellion of Basil the Copper Hand 928 CE

-This was a major rebellion started against the Byzantines -In the "theme" or state of Opsikion -He was a general who started a rebellion and had his hand cut off as a punishment -Survived, and decided he wanted to keep rebelling. He replaced his hand with a _____________ and led a MASSIVE peasant rebellion -Rebellion eventually failed and _____________ was burned at the stake -

Battle of Chaldiran

-This was a massive battle between the Ottomans and the Safavids -The Ottoman Janissaries were armed with gunpowder and firearms; they hid behind a wooden barrier of carts -The Safavids believed that firearms were "unmanly" so they didn't use them; they bravely charged at the Ottoman Janissaries -The Safavids were slaughtered and the Ottomans won the day

Hong Xiuquan

-This was a millenarian (religious vision) rebellion in China -After the Opium Wars, the Chinese were unhappy with the Manchu Qing rulers and the foreigners -A Chinese Christian named ______________ was the leader, and he claimed that he was the brother of Jesus Christ and that he had been sent by God to get rid of the Qing Dynasty and expel the foreigners from China -If successful, _____________ said he would return China to glory and star the "Heavenly Kingdom of China" where there would be no footbinding, free public education, and widespread literacy -20 million Chinese died in the Taiping Rebellion, the bloodiest rebellion in world history -__________________committed suicide and the Qings remained in power, but they were severely weakened -This is the name of the leader in the Taiping Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion 1899 CE

-This was a millenarian (religious vision) rebellion in China -After the Opium Wars, the Chinese were unhappy that the Europeans were dividing China up into spheres of influence -This was the second major millenarian rebellion in China; the ________________s claimed they were went by the gods to rid China of "the foreign devils"; they started attacking and killing all Europeans in China -The ______________ Rebellion had a millenarian aspect; the _______________s believed that foreign weapons could not harm them -They surrounded the European embassies in Beijing and put them under siege -The Europeans/Americans/Japanese sent in the "Eight- Nation Army" who had superior industrial weapons, and they absolutely obliterated the ____________ army, who mainly had spears, swords, and some old muskets. -The Europeans forced Cixi and the Qing Empire to pay millions in reparation payments, and by 1911 CE the empire fell apart and completely crumbled

The Taiping Rebellion 1850 CE

-This was a millenarian (religious vision) rebellion in China -After the Opium Wars, the Chinese were unhappy with the Manchu Qing rulers and the foreigners -A Chinese Christian named Hong Xiuquan was the leader, and he claimed that he was the brother of Jesus Christ and that he had been sent by God to get rid of the Qing Dynasty and expel the foreigners from China -If successful, Hong said he would return China to glory and star the "Heavenly Kingdom of China" where there would be no footbinding, free public education, and widespread literacy -The rebels were called the _________________; they gathere millions to their banner -The Qings were desperate to defeat the rebellion; they required European help and were barely able to defeat the rebellion -20 million Chinese died in this rebellion, the bloodiest rebellion in world history -Hong committed suicide and the Qings remained in power, but were severely weakened

Negritude 1930's - Present

-This was a philosophy developed by black authors living in France. -The authors and writers sought to restore black pride and unite blacks around the world in a movement of black pride -Aime Cesaire was one of the founders of this movement -In particular, the movement was meant to unite blacks all over the world and have them take pride in their ethnicity and African history. This movement also was meant to hurt French colonies and urge the freedom of French colonies. -Some black authors today still follow the philosophy

The British East India Company

-This was a powerful Joint-Stock Company that began to take power in India during the 1600's and 1700's -By the 1800's this company was hiring and training Indian soldiers, known as Sepoys -The company became more and more powerful and began taking land and power from the Mughal Rulers

Sui Dynasty and Emperor Wen 581 CE to 618 CE

-This was a really short, but really significant Chinese Dynasty -After the Han Dynasty;s collapse in 206 CE, China fell apart into the period of Three Kingdoms, and for hundreds of years China was divided into smaller Kingdoms -In 581 Emperor Wen came along and fought a massive war to reunite the Chinese kingdoms and reunite all of the old territories from the Han Dynasty -He was successful and created the short-lived, but very significant, Sui Dynasty -The Sui Dynasty had two major accomplishments that would last a long time: 1) they made the Grand Canal (state-sponsored trade) to help facilitate trade and 2) they started the Equal Field System of Agriculture, designed to create more social equality in China and improve agriculture -They revived (brought back) many of the old Han Dynasty political techniques in order to run the dynasty well, including bringing back the Confucian based Civil Service Exam -Capital city at Chang'an -Although they collapsed quickly, they laid the foundation for the Tang and Song dynasties to come by reuniting China and reviving (bringing back) old methods of centralization and political control

Simon Bolivar

-This was a revolution to get rid of the Spanish from Latin America -______________________ united the colonists in several colonies and led a massive rebellion against the Spanish -After it was successful, _________________ founded the Republic of Gran Colombia; it was several Latin American colonies joined together to form a country -He modeled it on the United States; his hero was George Washington -Sadly, _____________________ couldn't hold the countries together, and Gran Colombia fell apart -Who was the leader?

Justinian's Code

-This was a set of laws that a Byzantine Emperor came up with -Created a civil code that governed all aspects of Byzantine law -Based on the Roman laws -Was very significant and many later European laws were based off of it -The Code required that every citizen of the Empire be a Christian anyone who was not a Christian was not a citizen -his Code Forbid pagan religions (non-Christian, polytheistic) and forbid animal and human religious sacrifices, saying that anyone present at such could be accused of murder

The Antonian Movement

-This was a syncretic Christian religious movement started by Dona Beatriz in the Kongo -Dona Beatriz claimed that she had been visited by St. ____________________and that he was trying to send messages through her -Dona's followers started the ____________________________ Movement -She told the Kongolese that Heaven was for Africans and told them to ignore the European missionaries -Dona was arrested and burned at the stake -After her death an army of 20,000 ________________________ followers challenged the Portuguese, although they failed

Quipu

-This was a system used by Incan bureaucrats (government officials) that helped them keep track of responsibilities -it was a string of cords of different lengths and colors. Officials would tie knots on certain cords in order to help them keep track of population sizes, taxes, and labor services that were owed to the government

The Mughal Dynasty 1520 CE To 1857 CE

-This was an Islamic dynasty that invaded Hindu India and started in 1520 CE -The Islamic rulers of the ________________ had to rule over a Hindu population; they used the "jizya" tax to tax Hindus -Famous rulers include Akbar the Great, Aurangzeb, and Shah Jahan -At their height, the Mughals were fabulously wealthy. They built the Peacock Throne and the Taj Mahal -AP REGION: SOUTH ASIA

Sunni Ali 1462 - 1494 CE

-This was an Islamic ruler of the Kingdom of Songhay, a major African trading kingdom just below the Sahara desert -The Songhay Empire was a major stop on the Trans Saharan caravan routes. Timbuktu was a major trading city -This ruler helped create a syncretic Islamic religion in Songhay -He helped increase the Trans Saharan trade -He helped expand the borders of the empire and make it more powerful

Mercantilism

-This was an economic theory that drove many of the European nations from 1450 - 1750 CE -This was an economic theory that stated that there was a fixed amount of wealth in the world; that wealth was represented by gold and silver -The Europeans were competing to get as much of that wealth as they could for themselves; one important way to get wealth was to get colonies -This drove the British, Spanish, French, and Portuguese to be very competitive as they tried to take over colonies and grab as much wealth for themselves as possible

Liberation Theology 1950's to Present

-This was another new religious movement of the 20th century that was a religious movement that also tried to be political in the way it affected society. -This movement started in Latin America and is a Christian Movement started by Catholics in the 1950's. The movement is aimed towards "liberating" or freeing the poor in South America -The movement is grounded in the Bible and Christian teachings but is focused on providing rights and social justice to the poor classes of South America, who have been trampled since the arrival of Pizarro. -In order to work, the movement is very political and people try to urge governments and followers to take action to help the lower classes. -The movement has spread to Africa and Palestine, although it remains most popular in Latin America.

Kangxi 1700 CE

-This was one of the great Manchu emperors of the Qing Dynasty -Like all of the Qing Emperors, he was a Manchu elite ruling over the lower class Chinese -He expanded the Qing Empire and helped take over Taiwan and Mongolia, making the empire bigger and more powerful -Organized flood control projects and helped agriculture grow -He was also a voracious reader (he read a lot) and even wrote his own poems; he could be found at night falling asleep on his books! -He was a Confucian scholar as well and patronized (helped support) Confucian schools and academies

Qianlong 1750 CE

-This was one of the great Manchu emperors of the Qing Dynasty -Like all of the Qing Emperors, he was a Manchu elite ruling over the lower class Chinese -He expanded the Qing Empire and helped take over Vietnam, Burma, and Nepal, forcing these states to pay tribute to the Qing Empire -He was the ruler at the height of the Qing Empire; he was also th longest ruling emperor in Qing history, as he ruled for 60 years -Composed over 100,000 poems -Because China was so rich during his lifetime, there were four occasions where he canceled tax colelction -Had 27 official children! -Was the grandson of the great Qing Qhinese Emperor Kangxi, and was his favorite grandchild

The Son of Heaven

-This was the Chinese version of the European "divine right of kings;" the Chinese Emperors wanted to give religious reasons to show their rule was legitimate -The Qing Emperors claimed that they were the ________ of __________; that the gods had sent the emperor as the human representation of the god's will on earth -The _______ of __________ had great powers and privileges, and lived in the Forbidden City surrounded by this harem of women and concubines, along with hundreds of servants and and thousands of eunuchs who looked after his desires

The Ilkhanate of Persia

-This was the Khanate in the Middle East -When this Khanate was started, it was the fall of the of the Abbasid Dynasty -The Mongols were conquerors, but weren't used to being governors or administrators. They let the ________ns run the government, as long as they paid the taxes on time

The Ming Dynasty 1368 - 1644

-This was the first Chinese Dynasty after the Mongols took over and started the Yuan Dynasty -Founded by Hongwu -Helped restore China to power---at its height, the Emperor Yongle sponsored Zheng He's voyages, -As attacks from nomadic tribes continued to come from the North, the Ming stopped the voyages of Zheng He -The dynasty fell when the Manchus invaded from the North and took over and started the Qing Dynasty; you will have to know much more about the Qing than the Ming!

