AP World History: Chapters 33, 34, & 35

Ayatollah Khomeini

Ayatollah Khomeini became the supreme religious leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979, following many years of resistance to Shah Pahlavi. Following his appointment as Ayatollah, Khomeini worked to remove the Shah from power for his associations with the West. Upon the success of the revolution Ayatollah Khomeini was named religious and political leader of Iran for life.

Benazir Bhutto

Benazir Bhutto was the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan, serving two non-consecutive terms in 1988-90 and then 1993-96. (female)

Boris Yelstin

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin was a Russian politician and the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999.

child solders

Child soldiers are any children under the age of 18 who are recruited by a state or non-state armed group and used as fighters, cooks, suicide bombers, human shields, messengers, spies, or for sexual purposes.

Deng Xiaoping

Deng Xiaoping, was a Chinese revolutionary and statesman. He was the paramount leader of China from 1978 until his retirement in 1992. After Mao Zedong's death, Deng led his country through far-reaching market-economy reforms

East Pakistan -> Bangladesh

East Pakistan, present-day Bangladesh, was a provincial state of Pakistan that existed in the Bengal region of the northeast of South Asia from 1955 until 1971, following the One Unit programme that laid the existence of East Pakistan.

Gamal Abdul Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year.

Hong Kong

Hong Kong is a city, and former British colony, in southeastern China. Vibrant and densely populated, it's a major port and global financial center famed for its tower-studded skyline. It's also known for its lively food scene - from Cantonese dim sum to extravagant high tea - and its shopping, with options spanning chaotic Temple Street Night Market to the city's innumerable bespoke tailors.

Four Modernizations

Image result for Four Modernizationsdepts.washington.edu The Four Modernizations were goals first set forth by Zhou Enlai in 1963, and enacted by Deng Xiaoping, starting in 1978, to strengthen the fields of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology in China.

Red Guards

In 1966, a group of middle school students in Beijing named themselves "Chairman Mao's Red Guards." Mao's support for them led to the name "Red Guard" being adopted by groups who were sanctioned by Mao and his supporters to "rebel against the system" all over China.

Indira Gandhi

Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi was a key 20th century stateswoman, a central figure of the Indian National Congress party, and to date the only female Prime Minister of India.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev is a former Soviet statesman. He was the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991 when the party was dissolved

Anwar Sadat & Camp David

Muhammad Anwar El Sadat was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Camp David is the country retreat of the President of the United States. It is located in wooded hills about 62 miles north-northwest of Washington, D.C., in Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland.

Hosni Mubarak

Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak is a former Egyptian military and political leader who served as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011. Before he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in the Egyptian Air Force.

Nelson Mandela

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist, who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.

primary products

Primary products are goods that are available from cultivating raw materials without a manufacturing process. Significant primary product industries include, agriculture, fishing, mining, and forestry.

Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor, who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. He cut taxes, increased defense spending, negotiated a nuclear arms reduction agreement with the Soviets and is credited with helping to bring a quicker end to the Cold War.

Rwanda

Rwanda is a landlocked East African country whose green, mountainous landscape has earned it the nickname "Land of a Thousand Hills." Its renowned Volcanoes National Park is home to mountain gorillas and golden monkeys. Bordering Congo and Uganda, the park encompasses 4,507m-tall Mt. Karisimbi and 4 other forested volcanoes. Kigali, the nation's sprawling capital, has a vibrant restaurant and nightlife scene.

glasnost

Soviet policy of open discussion of political and social issues. It was instituted by Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s and began the democratization of the Soviet Union.

Steve Biko

Stephen Bantu Biko was an anti-apartheid activist in South Africa in the 1960s and 1970s. A student leader, he later founded the Black Consciousness Movement which would empower and mobilize much of the urban black population

African National Congress

The African National Congress is the Republic of South Africa's governing social democratic political party.

Dien Bien Phu

The Battle of Dien Bien Phu was the climactic confrontation of the First Indochina War between the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps and Viet Minh communist-nationalist revolutionaries

Chechnya

The Chechen Republic, commonly referred to as Chechnya, also spelled Chechnia or Chechenia, sometimes referred to as Ichkeria, is a federal subject of Russia.

