AP World Unit 5 Practice Quizzes

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"The Kamaishi iron deposit consists of several clusters of oxidized iron ore on volcanic rock. It is quite different from the clayed iron ores layered upon coal beds that are commonly found in Britain. The quality of the Kamaishi ore can be categorized as magnetic iron ore of the highest rank. It contains 70% iron, while clayed ore contains only 20-30%. Therefore, in order to produce high quality iron, it was necessary for the government to build a charcoal blast furnace and to order a furnace from Britain. As British engineers were informed that the Kamaishi deposit was rich and the surrounding woods were abundant, they designed a huge charcoal furnace. However, the operation was interrupted within only ninety days. Recently I had a chance to investigate the situation at Kamaishi. After the investigation, I found that despite the claim that Kamaishi is a rich deposit, first of all, the real estimation of the exposed deposit is only about 130 thousand tons. Moreover, because of its mountainous location, it is very difficult to mine and transport. Even if we were able to do so, it would not be commercially successful. Furthermore, within two years the entire woods surrounding Kamaishi will be depleted as a source material for charcoal." Ito Yajiro, Japanese government inspector, report issued to the Meiji government following the failure of the state-owned Kamaishi Iron Works, 1882 Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the economic development of Japan and the economic development of Russia in the nineteenth century? A. Both countries industrialized, with the state playing an important role in the process. B. Both countries remained dependent on the West for their economic development. C. Japan's economy remained predominantly agrarian, while Russia became a major industrial power. D. Russia's industrialization occurred in the early 1800s, while Japan's industrialization occurred in the late 1800s.

A. Both countries industrialized, with the state playing an important role in the process.

Which of the following best describes the comparative change in kilometers of railroad lines in Britain and France from 1830 to 1850 ? A. Britain possessed more railway lines in 1830 and expanded its lead significantly over France by 1850. B. Britain possessed fewer railway lines than France in 1830 but possessed much more than France by 1850. C. Britain possessed more railway lines in 1830, but France took the lead over Britain by 1850. D. Britain possessed fewer railway lines than France in 1830, and France continued to have more railway lines by 1850.

A. Britain possessed more railway lines in 1830 and expanded its lead significantly over France by 1850.

"After long periods of error, philosophers have at last discovered the true rights of man and how they can all be deduced from the single truth: that man is a perceptive being capable of reason and acquiring moral ideas. At last, man could proclaim his rights out loud, rights that for so long had been ignored. He could submit all opinions to his own reason and use that reason to search for truth. Every man learned with pride that nature had not forever condemned him to base his beliefs on the opinions of others or the superstitions of antiquity. Thus developed an understanding that the natural rights of man are inalienable and cannot be forfeited and a strongly expressed desire for freedom of thought, trade, and profession. There also developed a desire to alleviate people's suffering, to eliminate all criminal laws against political dissenters, and to abolish torture. A desire arose for a milder system of criminal legislation that could give complete security to the innocent. All of these principles gradually filtered down from philosophical works to every class of society whose education went beyond basic literacy. These principles became the common faith of all people." Marquis de Condorcet, French nobleman and philosopher, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, published in 1794 Which of the following is an implicit claim that the author makes in the third paragraph? A. The French Revolution has advanced the principles of the Enlightenment. B. The failure to grant political rights to women is at odds with the idea of natural rights. C. The economic policies of the French monarchy have been the main cause of the revolution. D. The calls to reform the criminal justice system do not take into account the severity of the social problems posed by France's high crime rates.

A. The French Revolution has advanced the principles of Enlightenment.

"By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output. The prime reason for this development was that Germany developed newer industries, while Britain continued to stress textile production. Formerly an agricultural country, the German Empire has come to be regarded as one of the leading industrial nations of the world and, in the chemical industries, Germany has for some time occupied a leading place. One of the most successful chemical and pharmaceutical firms in Germany is the Bayer company. Bayer employs 3,500 people alone at its plant in Leverkusen,* and the factory is so gigantic that all of these people are barely noticed when a visitor tours it. The laboratories are arranged very much in the same manner as the university laboratories in Britain. Each workstation receives a supply of electricity, compressed air, steam, and hot and cold water. The research chemists are paid a salary of about 100 British pounds for the first year. If a chemist has shown himself to be useful in his first year, he may receive a longer contract and may receive royalties on any processes that he invented." *a city located in west-central Germany near Cologne; until the development of the German chemical industry in the late nineteenth century, Leverkusen was a small rural community. Harold Baron, British historian, book describing the chemical industry of Europe, published in 1909 Which of the following developments in the nineteenth century would most likely help explain the size and composition of the workforce at the Bayer plant as described in the second paragraph? A. The construction of railroads facilitated the migration of people to interior regions. B. The invention of steamships facilitated the migration of colonial subjects to imperial metropoles. C. The invention of the telegraph made it easier for companies to recruit educated workers from across the world. D. The discovery of electricity made rural communities more attractive places to live for wealthy urbanites.

A. The construction of railroads facilitated the migration of people to interior regions.

"There is no town in the world where the distance between the rich and the poor is so great, or the barrier between them so difficult to be crossed. The separation between the different classes, and the consequent ignorance of each other's habits and condition, are far more complete in this place than in any other country in Europe, or even in the rural areas of Britain. There is far less personal communication between the master cotton spinner and his workmen and between the master tailor and his apprentices than there is between the Duke of Wellington and the humblest laborer of his estate, or than there was between King George III and the lowliest errand boy in his palace. I mean this not as a matter of blame, but I state it simply as a fact." Richard Parkinson, English clergyman of the Anglican Church, " On the Present Condition of the Laboring Poor in Manchester," paper published in London, 1841 The rapid growth of nineteenth-century industrial cities such as Manchester is best understood in the context of which of the following economic developments? A. The increases in agricultural productivity that freed up laborers for work in factories B. The adoption of protective legislation for workers that encouraged people to seek industrial jobs C. The abolition of slavery that made plantation agriculture less profitable D. The migration of people from colonial areas to Europe in search of better economic opportunities

A. The increases in agricultural productivity that freed up laborers for work in factories

"The fourth annual meeting of the shareholders of the British South Africa Company was held yesterday at the Cannon-street Hotel. The company's chairman, in his opening address, said, 'Twice during the past year we met when fighting with Africans was taking place in the company's territory, when financial arrangements of a complicated character were pending, and when the outlook of the enterprise seemed full of doubt and difficulty. Today, however, we are in a position far superior to any we had previously occupied and ever had hoped to attain. In founding the British South Africa Company, the shareholders undertook the occupation and development of a considerable extent of valuable territory in South Africa. Thus, because of the far-seeing action of a few men connected with the company, this enormous territory was secured for Great Britain. The perfectly legitimate objections of some people to chartered companies like ours were answered by the certainty that this vast territory—equal in extent to Central Europe—could not have been brought under British sway in any other way. Turning now to the development of railway communication in our territory, it is being pursued by building lines from the Cape Colony and joining them to other lines that will provide a route over Portuguese Mozambique and to the sea. Postal and telegraphic communications will closely follow, and in some cases already precede, the completion of the railroad. In addition, even before our mines have reached a stage of development great enough to cause a large inflow of population, the shareholders may congratulate themselves on the satisfactory outlook of our finances in Mashonaland*.'" *a region in northern Zimbabwe that contained extensive deposits of gold and other minerals and metals Report of Alexander Duff, chairman of the British South Africa Company, to company shareholders in London, recorded in the Mining Journal, Railway and Commercial Gazette, published in London, 1895

A. The monopolistic practices of government-chartered joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company distorted market competition and hurt consumers.