Invasion of the Mongols in 1250 CE

-This was the last event that brought down the Abbasid Caliphate -this is the same way so many empires fall!!!!!

Khubilai Khan

-This was the man who organized the Khanates and was not only a great warrior, but a great administrator as well (organized the Mongol Empire) -Was "Great Khan" or emperor of the Mongol Empire when it was at its height; conquered China and started the Yuan Dynasty -Famously hosted Marco Polo at his court for several years -Grandson of Genghis Khan

The Song Dynasty

-This was the name of the empire that the Mongols knocked over or toppled in China when they took over

The Abbasid Empire

-This was the name of the empire that the Mongols toppled or knocked over in Persia (The Middle East)

Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizzarro, Invasion of the Spanish Conquistadors in 1520

-This was the way so many empires fell -This happened and the Incans and Aztecs both were taken down -this group of people invaded and allied with local tribes that didn't like the Aztecs and Incans -The first man brought down the Aztecs; the second invaded and brought down the Incans in 1530; -Both Spanish Conquistadors -Both used steel, horses, guns, and alliances with local peoples who already had resentment against the Aztecs and Incans -Collision at Cajamarca--famous battle between ______________________ and the Incans where a much smaller Spanish forced used steel and horses to overcome a much larger Incan army -Once this happened, the Incans and Aztec Empires were devastated by diseases and then defeated by superior weapons

Mesopotamia 4,000 BCE to 600 BCE

-This was the world's first major civilization that grew up in the Fertile Crescent/Cradle of Civilization in SW Asia/Middle East. This civilization grew up in between the Tigris and Euphrates river in modern day Iraq, and _________________________ translates into "land between the rivers" -The first powerful state in this region was Sumer. Around 4,000 BCE, the Sumerian built the world's first cities. Obviously, domesticated plants were key here as wheat was grown through agriculture and allowed for specialization of labor, population growth, and social stratification (classes) and gender inequality. -As cities sprang up, religious centers and monumental architecture also grew. The _________________ built massive Ziggurats, which were massive temples, built to honor their Gods -The _________________conducted long distance trade with the Indus River Valley, one of the first long distance trading networks in history -Mesopotamia was not one empire but it was a "civilization." It was actually a collection of 12 city-states in the area "between the rivers." At certain points in time, different city-states would conquer the others and establish empires, like the Babylonian Empire -Sargon was a crucial ruler who expanded Mesopotamia in 2,300 BCE -Hammurabi of Babylon was the single most important ruler to know, as he created Hammurabi's Code in 1700 BCE -The civilization/empire fell to the Achaemenid Persian Empire in 550 BCE

Mongol Diffusion

-This word means "the spread" of ideas and technology -Because the Mongols made it safe to trade and travel, and they moved conquered peoples around the empire, ideas and technology really spread around the Empire. This word is another word for spreading

Egypt, Arabia, and Persia

-Three areas where Islam spread to through military expansion in the 600's and 700's CE; -Jihad or religious war was waged in these areas and they became Islamic

Smallpox, Measles, Influenza Mosquitoes and Rats

-Three diseases that the Europeans brought over to the Americas in the Columbian Exchange that decimated/destroyed their population -These are two vermin/animal pests that were brought over on European ships to the Americas during the Columbian Exchange

Han Dynasty Political Structure

-Through their military prowess (strength), the Han Dynasty created the largest Chinese Dynasty that had ever been created up until that point in history -This required a huge bureaucracy (political organization and government officials) in order to collect taxes, enforce rules, collect tribute, and create and enforce laws -From the capital city of Chang'an, Han Dynasty officials ruled over the various provinces (states, areas) of the Han Dynasty. The Civil Service Exam started to become important during this time period -Obviously, the Emperor was the most important member of the government. Known as the Son of Heaven, the Emperor had absolute (total) power. He claimed the Mandate of Heaven, meaning the Gods approved of his rule -The highest ranking government officials were known as the Nine Ministers, who held the nine most important positions and made sure the taxes and laws of the empire were being enforced

Diffusion of Islamic Literature and Culture 600 CE to 1450 CE

-Throughout Era 3 600 CE to 1450 CE, Islam spread through war (jihad), trade through merchants, and through missionaries like Sufi Mystics -Islam spread across the Sahara desert into Sub-Saharan Africa and as far as Southeast Asia (Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam) -Islamic and Arabic literature also spread with the religion. Books like "The Arabian Nights" and religious texts like the Quran and the Hadith also spread to these places -Islamic culture and laws, sharia law, also spread to the areas in Sub-Saharan Africa that adopted Islam. Sharia law strictly governed society, forbidding adultery, theft, murder etc. -Sharia law had been influenced by Persian history and had the "eye for an eye" influence from ancient Mesopotamia and Hammurabi's Code

Monumental Architecture

-Throughout World History, emperors and kings wanted to demonstrate the power they possessed to their people and to other peoples. -One of the ways they did this was through enormous construction projects; often, these projects would either be palaces, religious temples, or military forts/constructions -These constructions would show everyone in the empire and to visitors how powerful the rulers were -Examples include, the Forbidden City in Qing China, the Great Wall of China, the Pyramids of Giza, the Roman Colosseum, The Palace of Versailles in France, and Angkor Wat in Southeast Asia

Globalization

-Throughout history, societies have become more and more connected. In 1491, the Americas were separated from the Old World. But after Columbus, the world became more globalized (connected) as there was an increase in trade. -In the 20th century, particularly after World War II, globalization has really increased. The idea is that the world is increasingly becoming "one world"--meaning that people around the world share in culture, music, communication, etc. -There are several things that are increasing "globalization"--meaning the breaking down of barriers. The factors increasing globalization are: -More free trade. Less taxes on trade, and trading alliances between countries. -Faster communication. People in China can communicate with people in the United States via internet and phone -Faster travel. People can fly in airplanes around the world and visit other countries. -Increased international organizations. Groups like the United Nations and World Trade Organization are uniting the world -Multinational Companies. Huge companies like Coca Cola and Samsung sell in nations around the world and help unite the world. -Shared culture. Things like the World Cup of Soccer and the Olympics are international sporting events that bring the world closer together.

Maroon Societies

-Throughout the 1800's, slaves continued to find ways to resist slavery -In many places in the Atlantic World, slavery began to end as the Enlightenment spread and revolutions established new social orders -In places where slavery hadn't ended yet, slaves began to run away and they established "___________________ ___________________________" -These societies were hidden secret villages in the jungles where runaway slaves would live together; often, they would be hunted down by dogs and could be very dangerous places to live. There were many of these societies in Haiti, Brazil, and the some in the Southern United States

The Europeans, Japan, and the United States

-Throughout the 1800's, the Europeans engaged in a new frenzy of Imperialism as they raced to take over Africa in the Scramble for Africa and also sought to divide China up into Spheres of Influence -The British also took over India and other European nations also took over in SE Asia, Australia, and the Pacific -Taking after the European example, two other countries also began to engage in Imperialism in the Pacific, Asia, and Latin America -This term is the three groups that were engaging in Imperialism in the 1800's and early 1900's

Chile's Economy under Pinochet

-Throughout the 20th century, attempts at government control of the economy under Mao Zedong and other leaders had not gone well. In the late 1900's, in the 1980's, governments began "economic liberalization." -This meant that they were using more of a "free market" approach. -This meant the economy was more like capitalism and there was more private ownership and competition; there was more free trade and people were allowed to keep profits -In Chile, the dictator _______________________ began economic liberalization in the 1980's. He reduced tariffs (taxes on foreign goods) so that there would be more trade with foreign countries. He also sold many of the government owned industries and businesses to private companies and private businesses. This means that the government had less control of the economy and there was more competition. -These policies, and the Free Market liberalization, worked incredibly well. Some historians call it "The Miracle of Chile," and throughout the 1990's Chile had the best performing economy in Latin America. -Some people dispute how much credit to give Pinochet's policies in Chile

Fundamentalist Movements

-Throughout the 20th century, many countries started to become more "liberal" as people were granted more rights and freedoms. -Members of certain religions began to become frightened and concerned that societies were going too far away from the rules and texts of the religions. They started fundamentalist religious movements -Fundamentalist movements seek to return society to the strict rules and readings of religion. Christian fundamentalists, for instance, believe that everyone should read the Bible and that every word in the Bible is literally true. They believe that societies should follow the exact rules of the Bible and the religion, so they try to influence politics to get society organized this way -Islamic fundamentalists also believe that societies should strictly follow sharia law. They believe that every word in the Quran is literally true and that the laws of a society should be followed very strictly. Therefore they also try to influence politics in Islamic countries to enforce these rules. -THere are also Hindu and Buddhist fundamentalist movements, but the Christian and Islamic movements are much stronger and more influential. The BIG takeaway here is that these religious movements try to impact politics.

