AP World Midterm

Which of the following historical developments most strongly contributed to the mapmaker's depiction of West Africa and the southern half of the world in Map 2 ? A Portugal's development of maritime technology and navigational skills B China's naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean basin C The limited geographical knowledge of western European mapmakers as a result of the region's commercial isolation D The decline of Mediterranean powers such as Genoa and Venice and the rise of Atlantic powers such as England, France, and the Netherlands

A

Which of the following most strongly contributed to the shift of power from nomadic empires to settled states that Darwin identifies in the second paragraph? Responses A The development and spread of gunpowder weapons across Eurasia B The development of new shipbuilding and navigational techniques C The spread of epidemic diseases across Eurasia, such as the Black Death D The increased recruitment of nomadic soldiers by large agricultural states

A

Which of the following explains the most common effect that the process illustrated in the image had on relationships between states in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1450-1750 ? Responses A It led to deepening rivalries and conflicts as states' military capabilities grew. B It led to the emergence of new religious disputes over theological interpretations. C It led to the establishment of pan-Eurasian nomadic empires, such as the Mongol Empire. D It led to the adoption of feudal systems of government, as monarchs could not prevent the rising power of military aristocracies.

A

A historian interpreting the passage would most likely explain that the audience of the sermon is an illustration of the fact that Responses A papal alliances with the Holy Roman emperors led to widespread religious persecutions in Germany B the Protestant German nobility was wary of confronting the Ottomans without Catholic support C political support from the German nobility aided in the development of the early Protestant community D the Protestant German nobility adopted pacifist attitudes during religious disputes with their Catholic and Muslim opponents

C

All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would best support the author's argument in the passage? Responses A DNA evidence suggests human populations in western, central, and southern Africa share many similar genes. B Linguistic evidence shows that several small groups in central and southern Africa continue to speak non-Bantu languages. C Archaeological evidence suggests that iron metallurgy spread across sub-Saharan Africa in several distinct waves, separated by hundreds of years. D Ethnographic evidence shows that many West African societies share common themes in their cultural and religious traditions.

C

Based on the location of the painting, it can be inferred that its primary purpose was to Responses A inspire religious devotion among the Golkonda rulers' ordinary subjects B serve as a model for Indian court painters in training C bolster the legitimacy of the Golkonda dynasty by celebrating its past D impress foreign dignitaries and other visitors with the might of the Golkonda military forces

C

Based on the passage and your knowledge of world history, which of the following can be inferred about the economic hierarchy in San Juan Peribán? A Mulattoes and mestizos had no property rights and worked as tenant farmers on creole-owned plantations. B Creoles were predominantly employed in commerce and administration, whereas mulattoes and mestizos were predominantly employed in agriculture. C Mulatto and mestizo communities had some economic resources, but creoles were still economically dominant. D Creoles were being outcompeted economically by their mulatto and mestizo counterparts and were becoming impoverished as a result.

C

Image 1 best illustrates which of the following? Responses A The importance of slave soldiers to Ottoman expansion B The growing reliance on foot soldiers in the Ottoman armies C The importance of gunpowder to Ottoman expansion D The increasing professionalization of the Ottoman officer corps

C

Outside of the Ottoman Empire, Sufis contributed most directly to which of the following during the period before 1750? Responses A Scientific exchanges between the Muslim world and the rest of Afro-Eurasia B The establishment of Arabic as the language of philosophy and theology in the Muslim world C The spread of Islam to new locations on the margins of the Muslim world, such as southeast Asia D The introduction of new practices for recruiting and training slave soldiers in Muslim states, such as the Mughal Empire

C

Sinan's service to the Ottoman state best illustrates the fact that land-based empires in the period 1450-1750 often relied on Responses A appointed bureaucrats to break the power of entrenched landed aristocracies B mass conscription of soldiers to carry out their territorial expansion C methods of recruitment of officials that made use of the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects D members of the clergy to perform religious services, administer religious law, and oversee public order

C

The activity depicted in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following characteristics of China's economy before 1450 ? Responses A The influence of Confucian labor policies B The impact of innovations borrowed from surrounding states C The reliance on systems of peasant labor D The dependence on trade along the Silk Roads

