AP World History I Final

abraham

"Father" of the Hebrew People Led the Hebrews from Mesopotamia to Canaan. First of the Hebrews to interact with God.

mongols in russia

"Golden Horde" Mongol armies that invaded Russia were known as the Golden Horde Named for the color of their tents Mongols destroy city of Kiev in 1240 So many people were slaughtered that "no eye remained to weep" Mongols rule Russia from afar for 200 years Mongols establish their capital in Sarai Why? it is located in rich grasslands The Golden Horde, led by Batu (Genghis Khan's grandson) rules Russia

How do we know anything about what has happened in history? What evidence can we use?

1) Artifacts - objects made by human beings 2) Written Records 3) Human patterns of behavior

bureaucracy in egypt

A group of government administrators called a bureaucracy helped the pharaoh run Egypt. They kept detailed records and made political decisions at the local level. They collected taxes from the people to help finance the government.

tribe

A group of people who believe they have descended from a common ancestor. They share the same customs and language.

Rock and Pillar Edicts

An edict is an official, public announcement of policy. Ashoka erected Rock and Pillar inscriptions throughout his empire that described his new beliefs. His conversion to Buddhism led to the spreading of the religion throughout India by missionaries and merchants.

Shang Bronzes

By 2000 bce the Chinese had acquired bronze metallurgy. Possession of bronze objects was a sign of authority and nobility, and often used in state religious rituals.

Economic Powers of the Church

Collected a Tithe - 10 % tax on all Christians . Largest landowner in Europe.

new technology in neolithic age

Complex Tools for Agriculture were invented Polished Stones such as this sickle for cutting grain. Beginning of Metallurgy Copper used for tools. Sharper than stone. Plows were developed for planting crops. large pottery used for storage Development of Textiles - The Weaving of Cloth calendars

Mayan Ritual Calendar

Complex math Invention of "Zero" Calendar of 365.242 days (17 seconds off) Solar calendar of 365 days Ritual calendar of 260 days Management of calendar lends authority to priesthood Timing of auspicious moments for agriculture

Who are the Hebrews?

Ethnic group that founded Judaism. Tribe of pastoral nomads from Mesopotamia. Speak the language of Hebrew. Later became known as the Jews

arabs

Ethnic group who became the first Muslims.

mercantilism

European Economic policy after the discovery of Americas and Indian Ocean Goal: Increase wealth of the Mother country How? Acquire gold, silver, and raw materials from the colony Export more goods to the colony than the Mother country imports Colonies exist for the mother country. Their role is to Buy goods Sell raw materials

yin

Feminine Passive Darkness Cold Weak Earth; Moon

Hittites Start Using Iron

Iron is much stronger than copper and bronze More abundant material Could produce cheap and effective weapons

Mesopotamian art

Mythological figures are the subjects of finely carved cylinder seals, metal sculpture, and statues found in religious temples.

Civil Service Workers (han)

Officials who run the government called Civil Service workers Each government job has its own clearly identified responsibilities. Workers are chosen by merit. The most qualified applicants were given government jobs.

paterfamilias

Oldest living male held absolute authority. (rome)

exports/resources of greece

Olive Oil is a major export. Natural Resources Lots of marble and clay. Very little timber, metal deposits, grain. Marble: Another major export

calendars in neolithic age

Primitive (first) Calendars were developed. They were used to predict the weather and growing seasons.

art of Gupta greatly influenced by

Southeast Asian art & architecture.

Oligarchy

State ruled by a small group of citizens Rule is based on wealth or ability.

Aristocracy

State ruled by nobles Rule is hereditary and based on family ties, social rank, land ownership and wealth. Nobles sometimes challenge a king's power.

Nicene Creed

Statement of Christian faith Created uniformity of belief among Christians living in different communities.

Sumerian view of afterlife

Sumerians believed souls of the dead go to a dark, gloomy place - "the land of no return".

Mesopotamian Religion

Sumerians practiced polytheism - the belief in many gods. These gods controlled the forces of nature, such as the rain, sun, the moon. Humans were believed to be servants to the gods. They often feared the wrath of angry gods. Priests performed rituals and sacrifices to satisfy the gods. They had great power in Sumerian civilization. believed the after death, souls of the dead go to a dark and gloomy place... "the land of no return."

Mediterranean Climate in African

Sunny and mild climate at northern and southern end of Africa. Rich agricultural region. Most densely populated region in Africa.

Jewish Traditions

Synagogue - place of worship Honor the Sabbath (Holy Day)

Chinese silk making

The process of creating silk was discovered by the Shang. Silk worms, which spin cocoons after eating mulberry trees, were raised for the precious thread they produce.

imperialism

The process of creating and ruling an empire

Slash and Burn Farming

The cutting and burning of trees to clear the land for farming.

vikings as traders

The desire for trade with a Byzantine Empire played an important role in Viking explorations. They traded furs, lumber, and slaves.

Egypt vs. mesopotamia

The first civilizations developed high levels of political centralization, urbanization, and technology because their situations in river valleys too arid to support agriculture through rainfall forced communities to work together on constructing and maintaining canals, dams, weirs, and dikes. Crops harvested from irrigated fields but produced enough surplus to support farmers and people with specialized expertise Unpredictable and violent floods constantly threatened communities in the Tigris-Euphrates Basin, but the opportune and gradual Nile floods usually brought joy and satisfaction to those in Egypt. Relationships with nature stamped the worldview of both peoples. Mesopotamians tried to appease their harsh deities in order to survive in an unpredictable world. Egyptians trusted in and nurtured the supernatural powers they believed guaranteed orderliness and prosperity. In both Egypt and Mesopotamia, kingship emerged as the dominant political form. The Egyptian king's divine origins and symbolic association with the forces of renewal made him central to the welfare of the entire country and gave him a religious monopoly, superseding the authority of the temples and priests. Egyptian monarchs lavished much of the country's wealth on their tombs, believing that a proper burial would ensure the continuity of kingship and the attendant blessings that it brought to the land and people. Mesopotamian rulers, who were not normally regarded as divine, built new cities, towering walls, splendid palaces, and religious edifices as lasting testaments to their power. Both cultures revered a hierarchy of gods, ranging from protective demons and local deities to gods of the state, whose importance rose or fell with the power of the political centers with which they were associated. Cheered by the stability of their environment, Egyptians conceived a positive notion of the gods' designs for humankind. They believed that despite hazards, the righteous spirit could journey to the next world and look forward to a blessed existence. In contrast, terrifying visions of the afterlife torment Gilgamesh, the Mesopotamian

tool making Paleolithic age

The first humans used sharp stones as tools. "The emergence of a flaked-stone technology marks a radical behavioral departure from the rest of the animal world and constitutes the first definitive evidence in the prehistoric record of a simple cultural tradition, or one based upon learning. Stone is the principal material found in nature that is both very hard and able to produce superb working edges when fractured A wide range of tasks can be performed such as meat cutting and bone breaking". Hand-axes were also prevalent, followed by other tools necessary to prepare carcasses, such as scrapers and blades.

copper

The first metal used by humans for tools. Developed during the late Neolithic Age. Easy to shape by melting it. Stronger than stone tools.

menes

The first pharaoh of Egypt was Menes. Unifier of Lower and Upper Egypt.

The Western Catholic Church

Also known as the Roman Catholic Church. It was a force for unity during the Middle Ages. It competed with monarchs and nobles for power, land, and money.

patriarchy

a society where male members dominate the position of power males have greater political influence, more legal and economic rights, control over family

mestizos

mixed race; people of Native American and European descent

mulattoes

mixed race; people of african and European descent

capital

money used for investment

stages of route of the plague

mongol army besieged Jaffa. a year later, Italian merchants returned to Italy, not knowing they're bring plague w/ them the disease came w/ merchants along trade routs the horse-riding mongols likely carried infected fleas and rats in their food supplies as they swooped into china

social hierarchy of yuan dynasty

mongols central asian and middle easterners northern Chinese southern Chinese ...believed to be most rebellious

fall of arable islamic empire

mongols invade and capture Baghdad in 1258. abbasids removed from power ↓ mongols kill caliph publicly →sign that mongols then in charge ***Islam experienced a political upheaval, but religion stayed strong Dar al-Islam stayed strong

Food Surplus

more food than a family can consume; The excess food was traded for other goods.

byzantine art

mosaic icons

dome of the rock

mosque in Jerusalem, 3rd most important muslim place

factors leading to growing food supply in Europe during late middle ages

period between 800-1200 much warmer Tham usual use of horse collar three field system

buddhist monasteries

permanent seasonal retreats... living under religious vows

persecution of christians

persecuted b/c they refused to worship roman gods... seen as opposition to roman rule as Pax Romana crumbled, christians blamed for fall

cylinder seals

personal stamps used to identify doc or ownership objects

Egyptian social class

pharaoh; royal family, absolute ruler and god king high ranking gov. officials; priests, administrators, general lower ranking gov. workers; scribes, soldiers merchants and artisans peasant farmers-laborers (unskilled workers) slaves; prisoners of war, criminals, debt slaves... wasn't permanent

feudalism

political system in which a high-ranking noble grants land to lesser nobles in exchange for loyalty and military service.

why people switched to farming during neo rev

provides more reliable food source farm caused population to rise

how Asoka promote religious tolerance

put up edicts across empire

persia under darius

puts rebellions down

victorious group of warring states period

qin

who began great wall

qin dynasty

fall of tang

raised taxes struggle to control empire chinese rebellions ruined Chang'an (capital) and killed last emperor

effects of the growth of the islamic empire

rapid spread of islam from Spain to India; many new converts the creation of new social classes (based on religion) the spread of arabic as the imperial language (latin of islamic empire) centers of learning and islamic civilization flourish; such as in Cairo and coroda a single trade network with a common currency links Europe, Asia, Middle East by land and sea

how bubonic plague transmitted

rats→fleas→people

Reincarnation

rebirth of the soul in a new body

papal states

region controlled by the church

priest

run local church

dhow

sailing vessel often used in Indian ocean... hulls and lateen sails different

three jewels of buddhism

sangha buddha dharma

aqueducts

sanitation system (plumbing) in rome

Sacred writing (language) of ancient India

sanskrit

metallurgy

science of making metals

what identifies knight as a crusader

the Red Cross on his tunic

shiva

the destroyer

mesopotamia means

the land between the rivers

Dar al-Islam

the land under islamic rule (have been under rule) "the world of islam" unites every land

muhammad

the last great prophet - Founder of Islam

gospel

the main source of information about Jesus's teachings an includes the first four books of the New Testament of the bible

gabriel

the messenger angel of allah

hijra

the migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to medina

the unification of Spanish during late middle ages

the modern countries of Spain and Portugal are on the Iberian peninsula BY 750, MOST OF PEN. OCCCUPIED BY MUSLIMS the attempt to remove muslims from pen. is called the reconquista in 1469 the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabel of castle untied two wealthiest kingdoms of Spain by 1492 Spain had completely reconquered the lands once occupied by muslims

allah

the one and only true god of Islam; same god that Jews and Christians believe in.

Canopic Jar

These vessels were used to store the internal organs of mummified bodies. *egypt

acheivements of The Mycenaeans

They were great sea-traders and pirates. They borrowed Minoan Culture: Architecture, Writing system (Linear B), Centralized government, Vase painting.

excommunication

When a person is kicked out of the church; they can't receive the sacraments or achieve salvation. Excommunication also freed all the king's vassals from their duties to him.

Tenochtitlan:

Wide-stone causeways linked Tenochtitlan to the mainland. Larger than any European city of the era.

Egyptian gods

With nature so much in their favor, Egyptians tended to approach life more confidently and optimistically than their neighbors in the Fertile Crescent. Religion played an important role in the lives of Egyptians. Like the Mesopotamians, the early Egyptians were polytheistic, believing in many gods. The most important gods were Re, the sun god, and Osiris, god of the dead. The most important goddess was Isis, who represented the ideal mother and wife. In all, Egyptians worshiped more than 2,000 gods and goddesses. They built huge temples to honor the major deities.

kamikaze

"Divine Winds" - typhoon storms saved Japan from Mongol invasion twice.

What does "Classical" mean?

A cultural style that sets that standards of excellence for generations to come.

pax deorum

"Peace of the gods" State Sacrifices were performed to maintain favor from the gods.

Other Effects of the Pax Romana

"Romanization" of the Mediterranean Spread of Roman culture. Ease of Travel >>> Spread of Christianity Latin becomes the unifying language. Roman style cities built throughout the region. Forum, Aqueducts, Arches, Baths, Stadium Single Law code throughout the Mediterranean.

"Romanization"

"Romanization" of the Mediterranean Spread of Roman culture. Ease of Travel >>> Spread of Christianity Latin becomes the unifying language. Roman style cities built throughout the region. Forum, Aqueducts, Arches, Baths, Stadium

Agriculture in rome

"Rome is a "Republic of Farmers" Majority of Romans owned small plots of land. Agriculture was the main economic activity and the basis of wealth. Social status, political power related to land ownership. Republic = Form of government in which power rests in the hands of citizens who vote for public officials.

Pax Romana mean

"roman peace" period of peace and prosperity

in arabic islam means... and muslim means...

"submission to the will of Allah" "one who has submitted"

buddha

"the enlightened one"

prince henry

"the navigator" opened school for navigation financed expeditions w/ own money

bushido

"the way of the warrior"... the demanding code of behavior of Samuri expected to commit seppuku of broke code

china influences japan

#1 outside influence prince shutoku major influence of buddhism Chinese system of writing pointed landscapes followed their styles in simple arts and everyday living sometimes tried to use Chinese gov. as model... civil service exam... failed borrowed Chinese characters... syllables not words architecture...pagoda

sunnis

("Traditionalists") Muslim majority Caliph should be chosen by community leaders Accept the legitimacy of 1st 4 caliphs

Byzantine Legacy

(330-1453) After fall of Rome, the Eastern half of the Roman Empire survives as the Byzantine Empire. Capital is Constantinople. It survived for over 1000 years. It preserved many Roman tradition, but few spoke Latin. Most Byzantines spoke Greek.

Yamato period

(500-794) Yamato clan dominates other clans, claim to be descants of sun goddess; establishes Japan's only dynasty; was never really overthrown; all emperors trace their roots to this clan...when rival clans fought for power and won, they would rule in the emperor's name

Sui Dynasty

(581-618) After the fall of the Han in 220, China remained divided over 300 years. The Sui reunified China under leader Wendi. Most Notable Accomplishments Built the Grand Canal connecting Yellow R. with Yanzi R. Re-introduced Confucianism The Sui only lasted 30 years, but they re-established centralized government rule in China.

Tang Dynasty

(618-907)Largest Empire in Chinese History Expanded into Central Asia and South East Asia. Why did it expand? To Control the Silk Road and access to resources Created Tributary states in Korea, Vietnam, Tibet. Tributary states must acknowledge the supremacy of China and send tribute (gifts, money, respect) to the Emperor of China.

hippocrates

(Hellen. ) Father of Medicine The pledge that modern day doctors take bears his name - The Hippocratic Oath

abbot

(abbess) leader of the monastery (convent)

indian caste system classes

(aryans) brahmins... priests Kshatriyas...warriors/nolbes vaisyas...merchants, herders, farmers, craftspeople (non aryans) sutras... farmworkers, servants, laborers untouchables... least desirable jobs

achievements of the song

(moving type) printing...characters on blocks... you could move them porcelain flying cash and paper money gunpowder naval tech... junks, rudder, magnetic compass metallurgy... iron... then steel

the 12 tables

(roman republic) What is it? Public listing of rights and duties of citizens Examples: Equality before the law Right of the accused to defend oneself Innocent until proven guilty

During the commercial revolution monarchs attempted to increase their power over Nobles and the Church. How?

1) Kings collected taxes from towns and merchants to support large armies. 2) Kings applied royal laws to nobles and clergy while claiming they were above the law. 3) Political marriages increased land and wealth of monarchs. 4) Kings challenged the authority of the Pope >>> The Great Western Schism Two Popes in Western Europe - one selected in Rome, one selected by King of France. End of Papal Supremacy

gov changes during late middle ages

1) Magna Carta "The Great Charter" - Signed by King John of England No one is above the law, even the King. Equal Protection of the law for everyone. Right to a Jury Trial No taxation without representation 2) Creation of Parliament Lawmaking bodies to check the power of the King. House of Lords House of Commons

greek philosophy

1) The universe (land, sky, and sea) is put together in an orderly way, and subject to absolute and unchanging laws. 2) People can understand these laws through logic and reason.

How did the collapse of Rome change Europe?

1. Lack of central political authority in Europe Local rulers control small kingdoms. 2. Cities abandoned as centers of administration. Population moves to the country-side in search of food and security. 3. Disruption of trade Invasions create lack of security. Merchants go out of business. Money becomes scarce. 4. Decline of Learning Germanic tribes had no written language. Monks attempted to preserve ancient texts. 5. Loss of Common Language Latin evolves into separate dialects. French Spanish Italian Portuguese Romanian

Why did Islam Spread to West Africa?

1. Muslim merchants from N. Africa settle in W. Africa. and spread their faith. 2. Ethics of Islam create accepted rules for trading. 3. Spiritual appeal of Islam 4. Kings employ Muslims who are experienced administrators as their advisors. 5. Some Kings convert to Islam. - Mansa Musa

Achievements in the Middle east during the Reign of the Nomads

1. Travel and cultural interaction was encouraged. 2. Art Blending of Islamic and C. Asian traditions Brilliant Architecture 3. Astronomers Explained orbit of moon around the earth. 4. Math Most accurate calculation of Pi. Europe eventually benefited from these discoveries. Led to many Renaissance achievements.

Effect on Population (plague)

1/3 of Europes people died from plague

tribunes

10 representatives 2 years in office plebeians elected by male citizens from the assembly of tribes approved or rejected laws protected rights of their class

tithe

10% tax on all Christians

investiture controversy

1075-1122 causes: church not happy kings had control over clergy, church resented lay investiture practices...whoever control that held real power in naming bishops... church thought kings should have this power Pope Gregory vs. Henry IV Immediate Cause: Pope Greg. banned lay investiture turning point/important event: Henry went to house greg in in Vanessa, Italy and stood in front of castle... pope obligated to forgive anybody who begs so humbly... pope ended his excommunication three days later Concordat of Worms... temporarily ends conflict

Olmecs

1200-100 BCE Ancient "Mother Culture" of Mesoamerica Olmec Heads Up to 10 ft tall, 20 tons Transported by dragging, rolling on logs. Heads of rulers or warriors.

Hammurabi's code

1790 B.C. Hammurabi was the King of Babylon Hammurabi's Code: Was a collection of 282 laws carved onto stones for everyone to see The laws were both criminal laws (dealing with murder and theft) and civil laws (dealing with private rights and matters, such as business contracts, property inheritance, taxes, marriage and divorce)

Abraham's Journeys

1900 B.C.E. Yahweh speaks to Abraham and tells him to leave Mesopotamia and move west Settle in Canaan Around 1800 B.C.E. Hebrews experience a drought and are forced to leave Canaan Settle in Egypt

consul

2 leaders serve for one year patricians and plebians elected by male citizens commander of the army administered gv. acted as chief of priests

prehistoric timeline

2.5 millions bce first human tools... paleolithic age ...8000 bee agriculture revolution... neolithic age ...3000 bce first civilizations/writing invented

Chinese landforms

2/3 of China is Mountains or Plateaus 2 major Deserts Takla Makan and Gobi Deserts

timeline of Han dynasty

200 bce early Han with emperor Wu 9 ce to 23 ce Wang Mang 23 ce to 200 ce Later Han

The Han Dynasty

206 B.C.E.-220 C.E The Qin dynasty collapsed after Shi Huangdi's death. The Han took over and restored order in the year 206 bce. Wudi was the Han's most famous emperor. The Han focused more on the ideals of Confucianism, rather than Legalism to guide their government policies. Confucianism became the official belief system of China

han fei

280? - 233 B.C.E. Han Fe Zi. Lived during the late Warring States period. Legalism became the political philosophy of the Qin [Ch'in] Dynasty.

according to Benedict, how were monks supposed to live

3 rules - obedience to abbot/abbess poverty chastity required monks to work in the fields/ other physical tasks *always either working , praying, or studying

greece... land what did it cause?

3/4 of land mountains along Balkan Pen. caused Greece to develop slammed independent communities, transportation difficulties, not lots of farming land... can't have large population

senate

300 members serve for life patricians chosen from the patrician class wrote and recommended laws advised consul controlled the budget and taxes

Chandragupta:

321 BCE-298 BCE Defeated one of Alexander the Great's generals to take control of India. First to unify northern India. Divided his empire into provinces, then districts to make it easier to govern. He feared assassination [like Saddam Hussein] → food tasters, slept in different rooms, etc. 301 BCE → gave up his throne & became a Jain.

rome eras timeline

500 BCE to birth of Jesus roman republic birth of Jesus to 500 CE Roman Empire

timeline of rome

500 CE: fall of Rome Middle Ages 1500: Renaissance "rebirth"

Confucius

551 - 479 B.C.E. Born in the feudal state of Liu. Became a teacher and editor of books.

rightly guided caliphs rule

632-661 first four caliphs; chosen by tribal leaders rule in the spirit of islam and Muhammad expand the empire east and west

Umayyad dynasty

661-750 first muslim dynasty arab aristocracy rules empire caliph inherits job from family members expand empire to Spain and India surround themselves in luxury

abbasid dynasty

750-1258 create strong bureaucracy move capital to Baghdad (to be more centrally located) golden age of islamic culture try to protect empire but it begins to disintegrate into breakaway islamic caliphate. no political unity destroyed by mongols

Mountains of Greece

80% of Greece is mountainous or hilly. Soil is dry and rocky Only 28% of the land is arable ("farmable"). Overland transport is difficult.