PERCENTAGES OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN TEXTILE FACTORIES IN ENGLAND BY AGE AND GENDER, 1835-1867 Source: Data adapted from Clark Nardinelli, "Child Labor and the Factory Acts," The Journal of Economic History, 40:4 (1980): 744. The data were compiled by British government inspectors who reported their findings to the British Parliament. The high proportion of women and children among the workers reflected in the table is best seen in the context of the A. low wages of workers in industrial societies B. resistance of older male workers to being displaced by younger workers C. persistence of guild regulations and other traditional restrictions on labor practices D. decrease in family size associated with greater income

A. low wages of workers in industrial societies

In the period circa 1750-1900, the historical process illustrated by the image led directly to all of the following major global transformations EXCEPT A. the outbreak of the Atlantic revolutions and the emergence of new states in the Americas B. the transition from human- and animal-powered economies to fossil fuel-powered economies C. a significant increase in transregional trade and migration D. the increasing use of electricity in industrial and consumer applications

A. the outbreak of the Atlantic revolutions and the emergence of new states in the Americas

"By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output. The prime reason for this development was that Germany developed newer industries, while Britain continued to stress textile production. Formerly an agricultural country, the German Empire has come to be regarded as one of the leading industrial nations of the world and, in the chemical industries, Germany has for some time occupied a leading place. One of the most successful chemical and pharmaceutical firms in Germany is the Bayer company. Bayer employs 3,500 people alone at its plant in Leverkusen,* and the factory is so gigantic that all of these people are barely noticed when a visitor tours it. The laboratories are arranged very much in the same manner as the university laboratories in Britain. Each workstation receives a supply of electricity, compressed air, steam, and hot and cold water. The research chemists are paid a salary of about 100 British pounds for the first year. If a chemist has shown himself to be useful in his first year, he may receive a longer contract and may receive royalties on any processes that he invented." *a city located in west-central Germany near Cologne; until the development of the German chemical industry in the late nineteenth century, Leverkusen was a small rural community. Harold Baron, British historian, book describing the chemical industry of Europe, published in 1909 Great Britain's development of the industry referred to in the first paragraph during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is best explained by the fact that British factories were the first to A. use steam-powered machines for large-scale economic production B. use natural resources from colonies to create finished products C. use coerced labor for producing manufactured goods D. take advantage of mercantilist economic policies to protect themselves from foreign competition

A. use steam-powered machines for large-scale economic production

Which of the following most directly explains the importance of improved agricultural productivity to the industrialization of economic production in western Europe in the period 1750-1900 ? A. Because the nutritional quality of food greatly improved, more people were able to sustain the long working hours that factory labor required. B. Because less labor was needed on farms, more people moved to urban areas to work in factories. C. Because farmers needed less land to produce the same amount of food, they could build textile factories on the excess land. D. Because greater quantities of food could be sold at higher prices, governments could tax farmers at higher rates and use those revenues to build factories.

B. Because less labor was needed on farms, more people moved to urban areas to work in factories.

Together with access to coal deposits, which environmental factor most directly contributed to Great Britain's early industrialization? A. Its location on an island group separate from continental Europe B. Its abundance of iron ore C. Its cold climate, unsuitable for cultivating many crops D. Its plentiful domestic sources of gold and silver

B. Its abundance of iron ore

"After long periods of error, philosophers have at last discovered the true rights of man and how they can all be deduced from the single truth: that man is a perceptive being capable of reason and acquiring moral ideas. At last, man could proclaim his rights out loud, rights that for so long had been ignored. He could submit all opinions to his own reason and use that reason to search for truth. Every man learned with pride that nature had not forever condemned him to base his beliefs on the opinions of others or the superstitions of antiquity. Thus developed an understanding that the natural rights of man are inalienable and cannot be forfeited and a strongly expressed desire for freedom of thought, trade, and profession. There also developed a desire to alleviate people's suffering, to eliminate all criminal laws against political dissenters, and to abolish torture. A desire arose for a milder system of criminal legislation that could give complete security to the innocent. All of these principles gradually filtered down from philosophical works to every class of society whose education went beyond basic literacy. These principles became the common faith of all people." Marquis de Condorcet, French nobleman and philosopher, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, published in 1794 Which of the following is an implicit claim that the author makes in the second paragraph? A. In some cases, governments need to stifle freedom of speech. B. Religion has been a force holding back the progress of humanity. C. Man's natural condition is one of suffering and a struggle for survival. D. Loyalty to one's nation is the greatest virtue a person can aspire to have.

B. Religion has been a force holding back the progress of humanity.

"All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur'an and the rules of the Shari'a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari'a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire's former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari'a cannot survive. Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to introduce new legislation in order to achieve effective administration of the Ottoman government and provinces." Mustafa Reshid Pasha, Ottoman Foreign Minister, imperial decree announcing the Tanzimat reforms, 1839 The decree's statement regarding the change in the situation of the Ottoman Empire, as described in the first paragraph, is a viewpoint that would most likely have been shared by members of which of the following governments in the nineteenth century? A. The Russian Empire in the aftermath of its victory in the Napoleonic War B. The Qing Empire in the aftermath of the signing of the unequal treaties C. The Japanese Empire in the immediate aftermath of the Sino-Japanese War D. The Mughal Empire in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion against the British

B. The Qing Empire in the aftermath of the signing of the unequal treaties

"By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output. The prime reason for this development was that Germany developed newer industries, while Britain continued to stress textile production. Formerly an agricultural country, the German Empire has come to be regarded as one of the leading industrial nations of the world and, in the chemical industries, Germany has for some time occupied a leading place. One of the most successful chemical and pharmaceutical firms in Germany is the Bayer company. Bayer employs 3,500 people alone at its plant in Leverkusen,* and the factory is so gigantic that all of these people are barely noticed when a visitor tours it. The laboratories are arranged very much in the same manner as the university laboratories in Britain. Each workstation receives a supply of electricity, compressed air, steam, and hot and cold water. The research chemists are paid a salary of about 100 British pounds for the first year. If a chemist has shown himself to be useful in his first year, he may receive a longer contract and may receive royalties on any processes that he invented." *a city located in west-central Germany near Cologne; until the development of the German chemical industry in the late nineteenth century, Leverkusen was a small rural community. Harold Baron, British historian, book describing the chemical industry of Europe, published in 1909 The emergence of the German industries referred to in the passage is most directly explained by which of the following processes in the nineteenth century? A. The spread of new industrial technologies such as the internal combustion engine from the United States B. The development of new methods of production during the second industrial revolution C. The greater diversity of manufactured goods produced by industrial factories D. The growing importance of using coal as fuel in industrial production

B. The development of new methods of production during the second industrial revolution

APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF SHIPPING VESSELS AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD TRADE BY REGION, CIRCA 1874-1880 Which of the following best describes an accurate comparison of the relationship between sailing vessels and steamships in the late nineteenth century that is supported by the data in the table? A. The total number of sailing vessels in North America was less than the total number of steamships in Europe. B. The total number of sailing vessels in all regions still greatly surpassed the total number of steamships in all regions. C. The total number of sailing vessels in all regions was declining in relationship to the total number of steamships in all regions. D. The total number of sailing vessels in Asia was less than half the total number of steamships in North America.

B. The total number of sailing vessels in all regions still greatly surpassed the total number of steamships in all regions.

Unlike the four scenes in the top two rows of the lithograph, the inclusion of the two scenes in the bottom row is best explained by A. state-sponsored industrialization policies motivated by social welfare programs B. the technological innovations of the second industrial revolution C. resistance to industrialization by organized labor motivated by socialist philosophy D. the mathematical and physical discoveries of the Scientific Revolution

B. the technological innovations of the second industrial revolution

"In late nineteenth-century Tsarist Russia, the state participated directly in the nation's economy to an extent unequaled in any Western country. For example, in 1899 the state bought almost two-thirds of all metallurgical production in Russia. By 1900, the state controlled some 70 percent of the railways and owned vast tracts of land, numerous mines and oil fields, and extensive forests. The economic well-being of Russian private entrepreneurs thus depended in large measure on decisions made by the state authorities in St. Petersburg. This was a major reason why a large portion of the Russian middle class took a very timid approach to politics in this period. Russia's economic progress, particularly in the last decade of the nineteenth century, was remarkable by every standard. Railway trackage virtually doubled, coal output in southern Russia jumped from just under 3 million tons in 1890 to almost 11 million tons in 1900. In the same region, the production of iron and steel rose from about 140,000 tons in 1890 to almost 1,250,000 in 1900. Also, between 1890 and 1900 Russian production of cotton thread almost doubled and that of cotton cloth increased by about two-thirds. By 1914 the Russian Empire was the fifth-largest industrial power in the world, though its labor productivity and per-capita income still lagged behind those in Western Europe." Abraham Ascher, historian, The Revolution of 1905: A Short History, book published in 2004 The rapid growth of industrial output in Russia during the 1890s was most likely comparable to the growth of industrial output in which other state during the same period? A. The Ottoman Empire B. Qing China C. Meiji Japan D. Brazil

