AP1 LAB 2- INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM AND SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Stratum Corneum

- 20 to 30 layers thick to keep everything out that will harm us - prevents water loss - Can responsively increase - Accounts for 3/4 of epidermal thickness

Hypodermis

- Acts as cushioning/ padding to protect organs - Acts as insulation o retain body heat - Stores of fat (lipid) soluble vitamins - Stores surplus kilocalories as fat from overeating

synovial membrane

- Are composed entirely of connective tissue - Contain NO epithelial cells - Are only found lining the cavities of freely moveable (synovial) joints - Secrete a lubricating fluid called synovial fluid to reduce friction

Stratum Germinativum (A.KA. Stratum Basale)

- Base layer of skin - One cell layer - Always under division - Active "stim cell" like cell

Melanocytes

- Cells that produce melanin - UV radiation barrier

Physical Barrier

- Effective against entry of microbes such as bacteria and viruses and against water loss - Not effective against lipid soluble substances - Certain medications are absorbable through the skin b/c they are lipid soluble

Biological barrier

- Evidence suggests that dendritic (Langerhans) cells are macrophages of the dermis that "hunt down" invaders and engulf them by phagocytosis before they enter deeper tissues - Macrophages called APCs "present" antigens to your immune system, to initiate an immune response. Dendritic cells are a form of APC

Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia)

- Not a true layer of the skin - Mainly of adipose (fat) tissue

Chemical Barrier

- Oily sebum contains antibacterial compounds - The dark pigment melanin absorbs UV radiation providing some protection

Dendritic cells

- Part of the immune system - Not considered white blood cells - First line of cellular defense

Keratinization

- Protein synthesis of a protein called keratin - The cells create, engage, and eventually become a bag of keratin

Sensory Receptors

- Respond to different touches, pressure, temperature and pain

The skin is composed of:

- Superficial epidermis composed of epithelial tissue - Underlying dermis composed of connective tissue

Dermis

- The deeper layer of skin - Highly vascular - Contains a variety of structures and sensory receptors

Epidermis

- The most superficial layer of the skin - most of the cells are dead but still very useful - Is avascular - Nutrients are received by diffusion from underlying issues

Functions of joinst

- They hold our bones together via ligaments and joint capsules - Allows the skeletal system flexibility so that body movements can occur

rheumatoid arthritis

2nd most common form of arthritis

On average, how often does your epidermis completely replace itself through mitosis

6 - 8 weeks

Patellar groove on femur

A groove on the anterior side of the distal end of the femur between the two condyles.

arrector pili muscle

An involuntary muscle fiber attached to the underside & base of the hair follicle

Capillaries

Are about the exchange of nutrients and wastes

Arteries

Bring in nutrient rich oxygenated blood "Fresh blood"

Veins

Carry away blood poor in oxygen and nutrients , Carrying waste product

Predominant tissue type that makes up the dermis is ______________

Connective or Reticular

If the menisci were not present at the knee joint predict what effect would this have on the stability and life of the joint?

Decrease life span and decrease stability

Reticular layer

Deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients

Lymphatic vessels

Extra water that isn't put back into blood pulled through the vessels and drain it away.

dermal papillae:

Finger like projections from the most superficial layer of the dermis that serve to anchor the dermis to the epidermis above it

cartilaginous joints

Have no joint cavity and the bones are connected by a pad of cartilage allowing only slight movement EX: Pelvis, ribs to sternum, ribs to vertebrae, intervertebral discs.

Why are the arrector pili muscles in the dermis of little value in humans?

It serves as a way to keep warm but we have to little hair for it

How does synovial fluid get into the joint cavity and its function

Joint lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

The predominate (most abundant) cell type of the epidermis is _________________

Keratinocytes

blood reservoir

Large volumes of blood [5% of total] can be held in dermis

"The skin is considered an organ." Why is this true?

Made of several types of tissues that work together for a common purpose

Sebaceous glands (Secretion is called Sebum)

Oil based secretin that travels on the skin on the hair follicle has chemicals that are antimicrobial

Thermoregulation

Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.

Synovial membrane layer

The inner more delicate layer of the capsule. Lines all cavity surfaces that are not covered with articular cartilage. Secretes synovial fluid as a lubricant for the joint. Richly supplied with blood vessels

Keratinocytes

The most abundant epidermal cells, they function mainly to produce keratin.

Fibrous capsule layer

The outer layer of the capsule. Made of dense irregular connective tissue. Helps hold the bones in proper position.

Why do keratinocytes multiply by mitosis again and again?

To create new skin cells

Condyles on femur

Two rounded knobs at distal end of femur. Covered with articular cartilage

Papillary layer

Where the dermas goes up and down like waves

Vitamin D synthesis

You need Vitamin D to absorb calcium

Articular (Joint) capsule

a continuation of the periosteum that surrounds and encapsulates the joint separating the joint from the rest of the body

articular cartilage

a layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of the bones or surfaces of bones where they articulate with other bone surfaces. Appearance is smooth shiny pearly white - This tissue is avascular, but it receives nourishment

Joint cavity

a space within the synovial joint that contains synovial fluid

quadriceps femoris tendon

above the patella

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

cartilage covering ends of bone where they come together to form joints

Dislocation

displacement of a bone from its joint

Sensation

due to the presence of various sensory receptors

bursae and tendon sheaths

fluid-filled structures strategically placed to minimize friction in some joints

Fibrous joints

have no joint cavity and essentially no movement between the bones EX: Sutures of skull, tooth sockets and where tibia and fibula join distally

gouty arthritis (gout)

inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body

Bursitis

inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction

Tendonitis

inflammation of a tendon

Synovial joints

joints where the bone are separated by a fluid filled joint cavity and lined with synovial membrane resulting in the greatest degree of freedom of movement EX: shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers, hip, knee, ankle, toes, and where the lower jaw connects to the skull

NSAIDs

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

weeping lubrication

pressure on joints squeezes synovial fluid into and out of articular cartilage

Sprain

stretching or tearing of ligaments

reinforcing ligaments

strong bands of connective tissue connecting bone to bone and preventing motion in certain directions. Tendons are also connective tissue but they bind muscle to bone rather than bone to bone

Excretion

the process by which wastes are removed from the body

Sweat glands

water based secretion and no antimicrobial chemicals in it. Most numerous type

osteoarthritis

wear and tear arthritis

Avascular

without blood vessels