Rome - "An Urban Empire"

80% of people lived in rural villages, but the empire was administered by the cities of the empire. Most wealth flowed into these cities. Urbanites benefited most from the empire. Rome itself had 1 million people Cities of the empire modeled themselves after Rome Cities promoted "Romanization" of conquered peoples.

when neolithic rev occurred

8000 bce

neolithic age time period

8000 bce - 3000 bce

What is a Bureaucracy?

A bureaucracy is a political organization that runs the day-to-day business of a government.

Pandemic

A disease occurring over a wide geographic area and affecting a high proportion of the population.

Republic

A form of government in which power rests in the hands of citizens who vote for public officials.

What is the Black Plague?

A pandemic disease that swept across Europe during the 1300's. Also called the "Black Death"

what is a Golden Age?

A period of peace, economic prosperity, intellectual development, and cultural achievement.

Tyranny

A person who seizes power by force - tyrant Promises reforms and benefits for supporters. Sometimes become oppressive.

prophet

A prophet is a person who communicates directly with god.

What were the Crusades?

A series of military campaigns led by Europeans to recapture the holy land of the Middle East.

What is the Steppe?

A vast region of dry grasslands in Asia. Harsh climate with resource scarcity (food, water, wood). Historic home of nomads who frequently attacked settled civilizations. Famous Nomadic Invaders Huns Turks Mongols

written language of Indus valley

A written language has been found on seals and stamps carved into stone - includes over 400 symbols The language has not yet been deciphered.

Summary: Occupiers of Middle East

Abbasids The last Caliphate family to rule the Muslim empire. Seljuk Turks Nomadic group that became the political leaders of the Abbasid Empire. Created mameluk Empire in Egypt Mongols Mongols invade and capture Bagdad in 1258. Abbasids removed from power. Tamerlane (Timurids) Promotes Islam throughout C. Asia

the nile river

About 4,000 miles long Flows north into the Mediterranean Sea At the mouth of the river is the delta Has best soil

Judaism

Abraham was the "Father" of the Hebrew people Founder of Canaan and Jewish religion Judaism is the world's first monotheistic religion God of Judaism is called Yahweh (same God as Christianity and Islam)

Rightly Guided Caliphs

Abu Bakr and the next three Caliphs personally knew Muhammad. They used the Quran and Muhammad's teachings to guide their leadership of the empire. They are therefore known as the "rightly guided caliphs".

prophets of islam

Adam Noah Abraham Moses Jesus Muhammad

spiritual life of christians

Administered Holy Sacraments or rituals (Baptism, Communion, Confession, etc) Led daily Mass (church service) Helped believers achieve Salvation (everlasting life).

diocese

Administrative region of churches

The Spanish Empire in the Americas

After the conquest of the Americas, Spain, Portugal, and other countries established colonies in the Western Hemisphere. Imperialism - domination by one country over the political and economic life of another country (creating an empire)

where humans began... description

Africa is the cradle of human race. Anthropologists have unearthed the oldest human skeletons in East Africa in The Great Rift Valley. From Africa, nomadic humans eventually migrated across the globe to inhabit the major continents. Nomads are people who continually migrate or change location. One of the best preserved human remnants is a female skeleton found at Hadar in Ethiopia. Archeologists assembled about 40% of the young girl that was given the nick name "Lucy".

Hunters-Gatherers in africa

Africa's earliest peoples were nomadic hunter-gatherers. Today, some of the San of the Kalahari Desert are still hunter-gatherers. They travel in small bands of a few related families. The men hunt with spears and bows and arrows, and the women and children gather roots and berries.

African religion

African peoples developed belief systems that helped them understand and organize information about their world. Types of beliefs vary greatly across Africa. all polytheistic generally also include elements of animism had religious ceremonies

varna

After arriving in India, the Aryans divided the population into social classes based on skin color or varna.

Origin of the Caste System

After arriving in India, the Aryans divided the population into social classes based on skin color or varna. Overtime the classes came to be known as castes. Indians were born into a caste where they stayed for life. Each caste has its own rules governing Occupation, Marriage, Where one can live, Social Duties, Religious Rituals

The Hijrah

After some of his followers had been attacked, Muhammad decided to leave Mecca in 622. Following a small band of supporters he sent head, Muhammad moved to the town of Medina, over 200 miles to the north of Mecca. This migration became known as the Hijrah (hih•JEE•ruh). The Hijrah to Medina marked a turning point for Muhammad. He attracted many devoted followers. In Medina, Muhammad displayed impressive leadership skills. He fashioned an agreement that joined his own people with the Arabs and Jews of Medina as a single community. These groups accepted Muhammad as a political leader. As a religious leader, he drew many more converts who found his message appealing. Finally, Muhammad also became a military leader in the growing hostilities between Mecca and Medina.

The Mongol Empire after Genghis Khan

After the death of Genghis Khan the Mongol Empire was divided up into four Khanates and continued to expand. Each region was ruled by a descendant of Genghis.

the Gupta empire

After the fall of the Mauryan Empire, India experienced several hundred years of political fragmentation. Despite the fragmentation, economic activity continued. The wealthy merchant class supported the arts. In 320 ce, Chandra Gupta became the first emperor of the newly formed Gupta Empire.

rise of Hyksos

After the prosperity of the Middle Kingdom, Egypt descended into war and violence. This was caused by a succession of weak pharaohs and power struggles among rival nobles. The weakened country fell to invaders who swept across the Isthmus of Suez in chariots bearing bronze weapons, tools of war unknown to the Egyptians. These Asiatic invaders, called Hyksos (HIHK•sohs), ruled Egypt from about 1640 to 1570 B.C. The Hyksos invasion shook the Egyptians' confidence in the desert barriers that had protected their kingdom.

How did the Egyptian Empire begin?

After the prosperity of the Middle Kingdom, Egypt descended into war and violence. This was caused by a succession of weak pharaohs and power struggles among rival nobles. The weakened country fell to invaders who swept across the Isthmus of Suez in chariots bearing bronze weapons, tools of war unknown to the Egyptians. These invaders, called Hyksos, ruled Egypt from about 1640 to 1570 B.C. After overthrowing the Hyksos, the pharaohs of the New Kingdom (about 1570-1075 B.C.) sought to strengthen and protect Egypt by building an empire. They sought to never be dominated by a foreign power again.

Introduction of Christianity to Russia

After the religious schism between the West and East, the two traditions of Christianity competed for converts. Missionaries from the Orthodox Church took their form of Christianity to the Slavs, groups that inhabited the forests north of the Black Sea. Two of the most successful Eastern missionaries, Saint Methodius and Saint Cyril (SEER•uhl), worked among the Slavs in the ninth century.

Slash and Burn Agriculture in africa

Agriculture drastically changed the way Africans lived. Growing their own food enabled them to build permanent shelters in one location. Settlements expanded because reliable food supplies led to longer, healthier lives and an increased birthrate. The increased food supply also freed some members of the community to practice activities such as working metal, making pottery, and crafting jewelry. Slash and Burn agriculture drastically altered the landscape by cutting vegetation and destroying the soil. This has contributed to desertification in some areas.

why Rome called "Republic of Farmers"

Agriculture was the main economic activity and the basis of wealth. The majority of Romans owned small plots of land. Social status, political power related to land ownership.

rise of Mauyran empire

Alex. the Great got control of Indus Valley but left soon after, Chandragupta killed unpopular Nanda king, claimed throne beginning Mauryan Empire

what marked beginning of hellenistic age?

Alexander the Great conquered all of Persia, up to India. This Marked the beginning of the Hellenistic Age - period of Greek influence throughout Asia and the Med.

library of Alexandria

Alexandria's greatest attractions were its famous museum and library. The museum was a temple dedicated to the Muses, the Greek goddesses of arts and sciences. It contained art galleries, a zoo, botanical gardens, and even a dining hall. The museum was an institute of advanced study. The Alexandrian Library stood nearby. Its collection of half a million papyrus scrolls included many of the masterpieces of ancient literature. As the first true research library in the world, it helped promote the work of a gifted group of scholars. These scholars greatly respected the earlier works of classical literature and learning. They produced commentaries that explained these works.

clothing of Paleolithic people

All prehistoric clothing came directly form the environment. For instance, these shoes were waterproof and wide, seemingly designed for walking across the snow; they were constructed using bearskin for the soles, deer hide for top panels, and a netting made of tree bark. Soft grass went around the foot and in the shoe and functioned like warm socks. The mammoth hunters often built entire huts out of mammoth bones and covered them with mammoth hides stitiched together and anchored at the corners. They also made tools and objects from the tusks. Remains suggest that some of them ate nothing but mammoth meat. They must have been delicious, since they ate every last one

Ceasaropapism

All the powers of Ceasar and the Pope.

creoles

American born descendants of Spanish settlers in the americas

alexandria

Among the many cities of the Hellenistic world, the Egyptian city of Alexandria became the foremost center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization. Alexandria occupied a strategic site on the western edge of the Nile delta. Trade ships from all around the Mediterranean docked in its spacious harbor. Alexandria's thriving commerce enabled it to grow and prosper. By the third century B.C., Alexandria had become an international community, with a rich mixture of customs and traditions from Egypt and from the Aegean. Its diverse population exceeded half a million people. Both residents and visitors admired Alexandria's great beauty. Broad avenues lined with statues of Greek gods divided the city into blocks. Rulers built magnificent royal palaces overlooking the harbor. A much visited tomb contained Alexander's elaborate glass coffin. Soaring more than 350 feet over the harbor stood an enormous stone lighthouse called the Pharos. This lighthouse contained a polished bronze mirror that, at night, reflected the light from a blazing fire. library

Earliest Civilizations of the North America

Anasazi (Pueblo) Societies Located in American southwest By 700 CE, they constructed of permanent stone or adobe dwellings. Mound-Building Peoples Located in Ohio River Valley Built large mounds which were ceremonial platforms, homes for elite leaders, and burial grounds

african rain forest

Annual rainfall of up to 17 ft. Rapid decomposition (very humid). Covers 37 countries. 15% of the land surface of Africa.

hindu pilgrimage

Another aspect of Puja A religious journey to a sacred shrine or place (River Ganges).

Sumerian Gods

Anu - sky Enlil - storms and air Enki - water, Utu - sun, Nanna - moon.

The last capital of the Shang was

Anyang.

The Rise of the Zhou

Around 1027 B.C., a people called the Zhou overthrew the Shang and established their own dynasty. The Zhou leaders claimed that the Shang King was such a poor ruler that the gods had taken away his right to rule.

african religious ceremonies

Art, dance, and ceremonies were often used to influence divine forces.

Buddhist Art

Artists also carved huge statues of the Buddha for people to worship. Wealthy Buddhist merchants who were eager to do good deeds paid for the construction of stupas—mounded stone structures built over holy relics. Buddhists walked the paths circling the stupas as a part of their meditation. Merchants also commissioned the carving of cave temples out of solid rock. Artists then adorned these temples with beautiful sculptures and paintings.

The Peloponnesian War

As Athens grew in wealth and power during the Classical Age, other city states viewed it with suspicion and hostility. Eventually war broke out between Athens and Sparta (and their allies) This Peloponnesian war lasted two decades. Athens was eventually crushed by its enemies. The long period of fighting left all of the Greek city-states very weak.

Northern European Art Styles

As Italian art styles moved north, they blended with local traditions. German artists such as Durer and Holbein emphasized extreme realism, creating oil paintings that looked like photographs.

agriculture of Indus valley

As in Egypt and Mesopotamia, agriculture was the basis of Indus civilization. Why? b) The Summer Monsoons were the key to successful agriculture.

African Kingdoms

As strong groups moved to extend their land and conquered weaker settlements, they centralized their power and their governments. Some of these societies eventually developed into great kingdoms.

Asoka

Asoka was the most important ruler of the Mauryan Empire. He fought in the wars to unify India which killed 100,000 people. This tragedy led to his conversion to Buddhism. He tried to govern his empire in a more tolerant and peaceful manner than Chandragupta

warring states period

At the end of the Zhou Dynasty, China is divided among many rival states. Over 100 local leaders ruled small independent states. There was no central leadership. Nomads from the North attacked the Chinese as well. This era is called the "Warring States Period" in China.

the rise of China's First Empire:

At the end of the Zhou Dynasty, China is divided among many rival states. Over 100 local leaders ruled small independent states. There was no central leadership. Nomads from the North attacked the Chinese as well. This era is called the "Warring States Period" in China. From the fighting, one state emerged victorious - The Qin. The word Qin is the basis of the word "China"

who developed first democratic from of gov.

Athens

consequences of Persian war

Athens becomes the leader of a new alliance called the Delian League Athens creates empire in Mediterranean

who fought in Peloponnesian warr

Athens vs. sparta 4310-404 bce

Early Trade Networks and Aksum

Axum; Modern Day Ethiopia Key trading center in East Africa for 1000 years. Connected Africa, India, Europe. Merchants and missionaries brought Judaism and Christianity to the region. Isolated from Christian Europe after the rise of Islam Became a Christian Outpost - preserved its religious identity. Built Churches in the rocks.

The Roman Family

Basic unit of society Included several generations of the family and domestic slaves. Paterfamilias Oldest living male held absolute authority.

neolithic age overview

Began farming food surplus... job specialization pastoralism gender inequality copper use began, plows developed, large pottery (used for storage), textiles, primitive calendars polytheistic, religious structures include megaliths Chiefs ruled village Catal Huyuk Jericho

Iron Age

Begins in 1500 bce The Hittites were the first people to work with iron. Iron is stronger than bronze, and was used in a variety of tools and weapons.

shinto

Belief in nature spirits which take the form natural objects. Never became an international religion. Shrines reflect their reverence for nature.

Sikhism

Belief in the "unity of god" Rejection of the Caste System Belief in reincarnation hinduism +islam

the greeks

Between 750 and 600 BCE, Greek settlers established about 50 colonies on the coasts of southern Italy and Sicily. The cities became prosperous and commercially active. They brought all of Italy, including Rome, into closer contact with Greek civilization. The Greeks taught the Romans about democracy which later influenced Roman government.

homer

Blind Poet who wrote two great epic poems about the Mycenaeans. The Illiad: The Story of the how the Greeks defeated the Trojans. The Odyssey: The story of Odysseus, a Greek hero of the war who tries to travel back home after the war.

Effects of Gutenberg Printing Press

Books printed cheaply and quickly. More books = More people learned to read. People gain access to more knowledge.

buddhist and hindu similarities

Both accepted the laws of karma, dharma, and believed in the cycle of rebirth Both practiced non-violence Both were influenced by the Vedic traditions

buddhism

Buddhism does not have a caste system therefore you can reach nirvana in this lifetime Very attractive, especially to Hindus in the lower castes Sacred text is the Tripitaka or "Three Baskets of Wisdom"

Funerary Mask - King Tut

Builders of the pyramids, Egyptians believed that their king ruled even after his death. He had an eternal life force, or ka, which continued to take part in the governing of Egypt. In the Egyptians' mind, the ka remained much like a living king in its needs and pleasures. Since kings expected to reign forever, their tombs were even more important than their palaces. For the kings of the Old Kingdom, the resting place after death was an immense structure called a pyramid.

Chinampas

Built artificial islands in the lake to use as farmland called "Chinampas" or floating gardens.

East African Trade

By 1100 African's had migrated to the East African Coast. They developed trade contacts with Muslim merchants from North Africa.

Background notes on the Crusades

Byzantine emperor Alexius and Pope Urban II are political and religious rivals during the 11th Century. They competed over the leadership and control of Christians in Europe. Islam controlled Palestine since the 7th century. In 1050 Seljuk Turks invaded the Byzantine empire and attacked Christian pilgrims en route to Palestine - the Holy Land. Byzantine Emperor asks Pope Urban II for Christian knights to help repel the Turks. In 1095 Pope Urban II gives a speech to church leaders in France, launching the Crusades

Effects of Trade with byzantine and slavs

Byzantium actively traded with its neighbors to the north. Because of this increased interaction, the Slavs began absorbing many Greek Byzantine ways. It was this blending of Slavic and Greek traditions that eventually produced Russian culture.

shia

Caliphs should be descendants of Ali (Muhammad) Descendants of Muhammad are divinely inspired. Revere martyrs to their cause.

Three Prized Chinese Art Forms

Calligraphy The art of elegant, beautiful writing Landscape Paintings Poetry

Foreign Policy of Carthage

Carthaginian foreign policy reflected its economic interests. Protection of the sea lanes, access to raw materials, and fostering trade mattered most to the dominant merchant class. Indeed, Carthage claimed the waters of the western Mediterranean as its own. Foreign merchants were free to sail to Carthage to market their goods, but if they tried to operate on their own, they risked having their ships sunk by the Carthaginian navy. Treaties between Carthage and other states included formal recognition of this maritime commercial monopoly.

Effects of the Rise of Monarchs in the late middle ages

Centralization of power leads to Kings controlling entire nations. Creation of unified states with stable boundaries. Nobles tried to limit the authority of powerful monarchs, which led to creation of democratic institutions. Nobles lose power, but retain their social position.

Kautilya

Chandragupta's advisor. From the Brahmin caste. Wrote The Treatise on Material Gain or the Arthashastra. A guide for the king and his ministers: It supports royal power. States that the great evil in society is anarchy. Therefore, a single authority is needed to employ force when necessary!

capital of tang

Chang An

Urbanization during tang

Chang An (Capital of Tang) >>> Find it on the map Population of over 1,000,000. Cities were centers of trade Products and ideas enter through Silk road and Indian Ocean Trade routes. Cosmopolitan atmosphere Merchants from all over Asia lived and worked in China. * Chang An was the largest city in the world during the Post-Classical Period.

capital of the han

Chang'an

Geographic Isolation of china

China - the most isolated of the civilizations we have studied thus far. Long distance from Egypt, Mesopotamia, India.

The Mongol Empire at its Peak

China Conquered Yuan Dynasty established Russia Conquered Ruled by the Golden Horde Khanate Middle East Conquered Baghdad destroyed in 1258 Abbasid Caliphate dethroned

What was re-born during the Renaissance?

Classical Greek and Roman Culture

religion of byzantine empire

Christianity was the official Religion. Eastern Orthodox Christianity breaks away from the Catholic Church in Rome in 1054.

in islam, christians and jews referred to as....... why?

Christians and Jews are referred to as "people of the book". Why? Muslims believe in the same God that Jews and Christians do. Muslims believe that the Torah, the Bible, and the Quran is the word of God.

Swahili Coast

Cities located on the East Africa coast developed into 40 independent trading states. They conducted trade with Islamic Merchants in the Indian Ocean. Kilwa, Mogadishu, Sofala - centers of trade that became major cities. Kilwa- greatest distance a merchant from India could travel in one monsoon season. No government was controlling trade. Trade was decentralized.

Direct Democracy

Citizens directly vote on laws. Majority rules Begins in Athens with reforms of Solon and Pericles. Why? Citizens demand more rights.

Geography of Constantinople

City was built on a peninsula near a narrow water way, Straits of Bosporus . Well protected by walls. Emperor could still respond to the danger of the Germanic tribes. Surrounded by water on three sides. Surrounded by defensive walls Straits of Bosporus Commanded sea trade routes between Asia and Europe.

confucianism vs. legalism

Confucianism = *** Legalism =ººº political goal: ***Creating order and a good society ºººcreating order and a good society leader: *** Confucius ººº Han Fei Tzu human nature is... ***good, but people must be led by a moral leader ºººevil and selfish the best way to create order is... *** be a virtuous leader. be fair and just ººº have strict laws and harsh punishment good citizens *** perform their social responsibilities based on gender, age, and status ººº obey the government major beliefs ***five proper relationships, ren, li, filial piety, ancestors worship, do not shame your family ºººlaw is supreme authority, war strengthens leader's power, intellectualism literacy is discouraged, personal freedom must be sacrifice for the good of the state

Man-Made Changes to the environment in china

Controlled the flooding of rivers through large scale irrigation projects. Channels, Levies, Canals, Reservoirs, Rice Paddies This led to the rise of strong central government.

Justinian's Code

Corpus Juris Civilis "Body of Civil Law" Revised the laws of Ancient Rome into a single legal code. Regulated all aspects of life - marriage, business, property. European Monarchs later used the code as a model for their laws.

inca cities

Cuzco Capital City Splendid city of temples, palaces, and plazas. Temple of the Sun: Gold facade on the building.