C. Meiji Japan

"Writing now, at an age beyond sixty, I must admit that we do not understand the operations of God's wisdom and are, therefore, unable to tell the causes of the terrible inequalities that we see around us,—why so many people should have so little to make life enjoyable, while a few others, not through their own merit, have had gifts poured out to them from a full hand. We acknowledge the hand of God and His wisdom, but still we feel horror at the misery of many of our brethren. We who have been born in a more fortunate condition—we to whom wealth, education, and liberty have been given—cannot, I think, look upon the unintellectual and toil-bound life of those who cannot even feed themselves sufficiently by the meager wages they have earned with so much sweat, without experiencing some feeling of injustice, some sting of pain. This consciousness of wrong has produced in many enthusiastic but unbalanced minds a desire to make all things right by pursuing equality. But any careful observer of our society, or any student of our history has to admit that, as unjust as it may seem, inequality is part of the natural order of things. You can make all men equal today, but God has so created them that they shall become unequal again tomorrow. The very word 'equality' presents to the imaginations of men ideas of communism, of ruin, and insane democracy. Instead of obsessing about equality, we should be working toward reducing inequalities—provided, of course, that we do so gradually and without any sudden disruption of society." Anthony Trollope, British novelist, autobiography written during the 1870s and published after his death in 1882 Trollope's arguments in the second paragraph are most clearly intended to offer an alternative to the arguments made by which late nineteenth-century group? A. Liberals B. Conservatives C. Socialists D. Nationalists

C. Socialists

"All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur'an and the rules of the Shari'a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari'a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire's former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari'a cannot survive. Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to introduce new legislation in order to achieve effective administration of the Ottoman government and provinces." Mustafa Reshid Pasha, Ottoman Foreign Minister, imperial decree announcing the Tanzimat reforms, 1839 The decree's references to following the rules of Shari'a would best be interpreted as an attempt to appeal to A. members of the Ottoman military establishment who supported the dissolution of elite units such as the Janissaries B. Christian and Jewish merchants within Ottoman society who sought to benefit from economic liberalization C. Sunni religious elites within the Ottoman government who opposed modernization D. Shi'a communities in the Ottoman Empire that wanted a democratic Islamic republic

C. Sunni religious elites within the Ottoman government who opposed modernization

"On Monday news reached us that the French* had printed a proclamation in Arabic and had sent it around to be read in public, calling upon Egyptians to obey them. A copy of that document came into my possession and I will quote it here: 'In the name of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate. On behalf of the French Republic which is based upon the foundations of liberty and equality, General Bonaparte addresses all Egyptian people: O ye Egyptians, some may tell you that we have come here to abolish your religion, but that is a lie. The real purpose of our campaign is to restore your rights from your oppressors—the Mamluk** rulers of Egypt. Know that all people are equal and that only differences in the degree of reason, virtue, or knowledge may be used to elevate one person above another. But what reason, virtue, or knowledge do the Mamluks have that gives them the right to claim the most fertile land, the most desirable dwellings, and the highest government positions in Egypt? None whatsoever.' In that proclamation, their statement 'In the name of Allah, etc.' suggests that they agree with Islam. But in reality they are opposed to both Christianity and Islam and do not hold fast to any religion. They are materialists who deny the Hereafter and Resurrection, and who reject Prophethood and religious Messengership. In politics, too, they do not have a single ruler, like other countries, who can speak on their behalf." *In 1798 a French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt in an attempt to threaten Great Britain's access to its colonial empire in India. **the ruling class in Egypt at the time, mostly made up of non-Egyptians Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, Egyptian religious scholar and resident of Cairo, eyewitness chronicle of the French occupation of Egypt, 1798-1801 Which of the following claims does Napoleon make about religion in the document al-Jabarti quotes in the second paragraph? A. The French had come to convert Egypt to Christianity. B. The French had come to abolish Islam. C. The French did not wish to change the religion of the people of Egypt. D. The French state was not based on the principles of the Enlightenment.

C. The French did not wish to change the religion of the people of Egypt.

"On Monday news reached us that the French* had printed a proclamation in Arabic and had sent it around to be read in public, calling upon Egyptians to obey them. A copy of that document came into my possession and I will quote it here: 'In the name of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate. On behalf of the French Republic which is based upon the foundations of liberty and equality, General Bonaparte addresses all Egyptian people: O ye Egyptians, some may tell you that we have come here to abolish your religion, but that is a lie. The real purpose of our campaign is to restore your rights from your oppressors—the Mamluk** rulers of Egypt. Know that all people are equal and that only differences in the degree of reason, virtue, or knowledge may be used to elevate one person above another. But what reason, virtue, or knowledge do the Mamluks have that gives them the right to claim the most fertile land, the most desirable dwellings, and the highest government positions in Egypt? None whatsoever.' In that proclamation, their statement 'In the name of Allah, etc.' suggests that they agree with Islam. But in reality they are opposed to both Christianity and Islam and do not hold fast to any religion. They are materialists who deny the Hereafter and Resurrection, and who reject Prophethood and religious Messengership. In politics, too, they do not have a single ruler, like other countries, who can speak on their behalf." *In 1798 a French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt in an attempt to threaten Great Britain's access to its colonial empire in India. **the ruling class in Egypt at the time, mostly made up of non-Egyptians Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, Egyptian religious scholar and resident of Cairo, eyewitness chronicle of the French occupation of Egypt, 1798-1801 Which of the following claims does al-Jabarti make about the French? A. The French are Muslim but pretend to be Christian. B. The French are Christian but pretend to be Muslim. C. The French do not believe in either Christianity or Islam. D. The French have created a new religion of their own.

C. The French do not believe in either Christianity or Islam.

"In late nineteenth-century Tsarist Russia, the state participated directly in the nation's economy to an extent unequaled in any Western country. For example, in 1899 the state bought almost two-thirds of all metallurgical production in Russia. By 1900, the state controlled some 70 percent of the railways and owned vast tracts of land, numerous mines and oil fields, and extensive forests. The economic well-being of Russian private entrepreneurs thus depended in large measure on decisions made by the state authorities in St. Petersburg. This was a major reason why a large portion of the Russian middle class took a very timid approach to politics in this period. Russia's economic progress, particularly in the last decade of the nineteenth century, was remarkable by every standard. Railway trackage virtually doubled, coal output in southern Russia jumped from just under 3 million tons in 1890 to almost 11 million tons in 1900. In the same region, the production of iron and steel rose from about 140,000 tons in 1890 to almost 1,250,000 in 1900. Also, between 1890 and 1900 Russian production of cotton thread almost doubled and that of cotton cloth increased by about two-thirds. By 1914 the Russian Empire was the fifth-largest industrial power in the world, though its labor productivity and per-capita income still lagged behind those in Western Europe." Abraham Ascher, historian, The Revolution of 1905: A Short History, book published in 2004 The economic changes in rapidly industrializing countries such as the Russian Empire in the late nineteenth century led most directly to which of the following social or intellectual changes during the same period? A. The emergence of nationalism and separatism among ethnic minority groups in multiethnic empires B. The development of economic theories advocating free trade, such as laissez-faire C. The creation of new social classes and class consciousness D. The growth of the woman suffrage movement

C. The creation of new social classes and class consciousness

"The Kamaishi iron deposit consists of several clusters of oxidized iron ore on volcanic rock. It is quite different from the clayed iron ores layered upon coal beds that are commonly found in Britain. The quality of the Kamaishi ore can be categorized as magnetic iron ore of the highest rank. It contains 70% iron, while clayed ore contains only 20-30%. Therefore, in order to produce high quality iron, it was necessary for the government to build a charcoal blast furnace and to order a furnace from Britain. As British engineers were informed that the Kamaishi deposit was rich and the surrounding woods were abundant, they designed a huge charcoal furnace. However, the operation was interrupted within only ninety days. Recently I had a chance to investigate the situation at Kamaishi. After the investigation, I found that despite the claim that Kamaishi is a rich deposit, first of all, the real estimation of the exposed deposit is only about 130 thousand tons. Moreover, because of its mountainous location, it is very difficult to mine and transport. Even if we were able to do so, it would not be commercially successful. Furthermore, within two years the entire woods surrounding Kamaishi will be depleted as a source material for charcoal." Ito Yajiro, Japanese government inspector, report issued to the Meiji government following the failure of the state-owned Kamaishi Iron Works, 1882 The Meiji Restoration of the nineteenth century involved internal reforms that included which of the following? A. The establishment of direct parliamentary rule B. The strengthening of the samurai class C. The modernization of Japan's military D. The abolition of private property rights

