AP World History Concept 5 Industrialization and Global Integration

Communism

1848 - Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish Communist Manifesto - their critique of capitalism Capitalism divides the society into two basic classed Proletariat - working class (factories, mines) with little compensation Bourgeoisie - middle class/capitalist - who owned the machinery and factories where the working class produced goods - exploiting the protetariat endlessly for the sake of profit. The struggle between the owners of the machinery and the workers who worked the machines (physical/dangerous work) and received very little compensation will result in an uprising where the workers take control of the means and share the profits equally This will usher in an era of equality and justice

Japan (1867)

1867 - The last shogun abdicated and restored the emperor to power after daimyo uprisings - putting the emperor back into the day to day running of the government

Ottoman Empire (Ali as a Reformer)

Ali as a Reformer Acted independently from the sultans Made Egypt's army modern in based on European model Introduced the practice of conscription (all men - even peasants) Established schools Taxed peasants high so they would be forced to give up lands - putting valuable land in the hands of the government (cotton production) Secularized religious lands Put Egypt on path of industrialization - built factories & shops Built a modern navy

Industrial Revolution (Background)

Background Began in Britain - eventually spreads to other countries in northwest Europe and North America (eventually into Japan and Russia) During 18th century - most families in Britain lived in rural areas, grew their own food and mode their own clothes Wool and flax had been raised domestically - fabric spun in their homes Result of British imperialism - especially in India - Indian cotton became available and became high in demand (wool and flax could not be produced as fast or in as much quantity) British create cottage industry system (using cotton from slave labor in N. America) to compete with Indian cotton - have women weave cotton in their homes (hard work/low pay - degree of independence) - very slow Investors wanted a new/faster way to increase production

Creole Revolutions in Latin America (Background)

Background Creoles - born of European parents in the Americas Well educated and well aware of enlightened ideas Understood the reasons behind the American and French Revolutions Considered themselves superior to the mestizos and Africans Wealthy landowners, mine owners, and businesspeople

Haitian Revolution (Background)

Background Haiti - western end of the island of St. Domingue French colony - rich land - sugar and coffee Escaped Slaves - (Maroons) - revolted against white masters, killing them and burning down their homes (Maroons were located in the Mountains) Inspired by American and French Revolutions - rebellion grows

Japan (Background)

Background - Isolation Conscious decision by Japan to remain isolated from 1600 - 1854 Early brushed with the Portuguese and Dutch made Japan withdraw Eventually Japan yields to pressure from the U.S. and Commodore Matthew Perry in 1853 when four ships forced their way into Yedo and Tokyo - asking for trading privileges 1854 - Perry returns with more ships and demands more trading ports be open - Japan gives in (Britain, Netherlands and Russia all follow suit) Japan opened itself up to western technology while avoiding the issues China and Ottoman Empire were having with European influence Japan rapidly modernized but kept many social traditions Anti-foreign feelings begin to arise after Japan signs treaties with Western nations that allowed extraterritoriality and privileges (Japanese nobles and samurai were impoverished and forced to agree)

American Revolution

Background/Causes - French and Indian War (Seven Years War) - 1st Global War - Ends with British victory over French - removes France from Canada & India - Very expensive war leads to... - Taxes - Direct/Indirect Taxes - No colonial representation in Parliament "No Taxation without Representation" Major Events Leading up to War - Stamp Act Congress - Boston Massacre - Boston Tea Party - 1st/2nd Continental Congress - Declaration of Independence - Inspired by John Locke's idea of natural rights - Pushed by Thomas Paine's Common Sense - Treaty of Paris 1783 - Gave America independence - New nation goes from Maine to northern Florida and as far west as the Mississippi River - American Constitution - 1787 - Replaced Articles of Confederations (1777 - 1787) - Creates 3 branches of Government (Judicial, Legislative, Executive) - Illustrated the idea of separation of powers, checks and balances, and federalism - Bill of Rights added (1st 10 amendments) to protect individual rights

Development of Nations

Beginning in the 18th century, people around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory. These newly imagined national communities linked this identity with the borders of the state, while governments used this idea to unite diverse populations

Industrial Revolution (Effect)

Effects of the Industrial Revolution - Effects on Families Families not longer worked in close proximity - now they had to leave home to go to work 14 hours a day in a factory - 6 days a week - low wages - Child Labor was used to earn more money or to fit into tight spots Effects on Urban Areas Industrialization increased urbanization Little government planning for the growth of cities left a damaging effect - tenements/slums developed Unsanitary conditions were breading grounds for disease Effects on Class Structure New classes emerged (working class/slum dwellers) Unskilled labor left the workers more easily replaced Educated people became the management (white collar and blue collar jobs are developed) The creation of wealthy industrialists (Captains of industry or Robber Barons) soon overshadowed the landed aristocracy Effect on Women's Lives Many women went to work for money - half pay of men Some women became house wives - Middle class - became a status symbol of an well-off family The beginning of the cult of domesticity - leading to advertisers encouraging women to buy items Pamphlets instructed middle-class women on how to care for the home, raise children, behave in polite society and urged them to be pious, submissive, pure, and domestic Feminism was spurred on (Seneca Falls ) - seeking equality for women Effects on Mass Culture Created a culture of consumerism More leisure time with disposable income Effects on Environment Burning of fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas) - harmful to environment Water pollution, Air pollution became commonplace Effects on Business Organization New ways to organize businesses Giant Cororations - minimized risk - corporations is a business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders (individuals who buy partial ownership directly from the company when it is formed or later through a stock market) Stockholders might receive sums of money, known as dividends, from a corporation when it makes a profit The most a stockholder can lose is what they paid for the original stock Monopolies - when one business controls all aspects of a specific business - eliminating competition