Cyrillic Alphabet

Cyril and Methodius invented an alphabet for the Slavic languages. With an alphabet, Slavs would be able to read the Bible in their own tongues. Many Slavic languages, including Russian, are now written in what is called the Cyrillic Alphabet

Daoism and Government

Daoism rejects conflict and seeks social harmony and compromise. Believes government is the cause of many problems.

Persian provinces and satraps

Darius made provinces to keep empire together. Had people become satraps to govern provinces.

kana syllables

Departure from Chinese influence Syllables, not words Unique cultural creation of the chinese

The Nomadic Way of Life

Depended on animals for food, clothing, milk, tools. Lived in Yurts. Believed in a Sky God that ruled the universe. Nomads competed for resources - led to constant warfare, alliances, or both.

viking Motives for Exploration

Desire to loot and raid unprotected villages and cities (Paris, London, Constantinople) Desire for Trade with Byzantines and Muslims. Desire to colonize and settle new lands for growing crops.

Mayan Mathematics

Developed number system and concept of zero.

Origins of the Byzantine Empire

Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into two halves in 284. Roman Emperor Constantine Moved the capital of Rome to Byzantium in 330. He re-named it Constantinople The Western Roman Empire Falls in 476 AD.

leaders of ancient athens

Draco...made law code that said everybody equal under law, harsh w/ crime, debt slavery practiced Solon...outlawed debt slavery, organized athenians into four social classes, top three could hold political power, all citizens could participate in assembly, introduced concept that citizens can r=bring changes against wrongdoers. Cleisthenes:.. made ten groups based on where people lived, not wealth, increased assembly power, created council of 500, restricted citizenship; free man w/ property born in Athens Pericles: increase # of public officials who paid salary, more citizens engaged in gov... made one of most democratic gov. in history, led Athens during much of golden age, honest, fair

centers of power during early middle ages

During the Early Middle Ages, there were three centers of economic, political, and social power. The Church Nobles Monarchs Each competed for influence in feudal society. Overtime, monarchs centralized their power, which led to the creation of nation-states.

Decline of the Inca

During the Golden Age of the Inca a power struggle occurred between the sons of a fallen emperor. Civil War erupted that greatly weakened the Inca empire. The Inca were conquered by the Spanish under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro in 1532.

Agriculture during the Han

During the Han Dynasty, the population of China swelled to 60 million. Because there were so many people to feed, Confucian scholars and ordinary Chinese people considered agriculture the most important and honored occupation.

The Role of Knights in middle ages

During the Middle Ages, nobles constantly fought each other. Knights were granted fiefs in exchange for their military service. Their main job was protecting a lord's manor. They dedicated their lives to preparing for battle. These soldiers on horseback were the premiere warriors of their time.

The Delhi Sultanate

During the late 12th Century Turks launched a campaign to control Northern India. They established an Islamic state under a sultan (ruler). The capital was in Delhi. This marks the start of 300 years of Muslim rule in Northern India.

Indian Literature (Gupta)

During this era several important pieces of literature were written The Ramayana The Mahabharata The Bhagavad Ghita Sanskrit was also standardized as a written language.

Who are the Zapotec's

Early civilization based in central Mexico. Early influence of the Maya.

government before roman empire

Early in its history, Rome was ruled by a series of Etruscan Kings. Tarquin the Proud was last king of Rome. He was a harsh tyrant thrown from office in 509 bc. The Romans created a Republic, and declared they would never again be ruled by Kings

Social Effects of trade in Africa

East Arab and Persian merchants set up Islamic communities in Africa. Trade cities became wealthy and powerful. Most govt officials were Muslim. Many Africans converted to Islam and often married Muslim merchants. Arabic and Bantu blended to create the Swahili language. Arab Muslim traders exported enslaved persons from E. Africa. Slaves were sent to Arabia, India, Persia, and Iraq.

new kingdom

Egypt After overthrowing the Hyksos, the pharaohs of the New Kingdom (about 1570-1075 B.C.) sought to strengthen and protect Egypt by building an empire. They sought to never be dominated by a foreign power again. more powerful than ever...had booze weapons and two-wheeling chariots

Unification of Egypt

Egypt started as independent farming villages along the Nile River. The villages came under the rule of two separate kingdoms, Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt.

theocracy

Egypt was a Theocracy - a government in which rule is based on religious authority.

Politics of Ancient Egypt

Egypt was ruled by a Pharaoh He was viewed as a God-King. Held absolute power. Source of law and justice. Pharaohs linked the gods to the Egyptian people. was a theocracy The Pharaoh's duty was to maintain Ma'at - the divine order of the universe. was a dynasty

greek culture blended with which civilizations after Alex. conquest to product hellenistic culture

Egyptian Persian indian

Spiritual Beliefs of Egyptians

Egyptian religion placed great importance on the afterlife. The Egyptians believed that after a person died the soul, or ka, would leave the body for a short period and then return to reunite with the body for the journey to the after world. If the body were lost or destroyed, the ka would spend an eternity wandering aimlessly in the afterworld. For this reason the Egyptians went to great lengths to preserve and protect the body after death (mummies). Egyptian religion placed great importance on the afterlife. The Egyptians believed that after a person died the soul, or ka, would leave the body for a short period and then return to reunite with the body for the journey to the after world. If the body were lost or destroyed, the ka would spend an eternity wandering aimlessly in the afterworld. For this reason the Egyptians went to great lengths to preserve and protect the body after death (mummies). Egyptian religion placed great importance on the afterlife. The Egyptians believed that after a person died the soul, or ka, would leave the body for a short period and then return to reunite with the body for the journey to the after world. If the body were lost or destroyed, the ka would spend an eternity wandering aimlessly in the afterworld. For this reason the Egyptians went to great lengths to preserve and protect the body after death (mummies). canopic jar funerary mask Anubis and judgement in the afterlife Simple: Polytheistic- belief in many gods Believed in eternal life/ afterlife Believed afterlife would be like life on Earth, so they buried the dead with everything they would need for eternity. Mummified bodies...Preservation of the dead Purpose: Gives the soul use of its body in the afterlife

What happened to Luther in Germany

Emperor Charles V put him on trial, Luther refused to recant his beliefs, Charles issued edict of worms... declared Luther heretic... his books burned Luther saved by German prince Luther started to Lutheran church he married and raised a family

Expansion under the Han

Emperor Wu launched a period of military expansion into present day Vietnam, Manchuria and North Korea. Han armies also went west to secure the lucrative Silk Road.

feudal japan

Emperor loses control of empire Warlords begin to fight for power Feudal System develops decentralized government- regional leaders dominate politics, but are led by a shogun Kamakura Shogunate Ashikaga Shogunate Tokugawa Shogunate

Pachacuti

Emperor of the Inca who unified the Andean people.

government of byzantines

Emperor was an Autocrat He held absolute Political and Religious power. Ceasaropapism All the powers of Ceasar and the Pope. Grew wealthy through trade.

Richard the lion hearted

English king who led the 3rd crusade against Saladin and b/c of their great strategies they both agreed to a truce In 1192

bishops

Ensure that priests enforce church rules

according to Confucius even religious rituals are important for ____________, not ____________ reasons,

Even religious rituals are important for SOCIAL, not religious reasons, according to Confucius.

The Dynastic Cycle

Events such as earthquakes, floods, and rebellions were signs from the ancestral spirits and "Heaven" that the end was near for the dynasty. If displeased with a king's rule, the Mandate of Heaven might pass to another noble family. Historians describe the pattern of rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties as the dynastic cycle. (Zhou... earlier china created)

Warfare on the Steppe

Every man was an expert horseman, archer, and warrior. Revolutionized warfare with the use of horse tactics.

hindu cycle of life

Every person has an Atman (spirit). After death the Atman is reincarnated into a new body. Karma (your actions) determine the status of your next life.

inca Social Organization

Extended families formed community groups called ayllu . Ayllu performed tasks as a group (farming, canal building, etc) Land was owned communally. Obligation to aid fellow ayllu members

the trojan war

Famous war fought by the Greek city- states against the city of Troy in Anatolia.

neolithic communities

Farmers abandoned the nomadic life in order to farm and raise animals. This required that they settle in one place to live Farmers lived in small houses made of wood, stone, straw mud The first permanent villages soon developed. 500-1000 people per village Some become centers for trade

Altering their Environment in neolithic revolution

Farmers often cut down existing forests to clear the land for farming. The cutting and burning of trees is called slash-and burn farming.

Subsistence Agriculture

Farming that provides the goods required by a farm family, but not enough for sale or trade.

griots

Few African societies had written languages. Instead, storytellers shared orally the history and literature of a culture. In West Africa, for example, these storytellers, or griots, kept this history alive, passing it from parent to child. is a musician, storyteller, tribal historian, genealogist

african stateless society

Few rulers in Ancient Africa had absolute power. No government hierarchy or bureaucracy existed

Geography of South America

First Civilizations develop along Western Coast. Many Geographic Barriers to movement prevented cultural interaction and political unity. Andes Mountains Dry Coastal Plains Amazon Jungle Very harsh living environment was an obstacle to political unity. High Mountains Desert (west) Dense Jungle (east)

Bronze

First used in 3000 bce An alloy - blend of copper and tin. Much stronger than pure copper. Invented during the rise of the first cities and civilizations . Used in weapons, tools, and luxury items for the elite.

Hieroglyphics

First writing system in Egypt a stylized picture of an object representing a word, syllable, or sound

Job Specialization

Food surplus allowed some people to specialize in craft-making or other jobs, since they could trade their crafts for

Roman Expansion

For hundreds of years after the founding of the republic, Rome sought to expand its territories through trade and conquest. By the fourth century B.C., the Romans dominated central Italy. Eventually, they defeated the Etruscans to the north and the Greek city states to the south. By 265 B.C., the Romans were masters of nearly all Italy.

What artistic and architectural features are evident in Knossos?

Frescoes Paintings on wet plaster. Columns

What items were traded on trans Sahara trade network?

From West Africa Gold, Leather, Slaves From North Africa Salt, silk, glass, horses. The most valuable products (commodities) were Salt and Gold.

Social Classes of Maya

God-King Holy Figure; Rule passed to eldest son. Nobles: Priests and Warriors Merchants and Artisans Farmers Captured Slaves

Incan Methods of Creating a Unified Empire

Govt Bureaucracy Built Roads Imposed an Official language Efficient Economic System Standardized Government Architecture

Octavian Augustus

Grand-Nephew of Caesar Defeated all rivals in a power struggle after the death of Caesar. Became Rome's first Emperor- the unchallenged ruler of Rome His reign marks the beginning of the Roman Empire and the Pax Romana (Roman Peace) There is a series of good and bad emperors for next 400 years.

Extended Family:

Grandparents, parents, aunts, uncles, etc live and work together as a unit.

Geography of North America

Great Geographic Diversity Deserts Fertile Plains Mountain Ranges Unique adaptations to the environment. Many different native tribes with unique lifestyles led to political disunity among North American peoples. Tribes were linked through trade and similar polytheistic religious beliefs.

Parthenon

Greatest Temple = Parthenon (House of Athena) greek

Greece is an ________________civilization..

Greece is an island civilization.. It is composed of over 2000 islands. It has excellent bays and harbors for the anchorage of ships.

Ptolemy

Greek Astronomer Believed the Earth was the center of the universe. The "Geocentric" Theory

Food Production during the Neolithic Age

Growing of plants/crops Domesticating (Raising) Animals For food, milk, clothing, plowing

First Cities in the Indus Valley

Harappa and Mohenjo- Daro

why Osaka's first military campaign his last

He fought in the wars to unify India which killed 100,000 people. This tragedy led to his conversion to Buddhism.

autocrat

He held absolute Political and Religious power.

Pastoral Nomads

Herders who move their animals in search of water and fresh grasslands. Also referred to as Pastoralism.

Zapotec Contributions

Hieroglyphic Writing System Solar Calendar Built the first cities in the Americas

The Inca Government

Highly organized central government. Hereditary God-King with absolute power. Descendant of the Sun god - Inti. Govt organized families into 10's, 100's, 1000's etc. A chief led each group. He reported up the chain to the emperor. This allowed tight govt control over the population.

geography of india

Himalayas mountains in northern Indian indus and ganges rivers provide fertile plains thar desert in south Deccan plateau in center eastern/western ghats.. mountain, lush, on southern border

Where/When hinduism Started

Hinduism starts to evolve in India after the arrival of the Aryans in 1500 bce.

hindu Sacred Texts/Holy Books

Hinduism has no single holy book. However, there are many significant Hindu writings. The Vedas The Upanishads The Bhagavad-Gita

hindu god (s)

Hindus believe in many gods - polytheistic. Brahma the Creator Vishnu the Preserver Shiva the Destroyer However, every god is a manifestation of one Supreme Being -Brahman

achievements of Mesopotamia

Historians believe the Sumerians invented the wheel, the sail, and the plow, among first to use bronze developed number system in base 60 (where 60 sec. =1 minute) and 360º in circle arches, columns, ramps, pyramids shaped design of ziggurat and important cuneiform system of writing

tech of Mesopotamia

Historians believe the Sumerians invented the wheel, the sail, and the plow.

cyber pass

Historical Path of Invasion/Migr ation into India It Provides the only access point through the Hindu Kush mountains Aryans (Indo-Europeans ) transited the Kyber Pass into the area.

Hittite Chariots

Hittites are responsible for perfecting and spreading through cultural diffusion: The light, horse-drawn war chariots Allowed for a great military

Hindu Architecture

Huge Hindu temples were built with state money. These temples were characterized by - Raised platforms High Towers. Sacred living place of a Hindu god. Statues of the deity. Decorated with paintings and sculptures

chief aztec god

Huitzilohochtli sun god battle evil to get to next day so needed nourishment of human blood or else it will be too weak to fight and wouldn't rise

major legalist principles

Human nature is naturally selfish. 2. Intellectualism and literacy is discouraged. 3. Law is the supreme authority and replaces morality. 4. The ruler must rule with a strong, punishing hand. 5. War is the means of strengthening a ruler's power.

Traditional Economies of Africa

Hunting and Gathering Pastoralism - Herding Small Farms Trade based on barter

differences in Indian and Chinese culture

INDIA 1. Brahmin 2. Kshatriyas 3. Vaishyas 4. Shudras Untouchables CHINA 1. Scholar-Gentry 2. Peasants 3. Artisans 4. Merchants Soldiers Imperial Nobility Domestic Slaves

Mayan Language and Religion

Ideographs and a syllable-alphabet Most writings destroyed by Spanish conquerors Deciphering work begins in 1960s Popol Vuh: Mayan creation myth Importance of bloodletting rituals Human sacrifices follow after removal of fingers, piercing to allow blood flow Self-mutilation

Dividing the Roman Empire

In 284, Diocletian attempts to restore order. He divides the empire to make it easier to govern.

Kiev Becomes Orthodox

In 957, a member of the Kievan nobility, Princess Olga, paid a visit to Constantinople and publicly converted to Christianity. From 945 to 964, she governed Kiev until her son was old enough to rule. Her son resisted Christianity. However, soon after Olga's grandson Vladimir came to the throne about 980,he considered conversion to Christianity. The Primary Chronicle reports that Vladimir sent out teams to observe the major religions of the times. Three of the teams returned with lukewarm accounts of Islam, Judaism, and Western Christianity. All the beliefs and traditions of Orthodox Christianity flourished in Kiev. Vladimir appreciated the Byzantine idea of the emperor as supreme ruler of the Church. So the close link between Church and state took root in Russia as well.

Egyptian judgment in afterlife

In contrast to the Mesopotamians, with their bleak view of death, Egyptians believed in an afterlife, a life that continued after death. Egyptians believed they would be judged for their deeds when they died. Anubis, god and guide of the underworld, would weigh each dead person's heart. To win eternal life, the heart could be no heavier than a feather. If the heart tipped the scale, showing that it was heavy with sin, a fierce beast known as the Devourer of Souls would pounce on the impure heart and gobble it up. But if the soul passed this test for purity and truth, it would live forever in the beautiful Other World.

Moving the Capital of Rome

In the year 330 Constantine moves the capital to Constantinople (Byzantium). The center of Roman power shifted from west to east.

inti

Incan sun god god-king descendant of this god

The Mycenaeans

Indo-Europeans who migrated to Greece. They built city-states on mainland Greece.

migration

Migration is the permanent move of a people from one country or region to another

divination

Interpreting the will of the gods.

The Decline of the Guptas

Invasion of the White Huns in the 4c signaled the end of the Gupta Golden Age. Defense against the Huns depleted the state treasury. The empire collapsed in 550. After the decline of the Gupta empire, north India broke into a number of separate Hindu kingdoms and was not really unified again until the coming of the Muslims in the 7c.

Why is the Silk Road important?

It connected Classical Empires across Asia and Europe. It resulted in Cultural Diffusion. Exchange of beliefs, knowledge, technology between east and west.

Galileo Galilei

Italian scientist Believed in the heliocentric theory. He built a telescope to prove it. Church officials put him on trial for heresy -promoting ideas contrary to the church.

What was the basis of Minoan wealth?

Its success was based on trade, not conquest. Cultural diffusion was the source of many of its achievements.

who helped liberate Russia from mongols...how?

Ivan III/ Czar Russians refused to pay taxes the mongols and Russians faced each other but nobody fought... liberation of mongol rule Iban III becomes Czar of russia

Japanese feudalism vs european feudalism

Japan: emperor headed society but held no power, if samurai broke bushido he was expected to commit seppuku, samurai prepared for hardship (went Hungry etc.), women could be warriors/fight both: warriors expected to be courageous in battle, warrior got land if fought, shogun/king gave land to lords/Daimyo for loyalty, most of pop. peasants, highly militaristic europe: king headed society.. held most of power, chivalry often broken, no class of artisans/merchants, church officials high rank, emphasized contractual ideas more strongly

Zen Buddhism

Japanese form of Buddhism. Focuses on Peace, Simplicity, Love of Beauty Enlightenment can come through precise performance of everyday tasks, such as tea ceremony.

jericho

Jericho was another Neolithic settlement located in modern day Israel north of the Dead Sea. evolved from a small farming village into a large town with stone buildings and central courtyards. A circular stone wall surrounded the city.

second crusade

Jerusalem fell to muslims... crusaders defeated

What is Judaism?

Judaism is the world's first monotheistic religion. Monotheism is the belief in one god The god of Judaism is called Yahweh.

when and where Jesus born

Judea 4bce

The Renaissance Spreads North

Just as in Italy, wealth from trade triggered an artistic renaissance in Northern Europe. Wealthy Merchants from trade cities such as Flanders and powerful monarchs from France and England sponsored artists.

capital of song

Kaifeng.....Hangzhou

Who is Mansa Musa?

King of Mali who converted to Islam. He later completes the Hajj to Mecca to demonstrate his faith and wealth. Europeans learn about the extravagant wealth of West Africa.

Monarchy

King or Queen holds power. Rule is hereditary- passes to son or daughter. Monarch often gives land to nobles in exchange for their loyalty.

Nubia

Kingdom to the south of Egypt on the Nile River. Trade partner and rival to Egypt.

Nubia

Kingdom to the south of Egypt on the Nile River. Former trade partner and rival to Egypt.

Why was investiture so controversial?

Kings and Nobles fought with the Pope over the authority to control the appointments of church officials.

Patrilineal

Kinship and inheritance pass through father's side

end of mongol rule

Kublai's last years weakness present... many militaristic defeats, no money, high taxes, rebellion

mongols fall

Lands were too large and diverse to govern effectively Were good fighters, but had little experience in government China and Russia resented the Mongols and eventually overthrew them

Buddhist Stupa Monasteries

Large Dome-shaped Shrines. Monks and nuns live, study, and worship here. Orphans, widows, poor, and the sick go to these houses for help. Missionaries stay here while traveling

subcontinent

Large landmass separated from the rest of Asia. Region is known as South Asia

Great Zimbabwe

Largest kingdom civilization in sub-Sahara Africa. Built "Great Stone Buildings" - served as royal palaces Its wealth came from gold mining and cattle herding It provided goods from the heart of Africa (gold, ivory, slaves) Linked to Swahili Coast and Indian Ocean Trade Network. Abandoned - probably due to resource exhaustion.

Timur (Tamerlane)

Last great nomadic conqueror. Turk who claimed descent from the Mongols. Brutally conquered much of Central Asia, creating the Timurid empire. A devout Muslim. Spread Islam throughout the region.

10 Commandments

Laws given to Moses by Yahweh.

moses

Led the Hebrews out of Egypt during their period of being enslaved. (Exodus)

major confucian principles

Li --> Rite, rules, ritual decorum (Binding force of an enduring stable society) Ren --> humaneness, benevolence, humanity Shu --> Reciprocity, empathy Do not do unto others what you would not want others to do unto you. Yi --> Righteousness Xiao --> Filial Piety (Respect your elders!)

