AP World: Unit 8

What was the Cold War fought over?

It was an ideological battle between the United States and the Soviet Union, who had emerged as superpowers following World War II.The ideologies they were fighting over were Capitalism vs. Communism.

What is a proxy war?

It's when one place stands in as a representative for another. The US and USSR didn't directly fight each other, but used stand-ins to fight for them.

What formal alliances were created because of the Cold War?

The Warsaw Pact (1955) was a militaristic, mutual defense treaty of the Soviet Bloc States. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1949) was the same thing for western nations like the United States and Britain.

The Cold War that produced this conflict finally ended due to what developments?

Economic weakness and corruption in the Soviet Union led to its collapse.

Why did the spread of Communism to China scare the United States?

China became communist in 1949. Their economic policies like the Great Leap Forward had disastrous results for the people. China had fought with the United States against the Japanese in the Pacific, and still became Communist.

The official adoption of Communism in Vietnam in the 1970s can best support which of the following developments?

The governments of newly independent states often took a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development.

Why was Ho Chin Minh compared to Nationalist leaders like Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana and Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt who sought varying degrees of autonomy or independence from imperial rule?

Ho Chi Minh was a nationalist who loved Vietnam and wanted to see it independent, similar to other nationalists like Nkrumah and Nasser.

How did the massive acquisition of nuclear weapons cause the Cold War?

If the United States or the Soviet Union attacked each other, they were facing a policy of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). Therefore, they didn't.

Which of the following 20th century developments is demonstrated by the India's independence being realized in 1947?

In the years following World War II, increasing anti-imperialist sentiment contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states.

How has the relationship between former colonizers and the colonized continued?

Many people from the former colonies moved to the states of their metropole (former colonizer). Many immigrants from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh moved to England. Many Algerians, West Africans and Vietnamese moved to France. They relocated because there were economic opportunities in the metropole that did not exist under the weak economies of their newly independent states.

How were similar techniques used in India to gain rights implemented in the United States?

Martin Luther King, Jr. also used non-violence to protest racial inequality which led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

An example of, the governments of newly independent states often took a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development...

Once the government of Vietnam officially became communist they developed economic plans to industrialize, collectivize agriculture,and seize private businesses. Communist states have a command economy which means the government always takes a strong role in guiding economic life.

How did the Indian National Congress continue to seek autonomy and independence from imperial rule?

The INC formed about 30 years after the 1857 uprising and continuously pressured the British to create a plan for independence, which was realized in 1947.

Which of the following is a continuity in India from c. 1850 to c. 1950?

The Indian National Congress continued to seek autonomy and independence from imperial rule.

Which of the following shows a change from the social situation in India described by the passage?

The Partition of India in 1947 led to significant conflict between Hindus and Muslims.

Why did the actions of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe lead to the Cold War?

The United States feared the spread of Communism, which was happening across Eastern Europe. The goal of Communism is to spread across the whole world. In the United States, the deeply held beliefs in democracy and capitalism are infused with a similar goal: to spread it across the world.

Learning objective of similar techniques used in India to gain rights implemented in the United States...

- Groups and individuals challenged the many wars of the century, and some, such as Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Nelson Mandela, promoted the practice of nonviolence as a way to bring about political change.

Learning agenda of how India gained its independence from the British...

- Helps to explain the historical context of the Cold War after 1945. Hopes for greater self-government were largely unfulfilled following World War I; however, in the years following World War II, increasing anti-imperialist sentiment contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states. - This section helps to compare the processes by which various peoples pursued independence after 1900. - The INC is a good example of nationalist leaders seeking independence from imperial rule.Other good examples of nationalist leaders include Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam (leader of the communist party there) and Kwame Nkrumah, who led Ghana to independence. - India is also a good example of how some colonies negotiated their independence.

Learning objective of how the Angolan War was a Proxy War...

- The Cold War led to proxy wars between and within postcolonial states in Latin America, Africa and Asia. - A Latin American example of this is Nicaraguan Revolution, or the Sandinista-Contras conflict. The Sandinistas were communists, backed by the Soviet Union. The Contras were nationalists backed by the United States. - This also explains how political changes in the period from c. 1900 to present led to territorial, demographic, and nationalist developments. -The redrawing of political boundaries after the withdrawal of former colonial authorities led to the creation of new states like Angola. And sometimes led to conflict as well as population displacement

Learning objective of how the relationship between former colonizers and the colonized continued...

- This helps to explain the economic continuities resulting from the process of decolonization. - The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles (the former colonizing country), usually in the major cities, maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the dissolution of empires.

Learning objective of how the world's imperial past & the Cold War resulted in violence more recently...

- This helps to explain the extent to which the effects of the Cold War were similar in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. - Some movements used violence against civilians in an effort to achieve political aims. Al-Qaeda wants US presence out of Saudi Arabia where there are several military bases, because it is also the home of the two holiest cities for Islam: Mecca and Medina. That is part of what motivated the attacks against America.