C. The modernization of Japan's military

"There is no town in the world where the distance between the rich and the poor is so great, or the barrier between them so difficult to be crossed. The separation between the different classes, and the consequent ignorance of each other's habits and condition, are far more complete in this place than in any other country in Europe, or even in the rural areas of Britain. There is far less personal communication between the master cotton spinner and his workmen and between the master tailor and his apprentices than there is between the Duke of Wellington and the humblest laborer of his estate, or than there was between King George III and the lowliest errand boy in his palace. I mean this not as a matter of blame, but I state it simply as a fact." Richard Parkinson, English clergyman of the Anglican Church, " On the Present Condition of the Laboring Poor in Manchester," paper published in London, 1841 The disparities of wealth mentioned by Parkinson in the passage are best explained in the context of the A. lower prices for consumer goods made possible by industrialization B. higher wages available for industrial work as compared to agricultural work C. high profits and low wages associated with manufacturing industries in the nineteenth century D. failure of urban governments to create infrastructure and public health services in rapidly growing cities

C. high profits and low wages associated with manufacturing industries in the nineteenth century

"The Kamaishi iron deposit consists of several clusters of oxidized iron ore on volcanic rock. It is quite different from the clayed iron ores layered upon coal beds that are commonly found in Britain. The quality of the Kamaishi ore can be categorized as magnetic iron ore of the highest rank. It contains 70% iron, while clayed ore contains only 20-30%. Therefore, in order to produce high quality iron, it was necessary for the government to build a charcoal blast furnace and to order a furnace from Britain. As British engineers were informed that the Kamaishi deposit was rich and the surrounding woods were abundant, they designed a huge charcoal furnace. However, the operation was interrupted within only ninety days. Recently I had a chance to investigate the situation at Kamaishi. After the investigation, I found that despite the claim that Kamaishi is a rich deposit, first of all, the real estimation of the exposed deposit is only about 130 thousand tons. Moreover, because of its mountainous location, it is very difficult to mine and transport. Even if we were able to do so, it would not be commercially successful. Furthermore, within two years the entire woods surrounding Kamaishi will be depleted as a source material for charcoal." Ito Yajiro, Japanese government inspector, report issued to the Meiji government following the failure of the state-owned Kamaishi Iron Works, 1882 The industrialization of Japan in the nineteenth century most directly led to Japan's adoption of which of the following foreign policies? A. A policy of isolation that sought to limit foreign cultural, economic, and political influences B. A policy of mediation that sought to prevent conflict among rival states C. A policy of promoting regional prosperity through the negotiation of free-trade agreements with Western and Asian states D. A policy of imperial expansion that sought to take advantage of the political and military weakness of neighboring Asian states

D. A policy of imperial expansion that sought to take advantage of the political and military weakness of neighboring Asian states

Source 1 "It cannot be denied that when the French nation proclaimed these sacred words, 'Men are born and remain free and equal in rights,' it did not break the chains of humankind. It is we who must put these words into action. The wealthy plantation owners of Saint-Domingue [Haiti], therefore, have everything to fear from the influence of our revolution on the current actions of their slaves. These principles overturn the system on which rests their fortunes. No one should be surprised, therefore, that these plantation owners have become the most ardent enemies of these principles. Yet the moment has arrived to change the social system of the colonies, to reintegrate it into humankind. It is in this greater action that the salvation of all parties, justice, and glory will be found. The free men of color demand justice, and they should be granted the same rights of citizenship as other Frenchmen. The colonists should no longer refuse them. The artisan slaves should also be called to freedom on the condition that each slave pays a one-time tax for freedom. The other Black slaves may enjoy a conditional liberty, namely that they remain on the land of their masters and work that land for a period ranging between 10 and 20 years depending on circumstances. Afterward, they may obtain the same full liberty as the artisan slaves." Armand-Guy Kersaint, French nobleman and deputy in the National Legislative Assembly of France, address to the Assembly, Paris, 1792 Source 2 "To bring the Blacks of Saint-Domingue back to their original condition of slavery is impossible: the writings of the philosophes have spread over the surface of the globe and neither superstition nor despotism can extinguish their ideas. Everything is headed toward general freedom, everything tells you that man will no longer be the slave of man. Tear off the fatal blindfold: the colony of Saint-Domingue will no longer be cultivated by the hands of slaves. But, some will object and say, 'The Blacks won't work anymore once they are free. White hands will never suffice to work the land under a burning sun; in short, the colony cannot survive without slavery.' I understand you, cold egoists, men without feeling! You need slaves, that is, men you can treat like beasts of burden; you need slaves, that is, victims. What law forces a man to give another man the entire fruit of his labor? This Black individual is free, because neither the nation nor the Supreme Being created slaves. He is your equal, because he is a man. He is a French citizen, because he serves the country, because he contributes to its splendor as much as you do, and because the French nation loves all its children equally. In exchange for his labor, the Black man will receive a salary proportional to his effort." H. D. de Saint-Maurice, French journalist, newspaper article written following the destruction of the largest French city in Saint-Domingue, published in a French newspaper in Saint-Domingue, 1793 Which of the following most directly influenced the arguments about social and economic change in Saint-Domingue expressed by Kersaint and Saint-Maurice in the passages? A. Mercantilists B. Absolutists C. Laissez-faire capitalists D. Enlightenment thinkers

D. Enlightenment thinkers

APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF SHIPPING VESSELS AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD TRADE BY REGION, CIRCA 1874-1880 Which of the following best describes a conclusion about the relationship between steamships and world trade in the late nineteenth century that is supported by the data in the table? A. North America had roughly twice the share of world trade as Latin America had because it possessed almost twice as many steamships. B. Africa and Oceania's share of world trade was nearly equivalent to Latin America's share of world trade because all three regions had roughly the same number of steamships. C. The fact that North America had only the third largest share of world trade by region roughly corresponds to its share of the total number of sailing vessels by region. D. Europe's dominance in the total number of steamships roughly correlates to its dominance in world trade.

D. Europe's dominance in the total number of steamships roughly correlates to its dominance in world trade.

Source 1 "Beloved brothers in Christ, here again we should see and admire the boundless love of God toward us, that He has placed over us this great empire of the Ottomans. The Empire is a mighty obstacle to the Latin heretics in the West. By contrast, to us, the Orthodox people of the East, the Empire has been a means of salvation. For God has continued to put into the heart of the Sultan of these Ottomans an inclination to keep free the religious beliefs of our Orthodox faith and to protect us, even to the point of occasionally chastising Christians who deviate from their faith. Brothers, lately you would have heard a lot about this new system of 'liberty' originating in France. But let us examine the concept more carefully to see if it can be reconciled with good civil government and safety for the citizens. We see from the example of the French Republic that a national, democratic form of government can only provide 'liberty' if the word is taken to mean the freedom to simply act upon one's appetites and desires. But true Christian liberty, properly understood, means something quite different: to be free to live according to both divine and human laws. In other words, it is to live free to follow your conscience and free of any trouble with the authorities. Seen in this light, the new French system of liberty is a path leading to destruction, confusion, overturning of good government, or, simply speaking, a new ambush of the devil to lead us Orthodox Christians astray." Anthimos, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem [then part of the Ottoman Empire], Paternal Instruction, leaflet printed in Greek for distribution among Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire, 1798 Source 2 "I address you in Hungarian today* because reviving our language is like cleansing the mirror of our history, so that the flies buzzing around may not deprive us of its light. It is a sad fate for a nation to perish—especially a nation such as ours that can boast of brilliant feats and that has only sunk to its present condition through the bitter workings of fate. It is of no use to try to accept with stern philosophy, common sense, and cold blood that all men are equal in everything, that the whole human race is a single nation. No! We are national beings and we were raised with our Hungarian selves that way, so that we can never be Germans, or French, or Poles, or Spaniards. We long for glory in this life as Hungarian sons of the Hungarian nation and, in the next, we pray that the angels of the heavens may know us as Hungarians. It is time for the mind of the Hungarian nation to be clarified through a revival of our mother-tongue. How can our educated classes study the languages of Europe, if we are forgetting our own? How could we lift up our people, most of whom live in the countryside, if we cannot offer them books to read in the language they speak? What we urgently need is a group of scholars who would be paid solely to translate works from Latin, French, German, and Greek into Hungarian—this would do more good for the refinement of the country's mind than a thousand Latin and German schools." *At the time, many educated Hungarians preferred to communicate in German, the language of the Austrian Empire of which Hungary was a part. György Bessenyei, Hungarian writer, "Oration on the Subject Matter of the Nation," essay published in 1817 Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the positions expressed by the authors of the two sources regarding the idea that existing political boundaries should be changed so that each nation has its own state? A. Source 1 explicitly supports the idea, but Source 2 explicitly rejects it. B. Source 1 explicitly rejects the idea, but Source 2 explicitly supports it. C. Both Source 1 and Source 2 explicitly support the idea. D. Neither Source 1 nor Source 2 explicitly supports the idea.