Indirect Rule

Local officials kept in charge Limited self-rule for the conquered peoples Local rulers kept in charge, but must follow the empire's directives and policies. Greater independence for the colony. Goal is to extract wealth from the colony, and ensure loyal colonial rulers.

fertile crescent

Located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf Name: "fertile"= good soil for crops "crescent"= because of its shape

Long Distance Trade Networks _____________________ ↓ Natural Resource specialized labor new transportation tech economic prosperity interstate conflict

Long Distance Trade Networks...Nubia >>> Egypt >>> Mesopotamia >>> Indus Valley Phoenicia>>> Mediterranean ↓ Natural Resource...Each region possessed specific items that were desired by others: Gold, Copper, Tin, Cedar, etc. specialized labor... Craftsmen (artisans) created specialty goods that others wanted (leather items, jewelry, etc) new transportation and tech... New modes of transportation allowed for the transport of goods. The Horse. Wheeled carts Sailboats economic prosperity... Trade led to economic growth, access to resources, and tax revenues. interstate conflict... States competed over the control of trade routes, sometimes leading to war.

the later Han capital

Luoyang

Luther's understanding of salvation vs. the Roman Catholic church's understanding

Luther believed a person could achieve salvation with faith alone RCC taught fasting, praying and participating in religious ceremonies was way to achieve salvation

Medieval Church vs Renaissance Church

M: pointy, darker, tall R: Dome, pillars

sacred city of inca

Machu picchu

Major crops of Mesoamerica

Maize (corn) Squash Beans

monk

Male (members of the monasteries) who dedicated his life to monastic life

gender roles in neolithic age

Male farmers provided almost 100% of food. (use of plow requires good upper body strength) Women tended to the home and the children. This led to Gender Inequality- Decline in social status for women.

jainism

Many similarities to Buddhism and Hinduism) There is no founder They do not believe in any specific god/gods Goal: to free yourself from the bondage of life and reach Nirvana Human suffering is due to bad karma and attachment to material objects Non-violent Respect all forms of human life Vegetarians/ Vegans

yang

Masculine Active Light Warmth Strong Heaven; Sun

inca roads

Massive road building system extending 14,000 miles. Allowed efficient postal and messenger services. Permitted government military control over the entire empire. "All roads lead to Cuzco".

mayan writing?

Mayan Glyphs Hieroglyphic writing system. Only original writing system in Western Hemisphere. Knowledge kept in books.

Polygamy

Men have more than one wife

gender roles in Paleolithic age

Men were responsible for hunting game, building of shelters, and tool making. They provided 25% of the food; Women gathered fruits and nuts, which made up 75% of the total food acquired. They also took care of children and made clothing. Communities were probably egalitarian, which means that women enjoyed general social equality since they provided the majority of the food.

How was trade conducted on trans Sahara trade network?

Merchants met in trading cities. The King's officials collected taxes and enforced the laws. Royal Guards provided protection from bandits.

Mesopotamian trade

Mesopotamia lacked many natural resources, but they traded with nearby lands to acquire Wood from Lebanon Silver from Anatolia Gold from Egypt Gems from Persian Gulf In exchange, Mesopotamians offered cloth, wool, and barley.

women in Mesopotamia vs. women in egypt

Mesopotamia: fewer rights, arranged marriages common, Hammurabi's code.. different rights and penalties for women, men can sell wife or children to satisfy debt, adultery punishable by death (women only), veils worn in public; controlling social interactions... **men were controlling of women because the wanted to be sure their children were really with that husband Both: Patriarchy, men rule family, men held highest political offices, wives sometimes acted as advisors to king/pharaoh, some became brewers, bakers, textile workers, etc Egypt.. could own, inherit, and will property, marriage often through mutual agreement rather than arranged, could propose marriage and divorce, often had influence as wife of pharaoh (Queen Hatshepsut took power as pharaoh)

who invented iron weapons

Mesopotamians Hittites improved way of molding it

major artists during renaissance

Michaelangelo: ceiling painting, sculptures Leonardo da vinci: studied human anatomy, Mona Lisa ***Renaissance men***

Mediterranean Climate

Mild Dry Summers Rain in Winter

Why were the Mongols so Successful on the Battlefield?

Mobility of Horses Mongol Bow Superior Military Organization Strategy Psychological Terror Spread fear through mass slaughter

Who is Genghis Khan?

Mongol leader who became "World Emperor". United the clans of the steppe under his leadership. Ruled with an iron fist - ruthless, he demanded absolute loyalty.

mongol Treatment of Conquered People

Mongols demanded payment of tribute in return for peace. They permitted local leaders to govern. They showed religious tolerance. They established rule of law.

The Mongols Invade Russia

Mongols destroy Kiev in 1240. So many people were slaughtered that "no eye remained to weep" Mongols rule Russia from afar for 200 years.

Beliefs of Zoroastrianism

Monotheism - A single god (Ahura Mazda) is the creator of the universe. He is the source of all that is true and good. Mazda is engaged in a cosmic struggle against the forces of evil (embodied as a supernatural being called Mainyu) Mazda will win the battle with the help of a savior (messiah) who will restore the world to a condition of purity and peace. Judgment day will come. Those aligned with Mazda will achieve eternal life in paradise. Those opposed to Mazda will receive eternal punishment.

Zoroastrianism

Monotheistic religion founded in Ancient Persia. 6th-7th century bce. Based on the ideas of the prophet Zarathustra. Greeks called him Zoroaster.

Iron Ore

More abundant than copper and tin, but harder to work with. The metal must be extracted from ore (rocks) using very high temperatures and forging (hammering) impurities out of the metal.

Exodus

Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt during their period of being enslaved

Shakespeare

Most famous writer during the Renaissance. Playwright was influenced by Greek and Roman classics. Works include Romeo and Juliet Julius Caesar Othello

greek agriculture

Most farms are small. There are no large rivers or valleys in Greece. Major Crops were olives and grapes

Justinian

Most important Byzantine Emperor. Tried to restore Roman control over Mediterranean. Wanted to create a "New Rome". size of empire grew under his rule

ramses

Most powerful pharaoh during the New Kingdom. Expanded Egyptian empire to the south and conquered Nubian Kingdom of Kush Built magnificent temples, palaces, and statues to advertise his power.

Urbanization within the Islamic Empire

Muslim Cities were used as Military camps for armies Trading centers Administrative centers for the empire Centers for religious learning and worship. New converts migrated to cities. Madrasas - religious schools established.

social classes of neolithic age

Neolithic peoples experienced an increase in personal property. Why? Accumulation of land and wealth by some farmers and traders leads to social classes. Much of the land was taken from hunters and gatherers. Warfare often occurred over land and property.

Influence of Zoroastrianism

Never spread beyond Persia in a significant way. Had enormous influence on the development of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

longest river in world

Nile River flows northward

Courtly Love

Nobles celebrated courtly love, an ideal form of spiritual love in which a knight or courtier completely devoted himself to a noblewoman. Read the excerpt from "The Art of Courtly Love", a manual on love and relationships from the 12th century.

Who are the Mongols?

Nomadic horse-people from the eastern steppe of Asia. They created the largest empire in the history of the world , stretching from China to Russia.

indo-europeans

Nomadic herders from Central Asia migrated throughout Asia and the Middle East, beginning in 3000 BCE Lived by raising cattle, sheep, goats, and horses Horses permitted long migrations Many modern, languages such as the ones below, trace their roots to the Indo-Europeans.

the first Americans

Nomadic hunters following herds from Asia migrated over the Bering land bridge relatively late in history. They gradually migrated all the way to South America. No large animals for agriculture (horses, cows, etc) existed in North America until the Spanish arrive. Effect: American civilizations developed much later in history than Asian and African civilizations.

Who are the Turks?

Nomads from Central Asia who speak the Turkic language. Appear in the Middle East in 10th Century. Most converted to Islam.

The Magna Carta

On June 15, 1215, English nobles forced the King of England, King John to sign the most celebrated document in English history, The Magna Carta, or Great Charter. This document guaranteed basic political rights. The nobles wanted to safeguard their own feudal rights and limit the King's powers. The Magna Carta guaranteed basic legal rights that are now widely accepted in England and the United States, such as No one is above the law, even the King. Equal Protection of the law for everyone. Right to a Jury Trial No taxation without representation

Individualism

One intellectual feature of Classical Greece was an emphasis on the natural abilities, potential, and rights of individuals. This is called Humanism because it emphasizes the unique qualities of individual humans.

Hatshepsut

One of only 3 female pharaohs to rule Egypt in its 3000 year history. She promoted trade between Egypt and Nubia.

Who are the Sumerians?

One of the earliest known people to set up a civilization. They lived in Mesopotamia.

Ibn Battuta

One of the most widely traveled of all Muslim writers in the 1300's. Born in North Africa. Traveled 75,000 miles in his lifetime. Wrote about the people, cultures, and leaders he saw. Served as a Judge in the Delhi Sultanate.

authoritarian

One who favors the principle that individuals should obey a powerful authority rather than exercise individual freedom. The ruler, therefore, "cracks his whip" on the backs of his subjects! (legalism)

china's heartland

Only about 10 percent of China's land is suitable for farming. Much of the land lies within the small plain between the Huang He and the Chang Jiang in eastern China. This plain, known as the North China Plain, is China's heartland. Throughout China's long history, its political boundaries have expanded and contracted depending on the strength or weakness of its ruling families. Yet the heartland of China remained the center of its civilization.

Early Russia

Originally settled by Slavs and Vikings. Established important trade cities >>> such as Kiev. Converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity under Vladimir. Closely tied to Byzantine Empire through trade. Mostly city-states ruled by princes.Originally settled by Slavs and Vikings. Established important trade cities >>> such as Kiev. Converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity under Vladimir. Closely tied to Byzantine Empire through trade. Mostly city-states ruled by princes.

Role of the Orthodox Church inrussian when mongols ruled

Orthodox Church was used as a mediator between the Mongols and the local Russian leaders. The Mongols granted the church special privileges in return.

the test for the afterlife in egypt

Osiris weighed each soul's heart against the feather of truth Those judged to be sinners were fed to the crocodile-shaped Eater of the Dead Worthy souls entered the Happy Field of Food

pastoralists in africa

Other early Africans eventually learned to domesticate and raise a variety of animals for food. Called herders, or pastoralists, these people kept cattle, goats, or sheep. They were nomads who drove their animals to find water and good pastures for grazing during the dry season. Millions of modern Africans are pastoral herders as well.

Chinese contact w/ world

Outlying regions were the home of nomadic invaders Mongolia, Xinjiang, Manchuria China called them "Barbarians" and believed they lacked "civility". Nomads brought technology from Middle East (Cultural Diffusion). China Referred to itself as the "Middle Kingdom".

Environmental impact of Pastoralism

Overgrazing leads to erosion and desertification (creating deserts)

purpose of colonies

Overseas settlement in colonies provided an outlet for excess population, new sources of raw materials, trade goods, and new trading partners.

mountains of india

PROTECTION Himalayas - highest mountains in the world. Hindu Kush - Limited contact between India and other lands.

frescoes

Paintings on wet plaster.

art of neolithic age

Paintings, Textiles, Pottery, Statues, Jewelry figurines.. archeologists believe statues of seated women may have religious significance.. female figurines probably symbolized fertility and health.

social life of Paleolithic age

Paleolithic communities organized themselves into groups of 30-50 people. Individuals acquired very few personal possessions since they were always on the move. Most items were owned by the community and food was shared.

religion of Paleolithic age

Paleolithic peoples probably believed in Animism, the belief that natural objects such as animals, trees, and rocks have spirits. They also may have believed in the afterlife since they buried the dead with great care and Provided them with weapons, tools, etc so that they could prosper in the afterlife.

Political Powers of the Church

Papal Supremacy The Pope claimed authority over all secular (non-religious rulers). High clergy were usually nobles.

Nuclear Family:

Parents and children live and work together.

patron

Patron: man of wealth and influence Provides legal advice, loans, physical protection, representation (RE)

Mit'a System

Peasants were drafted to work for the state for certain number of days per year. They provided labor for the nobles, and religious leaders. They worked on roads, irrigation projects, etc. In return, the government took care of the poor, elderly, and sick.

Serfs

Peasants who worked on a noble's manor. They were bound to the land - could not leave the place where they were born. They were not slaves. Their lords could not sell or buy them, but what their labor produced belonged to the lord.

How did geography affect economic life in Africa?

People adapted to their environment. Economic activity is determined by climate and vegetation.

why people migrate

People generally migrate for three reasons, each of which may "Push" or "Pull" them to a new land.

Representative Democracy

People vote for leaders who make laws. Legislature = law making body of govt. Athens: The Assembly and Council of 500

role of brahmin priests

Performed ceremonies and rituals to please the gods. Sacrifices were the main ritual. Only the Brahmins knew the prayers for the rituals (orally passed down).

What is the Renaissance?

Period of cultural re-birth that occurred in Europe after the Middle Ages. Golden age of intellectual and artistic and achievement. It started in Italy in the 1300's and lasted until the 1600's.

outcome of Persian war

Persian defeat

who fought in Persian war

Persians vs greek city states 490-479 BCE (after pelo. war)

Cylinder Seals mesopotamia

Personal stamps Used to sign legal documents or mark ownership of an object.

Alexander the Great

Phillip's son tutored by Aristotle conquered Persian empire, Egypt, and Asia up to Indus river marked beginning of Hellenistic age died of fever... empire split into three

What is Daoism (Taoism)?

Philosophy based on the teachings of Laozi, "The Old Master".

philosophy

Philosophy means "love of wisdom". It is the systematic pursuit of knowledge and truth about the world.

phoenician organization`

Phoenicians never united into a country. Instead, they founded a number of wealthy city-states around the Mediterranean that became colonies.. Colony = a territory settled and ruled by people from a foreign land. The colonies were about 30 miles apart— about the distance a Phoenician ship could sail in a day. The greatest Phoenician colony was at Carthage in North Africa.

Machiavelli

Political Philosopher of the Renaissance. Wrote a book called "The Prince", which told rulers how to preserve their power. Believed rulers should be strong, shrewd, and ruthless---not moral.

Minbar

Platform from which the Imam (prayer leader) speaks.

women in Rome

Played no significant public role. Were viewed as children before the law. Raised by paterfamilias (oldest male of the household); after marriage fell under her husband's paterfamilias. Could be physically punished by husbands. Could not own property. Could not represent themselves in legal proceedings

religion of Indus Valley civilization

Political rulers were closely tied to religion. Priest-Kings likely prayed for good harvests and safety from floods. Polytheism - Gods linked to fertility and mother goddess.

Political Unity in India

Political unity in India, on those rare occasions when it has been achieved, has not lasted long. A number of factors have contributed to India's habitual political fragmentation. Different terrains—mountains, foothills, plains, forests, steppes, deserts—called forth different forms of organization and economic activity, and peoples occupying topographically diverse zones differed from one another in language and cultural practices. Perhaps the most significant barrier to political unity lay in the complex social hierarchy. Individuals identified themselves primarily in terms of their class and caste (birth group); allegiance to a higher political authority was of secondary concern.

tang and buddhism

Politicization of Buddhism Chinese leaders in China used Buddhism to justify their power. They believed Buddhist prayers aided the rulers so leaders enlisted Buddhist monasteries to pray for them. In return, Monasteries received tax exemptions, land grants, and other gifts. By the 800's the Tang Empire is crumbling. Local warlords are seizing control of provinces. Tang elite react against the Central Asian neighbors and their "foreign, barbarian cultures". Buddhists became scapegoats for the Tang's economic and political problems.

Inca Religion

Polytheism Inti - sun god Gods control the natural order. All emperors are believed to be descendants of Inti. ancestor worship

Religious Powers of the Church

Pope is representative of Christ on earth. Controlled spiritual life of all Christians. Enforced Canon Law Spiritual

cardinals

Pope's assistants

Other Effects mongols had on Russia

Population Decline Due to Mongol attacks and the Plague. Economic Poverty Oppressive taxation Starved Russia of metal money. Some historians believe Russia's progress was stunted by the Mongols. Why? It was isolated from Western Europe for two centuries. It missed out on the achievements of the late Middle Ages/Renaissance.

The Nile River's Importance

Predictable and controlled flooding of the Nile between June and September Flooding leaves rich mud called black silt Farmed the soil to grow wheat and flax for clothing

scribe in Egypt

Professional Writing Trained for years to learn the art of writing. They had great prestige in the community.

Economics under the Mongols

Promoted Trade Tax farming >>> devastates agriculture Introduced paper money >>> rejected by the people>>leads to economic depression. High taxes lead to resentment

The Catholic Church during scientific revolution

Promoted the geocentric theory. "The proposition that the sun is in the center of the world and immovable from its place is absurd, philosophically false, and formally heretical; because it is expressly contrary to the scriptures"

hindu personal worship

Puja - service to a deity (god); bathing, clothing, feeding a statue. Meditation Yoga (Discipline)

huang he river

Region of first Chinese civilization (Shang) Loess = fine wind-blown yellow soil Fertilizes river valley Loess creates dangerous flood conditions as it sinks to the bottom. Villages in the valley were often destroyed in devastating floods. Fear of Floods engrained in Chinese culture.

Geography of Mesoamerica adaptations

Regional adaptations for food specialization Terraced Farming Chinampas (Floating Gardens)

clergy

Religious Officials

Origins of Eastern Greek Orthodox Christianity

Religious divisions between the Latin West and Greek East developed over time. This led to a schism - a split of Christianity into two branches in 1054. Roman Catholic in the West Eastern Greek Orthodox in the East

Incan ancestor worship

Remains preserved in mummified form Regularly consulted for wisdom and advice Sacrifices offered Paraded on festive occasions

Copernicus

Renaissance Astronomer Proposed the "heliocentric theory" of the universe. Did not publish his theory until the last year of his life.

The Scientific Revolution was influenced by the ________________. how?

Renaissance. The Renaissance changed the way people lived and thought.

Rice Cultivation china

Requires warm climate (South China ,Yangzi R.) Very Labor Intensive Rice feeds more people than any other grain.

jewish traditions

Respect Jewish Laws Dietary Restrictions (Kosher) Ban on marrying non-Jews Preserving the Hebrew Language

Terraced Rice Paddy (china)

Rice Paddies (Fields) Must be flat; Often terraced (cut into hills) Seedlings planted by hand Channels flood the Paddies Paddies drained when crop is ripe

Citizens in roman E

Rights of citizenship were gradually extended throughout the empire. Citizenship guaranteed a person's legal, economic, and social rights. Lowered a person's taxation. In 212 ce Rome granted citizenship to all free, adult, male inhabitants of the empire. Many were unemployed and lived in Rome>>> Bread and Circuses.

The Maya Ball Game

Ritual form of ball game High-ranking captives, prisoners of war contestants Execution of losers immediately follows the match Bloodletting ritual for the gods

mesopotamia summary

River valleys provided food surplus >>>Key to the rise of civilization. Unpredictable Flooding >>>pessimistic view of nature>>>angry gods Crossroads of Civilizations Center of trade routes Constant invasions - very little stability

Mesopotamia Geography Summary

River valleys provided food surplus → Key to the rise of civilization. Unpredictable Flooding → pessimistic view of nature → angry gods Crossroads of Civilizations Center of trade routes Constant invasions → very little stability

How did Rome create order during the Pax Romana?

Roads and Army forts built to protect the empire. Enemies were treated with justice Enemies must pay taxes, supply soldiers Rome provides protection, citizenship and permits local customs to continue Civil Service Well-trained civil servants administered the government bureaucracy that ran day-to-day operations of the empire. Most came from the class of upper-middle class merchants and landowners called Equites.

Roman Catholic vs. eastern orthodox

Roman Catholic: services conducted in latin, pope is leader, priests can't marry, divorce not allowed, pope claims authority over all kings/ emperor both: both accept Jesus as son of god, use same christian bible, have same rituals, have priests and bishops as religious leaders, both seek to convert people Eastern Orthodox: services conducted in greek or local language, the patriarchs and other bishops head church as group, emperor claims authority over patriarch and other bishops of empire, priests can marry, divorce is allowed under certain conditions.

religion during Pax Romana

Romans worshipped, spirits called numina and powerful gods or deities. Pax Deorum "Peace of the gods" State Sacrifices were performed to maintain favor from the gods.

Origin of Roman Religion

Romans borrowed religious ideas from both the Greeks and the Etruscans. The Romans adopted Etruscan rituals that they believed helped them to win the favor of the gods. Roman gods even took on the personalities and legends of the Greek gods. Romans, however, gave their gods different names. Thus Zeus, the king of the Greek gods, became Jupiter in Rome, and Hera, the queen of the gods, became Juno.

punic wars

Rome fought a brutal battle against Carthage in which sought to become master of the mediterranean Hannibal was leading general of Carthage led to the fall of Carthage when Rome won

Geography and Rome

Rome is located in the center of the Italian peninsula. This location helped the Romans expand in Italy and beyond. The Apennine Mountains run down the center of Italy but are not too rugged. Fertile plains supported a growing population. Rome was built on seven rolling hills along a bend in the Tiber River.

pyramids in egypt

Royal Tombs of Pharaohs Ensure the well-being of the Pharaohs spirit on its journey to the afterlife. Required the labor of 100,000 people working 20 years to build them. Largest stone structures ever built. Pyramid of Giza composed of 15 million stones weighing 2 tons each. Represent 2000 years of Egyptian History Symbol of, Power of the Pharaoh, Continuity,Stability,Organization, Balance

Egyptian pyramids

Royal Tombs of Pharaohs Ensured the well-being of the Pharaoh's spirit on its journey to the afterlife Required the labor of 100,000 people working 20 years to build Largest stone structures ever built. Represent 2000 years of Egyptian History Symbol of: Power of the Pharaoh Continuity Stability Organization Balance

how mongols ruled in russia

Rule from Afar Mongols establish their capital in Sarai. Why? it is located in rich grasslands. The Golden Horde, led by Batu (Genghis Khan's grandson) rules Russia.