Learning objective of how Algeria gained its independence from France...

- This section helps to compare the processes by which various peoples pursued independence after 1900. -The Algerian War for Independence is a good example of how some colonies achieved independence through armed struggle. Another example is the Vietnam War.

Connection of Korean Proxy War to Unit 8

- helps to explain the extent to which the effects of the Cold War were similar in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. - The Cold War led to proxy wars between and within postcolonial states in Latin America, Africa and Asia. - Explain the causes and effects of movements to redistribute economic resources within states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, sometimes advocating Communism or socialism.The movement towards socialism or communism in many newly independent states was due to weak economies that left the majority of the population in poverty. Because socialism promises a social safety-net and communism promises to raise the economic status of the poor, they were attractive to many newly decolonized countries. Additionally, it was western Europeans who had colonized most of the countries who were suffering. Many saw the Soviet Union as an alternative to working with their former colonizers. An example of this includes the Communist Revolution for Vietnamese Independence (first fought against the French and then the Americans due to their policy of containment). - Explain the economic changes and continuities resulting from the process of decolonization.In newly independent states after World War II governments often took a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development.Another example of this is in the late 1960s the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, saw that India's economy was in trouble and promoted a more socialist vision for India. In the late 1960s and early 70s she nationalized all banks, insurance companies, and coal mines. By the early 1970s private companies could not make any big decisions without government approval and private citizens were banned from holding foreign currency. These policies were intended to help the poor, but the government became riddled with corruption. In 1982 she took steps towards liberalism by deregulating the cement industry, which was very successful. She was assassinated in 1984, but may have proposed further liberal policies had she lived.

Learning objective of how the Muslim minority in India impacted independence...

-This section helps to compare the processes by which various peoples pursued independence after 1900.The Muslim League is a good example of a regional, religious, or ethnic movement that challenged colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries advocating for autonomy. - Another good example of this is the Québécois separatist movement in Canada. - This also explains how political changes in the period from c. 1900 to present led to territorial, demographic, and nationalist developments. - The redrawing of political boundaries after the withdrawal of former colonial authorities led to the creation of new states like Pakistan and Israel. This sometimes led to conflict as well as population displacement and/or resettlements, including those related to the Partition of India.

What is a Cold War?

A war in which the belligerents (those fighting) don't actually engage in armed battle.

Explain the causes of the end of the Cold War...

Advances in U.S. military and technological development, the Soviet Union's costly and ultimately failed invasion of Afghanistan, public discontent and economic weakness in communist countries led to the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union.

How was the Angolan Civil War a proxy war for the Cold War?

After World War II the borders of the newly decolonized Angola in Southwest Africa were sloppily drawn. Three rival Angolan ethnic groups were put into the same country and were fighting for control (partially because the land was rich in diamonds). The Americans backed one ethnic group, the Soviets backed another.

How did the Cold War begin?

After World War II there was vast disagreement among the allied powers (Great Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union) about what should happen in Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union wanted Eastern Europe to be under its influence and to act as a buffer to western aggressions. The states there were technically independent but the Soviets would not give up control. They became known as part of the Soviet Bloc.

How was the Korean War a proxy war for the Cold War?

After World War II, Korea was split in two with the north occupied by the Soviets and the south occupied by the Americans and their allies. In 1950, the north invaded the south to try to unify the country. During the war the north was supported by China and the Soviet Union, while the south was supported by troops from the United States. The US and Russia weren't fighting directly, but through Korean proxies. After 3 years of fighting and millions killed, the war ended in a stalemate.

Explain the causes and consequences of China's adoption of communism.

Before World War II the Communist Party, led by Mao Zedong, had started trying to take control in China. They were engaged in a civil war with the nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) party who were running the Republic when the Japanese invaded. Nominally, the two put their differences aside to fight the Japanese in World War II, but the moment the war was over the communists went back to fighting the KMT. The communists gained support in the countryside while the KMT was supported in the cities. The KMT had done most of the fighting in World War II and could not resist the power of the peasant backed Communists. In 1949 Mao Zedong declared China as the People's Republic of China, and created a communist government. The communist government started the GreatLeap forward to further China's goals of industrialization and increasing food production through collectivization (much like Stalin's Five Year Plans), however, food production could not meet demands as much of the population was shifted away from food production towards industrialization and infrastructure building. Between 1958-1961 approximately 45 million people died of starvation.

How has the world changed because of decolonization?

Between 1945 and 2000 the number of independent states more than doubled.

What was the economic effect of the arms race?

Both countries developed a military industrial complex as the relationship between the economy and the production of weapons became more intertwined.

Why did the United States and Soviet Union often responded to conflicts in ways that intensified them?