Land Redistribution in Africa, Asia, and Latin America in the 20th Century

-Throughout the 20th century, there were often movements to take land away from the wealthy classes and redistribute (give it back) to the lower classes -This process was called land redistribution -The idea of land redistribution increased as the ideologies of communism and socialism spread around the world. Communism and socialism promoted the idea that there should be no social classes; as part of this, it was key to take land from the wealthy and give it out equally to the people -Land redistribution happened in a big way in the following places, as they took land from the wealthy and gave to the peasants: -Mexico after the Mexican Revolution of 1910 and the Mexican Constitution of 1917 -Communist Russia/Soviet Union as part of the 5 Year Plan in the 1920's with Stalin -Guatemala under Arbenz in the 1950's (suspected of communism) -Communist China under Mao Zedong in the 1950's -In South Africa after apartheid ended in 1994

Pastoralism and Diffusion of Technology

-Throughout the grasslands of Africa, Europe, and Asia, another type of lifestyle developed that was NOT hunter-gatherer OR agricultural -Pastoralism was when people were nomadic (moving around) herders of domesticated animals. People would move around the grasslands herding animals like sheep, goats, or cattle -Pastoral nomads had several huge impacts and effects. Because they travelled a lot, they helped with the diffusion (spread) of technology, ideas, and religion around Africa and Eurasia -Pastoralists also came up with new forms of transportation because they travelled so much, like the chariot and riding on horses. These technological breakthroughs diffused throughout Eurasia especially. -Many pastoralists were very warlike as they would often fight each other or raid settled, agricultural cities. Pastoralists used compound bows and iron weapons to conquer; this also helped with the diffusion (spread) of these weapons. -Ultimately the pastoralists had a major impact diffusing technology and ideas all through Eurasia and some parts of Africa

Pastoralism 8,000 BCE to 600 CE

-Throughout the grasslands of Africa, Europe, and Asia, another type of lifestyle developed that was NOT hunter-gatherer OR agricultural -Pastoralism was when people were nomadic (moving around) herders of domesticated animals. People would move around the grasslands herding animals like sheep, goats, or cattle -Pastoral nomads had several huge impacts and effects. Because they travelled a lot, they helped with the diffusion (spread) of technology, ideas, and religion around Africa and Eurasia -They also had a big impact on the environment, as pastoral herds would graze on large grasslands and eat tons of plant life -Pastoralists also came up with new forms of transportation because they travelled so much, like the chariot and riding on horses' -Many pastoralists were very warlike as they would often fight each other or raid settled, agricultural cities. Pastoralists used compound bows and iron weapons to conquer; this also helped with the diffusion (spread) of these weapons. -Thousands of years later, the pastoralists would become people like the Mongols

Xenophobia

-Throughout the world, there was increased migration throughout the 20th century as transportation technologies allowed for faster transportation -Many people from the developing world also began migrating to industrialized nations -Often, people in home countries had a fear of the immigrants that were arriving. For instance, in the United States, there was even a law made in the 1880's that the Chinese were not allowed in the United States. In Europe, people have a fear of many of the African refugees coming to Europe. -Even in South Africa, there was a fear and hatred from some people towards other Africans entering the country from Mozambique and Botswana. -This fear of foreigners, and the discrimination that results from it, is called...._____________________

Byzantine Trade

-Trade was HUGE in the Byzantine Empire; the major coin was the Bezant, which was a gold coin used to make trade and payment -Goods like Silks and spices were coming from China -Carpets and textiles were coming from Persia and the Islamic Caliphates -woolen cloth and textiles coming from Europe -Gems and diamonds from India -Basically all the trade going to Europe from Asia went through here, as Constantinople was a huge center for trade

Mauryan and Gupta Trade

-Traded long-distance with Cyrus and the Achaemenids -Once Alexander conquered in India, they had trade with Egypt and Greece as well -Traded silk with China -Principal goods were spices, diamonds, cotton, -ROADS were key--they built over 1600 miles of roads

Telegraphs

-Transportation and Factories weren't the only things changing during the Industrial Revolution; Communication changed massively as well -This invention came before the phone; it sent a series of taps through a wire and on the other end of the cable, the taps could be translated into letters -Through this way, you could send messages over very long distances, as long as you laid the cable down -This led to thousands of miles of cables being laid down across the world, including one across the Atlantic Ocean

Islamic Agriculture

-Travel through Dar al-Islam helped spread new ideas for farming -the use of irrigation, fertilization, and crop rotation spread, and people even started to make books on how to be productive farmers -all of this led to massive increases in food production, which in turn led to urbanization, the growth of cities like Baghdad (in modern day Iraq) and Cairo (in Egypt)

Incan Trade

-Under the Incans, trade moving from north to south through along the Andes mountains increased dramatically -Pottery, textiles (cloth), and jewelry traveled along the __________________ routes in the Incan Empire -There were no merchants in the Incan Empire; all of the __________________ was run by the government

Tang and Song Political Structures

-Under the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Confucian based Civil Service Exam became increasingly important and soon was the major way for anyone in China, rich or poor, to achieve government positions -The Civil Service Examination created a merit-based promotion system--you got to the top by having the best scores, based on your merit, not based on what social class you were in. This led to the best and the brightest becoming the people in China who helped run the government -Wealthy classes still had the advantage of better education and private tutors -The Song Dynasty made scholar bureaucrats who had passed the exam even more important by paying scholar bureaucrats (govt officials) really well so they would support the government, even letting them run the military -The Tang and Song Dynasties also used the "tributary system" to make smaller neighboring countries pay them tribute with trade goods and show that the Chinese were superior by bowing down to the Emperor

Aztec (Mexica) Political Control

-Unlike the Incans, the Aztecs didn't use government officials or bureaucrats -Basically all they did was conquer people and then make them pay tribute -The Aztecs would conquer neighbors and turn them into slaves. The slaves would build pyramids and other stuff for the Aztecs -Also unlike the Mayans and Aztecs, there was no city-states or local government. Once a tribe was conquered, a tribe could still keep its own government as long as it payed tribute on time -If any tribe rebelled, they would be crushed by the Mexica/Aztec warriors -At its high point, 489 city-states sent tribute in to Tenochtitlan

Displacement of Peoples--Palestinians

-WIth the help of Britain and the United States, the Zionist Jews established their own country in the Middle East in the territory of _________________________ -The problem was that this movement displaced thousands of Palestinians; this has led to 50 years of terrorism and war in the region between the Islamic countries and the Jewish state of Israel -Palestinians were displaced--meaning they had to leave their homelands and become refugees -All of the conflicts in the 20th century created huge REFUGEE populations; these people were kicked out of their homelands and had to go live in foreign countries; this can create any number of problems, including poverty, homelessness, and xenophobia (fear of foreigners) -The displacement of the Palestinians made even bigger problems because the rest of the Islamic/Arabic world was angered and many nations declared war on Israel; the conflict is still going on today

Equal Field System

-Way of dividing up land that originated during the Sui Dynasty -The Tang Dynasty made this popular and used it effectively came up with this because people had fought over land during the Han Dynasty -The government in an area was in charge of giving out the land for farming based on who needed it the most and who was using it the most effectively -Under this system, more families got land to farm. A family would get to keep one-fifth of the land they had, but if they weren't using it effectively, it would be given to other farmers who needed it more -Created stability in early Tang Dynasty, although it stopped being used in the middle of the Tang Dynasty

Caliph

-When Mohammed died, the Islamic Community had to choose who would rule after him -A ________________ is the leader or leader of the Islamic Community, chosen by the community -It's similar to a King, but some Muslims believe he should be elected to the position, while some believe he should be chosen by God/religious leaders -So this is a political structure that is kind of similar to a King, but even more powerful, because he is a political and religious leader. Kind of like the King and the Pope combined.

Large Scale Transnational Businesses

-When one country starts to take and over and influence another country through business and economics, it's called economic imperialism -During the late 1800's and throughout the 1900's, MASSIVE businesses rose to power, and started practicing economic imperialism -These businesses were TRANSNATIONAL--which meant that they were so big, they owned land and business across multiple countries -Often the companies would even have their own militaries and they would bribe government officials to control the policies -The United Fruit Company, Coca Cola, Nike, and others are all examples of ____________________________________ . They had a huge impact on the "globalization" of the world as people in different cultures began to share in one global culture with shared music, products, and foods.