Creole Revolutions in Latin America (Bolivar Revolutions)

Bolivar Revolutions - South America Creoles desire for independence from Spain but refuse to support the masses of people (the mestizos, Indians, and mullattos ) out of fear of the radical violence Simon Bolivar - creole - supports enlightenment ideas and becomes instrumental in the independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru Bolivar's goals and concerns for Latin America is seen in his "Jamaica Letter" (1815) His fighting and liberation movement created the Gran Colombia - attempting to model the federation after the U.S. and rule by Enlightened ideas. Bolivar was president of the Gran Colombia - a vast area of northern South America made up of present day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, northern Peru, western Guyana, and northwest Brazil. The Gran Colombia was broken up after Bolivar's death into Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador in 1830 Jose de San Martin South American creole who defeated the Spanish to establish an independent government He set up independent republics of Argentina (1816) Chile (1821) and Bolivia By 1825 - most of South America was independent and all of the new republics were born from Enlightenment thought

Comparing Haitian & French Revolutions

Both grew out of the Enlightenment's idea of natural rights and citizenship Both argued that legal restraints were limiting the freedom of people but placing them into certain classes or estates (Haitian was more severe since it was led by slaves who had no rights) Poverty plagues Haiti while France, the protection of property and reform in taxation helps France's economy recover and thrive Both increased Freedom France saw the destruction of feudalism and the legal establishment of the estates Haiti saw the abolishment of slavery and increased rights of the citizen

Creole Revolutions in Latin America (Brazil)

Brazil 1807 - Portuguese Prince John fled Portugal after the attack by Napoleon and ruled Brazil 1821 - Prince John moves back to Portugal and rules as King John VI His son, Dom Pedro I stayed in Brazil as their leader When the Portuguese government threatened Brazilian autonomy, Brazil threatens revolution Dom Pedro sided with Brazil and declares Brazil's independence - naming himself Emperor Pedro I (constitutional monarchy) Stays a monarchy until 1889 - until a conservative coup led by the military and upper class create a republic

Imperialism (India)

British East India Company established commercial relationship with Mughal Empire British use native Indians to police their holdings in India - called sepoys (consisted of both Muslims and Hindus - led by British officers). Sepoy Mutiny - 1857 - began when Muslims believed rifles were greased with pig fat and Hindus believed it was greased with cow fat (believed British were trying to convert them to Christianity) Smaller cause for the uprising was the Sepoy's believed they were going to fight in China for the British during the Opium Wars Result was the death of thousands of Indian soldiers and the removal of the British East India Co. and the take over of India by the crown - the last Mughal Emperor was arrested and exiled. The British crown - under the government of the raj colonial government - ruled India until 1947

Japan

Japan made rapid changes to a modern/industrialized country - less than 50 years

Creole Revolutions in Latin America (Causes)

Causes Creoles wanted independence from Spain due to Spain's mercantilist policies (required colonists buy only Spanish goods and seel their good only to Spain) All important government jobs in the colonies went to the Peninsulares - causing Creole resentment and desire for more political power Mestizos also wanted political power and the ability to share in the wealth of the colonies

Industrial Revolution (Causes)

Causes of Industrial Revolution Growth of Technology Spinning Jenny - James Hargreaves - allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time - 1760s Water Frame - Richard Arkwright - 1769 - used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel (doomed the home cottage system - moved the work to factories to house bulky equipment) - creating the factory system Interchangeable Parts 1798 - Eli Whitney (cotton gin) - created a system of interchangeable parts for manufacturing firearms for U.S. military replacing the broken component of a machine instead of the entire product Entrepreneurs use this idea to other manufactured products Unskilled laborers were in demand more now - not needing skilled laborers to craft every component of a product - leading to a division of labor among workers This same idea leads Henry Ford to develop the assembly line Steam Engine Created by James Watt - 1765 - harnessed coal power to create steam - which in turn generated energy for mechanical devices in textile factories Used in Railroads and eventually on ships Population Growth Agricultural Revoltion (slightly pre-dates Industrial Revolution) - increased farm productivity Crop rotation (rotating different crops in and out of a field each year) Seed Drill (a device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot on the ground) Introduction of the Potato from S. America Populations grew due to more food - more food allows populations to grow Less workers needed on farms due to machines - more people to work in factories Urbanization Growing populations leave rural areas and move to urban areas Enclosure Movement no longer allowed farmers to use government property - forcing many farmers to become landless and move to cities for work British Advantages Geographic advantages Located on Atlantic Ocean - many seaways Well placed to import/export raw materials Abundance of Coal and other natural resources (Iron, rivers, timber) Financial Advantages Colonial Power - resources and markets available Wealth accumulated (mostly from slave trade) allowed for investments, capital, and private entrepreneurs Naval Power World's strongest fleet of ships - commercial and defense (Navy) Legal Protection of Private property Entrepreneurs needed the assurance that the business they created and built up would not be taken away, either by other businesspeople or by goverment