C

The existence of a sugar mill in the Mexican town in the passage indicates that the region of Mexico in which the lawsuit took place was part of which of the following? A The Manila galleon trade route B The pre-Columbian pochteca traveling-merchant network C The Atlantic trade system D The indentured-labor migration system

C

The methods of warfare shown in the image were instrumental in explaining the territorial expansion of all of the following land-based empires EXCEPT Responses A the Safavid Empire B the Qing (Manchu) Empire C the Aztec (Mexica) Empire D the Ottoman Empire

C

The production of the plaque in Goa is best understood in the immediate context of which of the following? Responses A The establishment of plantation economies B The spread of printing-press technology C The development of trading-post empires D The decline of Asian states such as the Mughal Empire

C

The recruitment depicted in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 ? Responses A Attempts by imperial states to expand their economic power B Attempts by imperial states to prevent religious conflict C Attempts by imperial states to centralize their authority D Attempts by imperial states to control population growth

C

Which of the following best describes a way in which the table illustrates how the spread of rice cultivation contributed to changing the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in China, India, and the Middle East between 1200 and 1300 ? Responses A The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in China and the Middle East but rose in India. B The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined more substantially in India than it did in the Middle East and China. C The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in all three regions. D The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops increased in every region except China.

C

A historian interpreting the views expressed in the passage would likely explain that those views were most strongly influenced by Protestant desires to Responses A promote religious war against fellow Christians B encourage the creation of a united German state free of papal influence C demonstrate that an individual's destiny was predetermined by God D reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings

D

All of the following pieces of evidence in the passage directly support the author's claim that the "pestilence" was "terrible" EXCEPT: A The Maya king died in the epidemic. B Fear of the disease drove Maya people to commit suicide. C The disease killed members of the Maya elite, including elders and priests. D The disease led to the arrival of Dominican friars.

D

A historian could best explain the arguments made in the passage regarding the pope and the clergy in the context of Protestant claims that the Catholic Church Responses A had not adequately supported earlier Crusades against Muslims in the Holy Land B had become corrupted by power C had become too heavily influenced by Renaissance Humanism D had failed to convert Muslims living in Europe to Christianity

B

A historian would most likely use Map 1 to research which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 ? A The efforts of wealthy Renaissance patrons to encourage the fine arts and scientific research B The ways that European cartography drew on earlier knowledge from the Islamic world and merchant activity in the Mediterranean C The influence of Crusades against the Ottoman Empire on the commercial expansion of Italian city-states D The consolidation of the Russian Empire, its expansion into Siberia, and its challenge to imperial China

B

A likely purpose for including the religious figure in the plaque was to show that Responses A salvation for the Portuguese inhabitants of Goa could be obtained only by rejecting material wealth B Portuguese naval activities in the Indian Ocean region were favored by divine forces C because of their belief in the prophecy of Jesus, the Muslim inhabitants of Goa could also obtain salvation D Jesus was going to provide the Portuguese with new sailing technologies for their ships if they continued to follow him

B

All the following statements about Bernier are factually accurate. Which would most increase historians' confidence in the reliability of his account? Responses A He originally studied for a position in the Catholic Church, but then shifted to a nonreligious education. B He spent several years as an official at the Mughal imperial court. C He made extensive travels in Europe before going to India. D He wrote the description of Mughal administration at the request of Colbert, who founded the French East India Company.

B

Based on the passage, which of the following most strongly influenced Dara Shikoh's religious views? Responses A Shi'ism B Sufism C Buddhism D Zoroastrianism

B

Dara Shikoh's intellectual collaborations as described in the passage are most consistent with which of the following policies of imperial states such as the Mughal Empire in the period 1450 to 1750 C.E.? Responses A Recruiting subject peoples for imperial expansion through military conscription B Attempting to build support for imperial rule by accommodating religious and ethnic diversity C Sponsoring the development of religious architecture to legitimize imperial rule D Attempting to enforce imperial power by requiring cultural assimilation