Economic Imperialism

-When one country starts to take over and influence another country through business and economics -Usually, massively powerful companies like the United Fruit Company or the British East India Company (joint-stock) would start buying land, hiring soldiers, and taking over the economy -Often the companies would even have their own militaries and they would bribe government officials to control the policies -The British East India Company did this in India where they actually brought down the Mughals and in China where they brought down the Qing Dynasty with the Opium Trade -The United Fruit Company did this in Guatemala where and throughout Latin America where they took over and created "Banana Republics"

Syncretic Christianity in the Kongo

-When the Portuguese arrived in the Kongo, they were able to convert thousands of people to _________________ -Even King Affonso the I became a devoted ____________________. He was known to read the __________ so often that sometimes he forgot to eat. -There were many cults devoted to the saints -Even though they converted to ________________, many people in the Kongo kept parts of their old religion. -When two religions are mixed together, it's called a _______________________ religion

British Maritime Empire in North America 1450 CE to 1750 CE

-While the Ottomans were dominating in the Middle East, the Europeans took to the seas in a frenzy after Columbus discovered new lands and peoples in the Americas -This MARITIME empire, meaning an empire that was spread over oceans, was one of the most powerful European empires from 1450 - 1750 CE -This was a maritime empire that spread from Europe to North America -This maritime empire consisted of 13 colonies that would eventually rebel against the empire in 1775

The League of Nations 1920 CE

-Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States, had a vision for how the peace treaty should be decided and how the world should look after World War I -He wrote a document that outlined his ideas for the peace treaty for World War I and named it the Fourteen Points -He also wanted to make a ________________________________________. This was meant to be an alliance of all the countries in the world. The goal of the _________________________ was to prevent major wars from happening. It was the first International Peacekeeping body and would later be replaced by the United Nations -The idea for peacekeeping was that all the powerful countries would make an alliance; if anyone in the world started a war, the ___________________________ would stop it -This President brought his ideas with him to the Treaty of Versailles; he managed to get the ___________________________included in the Treaty, but the___________________ was weak and he looked foolish because the American Congress would not let the United States join the __________________

Total War and Propaganda

-World War I and World War II were Total Wars--they weren't just fought on the battlefields -They required the entire society to participate and mobilize; everyone had to work in the factories and had to ration or save goods to support the MASSIVE war effort -In order to mobilize all of the resources of the states, governments had to use a variety of techniques to motivate people -Countries like Germany used speeches, movies, posters, and other forms of _______________________ (starts with a p) to motivate people; the most famous in the US was "Rosie the Riveter" (see picture for this term!) -Because the enemies knew the homefronts were important, during the World Wars both sides began to attack citizens and bomb cities and factories; this was known as _________________________ (starts with a T) -So there are two terms here that relate to everything that was discussed above

Total War and Propaganda in World War I and World War II

-World War I and World War II were Total Wars--they weren't just fought on the battlefields -They required the entire society to participate and mobilize; everyone had to work in the factories and had to ration or save goods to support the MASSIVE war effort -In order to mobilize all of the resources of the states, governments had to use a variety of techniques to motivate people -Countries like Germany used speeches, movies, posters, and other forms of _______________________ to motivate people -Because the enemies knew the homefronts were important, during the World Wars both sides began to attack citizens and bomb cities and factories; this was known as _________________________ -So there are two terms here that relate to everything that was discussed above

Gurkha Soldiers in the World Wars

-World War I and World War II were Total Wars--they weren't just fought on the battlefields -They required the entire society to participate and mobilize; everyone had to work in the factories and had to ration or save goods to support the MASSIVE war effort -The European countries even needed to use their colonies or former colonies to fight; they forced the people in their colonies to form armies and fight in the war. In this way, the war spread to Africa and parts of the Pacific. - The British used a group of Nepalese and Indian fighters called the ____________; the ________________ were a fearsome, warlike people that were known to be fearless in battle; they carried a traditional knife called a khukuri that supposedly, once drawn in battle, had to taste blood before it could be put back. -Over 200,000 ________________________ served in the British army in World War I and World War II and fought all over the globe, leaving Nepal and India. -They had a saying, "Better to die than be a coward."

Increased Wartime Casualties--World War I and World War II

-World War I and World War II were absolutely horrific wars, with millions of casualties. -Casualties are the total number of dead + wounded from the war -MEMORIZE THIS: WWI had 38 million casualties (17 million dead) -World War II was even deadlier, with 60 million DEATHS -In both of these wars, a large percentage of the deaths were from civilians (normal people, not soldiers). Normal civilians died as cities were attacked, people were starved, and ethnic groups like Jews and Armenians were killed in genocide

Trench Warfare-- World War I

-World War I was probably the most miserable war human beings had ever fought in -World War I was a very defensive war; each side dug trenches, ditches about 10 feet deep in the ground, and fought out of them -This type of warfare was miserable; it was wet, people got trenchfoot, there were rats running around, there was barbed wire everywhere -There was an area between the trenches known as "No Man's Land." That was the area where people would die as the two armies would run back and forth between the trenches attacking each other's trench. -If you had to leave your trench and run to attack the enemy trench, it was called "going over the top." Very dangerous! -Due to this type of warfare, casualties (deaths + wounded) were very high and 17 million soldiers died in combat

Tanks, Airplanes, Machine Guns and Mustard Gas--WW 1 Military Technology

-World War I was the first fully industrialized war; it was the first major major war after all the European countries had fully industrialized -Trench Warfare began as each side dug ditches to fight out of; it was very difficult to attack an enemy trench -World War I military technology made this war VERY DEADLY as casualties were high; there were four military innovations (inventions or changes) you need to know -First--is a type of vehicle that was going to break through and be able to cross "no man's land" and attack the enemy trench ---SECOND--something that was mainly used for scouting in this war, another type of vehicle --THIRD--a type of gun that was very deadly --FOURTH--a type of chemical warfare that caused you to go blind and eventually die if you breathed it in

Outcome of World War II--1945- 1990

-World War II ended after the dropping of the Atomic Bomb on the Japanese at Hiroshima and Nagasaki -The Allied Powers were victorious, but at a great cost. The war technology, and the bombing of Civilians as part of Total War, led to 60 million deaths, many of them civilians -Western Europe was in tatters and was devastated. After 1945, the Europeans lost their position of world power and dominance that they had held for over 100 years -the global balance of power and hegemony shifted as two countries emerged as Superpowers--the United States and the Soviet Union--became the most powerful countries in the world and started the Cold War -The United States led an alliance with the Western Europeans called NATO, and the Soviets started an alliance withe Eastern Europeans called the Warsaw Pact

Causes of World War II-- The Invasion of Poland

-World War II was started due to territorial aggression from the fascist powers, the Germans and the Japanese -The Germans began taking land throughout Europe, invading the Sudetenland -The Japanese also began taking over territory in the Pacific, invading China and taking over Manchuria -At first, the Allied Powers, led by Britain, wanted to avoid war; they met Hitler at the Munich Conference and they practiced "appeasement," where they let Hitler keep the territory -However, Hitler kept invading territory. The last straw was his Invasion of _____________________; after that, the Allies declared war on the Axis

The Rape of Nanking 1937 CE

-World War II was started due to territorial aggression from the fascist powers, the Germans and the Japanese -The Germans began taking land throughout Europe, invading the Sudetenland -The Japanese also began taking over territory in the Pacific, invading China and taking over Manchuria -When the Japanese took over China, they were incredibly brutal. In one city in particular, they raped thousands of women and murdered thousands of innocent civilians -In this city, brutality hardly even begins to describe what the Japanese did. There was gang rape, pregnant women had their stomachs slashed open and were raped, there was forced incest. Girls were raped, Buddhist nuns.... -The Japanese had killing competitions with swords, set dogs on people, death by fire, death by ice... -This event is one of the many atrocities committed during World War II

Woodrow Wilson and The Fourteen Points--1918 CE

-World War ended in 1918 -The President of the United States had vision for how the peace treaty should be decided and how the world should look after World War I -He wrote a document that outlined his ideas for the peace treaty for World War I and named it the ______________________________ -One of his major points was that countries should have Self Determination, that they should be able to define their own borders and that nations should cut back on imperialism -He also wanted to make a League of Nations. This was meant to be an alliance of all the countries in the world. The goal of the League was to prevent major wars from happening. It was the first International Peacekeeping body and would later be replaced by the United Nations -This President brought his ideas with him to the Treaty of Versailles; he managed to get the League of Nations included in the Treaty, but the League was weak and he looked foolish because the American Congress would not let the United States join the league

Fall of Han Dynasty 221 CE DATE REQUIRED

-Yellow Turban Revolt, internal rebellion leads to decline -Diseases like smallpox and measles weaken the empire -Political difficulties they couldn't manage, as the empire got too big for the bureaucrats and Nine Ministers to control -Invasion of the Xiongnu Huns, leads to decline or downfall of this dynasty DATE REQUIRED FOR CREDIT

Rise of European Industrialization

-____________________________________ rose in Europe during the late 1700's and throughout the 1800's -There were several reasons why the Europeans were the first area to _________________________-ize. It's CRUCIAL that you memorize these reasons 1--they had the most iron and coal 2--they had an incredible number of raw materials and resources coming from the American colonies 3--They had a foundation for invention after the Scientific Revolution 4--Optimal fragmentation created the competition between the European countries in their economies; as the Europeans competed, they actually shared technology with each other and made each other better 5--Capitalism and the theories of Adam Smith drove the European countries to compete economically

Jihad

-a holy war followers of Islam must wage against people who threaten Islam -Followers of Islam must take up the sword to protect Muslims from those who threaten Islam -also means to struggle to spread Islam

Mandate of Heaven

-a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source. -This meant that the rulers were given power from Heaven --if you were a Chinese Emperor, that power was given to you from Heaven! Someone like Liu Bang on Han Wudi would have been considered the "Son of Heaven" if he had the ________________of Heaven.