Stages of most revolutions

Citizens become dissatisfied with government Moderates gain more power Radicals take over in a "terror" phase The process culminates in a period of relative calm and acceptance

Japan (Collapse of the Shogunate)

Collapse of the Shogunate Japanese hierarchy (Emperor - traditional figure head/supreme ruler) followed by shogun ( true governors of Japan/military dictators since 12th century) 19th century shoguns unable to govern with so much European and domestic critics Different daimyo of Japanese provinces begin reacting both negatively and positively to Western influences - weakening the overall power of the shogun

French Revolution (Congress of Vienna)

Congress of Vienna Led by Klemens von Metternich of Austria Sets up Conservative view point Restore former boundaries Restore former dynasties (Principle of Legitimacy) Pledged to maintain a balance of power in Europe (Principle of Intervention)

Revolutions

Conservatives resisted the new ideas of representative government and change. As urbanization increased and a new middle class rose out of the Industrial Revolution, people increasingly protested against governments that failed to recognize individual and natural rights.

French Revolution (National Assembly)

Creation of the National Assembly (1789 - 1792) Louis XVI is forced to call the Estates General to order to deal with economic situation 1st and 2nd Estate consistently outvotes 3rd Estate in regards to any changes 3rd Estate is locked out of the meeting house and meet across the street at a Tennis Court - Pledging the Tennis Court Oath (a promise to continue meeting until a fair and equal constitution was created) The King threatens their arrest, but is forced to deal with angry mobs protesting lack of food July 14, 1780 - Storming of the Bastille - political prison and symbol of the traditional regime (French Independence Day) Uprisings against the nobility throughout France forces Louis to accept the National Assembly as the government Changes under National Assembly France becomes a constitutional monarchy Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen is adopted Abolishment of feudalism Civil Constitution of the Clergy - abolishes special privileges of the Catholic Church Nobility and Louis XVI refusal to truly accept a limited monarch leads radicals (Jacobins to rise up in Paris...

Zionism

Desire for the Jews of Europe to move to Israel (Palestine) and other places to reestablish an independent homeland for the Jews after thousands of years of diaspora Protest the Dreyfus Affair - A Jewish military officer is wrongly convicted of treason against the French government based on forged documents - illustrates anti-Semitic prejudice throughout the world Jews believed assimilation was not possible and they needed a homeland state of their own (Israel is born in 1948)

French Revolution (Directory)

Directory - conservative reaction (1794 - 1799) Government headed by a 5 man team Reforms made to preserve natural rights Abolished slavery in French colonies Reformed education and prohibited primogeniture Development of nationalism Corruption leads to the push for a coup de et by Napoleon

Imperialism (Asia)

Dutch settlements in Southeast Asia - Indonesia French settlements in Southeast Asia - Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia

Imperialism (Motives)

Economic Motives Desire for raw materials (cotton, copper, rubber) Markets - new potential consumers Agricultural Resources (cash crops) Tea, cotton, sugar, palm oil, rubber, coffee Negative effect on colony - only allowed to produce and grow the cash crop in mass quantities - not growing needed staple crops (monocultures - lack of agricultural diversity) Crop disease and pests spread more easily when there is only one crop planted in an area Railways in Colonies This was a symbol that the mother country was helping the local people Labor Systems - cheap labor/indentured laborers were an attractive reasons to expand and become imperialistic

Ottoman Empire (Investment)

European Investment Ottoman government allowed foreigners to set up banking offices and influenced in Istanbul These foreigners lived in their own areas of the city and were granted extraterritoriality - the right of foreign residents in a country to live under the laws of their home country Capitulations - concessions made by the sultans to foreign nations regarding trading rights - especially in North Africa - to avoid being attacked.

Major Developments in Transportation and Communication

Examples of developments in Transportation and Communication Railroads Steamships Telegraphs Canals

Ottoman Empire (Expansion of Power)

Expansion of Ali's Power Over next 10 years - Ali consolidated his power by defeating the Mamluks Wahhabis (Islamic fundamentalist group) took Mecca and Medina from the Ottoman Empire - leading the sultan to ask Ali to recapture these areas - which they did. 1820 - Ali waged campaigns to the south to gain control of the Sudan for Egypt (without sultan's permission) Ali sent an army and navy to deal with Greek independent movement in return for the promise for the island of Crete Greece, with the help of Russia, France and Great Britain - was able to win its independence in 1832. Ali expanded into Syria - led by his son Ibrahim (1831-1832) - continued to invade Anatolia (heart of Ottoman Empire) This forced the hand the European hand and forced Egypt to withdraw - Europe wanted to decide on the fate of the Empire European leaders allowed descendants of Muhammad Ali to rule Egypt until 1952 - with severely limited powers

Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced

Factors that led to the rise of industrial production Europe's location on the Atlantic Ocean The geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber European demographic changes Urbanization Improved agricultural productivity Legal protection of private property An abundance of rivers and canals Access to foreign resources The accumulation of capital Industrialization Has many positive effects on life Steam Power is better than Horse Power Industrial Revolution makes life more efficient Negative issues Pollution Bad for the environment Cheap Labor More of a hunger for profit than good labor Scarcity → Leads to demand → To willingness to buy a more expensive item Competition lowers prices Less of an item → More Expensive More of an item → Less Expensive The development of machines (steam engines & internal combustion engine) made it possible to exploit vast new sources of energy stored in fossil fuels (coal and oil) The "Fossil Fuels" revolution greatly increased the energy available Good → Now produced in factories Manager to worker society had begun Family and Working Class dynamics are changed Everything now relies on natural resources Industrial Revolution → Started in England Had coal and water resources → Abundance They still had control of the colonies → Got raw materials from them England → Global Empire More Food → Higher Population → More laborers Less People working in factories → More people have to work the land/rural areas Makes rural production run faster

Ottoman Empire

Failure to modernize, declining in trade & overexpansion led to the weakening of the Empire

Seven Years War

First technical world war Started with the French and Indian war Between the British and the French French beat the British and leave Britain confused French → Use guerilla style warfare Helped to beat up british Guerilla Style → Surprise attacks While the british war red uniforms → French used brown and green French could not be seen in the American forests Estates General → State General Can change economic things Take control of Economic Issues Can only meet under Louis' command 1611 → 1783 200 years the group was not called together Due to france being bankrupt Louis keeps spending everything Due to his spending and his father's spending They are 100% bankrupt Coup d'état → A notable or successful stroke or move Reference to the use of guillotines

French Revolution (Background/Causes)

French Revolution (1789 - 1815) - (Liberty, Equality, Fraternity) Background/Causes Inequality in 3 Estates System 1st Estate - Clergy (less than 1% of population - 10% land) 2nd Estate - Nobility (less than 2 % of population - 25 % land) 3rd Estate - Everyone Else (97 % of population - 65% land) Consisted of peasants and bourgeoisie) Only Estate forced to pay National Tax Economic Woes - Severely indebt after American Revolution Bad Harvest Poor Leadership by Absolutist Kings (Louis XVI the last) Inspiration from American Revolution Enlightenment ideas

Response to the Development and Spread of Global Capitalism

In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages, while others opposed capitalist exploitation of workers by promoting alternative visions of society Utopian Socialism Marxism Anarchism In Qing China and the Ottoman Empire, some members of the government resisted economic change and attempted to maintain pre industrial forms of economic production

Reformists and Revolutions

Increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformists and revolutionary movements Subjects began to challenge the centralized imperial governments Marathas to the Mughal Sultans American colonial subjects led a series of rebellions, which facilitated the emergence of independent states in the United States, Haiti and mainland Latin America. French subjects rebelled against their monarchy American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Latin American independence movements Slave resistance challenged existing authorities in the Americas Establishments of Maroon societies

Imperial Resistance Cont...

Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anti colonial movements Indian Revolt of 1857 (Sepoy Mutiny) Boxer Rebellion (China) Some rebellions were influenced by religious ideas and millenarianism Taiping Rebellion Ghost Dance Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement Responses to increasingly frequent rebellions led to reforms in imperial policies Tanzimat movement Self-Strengthening Movement

Industrialization and Global Integration

Industrialization fundamentally altered the production of goods around the world. It not only changed how goods were produced and consumed, as well as what was considered a "good,"but it also had far-reaching effects on the global economy, social relations, and culture. Although it is common to speak of an "Industrial Revolution," the purpose of industrialization was a gradual one that unfolded over the course of the 18th and 19th centuries, eventually becoming global

Industrial Revolution

Industrialization refers not only to the increased mechanization of production but also to the social changes that accompanied this shift

Imperialism (Africa)