Role of the Princes in Russia when mongols in power

Russian Princes often aided the Mongols in return for status and power. They collected taxes for the Mongols. The suppressed revolts. They took the census.

role of princes in golden horde

Russian Princes often aided the Mongols in return for status and power They collected taxes for the Mongols and suppressed revolts

Machu picchu

Sacred City of the Inca. Located high in the Andes Mts.

The Vedas

Sacred Texts of the Aryans Written in SANSKRIT, the language of Ancient India. Collection of: hymns and poems. religious prayers. magical spells. lists of the gods Rig Veda → oldest work.

Why was salt so valuable?

Salt is necessary for human survival. In hot climates it helps the body retain water. In W. Africa, salt was scarce.

greek art

Sculptures of human figures were created with great precision. The perfect idealized form was the height of artistic creation. Standards of beauty were based on harmony, symmetry, and balance.

Who are the Vikings?

Sea raiders and Explorers from Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark). They raided and explored Europe from the 700's to the 1100's.

The Vikings

Sea raiders from Scandinavia - attacked the coasts of Europe and towns alongside rivers. They used multi-oared long boats to travel and pursued trading interests in Russia and E. Europe. Sailed across the Baltic and down rivers to trade (furs, timber, slaves)

Why did Greece become a great sea-faring nation?

Sea travel and trade were important because Greece lacked natural resources, such as timber, precious metals, and usable farmland. Limited arable land with sparse rainfall could not sustain large population. Overland transport was difficult through the mountainous terrain. It had many Islands with good harbors. Over time, colonies were established across the Mediterranean Sea

Main Ideas of Humanism

Secular (this world) issues are as important as spiritual issues. High praise for individual achievement Knowledge about the real world can be obtained through discovery.

battle of Ain Jalut.

Seljuks established the Mameluk Empire in Egypt and stopped Mongol westward expansion

Mameluk Empire

Seljuks established the Mameluk Empire in Egypt and stopped Mongol westward expansion at battle of Ain Jalut. The Mameluks thereby preserved Islamic civilization. Cairo became the heart of Islamic culture for 300 years.

Palace of Knossos

Served as a government center Housed the royal family Offered protection for villagers.

chinese ancient dynasties

Shang zhou

timeline of relationship between Chinese dynasties, Greece, Rome, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Indus River valley civilization up to classical china

Shang Zhou ↓ ancient china ↑ Egypt, mes. Indus Valley Qin Han ↓ Classical china ↑ greece, rome

achievements of Qin

Shi Hu'angdi mobilized armies and punished the unprincipled Rebellions were wiped out. The August Emperor gave a vigorous display of his authority, and his virtue brought together all the states, and for the first time brought unity and supreme peace. City walls were demolished, waterways were opened up, obstacles were flattened... He was the first to standardize the system of laws, examine and demarcate duties so as to establish unchanging practices. . . . [Rebels] were punished justly and with authority, their cruel rebelliousness was obliterated, and the criminals who spread disorder were wiped out.

role of slaves in rome

Slavery was widespread in Rome and important to the economy. They made use of slaves more than other previous nations- 1/3 of population were slaves. Most were captured during wars. Children of slaves also became slaves. Slaves were considered the property of their owners - could be bought and sold.

pastoralism

Some farmers were pastoralists- they raised livestock and herded animals for Food Clothing Transportation

First Neolithic Towns

Some farming villages grew into towns. They became centers of trade and craft-making. Best Examples Catal Huyuk Jericho

Leif Ericson

Son of Eric the Red, Leif Ericson voyaged as far west as Newfoundland (Canada) and created a temporary settlement there 500 years before Columbus.

Neo-Confucianism

Song emperors promoted Confucianism, but permitted Buddhism. Song Confucians were inspired by Buddhism. They blended Buddhist and Daoist spiritual belief with their traditional beliefs. Neo-Confucianism greatly influenced China for the next 500 years.

treaty of Tordesilla

Spain and Portugal competed fiercely for trade route and colonies the dispute is finally settled by the Treaty of Tordesillas The line of Demarcation separates the world into two zones the Spanish control west Portugal control east

Chinese Footbinding

Started under the Tang. Symbol of wealth, status, and beauty. Only done to upper class women. Method of controlling and tightly supervising women. Strengthened patriarchy to preserve family fortunes.

Paleolithic age/neolithic age also called___________________. some achievements of this time

Stone Age Paleolithic age = old Stone Age neolithic age = new Stone Age invention of tools, mastery of fire, development of language neolithic age... learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, raise animals.

culture of tang

Tang Emperors descended from Turkic states in Northern China. They adopted many cultural traits of the Turkic nomads. Art depicted horses and camels of the Silk Road. Military tactics focused on horsemanship and use of the stirrup. Chinese wear pants from the Turks, rather than robes. New games such as Polo are introduced. Middle Eastern musical instruments and melodies.

most important daoist text

Tao Te Ching

Why were Knights so powerful in Middle Ages?

Technology Leather saddles and stirrups changed the way warfare was conducted in Europe. Both had developed in Asia around 200 b.c These items allowed a knight to sit firmly on a moving horse, securely attached, without fear of toppling off. Knights on horses could easily subdue foot soldiers.

Adaptation to the Environment in South America

Terraced Farming Flat fields are cut into the mountain Primary crops are potatoes 200 types Llamas and Alpaca used for transport and wool Only domesticated beast of burden native to the Western Hemisphere. Horses and Cattle are not native to North America.

the dao =

The "way" or "path" of nature The universe is governed by an invisible, impersonal, natural force - The Dao. The Dao can only be sensed, not rationally known. It flows through all of life.

Direct Rule

The empire maintains close control over the conquered. Officials from the conquering country are brought into to rule. No self-government for the conquered peoples. Empire appoints own officials to rule the colony. Empire maintains close control over the conquered. Goal is to assimilate (absorb) conquered peoples into the empire's dominant culture.

interdict

The excommunication of an entire town or kingdom.

phoenicians trade

The "Royal Purple" Dye The Phoenicians traded goods they got from other lands—wine, weapons, precious metals, ivory, and slaves. They also were known as superb craftspeople who worked in wood, metal, glass, and ivory. Their red-purple dye was produced from the murex, a kind of snail that lived in the waters off Sidon and Tyre. One snail, when left to rot, produced just a drop or two of a liquid of a deep red-purple color. Some 60,000 snails were needed to produce one pound of dye, which only royalty could afford.

Jewish Diaspora

The "dispersion" of the Jewish people away from their historical homeland of Palestine (done by Romans to prevent them from protesting/coming together)

Han Technology

The 400 years of Han rule saw not only improvements in education but also great advances in Chinese technology and culture. In addition, the centralized government began to exert more control over commerce and manufacturing. iron...stronger, cheaper, more abundant, not invented by Chinese, creates weapons and agricultural tools (food surplus, pop. increase) makes teapots, stoves, pans silk... soft, smooth, luxuries, base of China's financial wealth Paper... easy to work with, lighter, thinner, easily foldable compared to bamboo/papyrus/clay, people can easily record info/ write/paint horse collar... straps across chest of horse so an pull more weight, like modern tractor, boosts food production, pop. increase, more food so less people have to farm crossbow... bow mounted on wood, like bow and arrow w/ a trigger, can fire faster, more accurately so have militaristic advantage Silk Road... network of trade routes, silk most valuable product made, allowed easy trade, increased wealth

geographic region of the Inca empire

The Andes Mountains of South America Modern Day Peru and Chile Capital at Cuzco Sacred city is Machu Picchu.

aztec trade

The Aztecs most valuable trade items was obsidian, a polished and very sharp volcanic glass.

bantu migration

The Bantu-speaking peoples originally lived in the savanna south of the Sahara, in the area that is now southeastern Nigeria. Bantu refers to a language group and means "the people" These West African farmers migrated to the south between 3000 bc-1000 ad. They brought their iron technology with them. As Bantu people migrated, they adapted to new environments and created new cultures.

Zionism

The Belief that Jews should return to their historical homeland, Israel. Israel should be a nation-state of the Jewish people. Jerusalem should be its capital.

Bireme Ship

The Carthaginian fleet consisted of fast, maneuverable oared warships, called biremes. Each ship had a sturdy, pointed ram in front that could pierce the hull of an enemy vessel below the waterline, while marines (soldiers aboard a ship) fired weapons. Innovations in the placement of benches and oars made room for 30, 50, ...eventually as many as 170 rowers.

Quran (koran)

The Islamic holy book. scholars wrote it based on Allah's words not interpretation, actual words of god muslims follow Quran to get into paradise

Chinese ancestor worship

The Chinese believed that dead ancestors had great influence with the gods. Prayers were directed toward these ancestors in hopes of serving the community. Kings and nobles viewed themselves as the important intermediaries between the people and their gods and ancestors. Offerings of food and wine were often given to ancestors during religious ceremonies.

Yin and Yang

The Chinese believed the universe reflected a delicate balance between the forces of Yin and Yang. Yin is linked to earth, darkness, and female forces. Yang stands for Heaven, light, and male forces. These forces are not in opposition, but must remain in balance with one another.

the Egyptians and the Hittites

The Egyptians and the Hittites The Egyptians' conquest of parts of Syria and Palestine around 1400 B.C. brought them into conflict with the Hittites. The Hittites felt threatened by the increase in Egyptian power After several smaller battles, the Egyptians and Hittites clashed at Kadesh around 1285 B.C. The pharaoh, Ramses II (RAM•SEEZ), and a Hittite king later made a treaty that promised "peace and brotherhood between us forever." Their alliance lasted for the rest of the century.

Sima Qian:

The Emperor's Historian Sima Qian inherited from his father the position of grand historian to the Emperor. The extracts give here are taken from the annals of the Qin dynasty (221-206 BCE) and from the biographical chapter on the First Emperor. Sima Qin presents us with historical facts and with the Emperor's own account of his reign.

The Etruscans

The Etruscans were native to northern Italy. They were skilled metalworkers and engineers. The Etruscans strongly influenced the development of Roman civilization. They had a system of writing, and the Romans adopted their alphabet. They also influenced Rome's architecture, especially the use of the arch. had an alphabet

The Minoans

The First civilization in Europe to have complex political and social structures. Located in Knossos on the island of Crete.

aztec Architecture

The Great Temple Modeled after Mayan temples. Sight of most important religious ceremonies. Grew larger as the empire grew larger.

greek math and medicine

The Greeks attempted to learn about the physical world by studying its physical laws. Pythagoran Theorem Euclid = father of geometry art architecture philosophy

greep architecture

The Greeks built temples which were intended to be dwelling places of the gods Invention of the Greek Column or pillar. Greatest Temple = Parthenon (House of Athena)

Greek Drama

The Greeks invented drama as an art form and built the first theaters in the West. Sophocles was the greatest Greek playwright. Tragedy = plays about human suffering Comedy = humorous plays

who invented history

The Greeks invented history - the accurate reporting of events which can be used to understand the present world. Used research, evidence, and analysis to understand the past.

Greek Religion

The Greeks were polytheistic and developed a set of myths, or stories, about their gods. Greeks Gods were Anthropomorphic - they had human qualities such as love, hate, and jealousy. Through their myths, the Greeks sought to understand the mysteries of nature and the power of human passions. The Greeks believed gods controlled the fate of humans. Sacrifices of food, wine, or animals were often made to the gods. Oracles were places where humans could communicate with their gods.

"Theater State" in Gupta empire

The Gupta empire became wealthy from trade and taxes - 25% tax on crops. A "Theater State" was created with Lavish royal ceremonies. Scientists and artists receive royal support. Leads to a Golden Age in India

Incan achievements

The Inca had no writing system. Used system of cords and knots called quipos (khipus) to keep track of data

quipo

The Inca had no writing system. Used system of cords and knots called quipos (khipus) to keep track of data

Latins

The Latins were farmers and shepherds who wandered into Italy across the Alps around 1000 BCE. They settled on either side of the Tiber River in a region they called Latium. They built the original settlement at Rome, a cluster of wooden huts atop one of its seven hills, the Palatine Hill. These settlers were the first Romans. Latin become the basis of French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese (Romance Languages)

canon law

The Law of the Church All Christians, even kings were subject to canon law. The Church had its own Courts to enforce Canon Law.

Greek Writing System

The Minoans developed a writing system which became the basis of the Greek alphabet Symbols stand for syllables, not words.

Effects of the Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire led to a period called the Pax Mongolica - "Mongol Peace". The Mongols guaranteed safe passage for traders, missionaries, and travelers (Marco Polo).

the mongol invasion of japan

The Mongols twice attempted to invade Japan. They were denied by the fierce Samurai warriors and the Kamikazi winds.

the mongols Administering the Empire

The Mongols did not know how to manage a complex society. They employed local bureaucrats to Collect taxes Maintain Order The Mongols converted to Islam in 1295.

The Decline of the Roman Empire

The Pax Romana ended in the year 180. Emperors struggled to maintain order and prosperity within the huge empire. The Third Century Crisis was the beginning of a long period of decline that ultimately resulted in the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476.

papal supremacy

The Pope claimed authority over all secular (non-religious rulers).

Pope Urban agrees to help Alexius. Why?

The Pope sees an opportunity to increase his authority over Christian lands. The Pope wants Christian knights to unite in a common struggle against Islam, rather than fighting each other.

Politics under the Shang

The Shang King was the primary link between the people and the gods and the spirits of dead male ancestors. He presided over ceremonies and rituals using oracle bones and bronze vessels. Rule was passed to family members of the Shang King creating a dynasty of hereditary rulers. The King gave land to nobles in exchange for their military support. This is called feudalism.

The Shang Dynasty

The Shang were the first people to establish a civilization in China. The Shang emerged after the rise of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Indus Valley Civilization. The Shang originated in the Yellow River Valley. They were ruled by a series of warrior kings and land owning nobles called aristocrats. Frequent warfare led to plundering of nearby peoples. Prisoners of war were used as slaves. The last capital of the Shang was Anyang.

Who are the Slavs?

The Slavic peoples are a linguistic branch of Indo-European peoples, living mainly in Europe. Since emerging from their original homeland (most commonly thought to be in Eastern Europe) in the early 6th century, they have inhabited most of eastern Central Europe, Eastern Europe and the Balkans.

Politics of the Tang

The Tang avoided over-centralization of power, allowing local nobles to govern small provinces. Large military empire required excessive taxation. Regional warlords sometimes rebelled against the central government. used tributary system

tang culture

The Tang restored the Civil Service Exam. Why? To strengthen Confucianism in China. To create an educated workers for the bureaucracy. The Tang were greatly influenced by nomadic culture.

Judaism ... holy book?

The Torah (The Law) First 5 books of the Hebrew Bible Christians refer to the Jewish bible as the Old Testament. It contains 636 Jewish laws - marriage, diet, animals, business, etc.

Viking Longships

The Viking longship has a shallow draft that allowed it to travel on the heavy seas or up inland rivers. They could also handle the rough, open seas. Each carried 200-300 men and could be rowed or sailed, depending on the circumstances.

the epic of Gilgamesh

The World's first piece of literature. An epic poem written about a Mesopotamian King who searches for eternal life. Gilgamesh was dedicated to attaining eternal

The Fall of the Zhou Dynasty

The Zhou Dynasty lasted for at least eight centuries, from approximately 1027 to 256 B.C. By the latter years of the Zhou Dynasty, the lords of dependent territories began to think of themselves as independent kings. They often picked fights with neighboring lords. Their almost constant conflict, which is known as "the Warring States Period," led to the decline of the Zhou Dynasty.

the mandate of heaven (creation...)

The Zhou claimed that a king's right to rule comes from the supreme deity named "Heaven". The king was referred to as "Son of Heaven" This divine approval of a King was known as The Mandate of Heaven. This right to rule could be revoked if a wicked or foolish king did not

Calligraphy

The art of elegant, beautiful writing

Neolithic (Agriculture) Revolution

The beginning of farming as source of food. Growing Crops Raising Animals

Ethical Monotheism (judaism)

The belief in one all-powerful God (Yahweh) Yahweh is the source of truth, justice, and love. He demands good behavior from people.

The Scientific Revolution

The birth of "science" - a new way of thinking about the world. The natural world was no longer explained strictly in religious terms. People used the scientific method. They did not look to the Church for answers.

manorialism

The economic system in which serfs live on a manor in exchange for protection. The lord provided Housing, land to farm, and protection from bandits to serfs. The serfs provided Labor - they worked the fields and maintained the lord's estate.

what led to first Islamic Split

The empire of the caliph is called the Caliphate. The fourth caliph was Ali. He was the son in law of Muhammad. His death led to the rise of Islam's first family dynasty - the Umayyads. The Umayyads led the empire like a royal family, surrounding themselves in wealth and luxury. This led to the first split in Islam.

spiritual liberation of Hinduism

The goal of every Hindu is moksha - release from the cycle of birth and rebirth. The Atman becomes one with Brahman.

greatest Shang ruler

The greatest Shang ruler was Wu Ding. His wife, Fu Hao helped him govern. Her tomb contained thousands of bronze and jade artifacts and evidence of human sacrifice.

Effects of the Invasions into Europe after fall of Carolingian dynasty

The invasions by Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims caused widespread disorder and suffering. Most western Europeans lived in constant danger. Kings could not effectively defend their lands from invasion. As a result, people no longer looked to a central ruler for security. Instead, many turned to local rulers who had their own armies. Any leader who could fight the invaders gained followers and political strength.

Atahualpa

The last Inca Emperor. Captured by the Spanish and held for ransom. The Spanish received 24 tons of gold and silver to secure his release. The Spanish murdered him despite the ransom being paid. Threatened with being burned at the stake, he opted to be strangled in exchange for converting to Christianity.

anyang

The last capital of the Shang was Anyang. The city was surrounded by massive walls of pounded earth. It was laid out in a grid pattern.

Shi Huangdi

The leader of the Qin was Shi Huang di. He created China's first empire - The Qin Dynasty. His name means "First Emperor". He employed Legalist ideas to subdue the warring states and unify his country.

line of Demarcation

The line of Demarcation separates the world into two zones the Spanish control west Portugal control east

manor

The lord's estate; It was economically self-sufficient, it provided all the necessities of life. It was the basic unit of social organization (as opposed to a town or a city.

hittites

The most influential Indo-European migrants

merit

The most qualified applicants were given government jobs.

religion of neolithic time

The natural environment was viewed as essential for survival. Worship of sky, sun, and rain gods, etc (to ensure good crops) In some cases, a Mother Earth goddess was worshipped. In some cases, religious structures called megaliths (large stones) were built. Stonehenge in England is an example of a megalith. (used as calendar?)

arabic

The official language of Islam.

How has geography affected the development of the Western Hemisphere?

The region is isolated by two oceans Significant North-South latitude change led to great geographic diversity. Arctic, Desert, Forest, Plains, Jungles. Geographic diversity in the Americas created cultural diversity. Why? People adapt to their environments in different ways.

Where Judaism Started

The religion was born in modern day Israel and Palestine. Canaan Biblical name

the analects

The single most important collection of Confucian sayings. In Chinese, it means "conversation." Focuses on practicalities of interpersonal relationships and the relationship of the role of rulers and ministers to the conduct of government.

Social Structure of the Americas

The social structure in the colonies reflected the power relations between the dominant imperial country and the weaker colony.

Hellenistic Age

The spread of Greek culture across Asia led to the Hellenistic Synthesis. The blending of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian ideas. This period really marked the first international culture in Western, Middle Eastern, and North African history. The Greeks imported their culture: political theory, philosophy, art, and literature all over the known civilized world. This culture would greatly alter the culture and religion of the Mediterranean. But the flow of culture worked in the opposite direction as well; non-Greek ideas and non-Greeks flowed into Greece (and Italy). They took with them their religions, their philosophies, science, and culture; in this environment, eastern religions in particular began to take hold in the Greek city-states both in the east and in Greece.

cultural diffusion

The spread of ideas, technology, and customs from one people to another through Trade Migration Warfare Communications (Media)

Terra Cotta Soldiers

The statues shown are part of a group of over 8,000 life-sized terra cotta soldiers and horses that were buried with Emperor Shi Huangdi, who ruled China until the time of his death. Buried to protect the tomb, the soldiers were found arranged in battle formation. Their hands were sculpted to hold real weapons. Each soldier's face is modeled after real-life soldiers. Soldiers refusing to model for their statues were sentenced to death.