Roman Roads and the Appian Way

-allowed for better military transportation and facilitated trade throughout their empire. -This Helped their ECONOMY immensely, the Roman Roads were famous. Cities grew larger and more powerful. -The Appian Way was one of the most famous roads in the Roman Republic/Empire -The Roman roads totalled 53,000 miles Roman roads. everyone could share supplies, 55,000miles of roads, communication, soldiers

Social Stratification and Hierarchies in Mesopotamia

-as in every civilization, the development of agriculture led to the specialization of labor. This led to the social stratification and the creation of social classes in Mesopotamia -At the top were the kings of the Mesopotamian city states, like Gilgamesh of Uruk or Hammurabi of Babylon. Rulers from the city-state of Sumer for example even told their people that they were the offspring or children of the gods themselves, claiming the divine right to rule as god-kings -The famous ruler Gilgamesh, of the city-state of Uruk, claimed to be the son of a goddess and a king, making him 2/3 divine (god) and 1/3 human -Nobles were the next class, and were usually a class of skilled, elite warriors. They were usually close friends or family members of the kings -The next class, which was closely allied with the kings and nobles, were the priests and priestesses. Many of these were younger relatives of the king and nobles; they would interact with the gods and confirm the status of the king as divine. They lived in temple communities and received gifts of food, drink and clothing from the city inhabitants in order to please the gods. -The next level was "free commoners." Free commoners could work as peasant farmers on land owned by their families or they could work in the cities as artisans and craftsment (carpenters, metallurgists, builders, irrigation specialists, etc.). The "free commoners" all had to pay taxes to the government and to the local temples -The lowest class of Mesopotamians were the slaves. As in most civilizations, slaves were generally captives of war. Slavery was not racialized, and slaves could be "white," Middle Eastern, or black African. Slavery could also be a punishment for a crime. Slaves could be agricultural laborers or domestic houseservants. Some rare slaves could actually earn enough money to purchase their own freedom.

Mesopotamian Art and Artisanship

-as in every civilization, the development of agriculture led to the specialization of labor. This led to the social stratification and the creation of social classes in Mesopotamia -The elite classes, both political and religious, promoted some of the first widescale art in the history of the world -First, literature was promoted by the political elites. Cuneiform writing allowed for the creation of books like the "Epic of Gilgamesh" which made the Mesopotamian elite even more powerful as they were descended from the gods. -Mesopotamian Art was also some of the grandest and most famous art created at the time, right up there with Egypt. The best Mesopotamian art were usually clay sculptures, usually of the gods or of famous rulers -Religious elites also sponsored lots of art, sculptures, wall engravings, and statues to honor the gods. -Today, there are hundreds of famous and beautiful pieces of Mesopotamian sculptures and clay wall engravings in museums around the world. Among the most famous works are the "18 Statues of Gudea," one of the famous Mesopotamian political leaders.

Hunter-Gatherers

-at this point in history, humans existed in small bands called_____________________or ___________________forager bands -These bands were mobile bands of hunters that were able to adapt to different geographical settings. These bands actually had much more social equality than civilized societies today -There was also more gender equality in _____________________societies. Once agriculture developed, societies became more patriarchal (male-dominated). Women in __________________- bands had more power and equality than people today -These early people were able to develop important early technology like stone tools and fire to help them hunt and build shelters to adapt to the environment

Fall of the Achaemenids 330 BCE

-costly series of wars over 150 years with the Greeks known as the Persian Wars really weakened the empire -Alexander the Great invaded -burned Persepolis to the ground and ended the Achaemenid empire

Rise of Medical Innovations

-in the 1700's and 1800's, Medical technology was nowhere near what it is now. People didn't even know that they should keep cuts clean and they didn't know about infections. People used leeches to suck blood out of their bodies as a medical cure! -At the beginning of the 20th century (early 1900's), there was a large increase in medical innovations (inventions and improvements). Doctors started to actually perform surgeries to fix people and use effective medical treatments for diseases -ANTIBIOTICS were a huge medical innovation (invention). Antibiotics helped kill bacteria and end fevers and flus. -VACCINES like the polio vaccine helped prevent people from getting other viruses and diseases -All of these things led to a large increase in life expectancy

Women in the Quran

-initially, the Quran helped this group of people and provided women with specific rights and honors -Female infanticide (killing baby girls) was illegal and women were held as honored individuals -Muhammad himself known for his kindness and generosity towards wives -However, women also strictly controlled and guarded by male guardians (fathers, brothers, husbands) so that they remain sexually pure -As time progressed, the patriarchal controls on women increased as Qadis (judges) and the people who interpreted Sharia law used sharia law to control the rights of women and give them less and less freedoms

The Hippodrome

-massive stadium in Constantinople -Thousands watched chariot horse races -Two fan groups, the Greens and Blues, often fought in the streets

Byzantine Silk Industry

-most important trading good and product in the Byzantine empire -Silk worms arrived in the Byzantine Empire travelling on the wooden staffs of monks walking the silk roads , and through other methods -Once they arrived, the Byzantines began a major silk industry in Constantinople -They became a major supplier of this product to the wealthy elites of the Mediterranean and Europe, competing with the silk coming from Asia along the Silk Roads

Dona Beatriz 1700 CE

-once the Portuguese had established the Colony of Angola where the Kingdom of Kongo had been, there were thousands of Africans practicing syncretic Christianity -This woman claimed that she had been visited by St. Anthony and that he was trying to send messages through her -She told Africans that Jesus was black and she gained a reputation for working miracles and curing diseases -She told the Kongolese that Heaven was for Africans and told them to ignore the European missionaries -She was arrested and burned at the stake -After her death an army of 20,000 followers challenged the Portuguese, although they failed

The Qu'ran 650 CE

-the book containing all of Muhammad's revelations and understandings of Allah -Foundational text of Islam -Lays out the five pillars of Islam, which are the foundational behavior that every Muslim must observe -Contains influences from Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism, all of which heavily influenced Islam -lays out the rules of Islam, known as sharia law. These laws form the basis for how the Caliphates and many Islamic states were governed -Muslims believe that Allah sent revelations to Muhammad over the course of 23 years, and these revelations were written down in the Quran. Allah sent the messages to Muhammad through the Archangel Gabriel.

Brahmins

-the priests, or highest social class in India

Bushido Code

-the traditional code of the Japanese samurai, stressing honor, self-discipline, bravery, and simple living -This required that the samurai maintain honor above all else; a true samurai would often rather sacrifice his life than his honor -A samurai might commit suicide out of shame after losing a battle -Later in World War II, we would see this still carry over with the kamikaze attacks

Urban Life and Patriarchy in Constantinople

-the wealthy lived in massive palaces in Constantinople -Byzantines, like all agricultural empires, were highly patriarchal; similar to Rome, who had the "paterfamilias," the male head of household controlled the money and lots of the decision making in the family and limited or controlled female activity -nobles lived in huge palaces where women lived in separate quarters; no men were allowed in these quarters besides male family members; elite women could also be forbidden from participating in banquets and parties where drinking and partying could lead to their honor being compromised -Below the nobles, the government officials and clerks lived in multi-story apartment buildings -The middle class artisans and craftsmen (blacksmiths, carpenters, etc.) lived in apartments or rooms above their shops in the city -The poor lived in tenements and had poor sanitation -The Hippodrome was the center of entertainment for the city, with all social classes attending the chariot horse races where fans were divided by Greens and Blues

Vasco de Gama 1498

-this Portuguese explorer was the first European sailor to sail around Africa in 1498 and make it to India -When he arrived in India, he traded for spices, brought them back, and sold his spices for a MASSIVE profit -The voyage was successful beyond the wildest dreams of anyone's imagination; he turned a profit 60 times the cost of the voyage -He used the volta do mar wind currents in his caravel to push himself faster and further to India -When he arrived in India, the kings there thought his trade goods were so weak and poor that he could not have possibly been sent by a King -Although he made money, over half of de Gama's crew died from scurvy -His profits were so massive that it inspired the rest of the Portuguese to try and start the Portuguese Trading Post Empire

Suleiman the Magnificent 1550 CE

-this Sultan was known for expanding the Ottoman Empire, modernizing the army, and sponsoring the arts -One of his names was "the Lawgiver" because he improved the legal system -Built up the Ottoman navy -Considered the greatest Ottoman Sultan, he was the Sultan when the empire was at its most powerful in 1550 CE -Under ______________________, the Ottomans were the most powerful empire in all of Europe and the Middle East

Caesaropapism

-this meant that the Byzantine Emperors were both the political rulers/leaders AND the religious leaders -First part of this word means "emperor" -second part means Christian/religious leader -Constantine was first example of this and basically started this practice; this is similar to the neighboring Islamic Caliphs in the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, who were both the political ruler of their empires but were also the religious leaders; like the King and the Pope combined -The religious power was another great example of ruler's using religion to justify their political rule over their people, claiming they had the blessing of God to rule; similar to Chinese Mandate of Heaven, European Divine Right of Kings -Constantine and the other Byzantine emperors, because of _____________________, basically stood above the law as holy, god-like rulers; they had absolute control over political, military, judicial, and financial matters

Transnational Movements in the 20th Century

-throughout the 20th century there were several Transnational Movements (movement across country's borders...the root "trans" means across) -These movements sought to unit people around the world regardless of what country they were in; they would cross national borders There are three you really need to memorize: -Communism: communism was a global movement. Communist countries tried to ally together, and true communists sought to unite communists all around the world. -Pan-Arabism: sought to unite all of the Arabic speaking countries in the Middle East, despite the fact that they were different countries. -Pan-Africanism--After World War II, leaders like Kwame Nkrumah sought to unite Africans across national borders in order to increase their power

The Eightfold Path

-to live a good life, and end suffering, you need to follow the __________. The __________ urges you to walk the middle ground--don't be too greedy, or too harsh. Stay in the middle, lead a good life, and you will reach salvation. -Avoid a life of extremes--stay in the middle, stay calm, and you will reach salvation (nirvana)!