B

Dara Shikoh's views about the value of the Upanishads, as expressed in the second paragraph, are most likely based on which of the following features of Hinduism? Responses A The belief in the cycle of rebirth B The belief in an ultimate universal principle C The belief in numerous gods and goddesses D The belief in the potential for the liberation of the soul

B

In addition to languages, the peoples discussed in the passage are credited with the diffusion of which of the following in sub-Saharan Africa? Responses A Monumental architecture B New agricultural techniques C Nomadism D Writing systems

B

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, many states responded to threats of the type depicted in the two images by Responses A forcing Muslims within their territories to convert to Christianity B seeking to increase tax revenues and professionalize their militaries C recruiting large numbers of Ottoman military advisors D engaging in economic boycotts against Ottoman trade goods

B

The Ottoman practices shown in the two images directly contributed to which of the following developments before 1600 ? Responses A A series of Ottoman defeats in wars against an expanding Russian Empire B Large-scale Ottoman conquests in the Middle East and North Africa C Weakening of the Ottoman economy as the empire failed to keep pace with an industrializing Europe D The consolidation of Sunni Islam as the state religion of the Ottoman Empire

B

The author's position on the religious controversy in the passage can best be described as that of Responses A a strong supporter of the official Ottoman religious establishment B an impartial observer describing the controversy without taking sides C a practitioner of the Sufi way with its emphasis on increased spirituality D an advocate of the right of the people to freely choose their own religion

B

The contractors described in the passage are an example of which of the following? Responses A Traditional elites attempting to subvert imperial authority B New elites recruited to generate increased revenue after imperial conquests C Representatives intended to make the central government more responsive to local issues D Professionalized military administrators who centralized land-based empires

B

The image most directly illustrates which of the following features of the political development of medieval Europe? Responses A Its bureaucratization, as European rulers developed sophisticated systems of record keeping to strengthen their authority. B Its decentralization, as European rulers frequently delegated authority to local subordinates. C Its reliance on Roman traditions, as European rulers used ancient customs to demonstrate their legitimacy. D Its ethnic and cultural diversity, as European rulers granted ethnic and religious groups the right to use their own laws and traditions.

B

The judge's decision in the case is best understood in the context of colonial authorities' policy of A encouraging the spread of indigenous Christian practices, such as the cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe B ensuring that intercommunal conflicts were brought under control before they could disrupt public order C maintaining the continued inflow of coerced labor through the asiento system D favoring Spanish-born rather than American-born individuals in official appointments and promotions

B

The passage best illustrates which of the following features of colonial Latin American history? Responses A Racial categories were used to divide colonial societies. B Christian religious practices were shared by many social groups. C Plantation agriculture dominated economic production. D Competition between European states influenced colonialism.

B

The trade networks described by the two sources were most strongly influenced by Responses A increased Asian demand for food imports B increased European demand for luxury goods C increased Chinese maritime activity in the Indian Ocean D increased demand for precious metals within European colonies in the Americas

B

The two interpretations of economic history of the early modern period differ most strongly concerning Responses A the motivations for European colonization of the Americas B the relative importance of Europe in the global economy C the significance of economic developments in Europe prior to 1500 D the justification for European claims of economic superiority

B

Which of the following best explains Europe's ability to gain a greater share of global trade in the early modern period? Responses A Easing of tensions among European states B Adoption and improvement of maritime technologies by Europeans C Europeans' increased interest in foreign languages and cultures D Diffusion of European manufacturing technology and processes to Asia

B

Which of the following best explains why the painting was seen as a challenge to social conventions when it was painted? Responses A Women were rarely the subject of paintings in European art of the period. B Caribbean society was built on racial hierarchies that generally reserved elite status for people of European ancestry. C In most cultures of the period, children were not considered worthy of being portrayed in art until they reached adulthood. D Caribbean society was predominantly matriarchal, with men expected to play strictly domestic roles in the household.

B

Which of the following developments in the late fifteenth century could best be used as evidence to support Darwin's argument in the second paragraph regarding a change in patterns of long-distance trade? Responses A The growing naval power of the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean B The discovery of maritime routes that linked Europe and Asia through the Indian Ocean C The naval expeditions of the Ming admiral Zheng He D The development of the Atlantic system that linked Europe to the Americas and Africa

B

Which of the following historical continuities is best reflected in the image? Responses A Chinese art reflected European methods of painting. B Chinese art continued to emphasize traditional subjects and styles. C Chinese art incorporated elements of Central Asian nomadic life. D Chinese art continued to stress the importance of technological innovation.