Archaeology

The study of early peoples through the examination of physical remains and artifacts

Anthropology

The study of humans through the examination of different societies (usually primitive ones).

domestication

The taming of animals on farms.

cattle huyuk

The village of Catal Huyuk is the largest Neolithic town in the Near East. It became a prosperous and well-organized community based on farming and trade. Most raw materials had to be imported and the village became the center of a trading complex, dealing in a wide range of items - timber, obsidian, flint, copper, shells. The craftsmen produced mainly arrowheads, daggers of flint and obsidian, carved stone figurines, textiles, wooden vessels and pottery. The houses at Catal Huyuk were closely packed together, without intervening streets. Access to the interiors was by wooden ladder from the flat roofs.

government in egypt

Theocracy- rule is based on religious authority Pharaoh's claimed to be gods Pharaoh had absolute power and owned all the land The Pharaoh's duty was to maintain Ma'at- the divine order of the universe. Egypt was ruled by a series of ruling families called dynasties. Power was transferred from father to son A group of government administrators called a bureaucracy helped the pharaoh run Egypt. Kept detailed records on papyrus Helped make political decisions at the local level Collected taxes

Founders/Leaders of hinduism

There is no single founder with a set of ideas. Aryans? It evolved over a long period of time.

african government

These increasingly complex settlements of people required more organization than smaller communities. Various types of governing bodies developed to fill this need. Some governments consisted of a village chief and a council of the leaders of individual family groups. stateless society power sharing kingdoms

Traditional Chinese House

This house was designed to have three or four generations of a Chinese family under the same roof.

shelter in Paleolithic age

This tent-like structure was built inside a cave and was made of animal hides draped over a wooden framework and held down by stones. It dates to perhaps 500,000 to 400,000 BCE. The interior measures 11 meters by 3.5 meters, and it was subdivided into two rooms, the larger of which had a fireplace. Animal furs, grasses, and seaweed were used as carpeting and bedding. The inhabitants, apparently Neanderthals, selectively used pine for heating in preference to more available types of wood.

trade of Indus valley

Thriving trade network existed between Indus and nearby regions. Precious stones came from Persia Gold and Silver from Afghanistan Trade seals used by merchants to identify their goods have been found in Mesopotamia

Matrilineal

Through Mother's side

Tikal

Tikal: Greatest Mayan City Wealth from trade helped to create cities with large temple complexes. Priests performed ceremonies to ensure good harvests or success in war.

long-term effects of muslim invasion into india

Today Pakistan, which used to be N. India is a Muslim State. India is still primarily Hindu, but it has a very large Muslim population.

Tomb Paintings of egypt

Tomb paintings were meant to serve as substitutes for the body. When artists created paintings, they made sure that all the parts of the body were clearly shown so that the ka could recognize its body for reunification. For this reason the head, legs, and feet were always shown in profile (sideways), whereas the eyes and shoulders were presented from the front. Completeness of the image was more important than the image's beauty. Therefore, a strict set of rules was developed by Egyptian painters to make sure that all parts of the body were clearly shown. Masks and statues of the deceased played a similar role, helping the Ka to reunify with its body before traveling to the afterlife.

Pax Mongolica: "The Mongol Peace"

Trade Flourished Silk, Asian artistic designs move westward Mongols gain incredible wealth taxing the trade. 2. Peaceful travel across Asia Cultural Exchanges Marco Polo, a Venetian merchant visits China 3. Exchange of ideas Medical, mathematics, finance, engineering knowledge flows between China and Middle East Printing, gunpowder transmitted from China to Europe. 4. Spread of Bubonic Plague through trade routes from East Asia to Europe.

What is the Silk Road?

Trade network that connected China with the Mediterranean for almost 2000 years. (100 bce - 1700 ce). (merchants often traveled with camel caravans)

Trans-Sa hara Trade Network how it started

Trade route connecting Sub-Saharan Africa to the Mediterranean and Middle East. most animals couldn't get over Sahara... until people began using camels

Why are the Phoenicians known as the "Carriers of Civilization"?

Trading societies, such as Phoenicia, extended the development of civilizations beyond the Fertile Crescent region.

african beliefs of animism

Traditional African Religion ANIMISM 1. Belief in one remote Supreme Being. 2. A world of spirits (good & bad) in all things. 3. Ancestor veneration (respect) 4. Belief in magic, charms, and fetishes. 5. Diviner (Shaman)

buddhist sacred text

Tripitaka or "Three Baskets of Wisdom"

Seljuk Turks

Turks well known for their fighting skills. Abassids bought Seljuk slaves called mameluks and turned them into body guards. Seljuk Turks captured Baghdad in 1051 and ruled the Abbasid Empire. The Caliph remained the spiritual leader of the empire.

empires in the Ganges Plain to unify India

Two empires arose in the Ganges Plain to unify India for the first time: the Mauryan Empire of the fourth to second centuries B.C.E. and the Gupta Empire of the fourth to sixth centuries C.E.

Outcome of Galileo's Trial

Under fear of torture, Galileo confesses to being wrong about his observations. Penalty: He lives under house arrest for the rest of his life.

Han Government

Under the Han, the emperor maintained the Mandate of Heaven, but he did not rule alone. He had a complex bureaucracy that helped the him run the empire.

Carthaginian Empire

Unlike Assyria, Carthage did not directly rule a large amount of territory. Beyond its own city-state the Carthaginians ruled most of their commercial "empire" indirectly, and allowed other Phoenician communities in the western Mediterranean to remain independent. These Phoenician communities looked to Carthage for military protection and followed its lead in foreign policy. Only Sardinia and southern Spain were put under the direct control of a Carthaginian governor and army, presumably to safeguard their agricultural, metal, and manpower resources.

Equites

Upper-class merchants and landowners; second in status to the senators. Well-educated and loyal civil servants of Rome. As members of the bureaucracy they helped to run the Roman government. Owned elegant town homes in Rome as well as a Villas in the countryside.

civil service exams

Used by Han only boys took very hard text, whoever performed best get gov. position had to study confucian classics, a collection of histories, poems and handbooks on customs that Confucius was said to have compiled anybody could take it but usually wealthy had better chance of passing because they could afford the education

when foundation of hinduism established

Vedic age

government of neolithic age

Village chiefs often became powerful leaders. Chiefs often had personal connection with the gods.

African power sharing

Village council composed of male heads of families Chiefs - held most authority; elected by council. Elders - acted as advisors; Villages tied together through ethnic or family loyalties

cuneiform

Wedge-shaped writing on clay tablets. World's first form of writing. Pictographs: 550 wedge-shaped symbols represent objects, sounds, syllables. It was originally developed to track grain, laws, supplies, and property. Written records were inscribed on clay tablets. *egypt

northern indian plain

Well watered by Indus River and Ganges River Provides fertile land for agriculture Indus means "Mother of the People"

equites

Well-trained civil servants administered the government bureaucracy that ran day-to-day operations of the empire. Most came from the class of upper-middle class merchants and landowners called Equites.

an's most famous emperor

Wudi

the Han and nomads

Xiongnu - nomadic tribe that occupied the vast plains north of China they depended on their horses and herds (pastoralists)... food clothing shelter Chinese saw them as uncivilized "barbarians" (don't have same culture as China) Economic exchange - Chinese sought horses and animal products - nomads wanted manufactured goods the Han spent great resources trying to contain the nomadic threat along its huge border (the Great Wall) the nomads often raided towns and stole goods. This led to conflict with the Han

promised land

Yahweh promises the Jews that Canaan/Palestine will be their land.

the promise land

Yahweh promises the Jews that Canaan/ Palestine will be their land

the covenant

Yahweh's contract or agreement with the Jewish people.

when confucianism practiced

Zhou dynasty (and other times too)

Sumerian architecture

Ziggurats Pyramid-temples Centrally located in the cities On top of each ziggurat stood a shrine to the chief god or goddess of the city Priests performed sacrifices

book of the dead

a collection of texts from the Middle and new kingdoms (Egypt) that show a concern for the welfare of the dead and their search for eternal happiness

aristocrats

a series of warrior kings and land owning nobles (how Shang rules)

saladin

a Kurdish warrior and muslim leader that fought the crusades (3rd) resulting in a truce

anybody who wasn't roman considered

a barbarian

mayan codex

a bark-paper book ancient bool

Syncretism

a blending of faiths or beliefs.

anglicanism

a branch of protestant (christianity), one of the three main sects of chrstinaity

delta

a broad, marshy, triangular area of land formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of nile

Martin luther

a catholic monk and professor of religion

acropolis

a citadel (fortress) located "high up on a hill"

chivalry

a complex code of real that developed to guide a knight's conduct four chivalric ideals courageous in battle honor bond to his lord religiously faithful protective and respectful for women

inquisition

a court held by the church to suppress heresy created by Isabel and Ferdinand to unify their country under christianity

Epidemic

a disease affecting a very large number of individuals within a population at the same time.

inflation

a drastic drop in value of money coupled w/ a rise of prices

Muslim

a follower of the religion of Islam

fief

a grant of land given in return for military service (loyalty).

empire

a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler

letters of credit

a later issued by a bank allowing a person to withdraw money from its other branches

dictator

a leader who has absolute power to make laws and command the army

house of wisdom

a library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad where scholars of different cultures and beliefs worked together to translate texts

what did god promise the jews

a messiah would arrive an restore the kingdom of the jews (that was taken by romans)

burgher

a middle class... first middle class to develop... see collapse of feudalsim

bill of exchange

a paper exchanged for currency in one city that can be redeem for a different type of currency in another city

martyr

a person who dies for a belief or cause

patron of the arts

a person who supports art w/ money, donating art, or having art done

islam

a religion; it means "submission" to Allah.

messiah

a savior

dynasty

a series of ruling families called dynasties. Power was transferred from father to son.

aryans

a sub-group of Indo-Europeans who invaded India.

jizya

a tax payed by non-muslims caused many people to convert

forum

a temple and public center; considered the heart of roman political life

colony

a territory settled and ruled by people from a foreign land. Overseas settlement in colonies provided an outlet for excess population, new sources of raw materials, trade goods, and new trading partners.

medina

a town 200 miles north of Mecca where Muhammad travelled to

monsoon

a wind that changes direction based on seasons

town charter

a written document outlining the rights and privileges of a town. This agreement allowed merchants to establish a town on/near a lord's property

How did technology weaken the power of Nobles and Knights?

a) The crossbow, longbow, and gunpowder made the Knight less effective on the battlefield. b) Monarchs built large armies of professional soldiers. c) Knights were no longer needed to protect royal lands.

treaty of verdun

divided Carolingian empire into three parts... caused kings to lose power, central authority broke down... less to feudalism

kami

divine spirits the dwell in nature

What effects did the trade network (trans Sahara) have on W. Africa?

a. Directly linked Asia-Europe trade to Sub-Sahara Africa. b. Powerful kingdoms grew in W. Africa to control the trade network. Kings consolidated their power. Ghana Empire Mali Empire c. Rise of large cities along the trade routes. - Timbuktu - Fez - Gao d. Cultural Diffusion to West Africa - Islam - Arabic language - Islamic business methods - Mosques

How did the Han government promote Agriculture ?

abolish land tax and the tax on produce levied onto the cultivated fields

how invoked jihad

abu-Bakr

the tale of Genji

account if the life of a prince in the imperial court of the heian period

karma

actions of one's life affect one's standing in the next life.

fall of byzantine empire

after Just. death empire began to fall the plague of Justinian: (before his death), bubonic plague hit Constantinople, pop. decline attacks from east and west: many invasions... when everything was gone, Constantinople remained for 100 years after until it eventually fell to the Ottoman turks

fall of mauryan

after asoka's death, regional kings challenges gov. Andhra dynasty arose in central india invasion on norther india three kingdoms that spoke Tamil in the south often at war with each other

heian period

age of Chinese influence; cultural borrowing (in Japan) from china through Korea when first novel written, capital movement (rules dictated every aspect of court life... length of swords, color of official robes, etc... very strict...The Tale of Genji)

Pax Romana and trade

agriculture most important industry of empire roads/ trade networks made trade rate increase

greek trireme

ahenian war ship bronze tip used as battering ram

consequences of Peloponnesian war

all greek city-states badly weakened by 30 year war Alexander the great easily conquered all of greece

Cyrus and the jews

allowed the jews to rebuild the destroying temple Freed the Jews from Babylon.. babylonians drove them away from Jerusalem, they could then return.

where neolithic revolution occurred

along river valleys agriculture was discovered independent (each place learning to grow on own)

Phoenicia's great legacy... the _________-

alphabet As merchants, the Phoenicians needed a way of recording transactions clearly and quickly. So, the Phoenicians developed a writing system that used symbols to represent sounds. The Phoenician system was phonetic— that is, one sign was used for one sound. In fact, the word alphabet comes directly from the first two letters of the Phoenician alphabet: aleph and beth. As they traveled around the Mediterranean, the Phoenicians introduced this writing system to their trading partners. The Greeks, for example, adopted the Phoenician alphabet and changed the form of some of the letters. With a simplified alphabet, learning was now accessible to more people. One of their most lasting contributions remains the spread of the alphabet.

capitalism

an economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources, such as money, for profit

city-state

an independent city that has its own army, culture, government, and laws, much like a modern country

edict

an official, public announcement of policy.

guild

an organization (group) of individuals in the same occupation working together to improve the economic and social conditions of its members

ka'aba

ancient shrine in Mecca that is associated with worship with abraham

paul

apostle who first a jew, never net Jesus, at first hated Christianity but then he saw Jesus... dedicated his life to spreading Christianity...write epistles, stressed Jesus was son of god and died for sins and he welcomed any converts

the spread of christainity

appeal of message... open to all, gave hope to powerless, appealed poor, offered personal relationship w/ loving god, promised eternal life after death. apostles... helped spread teachings, Amy have written some of gospel paul... epistles, shared vision and beliefs Pax Romana... easy to get around roman roads... quick spread Constantine... became first roman emperor to become christian, stopped persecution Theodosis... made chr. roman empire's official religion martyrs... Jesus's death on cross became symbol of the religion, many rather died than deny their faith

viceroys

appointed by king to be the ruler of the colony

bedouins

arab nomads living in the Arabian peninsula

roman architecture achievements

arches, columns, domes complicated road system used concrete instead of marble

ideographs

are characters that represent a thing or idea. (Modern)

nomads

are people who continually migrate or change location.

pictographs

are pictures that represent objects and concepts. (Ancient)

perspective

art achievements during ren creates the appearance of three dimensions

indian caste system made by

aryans

who wrote rig veda

aryans

aryans vs. dasas

aryans: fair skinned, taller, Sanskrit, pastoral people, polytheistic dosas: dark skinned, shorter, dravidian, town dwellers, lived in communities protected by walls, polytheistic

Athens vs. sparta

athens: 1/3 citizens slaves, promoted arts such as sculptures and drama, strong navy, individual freedom encouraged, extensive trade and colonization, direct democracy, women's rights limited both: spoke greek language, polytheistic, practiced in Olympic Games, admired traditional greek heroes sparta: tow- king monarchy, dominated the Helots... large peasant pop., individual rights restricted, militaristic state, culturally isolated, limited trade and colonization

spain in AOE

attempts to find sea rout westward to Asia Christopher Columbus He "discovers" the West Indies of the Caribbean

Montezuma II

aztec emperor under his rule when Aztecs began to weaken

Huitzilopochtli

aztec god of the sun and warfare

the growth of aztec empire

aztec nomads arrive in valley of Mexico in 1200. they settle on lake texcoco they find work... as soldiers for hire from local rulers in 1325... they settle on lake texcoco, where they establish their capital of Tenochititlan in 1428... they form the Triple Alliance with neighboring tribes and gain control of the region by the 1500's ... they control an empire of 10 million people. They demand tribute payments from the tribes they dominate (tributary states)

who most intense w/ human sacrifice

aztecs

pantheon

domed roof... best preserved roman architecture had drainage used as catholic church

What was the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate? why?

baghdad crossroad between trade routes between tigris and Euphrates river

major events/turning points of Persian war

battle of marathon Persian war II Battle of Thermopyloe Battle of Salamis

Ivan I

became must powerful Russian prince helped crush revolts, collected taxes "grand prince"

Religion under the Tang Dynasty

before Buddhism rose and confucianism fell With the rise of the Tang Dynasty China returned to traditional Confucianism as a means of reviving the past glory of the Han Dynasty. The civil Service exam was reinstated and Confucian texts were used in schools. Control over the Silk Road and the expansion of the Tang Empire into Central Asia strengthened imperial ties to Buddhism and led to its politicization.

roman law

began believing laws should be fair for all people all people equal under law all are innocent until proven guilty person should be punished for action not thought etc.

heresy

beliefs other than christianity

the council of trent

between 1545 and 1563, officials of the Roman Catholic Church met at the council of Trent at this meeting, church officials redefined catholic beliefs and created strategies to stop the spread of protestantism the council of Trent ended the sale of indulgences but the church reaffirmed the importance of the Pope, priests, sacraments, and good-works

triangular trade

between Europe, Africa, and americas europeans traded manufactured goods africans sold slaves americas traded raw material.sugar, coffee, tobacco

canaan

biblical name of judaism

Arthasastra

book written by Kautilya

how tech helped bring down Japanese feudalism

brought down Samurai with gunpowder system breaks down

how sea affects japan

brought storms/natural disasters natural boudary

causes of clash between tang and buddhists

buddhism exerts greater influence during tang (trade) monasteries become very powerful... advantages -pay not taxes - monks perform no military service Tang leaders gave tax breaks and land grants in return for buddhist prayer

buddhist dharma

buddhist doctrine or teaching

sangha

buddhist religious oders

how Mesopotamia felt with challenges

built canals and irrigation systems built walls with mud brick traded grain, cloth an crafted tools for raw goods like stone, wood, and metal.

the Hittite empire

by 2000bc the Hittites occupied Anatolia (Asia Minor) Hattusas was capital borrowed ideas from Mesopotamia chariots and iron weapons allowed them to conquer fell from invasion

optics

by Ibn al-Haytham showed that people see objects because rays pass from object to eyes, not from eyes to object used in developing lenses for telescopes and microscopes

how confucians organized

by status, age, gender

on roman social hierarchy, who were citizens

patricians plebians NOT women, conquered people, or slaves

astrolabe

calculates a sailors latitude

achievement of Aztecs

calendar derived from mayan system

persepolis

capital of Persian empire

Phoenician's mightiest colony

carthage

person's dharma carries according to ...

caste occupation gender age

spanish in americas religion

catholic church- converted nativeAmericans to christianity missionaries- people sent on religious missions to convert non-believer; they built churches, taught local European culture/language

how protestant reformation changed western europe

caused tension between churchs

causes and effects of crusades

causes: muslims raid byzantine, people believe god wanted them to control the holy lands.. if died could go to heaven, pope saw chance to increase power and get Holy Land effects: social interactions... new food, culture etc., tension between jews, christians, and muslims... christians became violent again non christians, intolerance and massacres between christians and muslims, new knowledge about manufacturing goods, expanded knowledge o geography, new hoe decorations and products, feudal nobility weakened, increased power of king, monarchs could tax people

art of Paleolithic age

cave paintings The first humans were also skilled in producing clay sculpture. They also made figurines of fertility that we call them "Venuses". The Venus of Laussel, one of the earliest reliefs, measures 44 cm in height. The Venus of Willendorf, now in Vienna, has been dated between 28,000 and 25,000 BC is made of limestone and measures about 11 cm in height. In both figurines the anatomical elements have been exaggerated showing that they were probably used as fertility statues of worship. There is no specific evidence that these artifacts were assembled as a necklace, but as they are all pierced it is clear they were intended for some similar purpose. A detail of several of the pendant pieces in the "necklace" reveals the variety of color and materials employed. The largest piece, of ivory, is decorated with a highly organized series of tiny punctuations.

roman social hierarchy

patricians plebians women conquered peoples slaves

attila

chief huns first united under

children's crusade

children wen to conquer Jerusalem, marched to Rome, met pope first... many died

tang tributary states

china would trade and protect them (Korea, Vietnam) if the states (traded), viewed china as superior, and gave tribute to the emperor

Theodosian Code

christians practice freely, death punishments for those against this law

concordat of worms

church alone appoints bishop emperor can veto appointment

bishop

church official who oversees priests

mass

church services

political organization of mesopotamia

city states... often warred with each other

castes

classes of caste system

Franks leader

clovis

ayulla

community groups (inca) performed/owned everything as a group have to help each other

arabesque

complex, ornate design usually incorporates flowers, leaves, geometric patterns can be found in muslim mosaic, textiles and sculptures

islamic medical advances

comprehensive book treatise on smallpox and measles

qin rule

confiscated weapons empire was divided into thirty-six provinces, each province provided with a governor, a military commandant, and a superintendent. all weights and measures standardized gauge of wheeled vehicles made uniform writing system standardized books burned The Execution of 460 Scholars

during han, what religion became official belief system of china

confucianism

the three submissions

confucianism A woman must be obedient to her... Her Father while she is a child. Her Husband while she is married. Her oldest son when she becomes a widow.