Both the United States and the Soviet Union increasingly raised tensions during the Cold War. The creation of a missile base on Cuba was bound to intensify the conflict.

"It is well known to all that in this age the people of Hindustan, both Hindoos and Mohammedans, are being ruined under the tyranny and oppression of the infıdel and treacherous English. It is therefore the bounden duty of those who have any sort of connexion with any of the Mohammedan royal families, and are considered the pastors and masters of the people, to stake their lives and property for the well-being of the public. With the view of effecting this general good, several princes belonging to the royal family of Delhi have dispersed themselves in the different parts of India, Iran, Turan [Turkestan], and Afghanistan, and have been long since taking measures to compass their favourite end; and it is to accomplish this charitable object that one of the aforesaid princes has, at the head of an army of Afghanistan, etc., made his appearance in India; and I, who am the grandson of Abdul Muzuffer Sarajuddin Bahadur Shah Ghazee, king of India, having in the course of circuit come here to extirpate the infıdels residing in the eastern part of the country, and to liberate and protect the poor helpless people now groaning under their iron rule, have, by the aid of the Majahdeens [mujahidin, "fıghters for Islam against infıdels"]... erected the standard of Mohammed, and persuded the orthodox Hindoos who have been subject to my ancestors, and have been and are still accessories in the destruction of the English, to raise the standard of Mahavir." The passage above is evidence of which of the following developments from c. 1750 to c. 1900?

Growing nationalism that contributed to anticolonial movements including direct resistance. In the passage, the author connects himself and other leaders of the resistance to the Mughal emperors. He is attempting to unite Hindus and Muslims together against the British. At the end of the passage he says that Orthodox Hindus who were subject to his ancestors are working with him. Therefore he is building nationalism on a shared history.

Why in the years following World War II, increasing anti-imperialist sentiment contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states?

India's fight for independence began in the 19th century and was not realized until after World War II, nearly 100 years later, due to the work of the INC led by Mohandas Gandhi, and the exhaustion of British troops and the cost of holding imperial possessions which post-war countries could not manage.

How did the Cold War come to an end?

Mikhail Gorbachev's attempts to save the Soviet Union led to its demise. He tried to implement the policies of Perestroika (restructuring of the economy, with considerations towards free trade) and Glasnost (more openness and transparency in government). However the Soviet Union was too corrupt and economically weak from the Soviet-Afghan War. Therefore Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev negotiated an end to the Cold War.

Stevenson describes some of the political changes Castro has made in Cuba. These are evidence of which of the following developments after 1900?

Movements developed advocating communism and socialism across Latin America, Africa and Asia. Stevenson describes Castro turning Cuba into a totalitarian dictatorship, ending political freedom, and aligning himself with the Soviet Union. These moves describe the authoritarian communism witnessed in the 20th century.

"Dear fellow-countrymen and fıghters, We have defeated the war of destruction of the American imperialists in the North. But this is only an initial victory. The American imperialists are very obdurate and perfıdious. They talk of 'peace' and 'negotiation' but still harbour dark aggressive designs. More than a million American, puppet and satellite troops are still daily committing untold crimes against our Southern compatriots. Therefore, the sacred duty of our entire people at present is to stiffen our determination to fıght and win, our resolve to liberate the South, defend the North and ultimately achieve peaceful national reunifıcation. So long as a single aggressor remains on our soil, we must continue our fıght an wipe him out. Let our gallant Southern people and fıghters, under the glorious banner of the South Viet Nam National Front for Liberation, stage uninterrupted offensive and uprisings and resolutely advance towards complete victory.... After nearly a hundred years under the yoke of colonial servitude and more than twenty years of resistance against imperialist aggressive wars, our people, more than any other people hold peace which is so badly needed for national construction deep in their hearts. But this must be genuine peace in independence and freedom." From the passage, Ho Chi Minh could be best compared to which of the following?

Nationalist leaders like Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana and Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt who sought varying degrees of autonomy or independence from imperial rule.

"Dear fellow-countrymen and fıghters, We have defeated the war of destruction of the American imperialists in the North. But this is only an initial victory. The American imperialists are very obdurate and perfıdious. They talk of 'peace' and 'negotiation' but still harbour dark aggressive designs. More than a million American, puppet and satellite troops are still daily committing untold crimes against our Southern compatriots. Therefore, the sacred duty of our entire people at present is to stiffen our determination to fıght and win, our resolve to liberate the South, defend the North and ultimately achieve peaceful national reunifıcation. So long as a single aggressor remains on our soil, we must continue our fıght an wipe him out. Let our gallant Southern people and fıghters, under the glorious banner of the South Viet Nam National Front for Liberation, stage uninterrupted offensive and uprisings and resolutely advance towards complete victory.... After nearly a hundred years under the yoke of colonial servitude and more than twenty years of resistance against imperialist aggressive wars, our people, more than any other people hold peace which is so badly needed for national construction deep in their hearts. But this must be genuine peace in independence and freedom." The passage above demonstrates which 20th century historical development?