Key Dates for this Unit:

8,000 BCE to 600 BCE--Founding of three ancient religions--Vedic Religions, Hebrew Monotheism, Zoroastrianism 1300 BCE-- Founding of Judaism 0 CE Birth of Christ 30 CE: Death of Christ and Paul of Tarsus spreads Christianity 320 CE: Roman Emperor Constantine converts to Christianity and splits Rome into two empires, moving capital East to Constantinople 700 CE - 1600 CE: Trans Saharan Caravan Routes help religion spread through Africa 750 - 1076 CE: African Trading Kingdoms rise up, especially Ghana

Critical Dates for Era 1:

8,000 BCE: Neolithic/Agricultural Revolution 6,000 BCE: Copper Metallurgy 4,000 BCE: Rise of Civilizations in Cradle of Civilization/Fertile Crescent 3,500 BCE: Horseback riding 1,300 BCE: Hittites and Iron Metallurgy

Yellow Turban Revolt 184 CE

A 184 C.E. peasant revolt against emperor Ling of Han. Led by Daoists who proclaimed that a new era would begin with the fall of the Han. Although this specific revolt was suppressed, it triggered a continuous string of additional outbreaks. This is one of the major events that leads to the fall of the Han Dynasty.

Confucius 551 - 479 BCE

A Chinese philosopher who created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history. Confucius and Confucianism sought to create rules for relationships in society in order to create social harmony. Essentially, Confucius tried to make rules for how people should treat each other so that you would end up with a well-organized and happy society. Confucianism teaches: -- filial piety, or honoring your parents and ancestors; in particular, obedience to older males in the family --honor to farmers --hatred of merchants, who were placed into the lowest social class -Wrote "The Analects," which has all the most important rules of Confucianism, including "Ren" (treat others with kindness) and "Li" (behave morally and treat others with courtesy) ---emphasis on education, and being fair and wise. Confucianism was present in the Han Dynasty all the way through to modern China (with some changes along the way).

Invasion of Goths 400 CE

A group of Germanic peoples, they were a huge tribe of nomadic warriors; the Romans feared them and called them Barbarians -The Huns began to invade ____________ territory, coming from Central Asia. (Huns are like old school Mongols). As a result, the __________________ began moving South and West towards Rome -They invaded Rome as the empire was in decline and were able to take over large parts of Roman territory -Therefore the invasion of the ____________ was one of the big factors that led to the fall of Rome.

Buddhism 550 BCE to Present

A major religion that emerged in the 500s BC. ______________ urged people to seek enlightenment through meditation and its founder was Siddhartha Gautama. -The core of __________ are the Four Noble Truths--basically that all human suffering is caused by desire. If we can eliminate desire, and live a simple life, you can end suffering. -to live a good life, and end suffering, you need to follow the Eightfold Path. The Eightfold Path urges you to walk the middle ground--don't be too greedy, or too harsh. Stay in the middle, lead a good life, and you will reach salvation (nirvana). -So you need to know Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, and Nirvana!

Hinduism 500 BCE to Present

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being, Brahma, who takes many forms. -In Hinduism, there are many gods that are worshipped, so it is polytheistic to some extent. However, all the gods share some of the essence of Brahma, so in some ways you could argue it is monotheistic. -Originally based on the Vedas (1500 BCE) one of the oldest religions in the world -Emphasizes that depending on how you live, you will be reborn into a higher or lower social class. If you have good KARMA, you will be reborn into a higher class. If you have bad KARMA, you will be reborn into a lower class. -Hinduism also emphasizes Dharma--these are the moral duties or the code that you need to follow in order to be successful. If you do this correctly, you will be reborn into a higher caste (social class).

Daoism 500's BCE

A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature. -This religion assumed that there was an important balance between humans and nature; This was present in the Han dynasty alongside Confucianism, and would remain in Chinese society for thousands of years.

Regional Trade Agreements--The European Union and the Euro 1993

Back in 1450-1750 CE, all of the Europeans obeyed Mercantilism. According to mercantilism, it was important to put tariffs (taxes on trade) up that would make trade more difficult -In the 1900's, and particularly after WWII, the ideas of the Free Market started to spread. Countries started to form Economic Alliances/global trading blocs where countries in a region would agree to have no tariffs, and to open up trade fully between the countries. This mean that they took down tariffs and would open up free trade. -Another one of the biggest and most powerful economic alliances/trading blocs was the __________________________. This alliance even formed it's own Currency, known as the Euro. These countries all had free trade and no tariffs on trade between countries. -This allows for liberal, free market policies of trade between the countries. This created a lot of trade in Europe -It is also very easy today to travel freely between these countries

500 BCE to 336 BCE ---Classical Greece Dates 336 to 168 BCE---Hellenistic Greece Dates 168 BCE-- Greece conquered by Romans

The Important dates for Classical and Hellenistic Greece -First Dates are the Classical Greece Dates -Then Hellenistic Greece -Then the fall of Greece to the Romans

The Renaissance 1300's 1600's

The Renaissance 1300's to 1600's -After the Bubonic Plague, the Europeans were devastated until they experienced this period of "Rebirth" -Art, painting, and architecture all grew and blossomed. Some of the most famous works of art in European history were created -Michaelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Donatello (the Ninja Turtles!) were some of the most famous artists -Many of these artists admired the Ancient Romans and Ancient Greeks and much of the work created around this time was about Ancient Rome and Greece -Center of the ___________________ was in the Italian City-States -The Mona Lisa and the "School of Athens" were created

Fast-Ripening Rice

The Tang and Song Dynasties had incredibly strong agriculture -They got a new crop that diffused (spread) through trade from Vietnam and SE asia -Because this crop grew so quickly, they could get in two harvests per year -The improvement in agriculture led to a huge increase in urbanization in China as Chinese cities grew to be the biggest in the world; Chang'an had a population of 2 million and Hangzhou had a population of 1 million

Analects

The book that Confucius wrote and that stresses the values and ideas of Confucianism. - filial piety, or honoring your parents and ancestors; --honor to farmers --hatred of merchants ---emphasis on education, and being fair and wise. Confucianism was present in the Han Dynasty all the way through to modern China (with some changes along the way).

Fall of the Roman Empire 476 CE

The fall of this empire: -The empire became too big and hard to manage; even with the system of Roman Roads, it eventually was too spread out -Roman generals began fighting to take over parts of it, so civil wars divided the power of the military and of the government -The economy began to decline and the unity of the empire decreased THe last straw was the INVASION OF THE GOTHS and the HUNS. This was what really brought down the empire in the end. Some Roman government and cultural ideas survived and blended with Germanic culture.

Patricians

The land-owning noblemen in Ancient Rome. They were the highest social class, the nobility. - Most of the Senators were ___________________________, as were most of the consuls -The _______________________________ were at the top of the social structure, above the Plebeians and slaves

1483

The year the Portuguese made contact with the Kongolese; after this, the Kongolese will start to convert to Christianity, the slave trade will grow, etc.