B

Which of the following historical processes after 1750 contributed most directly to a change in Safavid production and export patterns as described in the passage? A Economic liberalization B European industrialization C The abolition of slavery D The global silver trade

B

Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author most directly use to support his argument about the king of Spain following the Inca method of highway construction? Responses A The Inca rulers constructed roads to help complete conquests. B The Inca rulers only had to command their officials to construct a highway, and it was completed quickly. C The Inca rulers clearly marked their kingdom with boundaries. D The Inca rulers could acquire specialized tools to cut through mountains.

B

Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his claim that the arrival of the Spanish "destroyed our people"? A The Spanish spread infectious disease among the Maya. B The Spanish conquered all Maya towns. C Maya people became poor. D The Spanish assassinated the king's eldest son.

B

Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his implicit argument that Maya society underwent a dramatic cultural change in the sixteenth century? A Dominican friars knew the Maya language. B The Maya were converted to Christianity. C The Maya nobility lost its social status. D Maya people before the conquest were illiterate.

B

Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the author's arguments about the quality of the highways described in the passage? Responses A They were built by men with tools. B They were very broad, and some extended across the entire kingdom. C There were many roads throughout the kingdom. D Their construction was supervised by government officials.

B

All of the following statements about nomadic empires in the period 1200-1700 are factually accurate. Which statement most likely explains why Tamerlane's empire rapidly declined in the late fifteenth century? Responses A Nomadic empires contained numerous ethnic and religious groups within their territories. B Nomadic empires frequently sought to control key trade routes in order to secure access to luxury goods. C Nomadic empires often used the governmental systems of sedentary societies to rule agricultural regions. D Nomadic empires typically contained numerous tribes and confederations that were difficult to control.

D

In addition to China, the cultural tradition alluded to in Liu Guandao's painting strongly influenced the society and culture of Responses A the Ottoman Empire B India C Persia D Korea

D

The act of the countess of Béarn in the image is most closely identified with which of the following political systems? Responses A Manorialism B Serfdom C Monasticism D Feudalism

D

The actions of peasants, artisans, and merchants discussed in the third paragraph are an example of Responses A religious conflict in a multiethnic state B challenges to imperial legitimacy based on ideas of human rights C opportunities for upward mobility created by larger states D resistance against state attempts to collect revenue

D

The actions of the Maroons that forced British colonial authorities to conclude a treaty with them are best explained as evidence of reactions against which of the following global trends in the period 1450-1750 ? A The persistent spread of epidemic diseases B The continuing impoverishment of indigenous populations resulting from agricultural transfers C The increase in armed conflict resulting from state rivalries over control of trade routes D The increasing expansion and centralization of state power

D

The dispute described in the court case is most directly an effect of which of the following processes in colonial American societies? A The economic tensions between landowning elites and landless peasants B The emergence of new syncretic forms of religious beliefs and rituals C The demographic collapse of the indigenous Amerindian population as a result of the spread of infectious disease D The formation of new identities as part of the restructuring of social hierarchies

D

The inclusion of the image in the manuscript best illustrates which of the following features of the period 1450-1750 ? Responses A Rulers using art as a way to communicate with their illiterate subjects B Rulers using art to expand their territories C Rulers using art as a way to increase literacy D Rulers using art to legitimize their rule

D

The main arguments of the two sources are most similar in their emphasis on the Responses A importance of European-manufactured exports to Asia B different economic relationships that specific European states had with Asia C exceptional qualities of European states that enabled them to dominate the global economy D significance of European access to precious metals from the Americas

D

The passage could best be used to explain which of the following developments in the Americas in the period 1500-1750 ? A Enslaved peoples and their descendants were frequently recruited into the armies of colonial empires. B Some of the descendants of enslaved peoples gradually came to own large sugar plantations. C Some enslaved peoples won their freedom by taking legal action against plantation owners in colonial courts. D Enslaved peoples and their descendants used violent means to escape oppression and maintain their freedom.