D. Neither Source 1 nor Source 2 explicitly supports the idea.

"After long periods of error, philosophers have at last discovered the true rights of man and how they can all be deduced from the single truth: that man is a perceptive being capable of reason and acquiring moral ideas. At last, man could proclaim his rights out loud, rights that for so long had been ignored. He could submit all opinions to his own reason and use that reason to search for truth. Every man learned with pride that nature had not forever condemned him to base his beliefs on the opinions of others or the superstitions of antiquity. Thus developed an understanding that the natural rights of man are inalienable and cannot be forfeited and a strongly expressed desire for freedom of thought, trade, and profession. There also developed a desire to alleviate people's suffering, to eliminate all criminal laws against political dissenters, and to abolish torture. A desire arose for a milder system of criminal legislation that could give complete security to the innocent. All of these principles gradually filtered down from philosophical works to every class of society whose education went beyond basic literacy. These principles became the common faith of all people." Marquis de Condorcet, French nobleman and philosopher, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, published in 1794 Which of the following is the main claim that the author makes in the first paragraph? A. Europeans should learn from the knowledge and wisdom of classical Greece and Rome. B. Philosophy and science are fundamentally incompatible. C. Ethics and morality are subjective and culture-specific. D. People have natural rights that can be established through rational inquiry.

D. People have natural rights that can be established through rational inquiry.

D. The adoption of innovative practices in banking and finance

The development of the factory system most directly explains which of the following characteristics of the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? A. The higher degree of educational achievement among workers B. A decline in the diversity of consumer goods C. Large increases in the prices of most consumer goods D. The greater degree of labor specialization

D. The greater degree of labor specialization

D. The shift from mercantilism to free-market trade policies

"In late nineteenth-century Tsarist Russia, the state participated directly in the nation's economy to an extent unequaled in any Western country. For example, in 1899 the state bought almost two-thirds of all metallurgical production in Russia. By 1900, the state controlled some 70 percent of the railways and owned vast tracts of land, numerous mines and oil fields, and extensive forests. The economic well-being of Russian private entrepreneurs thus depended in large measure on decisions made by the state authorities in St. Petersburg. This was a major reason why a large portion of the Russian middle class took a very timid approach to politics in this period. Russia's economic progress, particularly in the last decade of the nineteenth century, was remarkable by every standard. Railway trackage virtually doubled, coal output in southern Russia jumped from just under 3 million tons in 1890 to almost 11 million tons in 1900. In the same region, the production of iron and steel rose from about 140,000 tons in 1890 to almost 1,250,000 in 1900. Also, between 1890 and 1900 Russian production of cotton thread almost doubled and that of cotton cloth increased by about two-thirds. By 1914 the Russian Empire was the fifth-largest industrial power in the world, though its labor productivity and per-capita income still lagged behind those in Western Europe." Abraham Ascher, historian, The Revolution of 1905: A Short History, book published in 2004 As described in the passage, the pattern of economic development in Russia in the nineteenth century differed most strongly from which other pattern of economic development during the same period? A. The emergence of resource export economies, such as those in colonial South Asia B. The expansion of transnational businesses, such as global banking and insurance companies C. The implementation of economic policies to promote industrialization, such as the attempts to develop a cotton textile industry in Egypt D. The transition from preindustrial to industrial production through the actions of private entrepreneurs or companies

D. The transition from preindustrial to industrial production through the actions of private entrepreneurs or companies

Waterways such as canals and rivers were important in the process of early industrialization because they provided A. cheap electrical power needed for industrial production B. access to leisure activities for the growing middle class C. a source for improved sanitation for the rapidly urbanizing population centers D. a means for integrating economic activities in regional and national markets

D. a means for integrating economic activities in regional and national markets

. "All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur'an and the rules of the Shari'a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari'a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire's former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari'a cannot survive. Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to introduce new legislation in order to achieve effective administration of the Ottoman government and provinces." Mustafa Reshid Pasha, Ottoman Foreign Minister, imperial decree announcing the Tanzimat reforms, 1839 A historian interpreting the decree would best understand the purpose of the "new legislation" referred to in the second paragraph as an attempt to A. establish the Ottoman Empire as a European power by conquering territory in southern Europe B. establish Ottoman colonies in sub-Saharan Africa to extract natural resources for factories C. allow the Ottoman government to reconquer territories lost to the Safavid and Mughal empires D. allow the Ottoman government to compete against industrializing European powers

D. allow the Ottoman government to compete against industrializing European powers

"There is no town in the world where the distance between the rich and the poor is so great, or the barrier between them so difficult to be crossed. The separation between the different classes, and the consequent ignorance of each other's habits and condition, are far more complete in this place than in any other country in Europe, or even in the rural areas of Britain. There is far less personal communication between the master cotton spinner and his workmen and between the master tailor and his apprentices than there is between the Duke of Wellington and the humblest laborer of his estate, or than there was between King George III and the lowliest errand boy in his palace. I mean this not as a matter of blame, but I state it simply as a fact." Richard Parkinson, English clergyman of the Anglican Church, " On the Present Condition of the Laboring Poor in Manchester," paper published in London, 1841 The class relationships in Manchester described by Parkinson are best explained in the context of the A. low education levels of urban residents and the scarcity of schools B. increasing pressure for greater political representation of new industrial towns in national governments C. declining wealth of the traditional landed aristocracy in comparison to factory owners and industrialists D. continuous migration of new workers to industrial towns and the high job turnover

D. continuous migration of new workers to industrial towns and the high job turnover

"We can agree that, in principle, it might be a good idea to permit both foreigners and Japanese to engage in coastal and seaborne shipping around and from Japan, because that would increase competition and improve efficiency. But, in practice, we know that seaborne shipping is too important a matter to be given over to foreigners. To do so would mean a loss of business and employment opportunities for our people in peacetime. And, in times of war, to not have the domestic capacity to transport goods would be tantamount to abandoning our status as an independent nation. In recent decades, Japan was forced to sign various treaties with foreign powers allowing their ships to proceed freely from one Japanese harbor to another. Some people claim that these treaty rights also allow foreigners to transport Japanese made goods, either around our country or for export to Korea or China. I am not qualified to discuss the legal merits of these positions, but I would like to point out that, unless we have a plan for developing our own domestic shipping businesses, we will never be able to compete with the foreigners in this field. In founding the Mitsubishi company,* my goal has been to help recover for Japan the right of seaborne shipping, so we no longer have to delegate it to foreigners. I regard this not only as my business interest but also as my duty as a citizen. If we don't succeed as a company, it would be useless for the government to try to renegotiate the unequal treaties, or to attempt to further develop Japan's economy. The government knows this, and that is why it protects our company. And we need the government's protection to compete against foreign rivals, such as the [British] Peninsula and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. Recently, the P&O Company has been working to set up a new line between Yokohama [in Japan] and Shanghai and is attempting to claim rights over the [Japanese] ports of Nagasaki, Kobe, and Yokohama. The P&O Company is backed by its massive capital, large fleet of ships, and experience operating in Hong Kong and China. How can we compete against such a giant if we do not have the backing of our national government?" *The Mitsubishi company was established in 1870 as a maritime shipping firm. In subsequent decades, it diversified into mining, manufacturing, and other fields. Yataro Iwasaki, president of the Mitsubishi Company, letter to company managers, 1876 Iwasaki's position in the letter on the relationship between the Mitsubishi Company and the Japanese government is most clearly a response to A. Western governments gaining access to Japan's markets by imposing laissez-faire economic regimes B. Japan's policy of strict economic isolation and restricting cultural contacts with the West C. concerns that Japan's aggressive economic and foreign policies were jeopardizing relations with its East Asian neighbors D. the prospect that the development of domestic shipping might lead to a war between Japan and Western countries