Some colonies achieved independence through armed struggle.

How did the Muslim minority in India impact independence?

The Muslim League in India advocated for a partition of India to create a new Muslim majority state, Pakistan. This was achieved in 1947 and while Muslims and Hindus fled to where their group was the majority there was massive violence as old tensions flared.

How did some colonies achieve independence through armed struggle?

The Vietnamese had to fight the French, the Japanese and the Americans to gain their independence. Ho said that they must wipe out the all aggressors on their land.

How did the Soviet Union seek to maintain influence over the course of the Cold War?

The Soviet Union created a military alliance called the Warsaw Pact. The Warsaw Pact was the Soviet equivalent of NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

Why did the economy in the Soviet Union become weak?

The Soviet Union had invaded Afghanistan in 1979 to support their communist leaning government against an insurgency and became mired in a decade long struggle there. This, and limited trade options, weakened the Soviet economy tremendously. In the late 1980s parts of the Soviet Bloc began breaking away from the Soviet Union, and their president, Mikhail Gorbachev established new policies to keep the Communists in power due to increasing hostility against the Communist state. However, the Communist government proved to be too corrupt for the policies to be carried out and the Soviet government collapsed. Along with it, the Cold War ended.

Howdid the Cold War lead to an arms race? What was that?

The Soviet Union raced to get an atomic weapon like the United States had and then the two started building bigger and more destructive weapons to outdo each other. The hydrogen bomb, which both created, was much more deadly than the atomic bomb.

I have asked for an emergency meeting of the Security Council to bring to your attention a grave threat to the Western Hemisphere and to the peace of the world. Last night, the President of the United States reported the recent alarming military developments in Cuba. In view of this transformation of Cuba into a base for offensive weapons of sudden mass destruction, the President announced the initiation of a strict quarantine on all offensive military weapons under shipment to Cuba. Dr. Castro transformed Cuba into a totalitarian dictatorship with impunity, he extinguished the rights of political freedom with impunity, he aligned himself with the Soviet bloc with impunity, he accepted defensive weapons from the Soviet Union with impunity, he welcomed thousands of Communists into Cuba with impunity -- but when, with cold deliberation, he turns his country over to the Soviet Union for a long-range missile launching base, and thus carries the Soviet programme for aggression into the heart of the Americas, the day of forbearance is past. If the United States and the other nations of the Western Hemisphere should accept this new phase of aggression, we would be delinquent in our obligations to world peace.There are those who seek to equate the presence of Soviet bases in Cuba with the presence of NATO bases in parts of the world near the Soviet Union. Let us subject this facile argument to critical consideration. Let me state this point very clearly. The missile sites in NATO countries were established in response to missile sites in the Soviet Union directed at NATO countries. The NATO states had every right and necessity to respond to the installation of these Soviet missiles by installing missiles of their own. These missiles were designed to deter a process of expansion already in progress. Fortunately, they have helped to do so. Paragraph 1 provides evidence for which of the following developments after 1900?

The United States and Soviet Union often responded to conflicts in ways that intensified them.

What was the policy of Containment?

The United States vowed to fight the spread of Communism. They would leave countries alone that were already communist, but they would not allow it to spread further.

What explains the ideological battle of the Cold War?

The global balance of economic and political power shifted during and after World War II and rapidly evolved into the Cold War. The democracy of the United States and the authoritarian communist Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, which led to ideological conflict and a power struggle between capitalism and communism across the globe.

How has the world's imperial past & the Cold War resulted in violence more recently?

The terrorist group Al-Qaeda who were behind the 9/11 bombing formed with the support of the United States during the Cold War to combat the Soviet Union in Afghanistan. In the late 80s and early 90s this group turned against the United States.

How did India gain its independence from the British?

They used non-violence and negotiation. In the mid-19th century (1857) they had risen up against the British unsuccessfully. 30 years later they created the Indian National Congress (INC) eventually led by Mohandas Gandhi who advocated mass civil disobedience against unjust laws and non-violence. Britain's military was exhausted from World War II and its resources limited for the same reason, so they started negotiations to move India towards independence.

How did Algeria gain its independence from France?

They used violence. The French tried to stop protests by the Algerians against the hardships they were facing with violence and restrictive laws. This started the Algerian War for Independence which began in 1954. They used guerilla style warfare and gained their independence in 1962.

How did the United States try to fight communism economically?

Under the Marshall Plan (1948) the United States funneled 13 billion dollars into European nations following World War II. The money was used to modernize industry, rebuild infrastructure, and reduce trade barriers. They felt that if nations saw the benefits of democracy and capitalism, they would stay away from communism