D

The author's argument regarding taxation most closely resembles the arguments made by A Enlightenment thinkers regarding natural rights and the social contract B working-class movements regarding better wages and working conditions C abolitionist movements regarding the need to end the Atlantic slave trade D conservative thinkers regarding the need to preserve the social status of landed elites

Enlightenment thinkers regarding natural rights and the social contract

Based on the passage, the author would most likely support which of the following policies? A Adopting a socialist system of government to reduce economic inequalities in Japanese society B Providing greater educational opportunities to increase women's economic independence C Industrializing the Japanese economy to increase the standard of living for all Japanese citizens D Returning Japan's political order to the way it was under the Tokugawa Shogunate

Providing greater educational opportunities to increase women's economic independence

The type of grievances outlined by the author in the passage was a key contributing factor in the outbreak of which of the following? A The American Revolution B The Haitian Revolution C The First World War D The Second World War

The American Revolution

Which of the following developments in the nineteenth century would most likely help explain the size and composition of the workforce at the Bayer plant as described in the second paragraph? A The construction of railroads facilitated the migration of people to interior regions. B The invention of steamships facilitated the migration of colonial subjects to imperial metropoles. C The invention of the telegraph made it easier for companies to recruit educated workers from across the world. D The discovery of electricity made rural communities more attractive places to live for wealthy urbanites.

The construction of railroads facilitated the migration of people to interior regions.

The labor patterns shown in the table are most directly relevant in understanding which broader process in nineteenth-century Europe? A The emergence of challenges to patriarchal gender norms B The decline in the popularity of organized religions C The development of new class identities D The growing influence of nationalism on state policy

The development of new class identities

The emergence of the German industries referred to in the passage is most directly explained by which of the following processes in the nineteenth century? A The spread of new industrial technologies such as the internal combustion engine from the United States B The development of new methods of production during the second industrial revolution C The greater diversity of manufactured goods produced by industrial factories D The growing importance of using coal as fuel in industrial production

The development of new methods of production during the second industrial revolution

The data in the table best provide historical context to understand which of the following developments in mid-nineteenth-century Great Britain? A Pollution resulting from industrial manufacturing B The emergence of social reform movements C The development of better transportation infrastructure D The increasing demand for consumer goods

The emergence of social reform movements

The high proportion of women and children among the workers reflected in the table is best seen in the context of the A low wages of workers in industrial societies B resistance of older male workers to being displaced by younger workers C persistence of guild regulations and other traditional restrictions on labor practices D decrease in family size associated with greater income

low wages of workers in industrial societies

Great Britain's development of the industry referred to in the first paragraph during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is best explained by the fact that British factories were the first to A use steam-powered machines for large-scale economic production B use natural resources from colonies to create finished products C use coerced labor for producing manufactured goods D take advantage of mercantilist economic policies to protect themselves from foreign competition

use steam-powered machines for large-scale economic production

Bolívar was describing the effects of which of the following economic policies? A Feudalism B Mercantilism C Socialism D Capitalism

Mercantilism

Which of the following groups was Bolívar most trying to influence with this letter? A Mulatto shopkeepers B Plantation slaves C Amerindian miners D Creole elites

Creole elites

All of the following statements about the Ottoman Empire in the period 1450-1750 are factually accurate. Which would most strongly support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman state and toleration in the passage? A The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin. B Some Ottoman sultans such as Selim I refused to accept the legitimacy of the Safavid rulers of Persia because they were Shi'a Muslims. C Some Ottoman sultans such as Suleiman the Magnificent patronized Sufi mystics, whose heterodox practices were sometimes condemned by the Sunni religious elite. D The Ottoman government required any cases involving a dispute between Muslims and non-Muslims to be resolved according to Islamic law.