The Achaemenid Empire 550 BCE to 330 BCE

This was the First Persian Empire (550 - 330 BC) in the Middle East/SW Asia. -Founded by the Medes and the Persians, who were two groups of people who migrated from Central Asia to SW Asia and basically turned the Mesopotamian empires into the Achaemenid Empire. -So they took the 12 Mesopotamian city-states and united them into one strong, centralized government -The two big rulers to know are Cyrus the Great ruled and Darius the Great ruled after Cyrus. -Created the Persian Royal Road to increase long distance trade and travel -This empire fell during the Persian Wars when the Greek general Alexander the Great invaded

Disease in the Han Dynasty

Throughout the Han Dynasty, disease continued to be a significant problem -Disease was even a factor that led to the decline of this empire -Major diseases were Smallpox and measles and plague -Because of disease, this empire became a smaller empire in size and population

Abu al - Abbas 751 CE

founder of the Abbasid Caliphate -Slaughtered the Umayyads to take over; invited remaining members of the Umayyads to a dinner to "talk peace" and slaughtered them mercilessly -Instead on trying to conquer, the Abbasids wanted to organize the places they ruled. -They were strongly influenced by the Persian Achaemenids in the way thy ran the government; they used regional governors to collect taxes -"Qadis" (judges) and "Ulama" (religious scholars) were government officials that helped every town follow the rules of Islam -Abbasid Caliphate would go on to be the the ruler of "Dar al-Islam" until the Mongols

The Xiongnu Huns

large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. T hey virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting. -They were like a predecessor to the Mongols. This group was constantly invading China and attacking the Han dynasty and would eventually lead to the down and collapse of the

Paterfamilias

the head of the family or household in Roman law -always male- and the only member to have full legal rights. This person had absolute power over his family, which extended to life and death. -This is evidence of the high levels of patriarchy in the Roman Republic

Collectivization of Agriculture

According to Marxist theory, in a communist country, the the government controls all of the land, the factories, and the economy. The government owns all major factories, mines, and agricultural products -The government also drives growth in a communist economy. For instance, the Five Year Plan in the Soviet Union -Part of the Five Year Plan was the ______________________. This mean that individual farmers joined their farms together to create a massive farm, the idea being they could work better together than separately -The collectivization failed miserably, as peasants resisted and millions died of starvation

Chandragupta Maurya 322 BCE

After Alexander the Great left, he killed the Nanda king (322 BCE) and began the Mauryan empire, An Indian military leader that began the Mauryan Empire. - He relied on his advisor named Kautilya who wrote a rulers handbook. -He organized the empire and used bureaucrats (officials) to help organize the empire. -He divided the empire into four provinces, each headed by a royal prince. -Each province was then divided into local districts whose official collected taxes and enforced the law. This CENTRALIZED POLITICAL ORGANIZATION was HUGE for India. He ruled for 32 years.

Yellow River

Also known as the Huang-He. The second longest river in China. The majority of ancient Chinese civilizations originated in its valley. Agriculture rose along the Yellow River and then it served as the heart of most of the other Chinese dynasties that rose up after agriculture rose up.

Legalism

Another Chinese philosophy that became popular before the Han and after the Han. The core of this belief was the best two ways to strengthen China was: agriculture and military! Remember: _____________ism teaches you to focus on Agriculture and the military!

First Emergence of Agriculture, 8,000 BCE

Around 10,000 years ago in 8,000 BCE, one of the most important revolutions in world history occurred. In several places around the world, people began to domesticate plants and agriculture began (farming began) -Agriculture began in a few key areas, and spread from there. It is crucial that you memorize the locations where agriculture began and spread from: -SW Asia--Mesopotamia -North Africa--The Nile River Valley in Egypt -South Asia: Indus River Valley in India -East Asia: Yellow River/Huang He Valley -Latin America: Mesoamerica (Mexico/Central Am) -Latin America: the Andes Mountains (South America)

Regional Trade Agreements-- ASEAN 1967

Back in 1450-1750 CE, all of the Europeans obeyed Mercantilism. According to mercantilism, it was important to put tariffs (taxes on trade) up that would make trade more difficult -In the 1900's, and particularly after WWII, the ideas of the Free Market started to spread. Countries started to form Economic Alliances/global trading blocs where countries in a region would agree to have no tariffs, and to open up trade fully between the countries. This mean that they took down tariffs and would open up free trade. -Another one of the biggest and most powerful economic alliances/trading blocs was ___________________________. This alliance was a global trading bloc in Southeast Asia that united countries like Vietnam, Thailand, and the Phillipines in a massive trading alliance. -This trading alliance has been incredibly successful and the economies of many of these countries have grown tremendously.

Ashoka Maurya 301 BCE

Chandragupta's grandson, took throne in 301 BCE, ruled for over 30 years and brought Mauryan Empire to great heights. -Took over territory and expanded the empire -Switched to Buddhism after seeing tragedies in a war--posted edicts written on stone pillars (life lessons) all around the city, telling people to live good lives and follow Buddhisms -He built long roads so he could visit farther parts of India -Centralized his government and created taxes and tax collectors to help him organize his government -After ___________________, the empire began to decline

550 BCE to 330 BCE

Dates of Achaemenid Empire in Persia (SW Asia)

Twelve Tables

Completed in 449 BCE, these civil laws developed by the Roman Republic following demands by plebeians. -The __________ are important to know as an example of laws the Romans used to run and organize their society. -Many of them contained rights that the Plebeians and every Roman citizen had; they were made to protect the rights of Roman citizens from tyranny

1914 - 1918 (World War I) 1939 - 1945 (World War II)

Dates for World War I and Dates for World War II

1917 CE

Dates for the Bolshevik Revolution

1299 - 1923 CE

Dates for the Ottoman Empire; ending date is when they fall

1613 CE - 1917 CE

Dates for the Romanov Dynasty

1603 - 1867 CE

Dates for the Samurai, Daimyo, and Bushido Systems and the dates for the Tokugawa Shogunate

Disease in the Roman Empire

During the 100's and 200's CE, this empire suffered population declines from disease -The biggest diseases having an impact were smallpox and measles -Smallpox even killed Emperor Marcus Aurelius -Diseases spread through the Roman Roads and the trade routes in the Mediterranean Sea Lanes

Adam Smith and "The Wealth of Nations"

During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way economies were run and how they worked -__________________wrote a book called ________________________where he promoted an economic theory called capitalism -This theory relied on competition between businesses; competition would drive all the prices in the free market economy -The "Invisible Hand" of competition would knock bad businesses out of business; the businesses that could become more efficient would be the ones that did well -This system promoted individuals to compete for themselves; "Every man for himself" mentality -It led to very strong inventions and economies, but it also led to huge gaps between the rich and the poor as some people like Carnegie and Rockefeller got incredibly rich, while the factory workers remained very poor -This term is the name of the economist and the book he published

Constantine 324 AD

Emperor of the Roman Empire who moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople. -He eventually converted to Christianity as well. He is the one that split the Roman Empire into East and West. So there were two capitals basically--Rome in the West, and Constantinople in the East. -So for this guy, remember: split Roman Empire in two, converted to Christianity, and created Constantinople as a capital city

Nirvana

For Buddhists, a state of Enlightenment. After long periods of meditation, if you have followed the Eightfold Path, you reach "nirvana"--a state where you have peace and knowledge. This is the ultimate goal of all Buddhists, to get to ________________.

Settler Colonies

From 1750 - 1914 CE, the Europeans developed industrialization and began a new round of aggressive Imperialism -The Europeans, Japan, and the United States began to take over Africa, India, and Asia in order to get resources, including the Scramble for Africa and dividing China into Spheres of Influence -Once the Europeans/Americans/Japanese took over, there were different types of colonies -In some colonies, the Europeans just sent the army and tried to make the natives work for resources -IN other colonies, Europeans actually migrated there to live and start settlements. Examples include Australia and South Africa, where the British actually tried to live -So this is a type of colony where the conquerors actually tried to live and establish settlements.

Mesopotamian Urban Planning

From 3200 BCE to 2350 BCE , 12 cities became incredibly powerful in Mesopotamia. Cities like Uruk and Babylon became populated and powerful. -As cities grew, they became more organized and developed into states. As a state, they formed governments that controlled not just the city but also the agricultural areas around the cities. -Mesopotamian cities were some of the first cities in the world. They were the first cities that were carefully designed and planned out by the Mesopotamians. By 3000 BCE, the city of Sumer had 100,000 people, which was a HUGE number for that time period. -Mesopotamian cities contained all sorts of buildings and sections: planned, gridded streets; massive temples known as ziggurats; palaces for the kings; and even early sewage and water systems -One of the major trademarks of Mesopotamian cities were large defensive walls that protected them from outside invaders like the Hittites, who would arrive wielding iron weapons on their chariots -One of the most famous and beautifully designed cities of all time was Babylon, which contained the famous "Hanging Gardens of Babylon." This garden was a massive, tiered pyramid structure that was covered in beautiful plants and gardens. It became known as one of the seven wonders of the world

Ziggurats

From 3200 BCE to 2350 BCE , 12 cities became incredibly powerful in Mesopotamia. Cities like Uruk and Babylon became populated and powerful. -As cities grew, they became more organized and developed into states. As a state, they formed governments that controlled not just the city but also the agricultural areas around the cities. -One of the major projects that the Mesopotamian city-states began was the construction of massive ___________________. These were huge temples that were devoted to local gods, and were examples of monumental architecture -In the city of Uruk, a massive temple was built in 3200 BCE to honor the fertility Goddess Inanna. Scholars estimate that it took 1,500 laborers working ten hours per day almost five years to complete

The Ziggurat Temple of Inanna

From 3200 BCE to 2350 BCE , 12 cities became incredibly powerful in Mesopotamia. Cities like Uruk and Babylon became populated and powerful. -As cities grew, they became more organized and developed into states. As a state, they formed governments that controlled not just the city but also the agricultural areas around the cities. -One of the major projects that the Mesopotamian city-states began was the construction of massive ___________________. These were huge temples that were devoted to local gods, and were examples of monumental architecture -In the city of Uruk, a massive temple was built in 3200 BCE to honor the fertility Goddess _____________________. Scholars estimate that it took 1,500 laborers working ten hours per day almost five years to complete -This term is the name for the temples and the actual name of the temple that honored the goddess _____________________________________

Karma

If you follow Hinduism properly, you will have this and you will be reborn into a higher caste. If you don't follow the rules of Hinduism, you will have bad ___________ and you will be reborn into a lower class or maybe even as a bug or animal.