A. Western governments gaining access to Japan's markets by imposing laissez-faire economic regimes

Source 1 "It cannot be denied that when the French nation proclaimed these sacred words, 'Men are born and remain free and equal in rights,' it did not break the chains of humankind. It is we who must put these words into action. The wealthy plantation owners of Saint-Domingue [Haiti], therefore, have everything to fear from the influence of our revolution on the current actions of their slaves. These principles overturn the system on which rests their fortunes. No one should be surprised, therefore, that these plantation owners have become the most ardent enemies of these principles. Yet the moment has arrived to change the social system of the colonies, to reintegrate it into humankind. It is in this greater action that the salvation of all parties, justice, and glory will be found. The free men of color demand justice, and they should be granted the same rights of citizenship as other Frenchmen. The colonists should no longer refuse them. The artisan slaves should also be called to freedom on the condition that each slave pays a one-time tax for freedom. The other Black slaves may enjoy a conditional liberty, namely that they remain on the land of their masters and work that land for a period ranging between 10 and 20 years depending on circumstances. Afterward, they may obtain the same full liberty as the artisan slaves." Armand-Guy Kersaint, French nobleman and deputy in the National Legislative Assembly of France, address to the Assembly, Paris, 1792 Source 2 "To bring the Blacks of Saint-Domingue back to their original condition of slavery is impossible: the writings of the philosophes have spread over the surface of the globe and neither superstition nor despotism can extinguish their ideas. Everything is headed toward general freedom, everything tells you that man will no longer be the slave of man. Tear off the fatal blindfold: the colony of Saint-Domingue will no longer be cultivated by the hands of slaves. But, some will object and say, 'The Blacks won't work anymore once they are free. White hands will never suffice to work the land under a burning sun; in short, the colony cannot survive without slavery.' I understand you, cold egoists, men without feeling! You need slaves, that is, men you can treat like beasts of burden; you need slaves, that is, victims. What law forces a man to give another man the entire fruit of his labor? This Black individual is free, because neither the nation nor the Supreme Being created slaves. He is your equal, because he is a man. He is a French citizen, because he serves the country, because he contributes to its splendor as much as you do, and because the French nation loves all its children equally. In exchange for his labor, the Black man will receive a salary proportional to his effort." H. D. de Saint-Maurice, French journalist, newspaper article written following the destruction of the largest French city in Saint-Domingue, published in a French newspaper in Saint-Domingue, 1793 All of the following claims made by Saint-Maurice in Source 2 directly advocate for the abolition of slavery in Saint-Domingue EXCEPT A. that "White hands will never suffice to work the land under a burning sun" B. that "everything tells you that man will no longer be the slave of man" C. that "He is your equal, because he is a man" D. that "neither the nation nor the Supreme Being created slaves"

A. that "White hands will never suffice to work the land under a burning sun"

Which of the following best describes the expansion in total railway line kilometers by 1850 in countries that possessed zero kilometers of railroad lines in 1830 ? A. Austria-Hungary had the largest expansion. B. Germany had the largest expansion. C. Italy had the largest expansion. D. Russia had the largest expansion.

B. Germany had the largest expansion.

"We can agree that, in principle, it might be a good idea to permit both foreigners and Japanese to engage in coastal and seaborne shipping around and from Japan, because that would increase competition and improve efficiency. But, in practice, we know that seaborne shipping is too important a matter to be given over to foreigners. To do so would mean a loss of business and employment opportunities for our people in peacetime. And, in times of war, to not have the domestic capacity to transport goods would be tantamount to abandoning our status as an independent nation. In recent decades, Japan was forced to sign various treaties with foreign powers allowing their ships to proceed freely from one Japanese harbor to another. Some people claim that these treaty rights also allow foreigners to transport Japanese made goods, either around our country or for export to Korea or China. I am not qualified to discuss the legal merits of these positions, but I would like to point out that, unless we have a plan for developing our own domestic shipping businesses, we will never be able to compete with the foreigners in this field. In founding the Mitsubishi company,* my goal has been to help recover for Japan the right of seaborne shipping, so we no longer have to delegate it to foreigners. I regard this not only as my business interest but also as my duty as a citizen. If we don't succeed as a company, it would be useless for the government to try to renegotiate the unequal treaties, or to attempt to further develop Japan's economy. The government knows this, and that is why it protects our company. And we need the government's protection to compete against foreign rivals, such as the [British] Peninsula and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. Recently, the P&O Company has been working to set up a new line between Yokohama [in Japan] and Shanghai and is attempting to claim rights over the [Japanese] ports of Nagasaki, Kobe, and Yokohama. The P&O Company is backed by its massive capital, large fleet of ships, and experience operating in Hong Kong and China. How can we compete against such a giant if we do not have the backing of our national government?" *The Mitsubishi company was established in 1870 as a maritime shipping firm. In subsequent decades, it diversified into mining, manufacturing, and other fields. Yataro Iwasaki, president of the Mitsubishi Company, letter to company managers, 1876 The commercial rivalries discussed in the third paragraph best illustrate the interplay between nineteenth-century economic development in Japan and the development of A. extractive economies as part of Western imperialism B. Western-dominated large-scale transnational businesses C. a global consumer economy leading to increased living standards worldwide D. new regional and international identities opposed to nationalism

B. Western-dominated large-scale transnational businesses

The industrialization of Great Britain's economy in the mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is most directly explained by which of the following? A. Britain had large reserves of petroleum. B. British scientists were the first to discover electricity. C. Britain had large reserves of coal. D. British engineers developed new methods of producing cheaper steel.

C. Britain had large reserves of coal.

"Writing now, at an age beyond sixty, I must admit that we do not understand the operations of God's wisdom and are, therefore, unable to tell the causes of the terrible inequalities that we see around us,—why so many people should have so little to make life enjoyable, while a few others, not through their own merit, have had gifts poured out to them from a full hand. We acknowledge the hand of God and His wisdom, but still we feel horror at the misery of many of our brethren. We who have been born in a more fortunate condition—we to whom wealth, education, and liberty have been given—cannot, I think, look upon the unintellectual and toil-bound life of those who cannot even feed themselves sufficiently by the meager wages they have earned with so much sweat, without experiencing some feeling of injustice, some sting of pain. This consciousness of wrong has produced in many enthusiastic but unbalanced minds a desire to make all things right by pursuing equality. But any careful observer of our society, or any student of our history has to admit that, as unjust as it may seem, inequality is part of the natural order of things. You can make all men equal today, but God has so created them that they shall become unequal again tomorrow. The very word 'equality' presents to the imaginations of men ideas of communism, of ruin, and insane democracy. Instead of obsessing about equality, we should be working toward reducing inequalities—provided, of course, that we do so gradually and without any sudden disruption of society." Anthony Trollope, British novelist, autobiography written during the 1870s and published after his death in 1882 Which of the following pieces of information that Trollope reveals about himself in the passage might best explain his contention that economic inequalities ought to be addressed "gradually and without any sudden disruption of society"? A. His advanced age B. His Christian faith C. His admission that he was born into a fortunate condition D. His relatively high level of education