A

Article 4 of the treaty is best explained as evidence of how states in the period 1450-1750 sought to A suppress resistance to their rule by co-opting local groups B grant military titles as a way of encouraging the loyalty of their subjects C provide financial incentives to minority populations to participate in local administration D promote intermarriage between different ethnic populations in order to reduce conflict

A

Based on the intended purpose of Sinan's biography, it is most likely that the information in the passage might be Responses A overstating the extent of the architectural challenges Sinan faced in building the mosque B understating the extent of Ottoman royal support for the building of the mosque C overstating Christian architects' achievements and their contributions to the building on the mosque D intentionally attributing the building of the mosque to Sinan even though he was not the architect

A

Based on the passage, in which of the following ways were Safavid Persian trading practices similar to those of other land-based Islamic empires during the seventeenth century? A The participation of multiple ethnic and religious groups in interregional trade B The deployment of a large navy to protect trading interests in the Indian Ocean C The restriction of trade in luxury manufactured goods, such as silk D The development of an export economy focused on agricultural production

A

Image 1 best illustrates which of the following features of the Chinese economy in the period 1200 to 1450 ? Responses A Technological innovations increased agricultural yields. B The government sponsored land reforms. C Confucian policies guided the way agrarian labor was performed. D Improvements in manufacturing techniques resulted in increased handicraft production.

A

In Europe, political relationships of the type depicted in the image emerged most directly on account of which of the following developments? Responses A Local elites' need for military protection from more powerful lords B Local elites' desire to expand the commercial power of local towns C Local elites' need for military assistance to eliminate religious heresies D Local elites' desire to attract new settlers to their territories

A

The Ottoman Empire's recruitment of soldiers and bureaucrats through the system depicted in the image is most similar to which broader method that rulers used to strengthen their empires in the period 1450-1750 ? Responses A The collection of tribute B Establishment of religious uniformity C Abolition of feudal privileges D The granting of autonomy to minority groups

A

The image can best be used as a source of information about the Responses A social prestige of established educated elites in Chinese society under Mongol rule B influence of Christian missionaries in Mongol-controlled China C high status of wealthy merchants in traditional Chinese society D increased importance of Mongol Buddhism and shamanism on Chinese society under Yuan rule

A

The implicit claim made by the image about a connection between religious devotion and maritime exploration best demonstrates which of the following in the period circa 1450-1750 ? Responses A Increasing global connections expanded the reach of existing religions. B Church authorities argued that religious diversity should be respected and protected. C The intensification of cross-cultural interactions resulted in the development of syncretic religions. D Religious motivations for European exploration and colonization were secondary to economic motivations.

A

The material used to create the plaque best reflects which of the following historical situations in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1450-1750 ? Responses A Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods. B European luxury goods became increasingly popular among Asian populations in the region. C Natural resources from the Americas allowed Asian producers to diversify the products they sold to European merchants. D European artisans in the region increasingly copied Islamic and Indian styles in their artistic productions.

A

The particular event depicted in the painting was likely important to Golkonda rulers mostly because it Responses A could be used as a symbol of the union between the state's ruling class and the majority of its population B provided a source of pride for Golkonda's Muslim population by reminding them of the Muslim conquests of India C led to the decline of patriarchal social structures in the Indian subcontinent D illustrated the extent to which Golkonda elites relied on various forms of coerced labor

A

The passage best supports which of the following statements? Responses A A small number of women were able to acquire wealth and property on their own. B Slaves were permitted to maintain families of their own. C Women contributed to the family income by weaving textiles. D Women were the legal heads of the household in most families.

A

Which of the following conclusions regarding the Ottoman Empire is best supported by the passage? Responses A Ottoman policies sought to limit the activities of some religious groups. B Many members of the Ottoman religious establishment practiced Sufism. C Ottoman rulers promoted an inclusive and tolerant interpretation of Islamic doctrine. D Ottoman policies toward Sufism caused conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and other Muslim states.

A

Which of the following earlier developments contributed most directly to the importance of the Asian market during the early modern period as described by both passages? Responses A The commercialization of the Chinese economy under the Song and Ming dynasties B The conquest of India by Muslim Turks and Afghans C The increased trade along the Silk Roads encouraged by the Mongol conquests in Eurasia D The spread of Confucian ideas to areas of East and Southeast Asia outside China

A

Which of the following describes a conclusion about Asia that is best supported by the data in the table? A Although Asia had a smaller number of vessels than Africa had, it had a far larger share of world trade. B Asia's percentage of world trade was only slightly less than that of Latin America, Africa, and Oceania combined. C Asia's total number of sailing vessels was nearly half that of Latin America and Europe. D Although Asia had far fewer vessels than North America had, Asia was responsible for a larger percentage of world trade.