Three Ancient Religions 8,000 BCE to 600 CE

In Era 1, 8,000 BCE to 600 CE, three ancient religions began to develop that would lay the foundation for later religions -These were the first three major organized religions that continued for thousands of years -The Vedic Religion--brought by Aryans into India, becomes Hinduism -Hebrew Monotheism---Started in SW Asia, would become Juidaism and lay the foundation for Christianity -Zoroastrianism--first official state sponsored religion, sponsored by Achaemenids. Zoroastrianism still a major religion today.

Porcelain Production in the Tang/Song Dynasties

Major luxury good created in China -Thin pottery, very delicate and pretty -Traded to the wealthy in India, Persia, East Africa, and Europe along the silk roads -Would leave from major trading cities like Chang'an and Hangzhou

Chandra Gupta II

Most important ruler of the Gupta Dynasty -Further expanded the empire and strengthened its economy. -His reign was a period of prosperity. -Gupta Empire reached its height under his rule. -Unlike Ashoka, the Gupta Emperors were not as detail oriented as Ashoka and the Mauryans had been. They were also not as centralized. -The Guptas left local government and administration in the hands of their allies in the different regions of the empire. On the other hand, Ashoka, the Mauryan ruler, had wanted to govern everything carefully himself from the capital city

Important Dates Egypt :

Nile River Valley Agriculture: 5000 BCE Unification of Egypt by Menes: 3100 BCE Fall of Egypt: 550 BCE Egyptian Hieroglyphic Writing: 3200 BCE Book of the Dead: 1550 BCE to 50 BCE

Alexander the Great

One of the Greatest Conquerors of all time. -He was an outstanding General. His troops conquered far and wide. By the age of 30, he had created one of the largest empires in history -His invasion is what brought down the Achaemenid Empire, he burned Peresepolis to the ground -conquered much land in Asia Minor, India, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; -goal was to conquer the known world; died at 32; is considered one of the great military minds of all time

Silk Roads Trade and Increase of Long Distance Trade and Travel 200 CE to 1450 CE + Saddles 800 BCE and Stirrups 200 CE

PART 1 OF THIS TERM: An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. -Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay. The _________ _________s were really important because not only did silk and goods travel on them, but religion, technology, and ideas also travelled as well. They began in a major way during THE HAN DYNASTY. Han Wudi aided in the construction of many of the early roads that would become the start of the Silk Road in East Asia -Went all the West and ended in the Middle East/Persia/ Mediterranean Area -Also had a sea route through Indian Ocean -Silk, porcelain, and spices travelled West from China -Horses, wool, iron tools, going East from Mediterranean region -Huge in spreading religions like Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam THE SECOND PART OF THIS TERM: -Technology used on horses -The domestication of Horses (taming and training them) made long distance travel and trade much easier -These inventions were incredibly important in using horses and allowed riders to have better control over horses

Ahura Mazda

Part of the Zoroastrianism belief Supreme god - (he represents good) Battles with Angra Mainyu (who represents bad) -Zoroastrianism--first state sponsored religion in Achaemenid Empire

Augustus Caesar and the Roman Empire 0 CE to 476 CE

Part of the second triumvirate whom the power eventually shifted to, he took over after Julius Caesar. Assumed the name _______________ Caesar, and became emperor. -Was the end of the Roman Republic, as he started the Roman Empire. -Greatly increased Roman power, extended the empire, extended the roads and trade. The Roman Roads were CRITICAL to the success of trade and the movement of the military, and this ruler had a big impact on the building and extension of the Roman Roads -Known as a great and powerful emperor.

"The Arabian Nights" around 900 CE

Persia is basically the territory that the Achaemenids ruled, it also used to be Mesopotamia. Ancient Persian culture influenced Islam and the Abbasid Caliphate in lots of different ways -Persian influence also affected Islamic literature. Islamic literature was written in Persian; the most famous collection of stories was known as ______________________ -The stories presented popular tales of romance, adventure, and daring set in the court of the wealthy Abbasid Caliph, Harun Al-Rashid -You can still read the stories today, they are famous and fun! The movie "Aladdin" is loosely based off one of the most famous stories

Zoroaster

Person whose teachings Zoroastrianism is based off of. Part of the Achaemenid/Persian religious beliefs. -Unknown when he lived and died -Know about his life through the Avesta text Created one of the oldest religions in the world; promoted the idea that there was a struggle between Ahura Mazda (good god) and Angra Mainyu (bad god)

The Purposes and Effects of Religion, 8,000 BCE to Present

Religion served many purposes in the development of early societies and had many effects. The purposes and effects of religion include: -Providing an ethical and moral code to live by -Providing a bond and community among people who shared the same religion -Social stratification was increased as classes of priests reached a higher status than lower classes -Political stratification (power being separated) was also increased as the elites used religion to justify their rule -Political rulers, especially absolute monarchs and emperors, used religion to justify their power and explain why they and their heirs (younger family members) should deserve absolute power. Examples include the Mandate of Heaven (China), the Divine Right of Kings (Europe), Incan and Aztez demi-god status of Emperors, etc. -Religions could also lead to conflict, even armed military conflict, as civilizations with different religions fought each other. It could even lead to Civil War, as within one religion people might argue and fight over the rules (Martin Luther and the Protestants v. the Catholics and the Pope, Sunni Islam v. Shi'a Islam, etc.)

Zoroastrianism

Religious belief of the Achaemenid/Persian Empire. -Based on the teachings of Zoroaster. -Battle between Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu (good and evil). It emphasized that people should live a moral life. -Religious text called Avesta. -One of the first monotheistic (single god) religions. -First state sponsored religion, meaning that the Achaemenid government promoted and encouraged people to follow this religion

Persian Royal Road

Road created by the Achaemenids -used for trade with Egypt, India and other kingdoms in the Middle East -Common goods--textiles (cloths), spices, wool, ivory -Created by Darius the Great -1,677 miles long. A mounted rider could travel it in 7 days

Effects of the Little Ice Age 1300 - 1800 CE

THESE ARE THE EFFECTS OF THE LITTLE ICE AGE -This led to a contraction (shrinking) of human settlement in many areas of the Northern Hemisphere -The Northern Hemisphere means people living in the northern half of the globe, like in Alaska, Canada, Northern Europe, Russia, etc. -It also led to some changing agricultural practices as certain crops could no longer grow in certain areas -The Viking (Norse) colonies in Greenland disappeared as a result of the decreasing temperatures and their ability to grow anything -as a result of the changing agricultural practices and lack of food, there were several famines (starvation periods), such as the Great Famine of -1315-1317 CE -As usual, in times of strife, people blamed other humans for the problems. Witch hunting increased in Europe as a result of the Little Ice Age as people sought to blame and burn women as a result

Iron Plows

Technology that helped agriculture during the Tang and Song Dynasties -used to prepare the fields to grow rice -would be hooked up to a team of oxen or horses and dragged behind them; -The improvement in agriculture led to a huge increase in urbanization in China as Chinese cities grew to be the biggest in the world; Chang'an had a population of 2 million and Hangzhou had a population of 1 million

Satrapies

The 20 states into which Darius divided the Persian Empire. Think of a __________ like a "State" in the US. Each state had its own governor that collected taxes and gave them back to Darius at his capital city of Persepolis. -Part of the political structure of the Achaemenid Empire

The Medes and The Persians

Two groups of people who Migrated from Asia (Central Asia) to found the Achaemenid Empire. Took over Mesopotamia and started a new empire. -Nomadic people -Brought horses with them and used horses very effectively to take over land and territory in their military

Consul

Under the Roman Republic, one of the two magistrates holding supreme civil and military authority. -Nominated by the Senate and elected by citizens in the Comitia Centuriata, the _____________ held office for one year and each had power of veto over the other. -During the Roman Republic, these are going to be the two most powerful leaders in the government and the highest office in the Roman Republic -Typically was an elite patrician; plebeians could not run for consul

Achaemenid Trade

Used Persian Royal Road created by the Achaemenids -Achaemenids had a TON of trade, this was huge for them -trade with Egypt, India and other kingdoms in the Middle East -Common goods--textiles (cloths), spices, wool, ivory

Deng Xiaoping 1978 - 1992 (in power)

World War II ended in 1945, China became Communist, which had been a civil war for a long time -As a communist country, the government began to control all aspects of the economy. In a capitalist country, the government doesn't own factories, businesses, or set prices. In a communist country like China, the government controls the economy more directly -However, attempts at government control under Mao Zedong from 1945 to 1976 had not gone well. The Great Leap Forward had failed miserably. -Under China's new leader from 1978 - 1992, ________________________, China started to open up its economy and use a more "free market" approach -This meant the economy was more like capitalism and there was more private ownership and competition; there was more free trade and people were allowed to keep profits -_________________ really opened up the Chinese economy; he also sent in troops to squash the Tiananmen Square protests, where TankMan showed up!