5 principle relationships

confucianism Ruler ↓ Subject 2. Father ↓ Son 3. Husband ↓ Wife 4. Older Brother ↓ Younger Brother 5. Older Friend ↓ Younger Friend

Cyrus the Great

conqueror after he conquers.. very respectful

capital of byzantine empire

constantinople

roman republic gov

consul senate tribunes in times of crisis a dictator could be appointed... served for 6 months

role of guilds

controlled number of goods being trades, kept prices up, provided security in trading reducing losses, set standard for quality of work, wages, and working conditions. The wealth they accumulated helped them establish influence over the gov. and economies of towns/cities

Bhagavad-Gita

conversation between a warrior and a god.

history of metal tools

copper→bronze→iron

illuminated manuscript

copyists put drawings/illustrations in margins

church corruption leading to protestant reformation

corruption -some people ... -used position for personal gain, married, gambled, drank alcohol, spent money on lavish clothes/ art some church officials such as John reveal attempted to raise $ for church by selling indulgences buying an indulgence was a means of getting into heaven by paying for it

privileges noblewomen had during middle ages

could inherit estates, act as military commanders and warriors when husband not home. However, their lives mostly limited and were usually confined to activity in the home or convent, they had little property b/c land usually given to son

council of indies

council in spain that passed laws for the council

spanish in americas gov.

council of Indies viceroys

"bread and Circuses"

created building projects for jobs created grain dole to feed grain to people created entertainment distracted people

dhimma

created by Muhammad between the Arabs and the conquered people and said that the non-muslims would accept the protection of the muslims in return for freedom practice their own religion, submission to islamic rule, and payment of tribute.

first crusades

crusaders captured Jerusalem

tech. advances in age of exploration

cultural diffusion from china and muslim cultures fave europeans a greater ability to navigate long-distance magnetic compass from china astrolabe from arab sailors caravel cartography

capital of Inca

cuzco

social structure of Spanish colonies

peninsulares Creoles mestizos/mulattoes native Americans/african Americans

cause of clash between tang and buddhism

decline of tang political rebellion buddhism viewed as foreign, corrupting influence.. became scapegoat for tang problems

farming effects on environment

deforestation erosion caused by diverted water permanent settlement (villages built)

environmental challenges in africa

deserts: sahara in north Kalahari in the south rainforests: had tsetse fly that was deadly topsoil is thin not easy to come to coasts...waterfalls hard to find (clean) water

end result of tang vs. Buddhism

destruction of 100s of buddhist monasteries... buddhism losses influence in china forever, rise of Neo-confucianism

hindu religious laws

dharma ahimsa

forth crusade

did not get Jerusalem...failed

portugal's trading empire

didn't conquer, they created coastal forts to protect their shipping lanes

how islamic empire treated non-muslims

didn't let them spread their religion, but they could be officials, scholars, bureaucrats islam provided protection for their lives, churches, city walls and didn't force non muslims to have to house muslims IN RETURN for taxes

why the conquered peoples converted to Islam?

didn't want to pay jizya, did not want to suffer eternal punishment Success of Arab army was proof of Allah's favor. Wide acceptance of Islam's message Spiritual Equality of all believers Personal relationship with a loving God Islam is easy to learn and practice. Greater personal opportunities (business, government)

columbus

discovers new world (Americans)

persia under cambyses

disrespected people he conquered

What factors led to the decline and collapse of Roman Empire?

disruption of trade by surrounding tribes reached expansion limit... lacked new gold/silver sources overworked soil + war = no good farmland... food shortage and disease soldiers less disciplines and loyal... fought for commanders mercenaries hired for gov. less loyalty in citizens political office burden not reward to many civil war and unrest division of empire moving of capital to Byzantium people didn't belief empire worth saving most pop. excluded from politics population decline declined interests in public affairs

spanish in americas slave

peons africans- imported to fill labor shortages

imperialism

domination by one country over the political and economic life of another country (creating an empire)

hellenistic acheivements

drama amphitheater study of history math and medicine

Atacama Desert

driest place on earth

Deccan plateau

dry, not many people

geography of japan

earthquake, tidal wave threat... late summer, early fall... typhoons too made up of 4,000 islands southern Japan... mild climate, plenty of rainfall country is mountainous 12% of land suitable for farming short supply of natural resources

where black plague from

east asia

social hierarchy of Han

emperor king/ governor state officials/nobles and scholars peasants artisans, merchants soldiers slaves

the schism between western and eastern roman empire

emperor aid no more icons b/c he thought it was like people were praying to false gods pope said emperor not leader of church, he is power struggle pope excommunicates emperor emperor establishes own branch of christianity today churches still split even though icons used in both religions

social hierarchy of aztecs

emperor: held absolute power nobles: military leaders, gov. officials and priests. Many owned vast estates ... ruled like lords commoners: merchants, artisans, soldiers, and farmers... often traveled widely, spied for the emperor enslaved persons: captives who did many jobs

Japanese feudal social structure

emperor: held highest rank but had very little power shogun: actual ruler, leader of military Daimyo: large landowner, gave land to... Samurai: warriors, also given peasants Peasants (3/4 of the population), artisans, merchants

how Europe changed after death of charlamagne

empire split into three kingdoms invaders threatened security of europe

socrates

encouraged greeks to go further and question themselves and their moral character, taught plato, socratic method killed for Dishonoring the Greek gods and corrupting the youth.

upanishads

end of the vedas... charm, reincarnation, moksha comments of the teachers of hinduism about meaning of Vedic hymns. written in dialogues or discussions between students and teachers

beliefs of buddhism

enlightenment nirvana buddha four noble truths eightfold path reincarnation three jewels monks/ nuns tripitaka

Centralization of Han Economy

established monopolies of mining of salt, forging of iron, minting of coins, and brewing of alcohol, ran huge silk mills. became very valuable

the mongols in china

established the yuan dynasty kept separate identities, obeyed different laws, foreign trade increased, missionaries welcome (Marco Polo), put primary emphasis on counting pop. and taxes, movement of capital from Mongolia to Beijing, unification of china after 300 years, made one language and writing system, confucianism still dominant religion but Kublai khan didn't allow Civil Service Exam to administer office, destroying all regional regimes (Dif forms of gov, writing system, etc), ranked where ancestors from, confucian scholars prevented from dominating politics, foreigners welcome, relied on muslim scholars to lead offices of calendar making and astronomy, chines inventions spread across Asia

islamic belief in afterlife

eternal paradise or eternal punishment

salvation

everlasting life

Charles Martel

extended franks boundaries around all sides defeated Muslim raiders at battle of tours... became significant Christian hero was major doom nd had more power than frankish king

Luther's reforms

faith alone can bring a Christina salvation - good works are not necessary the Bible is the supreme religious authority - the pope and church traditions are false authority priests are not necessary for christians to interpret the bible

arable

farmable

cause of bantu migration

farming techniques required them to move every few years pop. increase b/c of agriculture need more food deforestation desert expanded outside of where they were major rivers not many people

euclid

father of geometry

impact of 100 yeas' war

feeling of nationalism power/prestige of French monarch increased English suffered period of internal turmoil...war of roses... two noble houses fought for throne

convent

female version of monastery

nun

female who live in convent

oases

fertile spots in desert areas

herodotus

first historian

magellan

first to circumnavigate the globe

vasco de gama

first to reach india

Bartolomeu dias

first to round the cape of africa

final collapse of roman empire

fleeing from Huns, Germanic tribes went into Roman Empire In 476 AD the western half of the Roman Empire fell to Germanic tribes invading from the north. The Eastern half of the empire would survive for another 1000 years, as the Byzantine Empire.

three major reasons for decline of han

flood large landowners have most of land... no tax being collected growing economic difference between wealthy and the poor

china's environmental challenges

floods isolation.. supply own goods invasion

beliefs of zen buddhism

focused on peace, simplicity, love of beauty enlightenment can come through precise performance of everyday tasks, such as tea ceremony

song society

foot binding men favored china more "democratic" more job opportunities promotes confucianism when pregnant, women do everything to make sure/have good luck that their son will be able to pass civil service exam CIVIL SERVICE EXAM women couldn't take exam

infantry

foot soldiers

roman conquest

for 100s of years Rome sought to expand its power through trade and conquest first Rome conquered Italy, then set out to conquer the Med (Greece, N. African, Middle East)

mercenaries

foreign soldiers who fought for $

rise of first Phoenician city-states

founded a number of wealthy city-states around mediterranean but never united into a country The colonies were about 30 miles apart— about the distance a Phoenician ship could sail in a day. The greatest Phoenician colony was at Carthage in North Africa.

siddhartha guatama

founded buddhism... wanted to know what meaning of suffering was, did this by meditating under fig tree for 49 days

Viking Impact

founded normand, layer out foundation for modern England nation some normans joined crusades founded Iceland, Greenland, North America,

the fall of roman republic

generals battle for power was Rome conquers new land to gain control of trade routes throughout Med. ↓ new class of wealth ↓ buy latifundia ↓ get slaves from Italy to work on them ↓ grain prices drop ↓ farmers have no land ↓ may unemployed, greater gap between classes ↓ Tiberius and gains gracious propose reform to help poor ↓ killed ↓ civil war for 100 years ↓ slave revolts, citizen soldiers highly organized and trained ↓ riva generals march into Rome to advance their ambitions

Franks

germanic people held power in roman province of Gual Clovis was leader.. brought Christianity to region... he converted after he prayed to god and won battle

motivations for europeans to join crusades

get 2x as many riches get away from a troubled land pope promises them they will get to heaven/ be a good christian

goals of crusades

get holy land protect Constantinople/ byzantine empire, opportunity to get rid of knights who fight each other people who joined looking for adventure, new opportunities, later many profited

middlemen

go-betweens in business transactions

deity

god

osiris

god of the dead *egypt

middle passage

goes right from Africa to americas

satrap

governor appointed by Darius military leader and tax collector in province

major achievements of sui

grand canal re introduced confucianism

kublai khan

grandson of Genghis Khan took title of Great Khan... even though empire split into four khanates conquered china... yuan dynasty... united china for first time in 300 years he abandoned mongol steppes, lived in china failed to conquer Japan twice

savannas

grassy plains

trade fairs

great fairs where peasant and merchants sold goods. They developed into the first medieval towns

kilwa

greatest distance a merchant from India could travel in one monsoon season.

al-Razi

greatest physician of muslim world wrote encyclopedia called Comprehensive Book.. drew on knowledge from many civilizations and own experience wrote treatise on smallpox and measles... believed patients would recover faster if they breathed cleaner air

timeline of with the Middle Ages, roman empire, Greece, and renaissance in it

greece Roman Empire 500CE Middle Ages 1300 Renaissance 1600

buddhist art partly influenced by

greek art

hoplite

greek citizen soldiers weren't professional fighters, usually farmers

polis

greek city states Examples - Athens, Sparta, Corinth Each had an urban center, dominating surrounding rural areas Each polis was independent with its own government, army, and way of life. Each polis fiercely defended its independence. This led to constant rivalry and frequent wars.

causes of Persian war

greek city states in E Mediterranean Sea revolt against Persian rule Athens supports rebels Persian wants to punish athens

greek vs. hellenistic art

greek: perfect looking people, high class hellen: common people... a begger

who taught Romans about democracy

greeks

similarities between fall of Han and rome

growing space between wealthy and poor competing generals and landowners raised taxes because of money needed for military moved capital

life in Athens

had an agora and an acropolis became center of greek culture. large public projects like statues and temples were created throughout city developed world's first democratic form of gov. only free, adult, males considered citizens of Athens. women, slave,s foreigners given few rights. 1/3 pop. slaves... considered living piece of property women confined from public, stayed home, did chores arranged marriages coming, men had absolute authority only sons of wealthy citizens given education... focused on preparing them to become good citizen girls didn't get formal ed. learned house chores and how to be good wife had superior navy.. used to establish control over colonies and trade in Med Sea

military power of the church

had its own army

why renaissance started in italy

had roman and greek past good location of trade and prosperity

horse collar

harness that goes around chest of horse... heavy loads can be pulled without choking horse

Egyptian Sphinx

head of the pharaoh and body of a lion

matriarchal

headed by mother rather than father female dominance

hellenes vs. Barbaroi

hellen. Greek word for Greece Barb. Barbarians... greeks thought uneducated people barbaric

sparta

helots when helots revolted, spartans outnumbered 8:1 barely putting down revolt... caused them to become militaristic state Council of Elders and two king monarchy ruled had most powerful army in Greece...dedicated to having strong army spartan women had great freedom

glyph

hieroglyphic symbols

pope

highest official in catholic church

patriarch

highest official in orthodox church/leading bishop... he even bows to emperor

sati

hindu women would go into fire if their husband died... if didn't do it, they would be looked down upon

hinduism vs. confuciansm

hindu: caste systen, reincarnation/moksha/karma/move up caste in next life if follow rules, dharma/puja, no female brahmin priests both: holy books, forms of gov, patriarchy, rewards and punishments, social and religious duties, social hierarchy conf: 5 proper relationships, filial piety, li, men, she, xiong, yi, non violent government, dynasty cycle, the three submissions, this life... family honor, shame.

primary source

historical evidence that originates from the time and place being studied

who invented war chariots

hittites

mayan king

holy figure; rule passed to eldest son

icons

holy images

jihad

holy war against those who resist islam personal struggle against sin

judea

home of the jews

vatican city

home of the pope

how Korea helped shape japan

how Japan learning about Chinese culture... Buddhism... they still didn't give up their shinto beliefs

legions

how roman soldiers were organized made up of calvary, infantry, then divided into century

china's river systems

huang he (yellow)... loess chang Jiang (Yangtze)

yellow river is same as

huang he river

how humans got food in Paleolithic age

hunter and gatherers... men got 25% of food from hunting, women got 75% of food from gathering plants/berries.

geocentric theory

idea from Aristotle earth-centered view of the universe christians taught god deliberately placed earth at center of universe... earth is special place where great drama unfolds

the jesuits

ignatious Loyola started a new catholic order called the jesuits in 1534. the jesuits were dedicated to defending and spreading the catholic faith

sharia

islamic law uses philosophies from Quran guides people w/ duties to god makes people more faithful tells women not to show their beauty, dress modestly

final result of the inquisition

in 1492 all practicing jews and muslims expelled from spain

social life of Mauryan empire

in capital city, farmers don't have to be in military, don't need to be scared... they live in protection/secure, great palace with gold covered pillars, many fountains, imposed throne, and had parks and busy markets

Ganesha

in hinduism god can be represented in animal form

effects of song golden age

increased trade and rapid economic growth land no longer main source of wealth social mobility-rise of middle class of merchants and artisans who can make fortunes cities become centers of commerce and cultural life

ling distance trade during gupta

india had many valuable items for trade acted as middlemen built trading stations along Silk Road sea trade increased

results of the Spanish conquest of the americas

indian pop. decreases over 90% (disease, slavery, massacre) gold and silver is plundered from the americas native americas convert to christianity (books burned from native religion , spread by missionaries) spanish language spreads to the americas spanish empires rule the americas for the next several hundred years

epistles

influential letters written be paul

trade during Gupta empire

invaders of India ended up helping them... ex: they learned about Silk Road when they learning about Silk Road they realized they could make big profits from being middlemen built trading stations along Silk Road to aid middlemen

Egyptian empire decline

invasion by land and sea→never recovered→powerless and fell to invaders.

Johann gutenburg

invented the printing press 1454 Johann Gutenberg prints first complete version of the Bible. By 1500, 20 million bibles had been printed.

archipelago

island group

apostles

jesus's 12 disciples thought to have written some of the Gospels

major beliefs of confuciansim

kind ruler and good citizens can create a happy community well being of group more important than individual well being people's job is to obey gov., rulers job is to make good gov. good ruler is the mandate of heaven patriarchy younger respectful to older family unit most important in a community

Czar

king

social classes during feudalism

king nobles/church officials knights peasants

Henry VIII of England

king of England took control of the Catholic Church in England renamed it the anglican church (church of England) because he was angry at the pop for refusing to annul his marraige

Phillip II

king of macedonia created mighty army of phalanxes and calvary brought all Greece under control (easy b/c they just came out of Pelo. war) was assassinated at his daughter's wedding sone was Alex. the Great

charlemagne

king of the franks extended Carolingian borders reunited Western Europe for first time since Roman Empire ... became most powerful king in W Europe. He then destroyed a mob that attacked Pope.. rewarded... Pope titled him "Roman Emperor" ↓ signaled the joining of germanic power, the church, and the heritage of the roman empire

social classes in Mesopotamia

kings priests scribes (only people that can write)/merchants warriors/ artisans (craftsmen) farmers.. peasants slaves... could be prisoners from war

the Gupta empire effects overview

land and sea trade increased theater state art and architecture drama literature astronomy, math, medicine

mesopotamia

land between tigris/euphrates river

dravidian

language spoken by dasas

plantations

large estates grow cash crops such as sugar and cotton for export... crops grown for sale

fall of Heian ... into feudalism

large landowners set up private armies... preyed on farmers/travelers, pirates took the seas... farmers traded part of land to strong warlord for protection... lords gained power with more land... feudal society began

megaliths

large stones religious structures built in the neolithic age

art/architecture of maya

large temples used for religious ceremonies... built to honor their gods

wang mang

leader between first and second part of the Han tried to bring country under control took land from wealthy to give to farmers who lost it, set up granaries, minted new money... great floods...not enough food, peasant revolts with wealthy because their land taken away... Wang Mang assassinated later Han began two years later

yang Di (Wendi)

leader of Sui

pope

leader of the catholic church

vassals

lesser nobles who pledge service to a higher noble (lord or king) in exchange for land

monasticism

life dedicated to living in monasteries

four noble truths

life is filled with suffering and sorrow the was to end all suffering is to end all desires the cause of all suffering is people's selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of the world the way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the eightfold path (middle way) bewtwenn desires and self denial

joint-stock company

like modern day cooperation investors buy shares of stock in company, involves multiple people

coliseum

like modern day stadium primary stage for gladiatorial combat shows performed here for entertainment

how charlemagne governed

limited power of nobles sent out royal agents to govern empire often visited every part of kingdom watch closely on huge estates-source of wealth and power encouraged learning... opened a palace school and opened more monasteries to train future monks and nuns

classes of Roman Empire description

little in common most people very poor, wealthy were VERY wealthy many unemployed cities ↓ bread and circuses

cross basis of mayan life

maize, beans, squash

daily life in Gupta empire

majority farmers craftspeople ad merchants lived and sold goods in towns most fairies patriarchal farmers often irrigated crops families work together on farms was tax on water every month everybody needed to give a days worth of work to community service farmers gave lots of earning to king southern india...some Tamil groups were matriarchal... property and throne passed through female line

duties of the islamic caliph

make decisions/settle disputes in court defend empire enforce penalties follow holy law employ gov. officials clarify islamic religion... keep rules same wage holy war against those who reject islam

client (roman e)

man who seeks a patron's help and protection Provides service in battle, labor, votes

confucian spiritual leader

mandate of heaven

religion of Mecca before islam

many christians and jews lived in Mecca and practiced montheism

what causes Aztecs to fall

many resources going into religious activity need for prisoners to sacrifice tribute states rebellious and need to be controlled

agora

marketplace in greek city-states

hundred years' war

marks end of medieval period England vs. france france won fought for who had right to throne... the English longbow, gunpowder and cannon changed how war fought

ziggurats

massive pyramid-shaped temple found in Mesopotamia were large temples built to honor the gods and perform sacrifices. They were centrally located within the city. They also acted as administrative centers for the govt. Priests performed rituals here to satisfy the gods. They had great power in Sumerian civilization.

mayan achievements

math writing system calendar

pope vuy

mayan creation myth

major domo

mayor of the palace became most powerful person in Frankish kingdom (Charles Martel is an ex)

Filial Piety

means showing respect and loyalty for one's parents. It was a primary virtue in Chinese social life.

Diviner (Shaman)

mediator between the tribe and God. (african)

religious division of confuciainsm

men relied, fought, worked men could have multiple wives.. could divorce at any time women always must be obedient to father/ husband/son

mesopotamia vs. egypt

mes: kings and nobles get spot from being successful as warrior, rulers considered descendants from gods, rulers ordered many public works ... massive walls, public buildings men ruled society and head of household, men could sell family, women drowned if ungraceful to husband, women sometimes advice rulers, some women had jobs, women eventually started earring veils peasants and slaves provided hard labor, kings and nobles leaders, hard to move up classes, men main leaders + had more freedom. Egypt: pharaoh held absolute power... little room for nobles, military force, bureaucracy of administrators, and tax collectors served central gov. who made decisions for public elite women oversaw domestic work of household servants, lower class women did work, women could have property and could pass wealth to children, men head of household, women could help in gov. peasants and slaves provided hard labor, military men and team collectors part of gov., easier to attain high social position through gov. services, men still had more freedom but women could become pharaoh temporarily

mesoamerica

middle/central america

spread of islam in to India

military conquest -In 711 Arabs entered Northern India and conquered the Indus River Valley. The Islamic Empire added it as a province. arab merchants -Merchants brought Islam to the coastal regions of Northern and Southern India. Many Muslims married Indian wives. They also set up mosques. Invasions of the Turks -In 1001, Islamic Turks from Afghanistan invaded India. They plundered riches and destroyed countless Hindu and Buddhist temples. Thousands of people were slain.