C. His admission that he was born into a fortunate condition

Source 1 "Beloved brothers in Christ, here again we should see and admire the boundless love of God toward us, that He has placed over us this great empire of the Ottomans. The Empire is a mighty obstacle to the Latin heretics in the West. By contrast, to us, the Orthodox people of the East, the Empire has been a means of salvation. For God has continued to put into the heart of the Sultan of these Ottomans an inclination to keep free the religious beliefs of our Orthodox faith and to protect us, even to the point of occasionally chastising Christians who deviate from their faith. Brothers, lately you would have heard a lot about this new system of 'liberty' originating in France. But let us examine the concept more carefully to see if it can be reconciled with good civil government and safety for the citizens. We see from the example of the French Republic that a national, democratic form of government can only provide 'liberty' if the word is taken to mean the freedom to simply act upon one's appetites and desires. But true Christian liberty, properly understood, means something quite different: to be free to live according to both divine and human laws. In other words, it is to live free to follow your conscience and free of any trouble with the authorities. Seen in this light, the new French system of liberty is a path leading to destruction, confusion, overturning of good government, or, simply speaking, a new ambush of the devil to lead us Orthodox Christians astray." Anthimos, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem [then part of the Ottoman Empire], Paternal Instruction, leaflet printed in Greek for distribution among Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire, 1798 Source 2 "I address you in Hungarian today* because reviving our language is like cleansing the mirror of our history, so that the flies buzzing around may not deprive us of its light. It is a sad fate for a nation to perish—especially a nation such as ours that can boast of brilliant feats and that has only sunk to its present condition through the bitter workings of fate. It is of no use to try to accept with stern philosophy, common sense, and cold blood that all men are equal in everything, that the whole human race is a single nation. No! We are national beings and we were raised with our Hungarian selves that way, so that we can never be Germans, or French, or Poles, or Spaniards. We long for glory in this life as Hungarian sons of the Hungarian nation and, in the next, we pray that the angels of the heavens may know us as Hungarians. It is time for the mind of the Hungarian nation to be clarified through a revival of our mother-tongue. How can our educated classes study the languages of Europe, if we are forgetting our own? How could we lift up our people, most of whom live in the countryside, if we cannot offer them books to read in the language they speak? What we urgently need is a group of scholars who would be paid solely to translate works from Latin, French, German, and Greek into Hungarian—this would do more good for the refinement of the country's mind than a thousand Latin and German schools." *At the time, many educated Hungarians preferred to communicate in German, the language of the Austrian Empire of which Hungary was a part. György Bessenyei, Hungarian writer, "Oration on the Subject Matter of the Nation," essay published in 1817 Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the views expressed in the two sources? A. Source 1 assumes that people are fundamentally rational and capable of being persuaded by rational arguments, whereas Source 2 assumes that people are fundamentally irrational and motivated by instincts and passions. B. Source 1 asserts that liberty is synonymous with individual freedom of action, whereas Source 2 asserts that true liberty involves a collective obligation to act in the best interests of the community. C. Source 1 emphasizes the importance of religious identities and solidarities as drivers of human behavior, whereas Source 2 emphasizes the importance of ethno-linguistic identities and solidarities as drivers of human behavior. D. Source 1 argues that members of the elite should follow the democratically expressed will of the people, whereas Source 2 argues that members of the elite should lead and lift up the people by providing them with education.

C. Source 1 emphasizes the importance of religious identities and solidarities as drivers of human behavior, whereas Source 2 emphasizes the importance of ethno-linguistic identities and solidarities as drivers of human behavior.

Which of the following contributed directly to Great Britain's ability to consolidate or expand its colonial control of interior regions of Asia and Africa in the late nineteenth century? A. The changes illustrated in the middle row of the image only B. The changes illustrated in the bottom row of the image only C. The changes illustrated in the top two rows of the image D. The changes illustrated in the bottom two rows of the image

C. The changes illustrated in the top two rows of the image

"We can agree that, in principle, it might be a good idea to permit both foreigners and Japanese to engage in coastal and seaborne shipping around and from Japan, because that would increase competition and improve efficiency. But, in practice, we know that seaborne shipping is too important a matter to be given over to foreigners. To do so would mean a loss of business and employment opportunities for our people in peacetime. And, in times of war, to not have the domestic capacity to transport goods would be tantamount to abandoning our status as an independent nation. In recent decades, Japan was forced to sign various treaties with foreign powers allowing their ships to proceed freely from one Japanese harbor to another. Some people claim that these treaty rights also allow foreigners to transport Japanese made goods, either around our country or for export to Korea or China. I am not qualified to discuss the legal merits of these positions, but I would like to point out that, unless we have a plan for developing our own domestic shipping businesses, we will never be able to compete with the foreigners in this field. In founding the Mitsubishi company,* my goal has been to help recover for Japan the right of seaborne shipping, so we no longer have to delegate it to foreigners. I regard this not only as my business interest but also as my duty as a citizen. If we don't succeed as a company, it would be useless for the government to try to renegotiate the unequal treaties, or to attempt to further develop Japan's economy. The government knows this, and that is why it protects our company. And we need the government's protection to compete against foreign rivals, such as the [British] Peninsula and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. Recently, the P&O Company has been working to set up a new line between Yokohama [in Japan] and Shanghai and is attempting to claim rights over the [Japanese] ports of Nagasaki, Kobe, and Yokohama. The P&O Company is backed by its massive capital, large fleet of ships, and experience operating in Hong Kong and China. How can we compete against such a giant if we do not have the backing of our national government?" *The Mitsubishi company was established in 1870 as a maritime shipping firm. In subsequent decades, it diversified into mining, manufacturing, and other fields. Yataro Iwasaki, president of the Mitsubishi Company, letter to company managers, 1876 The debates about maritime shipping in Japan alluded to in the first paragraph were most directly connected to which of the following nineteenth-century developments? A. The development of Marxist critiques of international capitalism B. The development of trade union and labor movements dedicated to advancing industrial workers' rights C. The development of rival economic theories differing with respect to their views of free trade D. The development of opposing political factions supporting or resisting Westernization reforms within many Asian governments

C. The development of rival economic theories differing with respect to their views of free trade

Based on the chart, which of the following best describes a pattern in the spread of railroads in Europe from 1830 to 1850 ? A. Multinational empires adopted railroads more extensively than other states did. B. Countries that industrialized the latest had the most extensive mileage of railroads by 1850. C. The largest countries had the most extensive railroad networks by 1850. D. Areas in northwestern Europe adopted railroads more extensively than areas in other parts of Europe.

D. Areas in northwestern Europe adopted railroads more extensively than areas in other parts of Europe.

Source 1 "Beloved brothers in Christ, here again we should see and admire the boundless love of God toward us, that He has placed over us this great empire of the Ottomans. The Empire is a mighty obstacle to the Latin heretics in the West. By contrast, to us, the Orthodox people of the East, the Empire has been a means of salvation. For God has continued to put into the heart of the Sultan of these Ottomans an inclination to keep free the religious beliefs of our Orthodox faith and to protect us, even to the point of occasionally chastising Christians who deviate from their faith. Brothers, lately you would have heard a lot about this new system of 'liberty' originating in France. But let us examine the concept more carefully to see if it can be reconciled with good civil government and safety for the citizens. We see from the example of the French Republic that a national, democratic form of government can only provide 'liberty' if the word is taken to mean the freedom to simply act upon one's appetites and desires. But true Christian liberty, properly understood, means something quite different: to be free to live according to both divine and human laws. In other words, it is to live free to follow your conscience and free of any trouble with the authorities. Seen in this light, the new French system of liberty is a path leading to destruction, confusion, overturning of good government, or, simply speaking, a new ambush of the devil to lead us Orthodox Christians astray." Anthimos, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem [then part of the Ottoman Empire], Paternal Instruction, leaflet printed in Greek for distribution among Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire, 1798 Source 2 "I address you in Hungarian today* because reviving our language is like cleansing the mirror of our history, so that the flies buzzing around may not deprive us of its light. It is a sad fate for a nation to perish—especially a nation such as ours that can boast of brilliant feats and that has only sunk to its present condition through the bitter workings of fate. It is of no use to try to accept with stern philosophy, common sense, and cold blood that all men are equal in everything, that the whole human race is a single nation. No! We are national beings and we were raised with our Hungarian selves that way, so that we can never be Germans, or French, or Poles, or Spaniards. We long for glory in this life as Hungarian sons of the Hungarian nation and, in the next, we pray that the angels of the heavens may know us as Hungarians. It is time for the mind of the Hungarian nation to be clarified through a revival of our mother-tongue. How can our educated classes study the languages of Europe, if we are forgetting our own? How could we lift up our people, most of whom live in the countryside, if we cannot offer them books to read in the language they speak? What we urgently need is a group of scholars who would be paid solely to translate works from Latin, French, German, and Greek into Hungarian—this would do more good for the refinement of the country's mind than a thousand Latin and German schools." *At the time, many educated Hungarians preferred to communicate in German, the language of the Austrian Empire of which Hungary was a part. György Bessenyei, Hungarian writer, "Oration on the Subject Matter of the Nation," essay published in 1817 Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the arguments made in the two sources regarding ideas of liberty and equality? A. Both sources reject the ideas for the same reason, namely that demands for liberty and equality would lead to political instability and sweeping social changes in Europe. B. Source 1 rejects the ideas because of the threat they represent to multinational empires, whereas Source 2 rejects the ideas because of the universal and equalizing nature of their claims. C. Source 1 embraces the ideas because of the promise of emancipation they hold to oppressed minority groups, whereas Source 2 embraces the ideas because of their origins in Enlightenment thought. D. Both sources embrace the ideas for the same reason, namely that liberty and equality are inalienable natural rights and governments' attempts to restrict those rights are doomed to fail.