Long standing relationship with coastal Africa (Slave Trade) - abolishes the slave trade in early 1800s Continued to trade guns, alcohol & factory goods to Africa in return for palm oil, gold and ivory (eventually diamonds as well) 1830 - French seize Algeria Dutch immigrants lived in South Africa since the 1600s (British come in 1806) Second half of 1800s Europe enters the heart of Africa due to better military technology and quinine (a medicine that treats malaria) Congo 1875 - All Western European nations wanted this region - with Belgium King Leopold II poised to take it (Belgium had high quantities of copper and rubber) European nations create the ICC (International Congo Corp.) - with Leopold as the head of it to share in the immense profits of this region - until 1908 when Belgium took control fully Suez Canal Connects the Red Sea with Mediterranean Sea 1869 - French company using Egyptian Corvee Laborers complete the project (1.5 million of these unpaid workers worked on the project) 1882 - Britain takes over the canal Scramble for Africa Fierce competition for Africa led to Berlin Conference (1884-1885) - decided the fate of Africa No desire to divide Africa - instead set up ruled for establishing colonies By 1900 - only areas in Africa not claimed by Europe were Abyssinia (Italy attempted to take this over but failed) , Liberia(country founded by former American slaves - had a dependent relationship with U.S. ) , and Ethiopia South Africa British replace the Dutch Boers during Napoleonic Wars Many Dutch Afrikaners (descendants of Dutch settlers) began moving east of Cape Colony - coming into contact with the Zulus and fighting numerous wars 1811 - 1815 - British go to war with the Xhosa - who didn't want to be ruled by any European 1856 - 1857 - Xhosa cattle were getting sick and dying - the Xhosa believe that by killing all their cattle, the spirits would rise and remove the British from the land Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement (400,000 cattle killed) - led to massive famine and death of the Xhosa 1870 - British fought the Zulu Kingdom - defeating them in the Anglo-Zulu war and incorporating their land into the colony Boer Wars British and Afrikaners continued to fight over land 1880 -1881 & 1899 - 1902 - major Boer Wars - resulted in British victory and expansion of colonial land

Ottoman Empire (Mahmud II)

Mahmud II Abolished the Janissaries in 1826 - built a new army based on Europe model and trained by Europeans Massacred any Janissaries who revolted Changed the procedure to collect taxes Built up infrastructure Tanzimat (reorganization) of the government Sultans worked to root out corruption Education went from being controlled by the ulama (Muslim Scholars) to a secular education system Built up infrastructure Codified laws (commercial code - 1850) and (penal code - 1858) - making it easier to conduct foreign business Issued the Hatt-I Humayun edict - updating the legal system, declaring equality for all men regardless of religion. This system regulated the millets - which threatened the autonomy many groups had within the empire.

Japan (Meiji Era)

Meiji Era (1868 - 1912) - Emperor Mutsuhito Abolished all feudalism (Charter Oath 1868) and reorganized Japan into prefectures Prefectures are districts administered by the central government rather than provinces ruled by the daimyos (any daimyos who disagreed were forced into retirement) Met with foreign envoys Reforms Borrowed Western ideas about justice (equality before the law, abolishment of cruel and unusual punishment) Established a constitutional monarchy (based on Prussian model) Remodeled the military (based on Prussian model) Established a post office Western style educational system Promoted Industrialization Build up infrastructure Industrialization and Economic Modernization Industrialization was mostly paid for by the government - creating new jobs but loyalty and obedience to government Government provided massive subsidies to workers who would train in areas of need Made Tokyo the center of the state Zaibatsu (conglomerates) were formed - leading to innovations and increased technology Japanese Imperialism Colonization Society - 1893 - began to colonize areas of China, Korea, Russia, Mexico, Latin America New industries needed raw materials/ spread nationalism Sino-Japanese War - Japan war with China - gave Japan possession of Taiwan Russo - Japanese War Japanese victory of Russia Treaty of Portsmouth Japan gets Liaotung Peninsula Positions in Manchuria Korea is a protectorate Exposed Russian weaknesses /illustrated Japanese growing strength Increased Japanese prestige in Asia

Creole Revolutions in Latin America (Mexico Revolution)

Mexico Revolution 1810 - Led by a village priest - Father Miguel Hidaldo - who called on Indians and mestizos to support his push for independence from Spain Hidalgo and his followers won many battles with the help of sympathetic creoles Creoles begin to turn on the revolutionaries after they begin attacking and looting their properly Creoles begin to support Spanish authority - who represent law and order - they capture and execute Fr. Hidalgo 1821 - Creole Colonel Agustin de Iturbide attracts the support of the Mexican army and Catholic Church to win independence from Spain Mexico wins its independence & Iturbide declares himself an emperor 1824 - opposition forced led by conservative General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna overthrow Iturbide in 1824 and proclaim Mexico to be a Republic. Mexican Government Guaranteed basic civil rights Did not address issue of inequitable educational access, status of Mexican Indians, widespread poverty, and inequitable land distribution Liberals (influenced by French and U.S. political models) stressed the importance of individual rights, opposed the centralized state model of government, limit the role of the Roman Catholic Church in education and politics Conservatives - wanted a centralized state in alliance with traditional values and the Catholic Church I. Mexican - American Relationship 1830s - 1840s - Gen. Santa Anna ruled Mexico under and military dictatorship (caudillo) Americans who settled in Mexican territory (Texas) opposed the strict and harsh rule 1836 - Texas fights and wins its independence - becomes part of the United States in 1845 Mexican - American War (1846 - 1846) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo American gains California, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona (550,000 sq mil of Mexican territory Rio Grande is officially the border between U.S. & Mexico Benito Juarez An Indian lawyer who pushed for democratic reform in Mexico becomes president in 1854 He pushes for a new constitution/breaks the military and creole rule, limits the power of the army and Catholic Church 1862 - Napoleon III of France invaded Mexico - forcing Juarez to flee Mexico city The French place Austrian Archduke Maximilian as emperor of Mexico Juarez returns and is able to defeat Maximilian with the help of U.S. - returning Mexico to a period of political stability and strong central government