Hagia sophia

most important church built in Justinian's reign It means "holy wisdom" in greek beautiful churches showed the close connection between church and state in this empire Roman baths aqueducts, law courts, schools, and hospitals also built

Chavin

mother culture of South America

knight

mounted warrior who pledges to defend their lord's land in exchange for a fief.

the later Han

moved capital to Luoyang because Chang'an had lots of rebellion and chaos reorganized bureaucracy rebellion continued still large gap between rich and poor all problems could not be restored China divided into smaller kingdoms

mosque

muslim house of worship (also community center)

truce of third crusade

muslims got Jerusalem christians can visit freely

math and science of islamic empire

muslims relied on scientific observation and experimentation and the ability to find mathematical solutions to old problems translated and studied greek but instead of using logical reasoning they preferred conducting experiments believed math was basis to all knowledge algebra created based off Indian sources rather than greek observed stars etc. optics arabic numerals

umma

muslin religious communtiy

sufi

mystical branch of islam seek spirituality through intense worship, poetry, meditation etc. reject luxury of world is less Tham 1% of muslims don't play role in politics (like christian monks)

art of mesopotamia

mythological figures are subject of finely carved cylinder seals, metal sculptures, and statues found in religious temples cylinder seals

phalanx

name for greek military formation the phalanx allowed the greeks to dominate opponent

Dasas-

natives who lived in India when the Aryans arrived Dasas spoke the Dravidian language Indian life is a blend of Aryan and Dasa cultures.

role of catholic church and monasticism during middle ages

no hospitals, schools... provided education/help for those in need

lord

noble landowners

lives medieval noblewomen vs. peasant women

noble: say prayers, get dressed, eat, sleep, talk to other women peasant: take care of children, animals, do house chores

jin empire

nomadic group, the urchins from Mongolian stepped conquered northern china pushed the song southern Song Dynasty moves capital to Hangzhou the mongols conquer in 1279

xiongnu

nomadic tribe that occupied the vast plains north of china

ahimsa

non violence towards living creatures

gentile

non-jew

social life of africa

nuclear family extended (joint) family patrilineal matrilineal (lines of descendent vary) tribes

what reward pope urban gives to those who fight in the crusades

offers them forgiveness if they dies (they go to heaven) if they live, they will be considered a good christian

merchants in the Tang

officially ranks below peasants and artisans many envied their wealth many laws restricting what could do... couldn't take civil service exam, people suspected them as spies... had to show travel docs everywhere they went

Inca

one of many tribes that lived in South America. Created the largest empire in the Western Hemisphere 1471-1532 C.E.

Augustine

one of the most important early writers/scholars (father of the church). he became bishop in N Africa and wrote The City of God

atman

one's spirit or essential self

elements of civilization

organized government writing system complex religion advanced economy advanced art and architecture cities social classes job specialization advanced technology... metallurgy public works... monuments, bridges, roads organized government

african art and religion

orla tradition...african griots visual tradition...

pastoralism effects on environment

overgrazing leads to erosion and desertification

fall of the sui

overworked and overtaxed from grand canal, people revolts and killed second Sui emperor

indulgences

pardons for sins

themes of world history, persia + gti

political... the government, laws, and ways decisions are made in a society economic... how people produce, consume and distribute wealth and resources in a society religion... supernatural belief systems of a society social... the culture and social structure of a society including gender roles, family relations, education, language, and citizenship intellectual... advancements in knowledge and philosophy art... creative expressions and how the reflect the values of society geography... how environment effects humans, how humans affect envirnment (includes disease) technology... applying knowledge for a practical purpose interaction... how societies relate with one another, the cultural effects civilizations have on each other

effects of the plague

pop. fell trade declined, prices rose serfs left manor in search for better wages nobles fiercely resisted peasant demand for higher wages causing peasant revolts jews blamed for bringing plague... scapegoats... many killed church suffered a loss of prestige when its prayers failed to stop plague and priests abandoned their duties

why Luther upset w/ Roman Catholic church

pope leo X began selling indulgences believed sale was corrupt

demographic

population

the development of agriculture led to huge

population growth

who becomes first country to create trading outposts along African coasts

portugal trades w/ Africa for gold, ivory, and slaves

positive/negative effects of establishing empire

positive: Helped to end war between neighboring communities Cultural Diffusion negative: For conquered people, defeat was painful and cruel Loss of autonomy (self-rule)

neolithic technology

pottery for storage or religious ceremonies plows broke up earth to turn to soil for farming woven textiles metallurgy.. used copper at first wheels and wheeling vehicles

medicis

powerful banking family who ruled Florence for years

counts

powerful landholder

nile advantages

predictable flooding nile flows north, wind blows south... good transportation

environmental challenges of nile river valley

predictable flooding thousands starved if flood water less than usual if floater higher than usual, many things destroyed had to live on very small portions of land b/c of the vast desert of either side (protected them)

mummification

preserving dead bodies by taking out organs, then wrapping whole body in bandages of waxen cloth

protestant reformation

protesters protesting against the abuse of the RCC

asceticism

rejection of world pleasure practicing self-denial

techniques used by Chandragupta Maurya to administer his empire

relied on Kautilya who was a member of the priestly caste and he followed the book Arthasastra that Kautilya wrote . He created a bureaucratic gov. and divided empire into four provinces each ruled by a prince. each province divided into districts w/ local officials in charge of taxes and enforcing laws

monasteries

religious community isolated from society also centers of learning place for children, sick, or poor to go

religious wars of the catholic counter reformation

religious conflict frequently led towards. Catholic and protestants fought for and land and power the thirty years war was a particularly bloody war between catholics and protestants in germany

dharma

religious duties of the individual; based on your caste.

isis

represented the ideal mother and wife *Egypt

what needs did shinto meet

respect for the forces of nature worship of ancestors

piers Plowman

reveals hardship of English peasants during middle ages

ways to achieve moksha

right thinking... knowledge if sacred truth right action... yoga right devotion...

eightfold path

right views, resolve, speech, conduct, livelihood, effort, mindfulness,concetration

dynasties of islamic empire

rightly guided caliphs Umayyad abbasid

seppuku

ritual suicide

sacraments

rituals

constantine

roman emperor who prayed for help in a battle, saw the cross, order cross to be put of soldiers' shields...ended persecution of christians and became Christian signed edict of Milan

pontius pilot

roman gov. who accused Jesus of defying authority of Rome, arresting him and sentencing him to be crucified

roman gov. vs. Germanic kingdom gov.

roman gov: provinces rules by an emperor, large unified empire, stable boundaries, loyalty to public officials and a sense of citizenship, written laws germanic kingdom's gov.: lived in small communities governed by unwritten rules and traditions, germanic stress on personal ties made it impossible to establish orderly gov., borders changed often from wars, pledged loyalty to germanic chief

roman army

rome had most organized, train and most disciplined army in world rome grant citizenship to conquered people.. huge supply of soldiers

first king of rome

romulus

natural barriers of china

seas mountain ranges and deserts... west... taklimakan desert and plateau of tibet... SW... Himalayns... North... Gobi desert and Mongolian plateau

indian coastal plains

separated from the Deccan Plateau by the Eastern and Western Ghats. Tropical and Lush climate

in rome, all citizens who owned land were required to...

serve in army

puja

service to a deity (god); bathing, clothing, feeding a statue. pilgrimage

five pillars of islam

shahadah (declaration of faith, the first thing they do) salah (muslims pray 5 times a day) zakat (sharing 2.5% of wealth with poor) siyah (not eating food from sun up to sum down during month of ramadan) the hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca, must be done at least once in life)

china's first civilization

shang

caravel

ship that combined the square (for speed) sails of European vessels with the lateen (triangular for movability) sails of the arab ships. this made it easier to sail across and into wind

Egyptian paintings are usually ___________ because_______

side profile so the ka will be able to find the body

edict of milan

signed by Constantine a letter that approved christian practices in Roman Empire

denarius

silver coin one t around Roman Empire during Augustus's time

the fall of the islamic empire

slow moving transportation and trade no gov. could hold full power over empire information didn't travel quickly to capital tax payment difficult... began using grain instead of cash revolts tax cuts made local prosperity increase turks purchased by caliphs but gov. didn't have enough $ to pay them turks took control Political fragmentation 850 the abbasid empire began to fragment, political rebellions and civil wars lead to creation of independent provinces and caliphate (Spain, Egypt, North Africa)

pepin

son of Charles Martel he agreed to fight the Lombards who invaded Italy/threatened Rome if the pope anointed Pepin "king by the grace of god" ... this began the Carolingian dynasty

politics of song

song tail - military officer of a leading warlord 960 his troops proclaimed him emperor capital of song established in Kaifeng Expand bureaucracy.. more opprotunites to take civil service exam reward civil servants with generous salary... makes more loyalty put bureaucrats in charge of military affairs (to prevent rise of rebellious generals) jin empire decline

when golden age in post classical china Why?

song... experienced a technological and industrial revolution because... ideas are being moved through trade networks... Indian math and astronomy lead to creation of a water driven astronomical clock military necessity to defend country - steel weapons, body armor, gunpowder invented first printed make knowledge available to more people use of credit certificate (flying cash) and paper money

ka

soul of a person who dies

sahel

southern edge of Sahara

upper egypt

southern region of nile river

peninsulares

spanish born settlers in the American (from peninsula... Spain on Iberian pen.)

reconquista

spanish crusade long effort by the Spanish to drive muslims out... 1492... Spanish reclaimed Spain

causes of Peloponnesian war

sparta and its allies fight against the empire created by athens

outcome of Peloponnesian war

sparta and its allies win

helots

sparta conquered Messenia, they became helots... forced to stay on land they worked.. Spartans took half of their crops

major events/turning points of Peloponnesian war

sparta lays seige to athens plague in Athens sparta defeats Athens at battle of syracuse outcome of Peloponnesian war

moksha

spiritual union of the atman with brahman

Julius Caesar

started career as Roman General Defeated the Gauls (france) and won his men's loyalty and devotion. Sent his army into Rome where he had the support of the people. Appointed dictator for life. Murdered by senators who feared he was becoming too powerful.

Chandra Gupta

started the Gupta Empire

ninety five theses... what happened as a result?

statements against the indulgences and other actions of the Roman Catholic church... pope exocommunitcated Luther... Luther formed own church

Tuthmosis

stepson of Hatshepsut. Led the Egyptian conquest of Syria and Palestine, north of Egypt.

rise of Gupta empire

strong leader in N state of Magadha... Chandra Gupta married daughter of influential royal family then took title of Great King of Kings

Aristotle

student of plato, promoted reason and logic as way of inderstuadning world, work created foundation of modern scienctinfict thought

stupas

stupas—mounded stone structures built over holy relics. Buddhists walked the paths circling the stupas as a part of their meditation.

decline of the Mayan empire

suddenly abandoned many of their cities invaders from north pop. great from farming ... environmental damage, disease, famine increased warfare disrupted trade.

sects of islam

sufi, shia, sunni

re

sun god *egpyt

reason for Spanish victory in the americas

superior technology (horses, guns, cannons, armor, steel) division among the Native American tribes disease weaken the native Americans (smallpox)

brahman

supreme being

Patron/Client Relationships

system of mutual benefits and obligations between patron and client Patron: man of wealth and influence Provides legal advice, loans, physical protection, representation Client- man who seeks a patron's help and protection Provides service in battle, labor, votes Middle class clients of the aristocracy might be patrons of poorer men. (roman social life)

religious practices of aztecs

temples, religious structures dedicated to 1000 gods worshipped... adopted from mesoamerican peoples Qutzalcoatl many rituals, dramas, songs, dances featuring masked performers human sacrifice Great Temple where victims killed

Third Century Crisis

the beginning of a long period of decline that ultimately resulted in the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476.

ring of fire

the "ring" of volcanoes around the pacific ocean

nirvana

the Buddha's word for release from selfishness and pain

golden age of India occurred during

the Gupta empire

Battle of Tours

the Muslims raided Spain... defeated by Charles Martel

background of protestant reformation

the RC church most powerful institution in Europe during Middle Ages it united Europe during this time - only Christian church in W Europe - people paid church taxes and accepted its leadership it was the largest landowner in W Europe - was a wealthy and powerful institution

polytheism

the belief of many gods

animism

the belief that natural objects have spirits

hellenistic synthesis

the blending of greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian culture

reasons for fall of the early han

the bureaucracy, Xiongnu problem and military expeditions expensive ↓ high taxes→only small landowners and merchants paid taxes→debt→sold land/sell into slavery rich vs. poor→rebellion→wang mang (leader between early and late Han) assassinated after 14 years ***Many people had little land because each generation the plot got split among the children, so it got smaller and smaller until it is not enough to sustain enough food and a place to live.

brahma

the creator

beliefs of Taoism

the dao=the way/ path of nature the universe of governed by an invisible, impersonal, natural form... the do a the Dao can only be sensed, not rationally known, it flows through all life People should accept the world the way it is, live in harmony with it, and not try to change it. It promotes a close human relationship with nature. Daoism rejects conflict and seeks social harmony and compromise. Believes government is the cause of many problems. Calligraphy The art of elegant, beautiful writing Landscape Paintings Poetry Taoists follow the art of "wu wei," which is to let nature take its course. For example, one should allow a river to flow towards the sea unimpeded; do not erect a dam which would interfere with its natural flow.

ma'at

the divine order of the universe *egypt

caliphate

the empire of the caliph

Mesopotamian literature

the epic of Gilgamesh

Carolingian Dynasty

the family that ruled the franks from 751-987

columbian exchange

the global transfer of foods, plants, animals, (and disease) during the colonization of the americas

three field system

the growing of crops on two fields while one remains fallopian (resting)... increases food production

ramadan

the holy moth when muslims fast from sun up to sun down

prehistory =

the period of history before writing

caliph

the political and religious leader of the islamic empire the deputy to Muhammad.

the church hierarchy

the pope cardinals archbishops bishops priests

vishnu

the preserver

investiture

the process of selecting church officials (bishops)

catholic counter-reformation

the protestant reformation seriously weakened the power of the Roman Catholic church the catholic counter reformation was a movement within the Roman Catholic Church to stope the spread of protestantism the jesuits the inquisition religious wars

reincarnation

the rebirth of a soul into a new life

intro to exploration

the renaissance spurred an age of adventure and curiosity about outside world European nations sponsored expeditions overseas

encomiendas

the right to demand labor from natives in a given area... like fief → get land and the serfs on it

the inquisitions

the roman catholic church created courts to punish people suspected of protestant beliefs in catholic countries this movement was known as the inquisition the inquisition punished heresy heretics were tortured and sometimes killed

hadith

the sayings and deeds of muhammad used as guide for proper islamic belief and behavior

cartography

the science of mapmaking, improved over years of exploratiogn

brahman

the single spiritual power that resides in all things.

thirty years war

the thirty years war was a particularly bloody war between catholics and protestants in germany

culture

the way of life of a group of people (who live in a certain area)

who made christianity roman empire's official religion

theodosius

Anthropomorphic

they had human qualities such as love, hate, and jealousy.

silt

thick bed of mud... good for farming

buddhist laity

this who hadst's devoted their entire life to religion

mosaic

tiled pictures displayed

exocommunication

to be kicked of out church... can't go to heaven

why tang expanded

to control silk road

Qutzalcoatl

toltec god the god of learning and books, the god of wind, and a symbol of death, and rebirth

minaret

tower from which daily prayers are announced.

spanish in Americas economy

trade- colony viewed as a source of raw materials for the mother country plantations ecomiendas

astronomy, math and medicine improvements during Gupta empire

trade... advance of science astronomy increased from sailors using stars to guide them adopted methods of keeping Tim from greek invaders... began using calendar based on sun not moon used a 7 day week and divided each day into hours used a lunar eclipse to prove earth round modern numerals, the zero, nd the decimal system invented by the Indians. Indian named aryabhata calculated the value of pi to four decimal places and also calculated the length of a solar year Indians described 1,000 diseases and 500 medical plants Hindu physicians performed surgery (also plastic surgery and may have given injections)

reason for exploration

trade... seeking faster/cheaper routes to trade markets in farce and said god... rivalry w/ islam; desire to spread christianity glory... desire to be first to discover new sailing route intellectual curiosity... desire to know more about the geography of the outside world

how culture spreads

trading, international travel, migration, warfare, communication

how crusaders treated jews the encountered on trip to Holy Land

tried to kill them... they believed they crucified Jesus for no reason

mamluks

turkic slaves purchased by Addasids

problems of aztecs

under Montezuma II rebellion... they called for even more tribute and sacrifice as the Tenochtitlan pop. was growing even greater resentment built up against empire many Aztecs Began predicting terrible things were going to happen

government of han

under the Han, the emperor maintained the Mandate of Heaven, but he also had a complex bureaucracy to help him run the empire

environmental challenges of fertile crescent

unpredictable flooding may be period with little rain villages defensiveless limited natural resources

environmental challenges of Indus River valley

unpredictable flooding, rivers sometimes changed courses, monsoon wet/dry seasons unpredictable... too much/too little rain could cause great destruction

causes of the growth of the islamic empire

use of mobil horse and camel military tactics desire for land, wealth, and power relative weakness of the neighboring byzantine and Persian empires the desire to spread Islam through Jihad

oracle bones

used by Chinese... read cracks, their god answered their question

the royal road

used to help messages travel quickly across the empire

Portugal reaches india

vasco de gama reaches india, opening up the "spices and pepper" trade to europe

roman villa

very large houses only the very wealthy could afford

reasons for collapse of tang

warriors not as strong, crops not growing well, outside farms damaged/destroyed, high taxes

vikings

warriors, traders, farmers, explorers ventured far past W Europe gradually accepted christianity... stopped raiding monasteries raising temp... better farming... less viking life

effects of bantu migration

wars often broke out... bantu won battles because they had iron exchange of ideas intermarriage new culture w/ unique customs created bantu tech with ironwork and forging and weapons from copper, bronze, and iron ***historians know where bantu went by studying path of language

Tarquin the Proud

was last king of Rome. He was a harsh tyrant thrown from office in 509 bc.

why Africa have few harbors

waterfalls fall from plateaus to coast

shinto means

way of the gods

patricians

wealthy landowners in roman republic held most of power inherited their power and social status

women of islam

wear hijab (head scarf), chador (full cloak, can see face), niqab (can only see eyes), burka (crate the covers eyes... can't see anything) their husband can be married to multiple people but only if you treat them equality and just muhammad forbade infanticide women could enter heaven too

cyrillic alphabet

what slavic language written in (includes Russian) created so slavs could read bible in own tongue

age of exploration

what: European explorers roam the oceans in search of new sea routes who: European sailors... Spain, Portugal (both led), England, France, Netherlands where: all over globe when: 1487-1609

monopoly

when a group has exclusive control over the production and distribution of goods

muslims and other religions in india

when muslims came in, they destroyed 100s of buddhist monasteries, many hindus killed differences: muslims had one sacred text... hindus had many muslims believed in one true god hindus had caste system and had many celebrations muslims didn't do eventually muslims accepted them... as long as non-muslims payed taxes, they were also second class

last ice age

when people first arrived in the Americans huge glaciers spread past arctic circle

when mongols own muslim empire

when thy captured baghdad In 1258 the Mongols laid siege to Baghdad. 800,000 killed and the Abbasid Caliph was murdered. The Mongols now owned the Muslim Empire.

mount Moriah rock

where Muhammad ascended into heaven

bazaar

where merchants in the Sumerian city-states would buy and sell goods in a marketplace. Mesopotamia lacked many natural resources, but they traded with nearby lands to acquire Wood, Silver, Gold, and Gems In exchange, Mesopotamians offered cloth, wool, and barley.

cataract

where nile boulders turn river into churning rapids

Indian Ocean Maritime Trade Network Who? What? Where? When? Why? How?

who: indian, arab, Chinese, african mercahnts where: coastal cities throughout Indian Ocean primary trade centers, trade conducted between independent merchants sailing from city to city What: silk and porcelain (china), spices (SE Asia), pepper, gems, cotton (India),incense (arabia), gol, ivory, slaves (E Africa) When: 500-1200 moderate trade 1200-1500 volume of trade exploded why: china (song) , eruopean (Italy) and african states had many new goods to trade... after collapse of mongols, overland trade became risky how: monsoon winds; dhows and junks; trade decentralized and cooperative... no empire controlled trade network

why, from where to where, environmental challenges of human migration during Paleolithic age

why... needed to follow food source from where... from Great Rift Valley in SE Africa to where... all seven continents besides Antartica environmental challenges... faced hardships when going across oceans, mountains, bad weather.

describe indian monsoons

winter... oct.-feb. winds from NE to SW, dry very little rain summer... opposite

enlightenment

wisdom

causes of neolithic revolution

women learn about the life cycle of plants end of last ice age... global warming... larger growing scenes

peons

workers who labor to pay off debt they have accumulated

plato

wrote books... the republic, opened up school for philosophers, taught Aristotle

saint benedict

wrote rule book monks follow

loess

yellowish silt deposited by Huang he river