B. Source 1 rejects the ideas because of the threat they represent to multinational empires, whereas Source 2 rejects the ideas because of the universal and equalizing nature of their claims.

PERCENTAGES OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN TEXTILE FACTORIES IN ENGLAND BY AGE AND GENDER, 1835-1867 Source: Data adapted from Clark Nardinelli, "Child Labor and the Factory Acts," The Journal of Economic History, 40:4 (1980): 744. The data were compiled by British government inspectors who reported their findings to the British Parliament. The data in the table best provide historical context to understand which of the following developments in mid-nineteenth-century Great Britain? A. Pollution resulting from industrial manufacturing B. The emergence of social reform movements C. The development of better transportation infrastructure D. The increasing demand for consumer goods

B. The emergence of social reform movements

Source 1 "It cannot be denied that when the French nation proclaimed these sacred words, 'Men are born and remain free and equal in rights,' it did not break the chains of humankind. It is we who must put these words into action. The wealthy plantation owners of Saint-Domingue [Haiti], therefore, have everything to fear from the influence of our revolution on the current actions of their slaves. These principles overturn the system on which rests their fortunes. No one should be surprised, therefore, that these plantation owners have become the most ardent enemies of these principles. Yet the moment has arrived to change the social system of the colonies, to reintegrate it into humankind. It is in this greater action that the salvation of all parties, justice, and glory will be found. The free men of color demand justice, and they should be granted the same rights of citizenship as other Frenchmen. The colonists should no longer refuse them. The artisan slaves should also be called to freedom on the condition that each slave pays a one-time tax for freedom. The other Black slaves may enjoy a conditional liberty, namely that they remain on the land of their masters and work that land for a period ranging between 10 and 20 years depending on circumstances. Afterward, they may obtain the same full liberty as the artisan slaves." Armand-Guy Kersaint, French nobleman and deputy in the National Legislative Assembly of France, address to the Assembly, Paris, 1792 Source 2 "To bring the Blacks of Saint-Domingue back to their original condition of slavery is impossible: the writings of the philosophes have spread over the surface of the globe and neither superstition nor despotism can extinguish their ideas. Everything is headed toward general freedom, everything tells you that man will no longer be the slave of man. Tear off the fatal blindfold: the colony of Saint-Domingue will no longer be cultivated by the hands of slaves. But, some will object and say, 'The Blacks won't work anymore once they are free. White hands will never suffice to work the land under a burning sun; in short, the colony cannot survive without slavery.' I understand you, cold egoists, men without feeling! You need slaves, that is, men you can treat like beasts of burden; you need slaves, that is, victims. What law forces a man to give another man the entire fruit of his labor? This Black individual is free, because neither the nation nor the Supreme Being created slaves. He is your equal, because he is a man. He is a French citizen, because he serves the country, because he contributes to its splendor as much as you do, and because the French nation loves all its children equally. In exchange for his labor, the Black man will receive a salary proportional to his effort." H. D. de Saint-Maurice, French journalist, newspaper article written following the destruction of the largest French city in Saint-Domingue, published in a French newspaper in Saint-Domingue, 1793 Kersaint and Saint-Maurice's arguments about granting citizenship to the Black inhabitants of Saint-Domingue are most different from the arguments of those nationalists who claimed that A. having a shared language and religion were more important than sharing a contiguous territory in determining who could be citizens within the nation B. only those born within the territory of the nation and those who shared a common historical origin should be included as citizens within the nation C. political power could only be exercised through the popular will of the nation's citizens D. people from separate national groups with distinct cultural traditions could be equal citizens within the same state

B. only those born within the territory of the nation and those who shared a common historical origin should be included as citizens within the nation

PERCENTAGES OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN TEXTILE FACTORIES IN ENGLAND BY AGE AND GENDER, 1835-1867 Source: Data adapted from Clark Nardinelli, "Child Labor and the Factory Acts," The Journal of Economic History, 40:4 (1980): 744. The data were compiled by British government inspectors who reported their findings to the British Parliament. The labor patterns shown in the table are most directly relevant in understanding which broader process in nineteenth-century Europe? A. The emergence of challenges to patriarchal gender norms B. The decline in the popularity of organized religions C. The development of new class identities D. The growing influence of nationalism on state policy

C. The development of new class identities

Which of the following best summarizes the way in which the development of the factory system and the development of new transportation infrastructure such as railways worked together as factors facilitating British industrialization? A. The factory system produced the surplus labor that led large numbers of British people to emigrate overseas, and the new transportation infrastructure enabled those migrants to make their journeys. B. The factory system concentrated the working classes in cities, and new transportation infrastructure allowed governments to better monitor and police these workers. C. The factory system concentrated production in relatively few locations, and the new transportation infrastructure allowed more goods and people to reach these locations in less time. D. The factory system led to an ever-greater degree of specialization of labor and, by doing so, helped meet the railway industry's need for highly skilled workers.

C. The factory system concentrated production in relatively few locations, and the new transportation infrastructure allowed more goods and people to reach these locations in less time.

"Writing now, at an age beyond sixty, I must admit that we do not understand the operations of God's wisdom and are, therefore, unable to tell the causes of the terrible inequalities that we see around us,—why so many people should have so little to make life enjoyable, while a few others, not through their own merit, have had gifts poured out to them from a full hand. We acknowledge the hand of God and His wisdom, but still we feel horror at the misery of many of our brethren. We who have been born in a more fortunate condition—we to whom wealth, education, and liberty have been given—cannot, I think, look upon the unintellectual and toil-bound life of those who cannot even feed themselves sufficiently by the meager wages they have earned with so much sweat, without experiencing some feeling of injustice, some sting of pain. This consciousness of wrong has produced in many enthusiastic but unbalanced minds a desire to make all things right by pursuing equality. But any careful observer of our society, or any student of our history has to admit that, as unjust as it may seem, inequality is part of the natural order of things. You can make all men equal today, but God has so created them that they shall become unequal again tomorrow. The very word 'equality' presents to the imaginations of men ideas of communism, of ruin, and insane democracy. Instead of obsessing about equality, we should be working toward reducing inequalities—provided, of course, that we do so gradually and without any sudden disruption of society." Anthony Trollope, British novelist, autobiography written during the 1870s and published after his death in 1882 Trollope's characterization of democracy in the second paragraph can best be seen as a direct reference to which aspect of the historical situation in the late nineteenth century? A. The political and social radicalism of the French Revolution B. The emergence of strong labor unions in many industrialized countries C. The movements to reform countries' political systems by expanding the franchise D. The resentment of the United States' cultural influences in some European countries

C. The movements to reform countries' political systems by expanding the franchise

APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF SHIPPING VESSELS AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD TRADE BY REGION, CIRCA 1874-1880 Which of the following describes a conclusion about Asia that is best supported by the data in the table? A. Although Asia had a smaller number of vessels than Africa had, it had a far larger share of world trade. B. Asia's percentage of world trade was only slightly less than that of Latin America, Africa, and Oceania combined. C. Asia's total number of sailing vessels was nearly half that of Latin America and Europe. D. Although Asia had far fewer vessels than North America had, Asia was responsible for a larger percentage of world trade.

D. Although Asia had far fewer vessels than North America had, Asia was responsible for a larger percentage of world trade.

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