Imperialism (Military)

Military Motives - Navy becomes most significant branch of military Military Raw Materials Naval Ports Control Vital Sea Lanes

Imperialism (Latin America)

Monroe Doctrine - statement by President Monroe in 1823 that forbid any further European intervention in the Western Hemisphere Spanish American War - U.S. acquires Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines Roosevelt Corollary - 1904 -U.S. intervened in any Western nation that was facing instability

Industrialization

More women are leaving the house Not on same level as seen in 20th century Encourage population growth Technology and Medicine grow together Attempt to help more children survive Infant mortality rates drop due to creation of a society that matches the growth in industrialization Government starts getting involved in many aspects of life Education Prison Penal Codes Government tries to adapt to the growing and changing society 1 sole provider takes over and runs the whole industry Mass corporations begin to form Establishment of financial institutions Insurance and Gold stamps are inventedNew Technology makes life different for each new generation Consumerism Develops Invokes the ideas of advertising and marketing As people now are not working as long as usual —> More leisure time More disposable cash for workers People enjoy life more with games, movies, vacations Happens as technology modernizes and increases

Liberalism

Mostly professional people Believed in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics and less spending on military and opposed established churches Believe in Parliamentary representatives Reform Bills of 1832, 1867, and 1884 - which expanded male voting rights in Britain - were all supported by liberals Many Liberal European pursued constitutional governments in areas with absolutist rule

Imperialism (Political)

Nationalism

Imperialism (Response)

Nationalist movements in colonial areas Forcing indigenous people to become western educated and modern Western educated, enlightened thinkers begin forming anti-colonial movements and ideas for self-government Indian National Congress Pan-Africanism

New Patterns of Global Trade

New Patterns of global trade and production developed and further integrated the global economy as industrialists sought raw materials and new markets for the increasing amount and array of goods produced in their factories The need for raw materials for the factories and increased food supplies for the growing population in urban centers led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in mass producing single natural resources - the profits were used to purchase raw materials Cotton, Rubber, Palm Oil, Sugar, Wheat, Meat, Guano, Metals and Minerals

Ottoman Empire (Loss of Territory)

Ottoman Loss of Territory 1832 - Greece Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia & other Balkan territories all fell under the protection of either Russia or Austria after they broke away from the Ottoman Empire (Serbia became completely independent in 1878) Rise of nationalism - increased power of Europe - declining power of the Ottoman Empire are all the reasons for this loss of territory 1881 - France takes Algiers Britain takes island of Cyprus

French Revolution (Reign of Napoleon)

Reign of Napoleon (1799 - 1814) One of the directors of the new government Rose up based on nationalism Enters consul and proclaims himself Emperor in 1804 Reforms Made tax burden equal Code of Napoleon - equality for all citizens, trial by jury, freedom of religion Set up public school system Sponsored archaeological expeditions French Legion of Honor - promotions/positions based on merit Concordat of 1801 - peace with the Pope Foreign Policy Defeated the armies of Russia, Prussia, and Austria Conquered northern Italy, German states Set up Continental System - embargo on Britain Downfall Continental System - nations refused to comply Peninsular Campaign - 1807 - costly disaster in Portugal and Spain Survival of Britain Disaster in Russia - Harsh winter, Russian fighting style, and over-extended supply lines forced the Grand Army to retreat 1814 - Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo (2nd time he was defeated) He is exiled to the island of Elba

French Revolution (Reign of Terror)

Reign of Terror (1792 - 1794) - Republic of France (Republic of Virtue) Execute Louis by guillotine in 1793 France at war with (Britain, Spain, Prussia, Holland and Austria) Committee of Public Safety Led by Maximilien Robespierre Drafted all male citizens to defend France from internal and external enemies Over 40,000 are executed as enemies of France during this period (Marie Antionette & Olympe de Gouges included) Terror ends with the execution of Robespierre and a lack of leadership in the Committee of Public Safety

Industrial Revolution (Response)

Response of Industrial Revolution Growth of Labor Unions Dangerous & unsanitary working conditions, low wages, long hours spurred the development of labor unions (organization of workers who advocate for workers rights) Fought for 5 day work week, 8 hour day, minimum wage Social Refom Social activists and reformers improved the living conditions of the poor Advocated for Child Labor laws, mandatory education, better prisons Uniting the World Increased interdependence around the world Built greater connections among people Adam Smith - Wealth of Nations Supported capitalism - and the establishment of private entrepreneurship If business operate in their own interest - society in general will benefit (invisible hand theory) Believed laissez-faire philosophy - very limited to no government regulations on businesses John Stuart Mill Advocated utilitarianism - the greatest good for the greatest number of people Didn't want to end capitalism, but wanted to address the growing problems it brought about

Anarchism

Response to capitalism - believe government itself is the issue Believe in the abolishment of the majority of all national governments and allowing local communities to rule themselves. Became best known for assassinations of several European politicians in the late 1800s

Creole Revolutions in Latin America (Results)

Results of Creole Revolutions Very conservative - although all promoted the abolishment of slavery Native Indians and Women received very little rights or the ability to become educated

Ottoman Empire (Rise of Muhammad Ali)

Rise of Muhammad Ali Egypt - one spot in the Ottoman Empire where the sultans ruled in name alone - no real power 1799 - French forces used Napoleon were able to overthrow the ruling class - the Mamluks (former Turkish slaves who formed a military class) After Napoleon left - the Mamluks returned to power Ottoman sultan send army to retake Egypt - leading to an Albanian Ottoman officer, Mahammad Ali rising to prominence during the war Local leaders elected him governor of Egypt - sultans did not have the power to stop it.