Although Asia had far fewer vessels than North America had, Asia was responsible for a larger percentage of world trade.

Which of the following best describes how the table illustrates the effect of the spread of the bubonic plague on the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in Europe and the Middle East between 1300 and 1400 ? Responses A The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops did not change significantly in either region. B The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops decreased more substantially in the Middle East than in Europe. C The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined substantially in Europe and slightly in the Middle East. D The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops increased slightly in the Middle East and in Europe.

C

Which of the following claims that Barkey makes in the passage appears to contradict most directly her assertion in the first sentence of the first paragraph? A Ottoman administration played an important role in fostering tolerance in the empire. B Ottoman tolerance helped maintain peace and order. C Non-Muslims were second-class citizens who endured prejudice. D The Ottoman Empire's policies ensured that interethnic strife did not occur.

C

Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 would a historian most likely cite to support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman Empire and its predecessors and contemporaries in the first sentence of the second paragraph? A The recruitment of Italian and Dutch merchants and officers into the Portuguese and Spanish navies B The use of Hindu officials in the Mughal imperial administration C The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas D The official protection granted to Protestant communities in some European states, such as France, following religious conflicts

C

Which of the following factors would contribute most to future revisions of Map 2 ? A Western Europeans' discovery of geographical scholarship from the Mongol khanates B The experiences of European merchants transporting Asian goods in the Indian Ocean C Spanish sponsorship of trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific maritime exploration D Qing China's resumption of maritime expeditions to expand its tribute system

C

Which of the following most accurately describes Bernier's main argument concerning Mughal administration? Responses A The Mughal government functioned more efficiently than the government of France. B The Mughal government discouraged reckless spending by imposing high tax rates. C The Mughal government's practice of tax farming was not an effective means of promoting economic growth. D The Mughal government's tolerance of large-scale imports of precious metals weakened the empire's economy.

C

Which of the following most directly caused a disruption in the land-based trade of the Safavid empire during the period circa 1500-1750 ? A Price inflation caused by the global spread of American silver B Competition between European joint-stock companies C Conflicts between the Shi'a Safavids and neighboring Sunni empires D Widespread violence between European trading companies and Muslim empires

C

Which of the following most directly led to the arrival of substantial numbers of Africans in the Americas at the time of the painting? Responses A The collapse of the Inca and Aztec Empires as a result of Spanish invasion B The growth of industrial production in the United States C The expansion of the plantation system for growing sugarcane and other crops D The development of large-scale silver mining operations in South America

C

Which of the following most likely describes the fate of the Golkonda state after 1650 ? Responses A It expanded to control most of India. B It was conquered by the Portuguese. C It was conquered by the Mughal Empire. D It was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.

C

Which of the following most likely explains why the scroll was copied for a new audience in the 1350s? Responses A The Mongol conquests caused widespread destruction to China's irrigation system. B The artist wanted to demonstrate the superiority of the Song dynasty over the Yuan dynasty. C Mongols adopted and spread technological innovations from regions within their empire. D Chinese culture had a significant influence on neighboring countries, such as Korea and Vietnam.

C

Which of the following best describes a way in which the table illustrates how an emphasis on wheat cultivation in Europe affected the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops there compared with the rice-producing regions of China and India between 1200 and 1300 ? Responses A The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in Europe increased at the same rate that the total amount of land devoted to agricultural crops in China and India declined. B The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in China, India, and Europe remained relatively stable. C The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in all three regions. D The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops increased considerably in Europe and declined in China and India.

D

Which of the following best describes how European labor systems before 1450 differed from the Chinese labor system depicted in the two images? Responses A European labor systems did not rely as much on women and children. B European labor systems placed a greater emphasis on plantation cash crops. C European labor systems were dominated by urban artisans. D European labor systems were more likely to utilize serfdom.