Cultural Revolution

The Cultural Revolution is the name given to Mao's attempt to reassert his beliefs in China. Mao had been less than a dynamic leader from the late 1950's on, and feared others in the party might be taking on a leading role that weakened his power within the party and the country.

"Fifth Modernization"

The Fifth Modernization originally began as a signed wall poster placed by Wei Jingsheng on December 5, 1978 on the Democracy Wall in Beijing.

Gang of Four

The Gang of Four was a political faction composed of four Chinese Communist Party officials. They came to prominence during the Cultural Revolution and were later charged with a series of treasonous crimes.

Green Revolution

The Green Revolution refers to a set of research, development, and technology transfer initiatives occurring between the 1930s and the late 1960s (with prequels in the work of the agrarian geneticist Nazareno Strampelli in the 1920s and 1930s), that increased agricultural production worldwide, particularly in the developing world, beginning most markedly in the late 1960s.

Persian Gulf War

The Gulf War codenamed Operation Desert Shield for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm in its combat phase, was a war in the Persian Gulf region waged by United States-led coalition forces from 34 nations against Ba'athist Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait.

Korean War

The Korean War was a war between North and South Korea, in which a United Nations force led by the United States fought for the South, and China fought for the North, which was also assisted by the Soviet Union.

"Korean Miracle"

The Miracle on the Han River is a term coined in the late 1950s to describe the rapid economic growth of South Korea following the Korean War, transforming from a developing country to a developed country.

Pacific Rim

The Pacific Rim are the lands around the rim of the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Basin includes the Pacific Rim and the islands in the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Rim roughly overlaps with the geologic Pacific Ring of Fire.

Pahlavi Dynasty

The Pahlavi dynasty was the ruling house of Iran from 1925 until 1979, when the monarchy was overthrown and abolished as a result of the Iranian Revolution.

Six Day War

The Six-Day War, also known as the June War, 1967 Arab-Israeli War, or Third Arab-Israeli War, was fought between June 5 and 10, 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria.

Suez Canal Crisis

The Suez Crisis, also named the Tripartite Aggression and the Kadesh Operation, was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France.

Vietnam War

The Vietnam War was a long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern allies, known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States

neocolonial economy

The dominance of strong nations over weak nations, not by direct political control (as in traditional colonialism), but by economic and cultural influence. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Vladimir Putin

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin has been the President of Russia since 7 May 2012, succeeding Dmitry Medvedev. Putin served as prime minister from 1999 to 2000, as President from 2000 to 2008, and again as Prime Minister from 2008 to 2012.

Corazon Aquino

a Filipino politician who served as the 11th President of the Philippines.(female)

Ho Chi Minh

a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who was prime minister and president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.

Tiananmen Square

a large city square in the centre of Beijing, China, named after the Tiananmen gate (Gate of Heavenly Peace) located to its North, separating it from the Forbidden City. The square contains the monuments to the heroes of the revolution, the great hall of people, the National Museum of China, and the Chairman Mao Zedong Memorial Hall (with Mao's embalmed body

Perestroika

a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s, widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "openness") policy reform.

homelands/Bantustans

a territory set aside for black inhabitants of South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia), as part of the policy of apartheid.

Taiwan & the Guodmindang

after the success of the Communist Party in China, the Guomindang, or Nationalists, fled to Taiwan

Great Leap Forward

an economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China (CPC) from 1958 to 1961.

"Japan, Incorporated"

corporate world of Japan that came about during the 1980s boom, when Western business people saw how closely the Japanese government worked with its nation's business sector.

Iranian Revolution

events involving the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, who was supported by the United States and its eventual replacement with a National republic under the Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution, supported by various leftist and Islamic organizations and Iranian student movements.

party cadres

parties dominated by politically elite groups of activists—developed in Europe and America during the 19th century. Except in some of the states of the United States, France from 1848, and the German Empire from 1871, the suffrage was largely restricted to taxpayers and property owners, and, even when the right to vote was given to larger numbers of people

Yugoslavia

was a country in Southeast Europe during most of the 20th century. It came into existence after World War I in 1918[i] under the name of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes by the merger of the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs with the formerly independent Kingdom of Serbia.

Congress of People's Deputies

was the highest body of state authority of the Soviet Union from 1989 to 1991. created as part of Mikhail Gorbachev's reform agenda, and was enabled by Gorbachev's first constitutional change.