Ottoman Empire (Selim III)

Selim III Model army and bureaucracy after European model Opposed by Islamic scholars - fought secularization of government Opposed by Janissaries - reduce their privileges Selim III was executed by conservatives who supported the Janissaries in 1807

Socialism

Socialism - economic and political theory where there is a system of public ownership or direct worker ownership of the mean of production or the machinery and land (resources) Utopian Socialism - Those who felt could set up ideal communities based on socialist beliefs - did not believe that governments could accomplish this - only intelligent individuals in smaller communities Clause Henri de Saint-Simon - advocated strong public works that would provide employment Charles Fourier - identified 810 passions that, when encouraged, would make work more enjoyable and workers less tired (changing tasks to avoid boredom) He encouraged extension of women's liberties and harmonious living in communities Robert Owen - believe in providing some education for child workers Louis Blanc - worked to set up national workshops Fabian Society - favored reforming industrial society by parliamentary means Many European countries would be influenced by socialist principles

Industrial Revolution (Spread)

Spread of Industrialization After Britain - Belgium and France followed (possessed many of the same characteristics (capital, natural resources, water transportation) France faced an issue with its sparsely populated urban centers - limited the amount of available labor & Revolution Germany was politically fragmented - which delayed industrialization until 1871 when Germany unified - becoming the leader in steel and coal United States - quickly became an industrial force Built many canals, transcontinental railroad Had an abundance of natural resources Immigration led to a huge workforce for U.S U.S.A., Britain, and Germany were the leading players in the second industrial revolution Steel, chemicals, precision machinery and electronics

Nationalism, Revolution and Reform

The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, and the establishment of new nation-states around the world. Enlightenment thought and the resistance of colonized peoples to imperial centers shaped this revolutionary activity. These rebellions sometimes resulted in the formation of new states and stimulated the development of new ideologies. These new ideas in turn further stimulated the revolutionary and anti-imperial tendencies of this period

Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced Cont....

The development of the factory system concentrated labor in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor As new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe and the United States and Japan The "second industrial revolution" led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity and precision machinery during the second half of the 19th century

Marxism

The economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be replaced.

New Transnational Ideologies & Solidarities

The global spread of European political and social thought and the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new transnational ideologies and solidarities Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of political ideologies, including liberalism, socialism and communism Demands for women's suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Olympe de Gouges's "Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen" The resolutions passed at the Seneca Falls Conference in 1848

Enlightenment Documents

The ideas the Enlightenment thinkers influenced resistance to existing political authority - as reflected in these documents: American Declaration of Independence The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Bolivar's Jamaica Letter These ideas ideas influenced many people to challenge existing notions of social relations, which led to the expansion of rights as seen in expanded suffrage, abolishment of slavery and the end of serfdom, as their ideas were implemented All of these documents → Based off of John Locke's enlightenment writings Napoleon → Conquers all of Europe Prince John → Prince of Portugal Flees to Brazil when Napoleon starts to conquer portugal Brazil → Becomes center for Portuguese John goes back to Portugal after Napoleon is defeated Don Pedro → Stays in Brazil and rules from there Now that Portugal is restored → John starts to get his hands into Brazilian issues Don Pedro → Son of Prince John Makes Brazil independent Takes control away from his father Creates independence and rule in Brazil

New Patterns of Global Trade Cont...

The rapid development of industrial production contributed to the decline of economically productive, agriculturally based economies Textile production in India The rapid increases in productivity caused by industrial production encouraged industrialized states to seek out new consumer markets for their finished goods British and French in China (19th century) The need for specialized and limited metals for industrial production, as well as the global demand for gold and silver and diamonds as forms of wealth, led to the development of extensive mining centers Copper mines in Mexico/Gold and diamond mines in South Africa

Impact of Enlightenment Thought on Revolutions and Rebellions

Thinkers applied new ways of understanding the natural world to human relationships, encouraging observation and inference in all spheres of life Voltaire & Rousseau Intellectuals critiqued the role that religion played in public life, insisting on the importance of reason as opposed to revelation Enlightenment thinkers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract John Locke & Montesquieu