D

Which of the following best explains the process illustrated in the image? A States increasingly relied on slave soldiers to establish large empires. B The invention of the stirrup allowed expanding states to use cavalry more effectively. C The development of new types of armor reduced casualties and allowed states to expand faster than before. D States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.

D

Which of the following characteristics of the Ottoman Empire best explains why Sinan was determined to match the dimensions of the Hagia Sophia church, as discussed in the third paragraph? Responses A The Ottoman dynasty was descended from Turkic pastoralist nomads who did not have their own tradition of monumental architecture. B Ottoman art often illustrated the historical and spiritual connections between Islam and other monotheistic religions, such as Christianity and Judaism. C By the time the Ottoman Empire began to expand, the Byzantine Empire had already been dramatically reduced in size and geopolitical importance. D Bringing Constantinople, with its imperial traditions, under Islamic rule was one of the central pillars of Ottoman rulers' claims to political legitimacy.

D

Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 could best be used as evidence to modify Darwin's argument in the first paragraph about the establishment of Eurasian empires on "nomadic foundations"? Responses A The creation of the Ottoman Empire B The Ming overthrow of the Yuan dynasty in China C The fall of the Mughal Empire D The establishment of the Safavid Empire

D

Which of the following most directly contributed to the geographic expansion of Safavid trade during the period from 1450 to 1750, as indicated in the passage? A Sufi efforts to spread Islam along trade routes to the east B Safavid support for the conquest of India by the early Mughal emperors C The expansion of trade in gunpowder weapons in the Indian Ocean and Africa D Safavid exchanges with European trading-post empires in Asia

D

Which of the following most directly strengthened Sunni religious scholars' role as official interpreters of Islamic doctrine within the Ottoman Empire, as suggested by the passage? Responses A The establishment of the Mughal Empire in India B The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople C Ottoman sultans' extensive conquests in Europe D The Ottoman Empire's rivalry with the Safavid Empire

D

Which of the following most likely explains the inclusion of Image 2 in a court history of the Ottoman Empire? Responses A To highlight the Ottoman sultans' role as caliphs of the Muslim world B To illustrate the growing influence of Persian art and culture at the Ottoman court C To celebrate the ethnic and cultural diversity of the Ottoman court D To glorify imperial power by referring back to a celebrated era of Ottoman history

D

Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his argument about the pride of Inca rulers in the second paragraph? Responses A Inca rulers followed the method of dynastic succession for passing political authority from one ruler to another. B Inca rulers performed religious ceremonies to bless the highways and those who traveled on them. C Inca rulers had officials assign men from the provinces to construct the highways. D Inca rulers typically tried to construct bigger and broader highways than their predecessors if they wanted to undertake conquests.

D

Which of the following best describes a conclusion about the relationship between steamships and world trade in the late nineteenth century that is supported by the data in the table? A North America had roughly twice the share of world trade as Latin America had because it possessed almost twice as many steamships. B Africa and Oceania's share of world trade was nearly equivalent to Latin America's share of world trade because all three regions had roughly the same number of steamships. C The fact that North America had only the third largest share of world trade by region roughly corresponds to its share of the total number of sailing vessels by region. D Europe's dominance in the total number of steamships roughly correlates to its dominance in world trade.

Europe's dominance in the total number of steamships roughly correlates to its dominance in world trade.

Which of the following best describes an accurate comparison of the relationship between sailing vessels and steamships in the late nineteenth century that is supported by the data in the table? A The total number of sailing vessels in North America was less than the total number of steamships in Europe. B The total number of sailing vessels in all regions still greatly surpassed the total number of steamships in all regions. C The total number of sailing vessels in all regions was declining in relationship to the total number of steamships in all regions. D The total number of sailing vessels in Asia was less than half the total number of steamships in North America.

The total number of sailing vessels in all regions still greatly surpassed the total number of steamships in all regions.

As described in the passage, the voting requirements in Japan circa 1878 most directly reflect the continuing influence of A societal norms that assigned women lower status than the status of men B nationalistic ideals that mobilized Japanese men to support imperial expansion C middle-class ideals that motivated women to seek work outside the household D Buddhist principles that emphasized the spiritual equality of men and women

societal norms that assigned women lower status than the status of men