Nationalism

Threatened large empires with multi-national civilizations Brought people together under the promise of greatness behind a flag Italian Unification Prime Minister Camillo Cavour (liberal) of Piedmont -Sardinia, led the drive to unite the Italian Peninsula under one native dynasty - the House of Savoy 1858 - Italy consisted of 9 city-states - each with regional language and some controlled by foreign lands Cavour aligns with Giuseppe Garibaldi and his Red Shirt army to begin the unification of Italy March 17, 1861 - Victor Emmanuel is named King of Italy An Austrian War with France weakens the city-states controlled by Austria (Lombardy) Austrian War with Prussia gives Italy Venetia in 1866 A French war with Prussia weakens the French hold in Rome (1870) - completing the Roman unification Poverty grips Italy - sending many Italians to the United States and Argentina Unification of Germnay Failed revolutions in 1848 based on nationalism and liberalism only encourages Prussia to lead the unification movement in the future Prussian Leader Otto von Bismarck used nationalistic sentiments and war to bring Germany unification Prussia's war with Denmark (1864) Prussia's war with Austria (1866) Franco - Prussian War (1870) Prussia gains territory, prestige and spreads nationalism in each of these wars - VICTORY = GREATNESS 1871 - Hall of mirrors - Bismarck convinces 39 German princes to unify under one flag - the new German Empire - under Kaiser Wilhelm I (Hohenzollern family) & Bismarck became chancellor Most important event in 19th Century Europe Bismarck yields immense power Avoids war after unification Instituted old-age pensions and workers' compensation for injuries and illnesses (sets up workers benefits to weaken German labor unions) Bismarck is forced to retire after Kaiser Wilhelm II inherits the throne

Expansion of Financial Institutions

To facilitate investments as all levels of industrial production, financiers developed and expanded various financial institutions The ideological inspiration for economic changes lies in the development of capitalism and classical liberalism associated with Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill Financial Instruments that expanded Stock markets, Insurance, Gold Standard, Limited liability corporations The global nature of trade and production contributed to the proliferation of large-scale transnational businesses The United Fruit Company The HSBC - Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporations

Haitian Revolution (Toussaint)

Toussaint L'Ouverture Joins revolts in 1791 - began leading a general rebellion against slavery Enlightenment thinker - capable general His army of enslaved Africans and Maroons establish an independent government 1801 - produces a constitution based on: Equality Citizenship Declares himself governor for life Independence Land Reform (divided up plantations and redistributing them to former slaves and freed blacks) L'Ouverture worked with the French but then was betrayed France promised to grant Haitain independence if L'Ouverture would abdicate - but Napoleon than had L'Ouverture captured and arrested. He was executed in 1803 He succeeded in establishing the abolishment of slavery in Haiti and set Haiti on the road to complete independence from France Jean-Jacques Dessalines 1804 Successor to L'Ouverture Took advantage of Napoleon's wars in Europe & outbreak of yellow fever Declares Haiti independent - 1st country in Latin America to win its independence and the first post-colonial, independent, black country in the world Only country to become permanently independent as a result of a slave uprising

Conservatism

Traditional pillars of Conservatives (Church, Nobility, Monarchy) Promote traditional ideas - do not want changes/enlightened ideas

Qing Dynasty (Intervention)

Western Intervention Late 18th century - Europe was only allowed to trade in the city of Canton Buying tea, porcelain, rhubard and silk for silver Chinese increasingly desire opium - grown in great quantities in India and Ottoman Empire - easily imported into China 1839 - Chinese government acts law to forbid the importation of opium due to widespread addiction Opium War (1839-1842) British felt Chinese prevention of opium impacted trade and economy - drawing British to war with China Chinese quickly lost due to lack of navy - resulting in the Treaty of Nanking (1842) - opening up four more Chinese ports and turning Hong Kong over to the British as a long-term colony Other European powers follow suit and set up Spheres of Influence - areas of trade controlled by foreign powers Taiping Rebellion Chinese were upset the government failed to protect them from outside forces and granted them extraterritoriality Resented the fact emperor was Manchu - not ethnically Chinese Resented Christian missionaries who denounced Chinese traditions (ancestor veneration and foot binding) Hong Xiuquan - converted to Christianity and believed he was Jesus' younger brother - God wanted him to overthrow Qing Dynasty 1851 - minor skirmish expanded into Rebellion - led by starving peasants, workers, and miners who all opposed Qing Rule They fought the Chinese forces for years - taking the city of Nanjing and most of the Yangtze River Valley They failed in their campaigns against Beijing and Shanghai and they were put down in 1864 by the Qings, British and French Boxer Rebellion Rebellion by the Righteous and Harmonious Order of Fists "Boxers" - based on fear of outside influence Central government and league waged a violent war based on anti-foreigner campaign A combination of foreign military was able to put down the rebellion - expanding the power of foreigners in China U.S. Open Door Policy Sec. of State John Hay proposes the idea of eliminating Spheres of Influences in China and agree to an Open Door Policy - equal trading rights to all (U.S. didn't have any spheres and wanted to get in on China) Russo-Japanese War 1904 - 1905 - Russia loses an embarrassing war to Japan - forcing them to give up Manchuria - weakening China even more Chinese Republic 1911 - the Dynasty is overthrown by a revolutionary movement led by Sun Yat-sen Followed the three ideas : Democracy, Nationalism and Livelihood

Imperialism (Ideological)

White Man's Burden Social Darwinism Missionaries