AP2 EXAM 1 & EXAM 2 Review

________ will develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues. A) Autoimmune disorders B) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome C) Immunosuppression D) Anaphylaxis E) Allergies

A) Autoimmune disorders

Compare catabolism and anabolism. A) Catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones, whereas anabolism is buildup of large molecules from smaller building blocks. B) Catabolism is the buildup of large molecules from smaller building blocks, whereas anabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. C) Catabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body, whereas anabolism is the sum of the chemical reactions in an individual cell. D) Catabolism is the sum of the chemical reactions in an individual cell, whereas anabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body. E) Catabolism uses ATP, whereas anabolism generate ATP.

A) Catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones, whereas anabolism is buildup of large molecules from smaller building blocks.

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

A) IgA.

The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is A) Infant respiratory distress syndrome. B) COPD. C) anoxia. D) pulmonary embolism. E) pneumothorax

A) Infant respiratory distress syndrome.

________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx. A) Tonsils B) Peyer's patches C) Lymph nodes D) Immune complexes E) Spleens

A) Tonsils

In opsonization, A) a pathogen is coated by proteins to facilitate its destruction by neutrophils and macrophages. B) the cell wall of a pathogen is breached, leading to death of the cell. C) MHC II glycoproteins display a fragment of an alien cell. D) antigens bind to antibodies to become antigen-antibody complexes. E) antibodies tie many antigens together.

A) a pathogen is coated by proteins to facilitate its destruction by neutrophils and macrophages.

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it A) activates B cells. B) reaches its greatest relative size before puberty. C) involutes after puberty. D) produces T cells. E) lies in the anterior mediastinum.

A) activates B cells.

The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain. A) brain stem B) cerebral cortex C) cerebrum D) diencephalon E) cerebellum

A) brain stem

Identify the primary inspiratory muscles. A) diaphragm and external intercostal muscles B) diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles C) internal and external intercostal muscles D) diaphragm and the rectus abdominis muscles E) scalenes and serratus anterior

A) diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the A) mouth. B) esophagus. C) stomach. D) duodenum. E) ileum.

A) mouth.

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. C) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. D) movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. E) utilization of oxygen.

A) movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity. A) naturally acquired active B) naturally acquired passive C) passive D) auto E) innate

A) naturally acquired active

Chief cells secrete A) pepsinogen. B) gastrin. C) mucus. D) hydrochloric acid. E) intrinsic factor.

A) pepsinogen.

In the process of digestion, most nutrient absorption takes place in the A) small intestine. B) stomach. C) large intestine. D) duodenum. E) liver.

A) small intestine.

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the A) trachea. B) bronchiole. C) laryngopharynx. D) alveolar duct. E) bronchus.

A) trachea.

Which of the following blood types is a person whose blood cells were agglutinated by both anti-A serum and anti-B serum, but not by anti-Rh serum? A. AB negative B. AB positive C. O negative D. O positive E. None of the selections are correct

A. AB negative

Glucagon: A. Accelerates the conversion of glycogen into glucose. B. Slows down glucose formation from lactic acid. C. Decreases the conversion of glycogen into glucose. D. Speeds up protein synthesis within cells.

A. Accelerates the conversion of glycogen into glucose.

The hormone _______________, which is secreted by the adrenal _______________, causes the kidney to conserve sodium and excrete potassium ions and indirectly helps to maintain systemic blood pressure. A. Aldosterone; cortex. B. Angiotensin I; medulla. C. Cortisol; cortex. D. Epinephrine; medulla. E. Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH); Cortex.

A. Aldosterone; cortex.

Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of the plasma concentration of which of the following ions? A. Calcium. B. Sodium. C. Potassium. D. Chloride.

A. Calcium.

Which of the following blood vessels is used to distribute oxygenated blood to the myocardium? A. Coronary artery B. Coronary vein C. Coronary sinus D. Vena cava

A. Coronary artery

Which of the following blood cells phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes and are effective against parasitic worms? A. Eosinophil B. Monocyte C. Lymphocyte D. Basophil E. Neutrophil

A. Eosinophil

Which blood glucose-lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells? A. Insulin. B. Glucagon. C. Somatostatin. D. Thyroid hormone.

A. Insulin.

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the gonads to secrete progesterone and/or testosterone? A. Luteinizing hormone. B. TSH. C. Corticotropin. D. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone. E. Growth hormone.

A. Luteinizing hormone.

Which of the following blood cells is a phagocyte? A. Neutrophil B. Platelet C. Lymphocyte D. Basophil

A. Neutrophil

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute is called the A. cardiac output. B. cardiac input. C. stroke volume. D. heart rate.

A. cardiac output.

Which of the following hormones stimulates proliferation of red blood cells in red bone marrow? A. erythropoietin (EPO) B. thrombopoietin (TPO) C. human growth hormone (hGH) D. calcitonin (CT) E. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A. erythropoietin (EPO)

Heart murmurs are often heard in individuals with abnormalities in the ______of the heart. A. valves B. myocardium C. SA node D. AV node E. Endocardium

A. valves

The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ________ cells. A) NK B) B (Plasma cells) C) helper T (CD4) D) cytotoxic T (CD8) E) suppressor T

B) B (Plasma cells)

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a(n) ________ cell. A) plasma B) CD4 T C) NK D) suppressor T E) cytotoxic T

B) CD4 T

Define and describe the absorptive state. A) It is the time before a meal when nutrient absorption is occurring, insulin is stimulating glucose uptake, glycogenesis, amino acid uptake, and protein synthesis. B) It is the time after a meal when nutrient absorption is occurring, insulin is stimulating glucose uptake, glycogenesis, amino acid uptake, and protein synthesis. C) It is the time before a meal when nutrient absorption is not under way and energy reserves are being used to meet energy demand. D) It is the time after a meal when nutrient absorption is not under way and energy reserves are being used to meet energy demand.

B) It is the time after a meal when nutrient absorption is occurring, insulin is stimulating glucose uptake, glycogenesis, amino acid uptake, and protein synthesis.

Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of A) NK cells. B) T and B cells. C) mast cells. D) antigen-antibody complexes. E) interferons.

B) T and B cells.

Identify the three main classes of lymphocytes. A) T cells, B cells, and helper cells B) T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells C) RBCs, WBCs, and platelets D) acute lymphocytes, chronic lymphocytes, and resident lymphocytes E) cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells

B) T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells

Which type of immunity develops when a child is given the polio vaccine? A) naturally acquired active immunity B) artificially acquired active immunity C) naturally acquired passive immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity E) innate immunity

B) artificially acquired active immunity

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is A) dissolved in plasma. B) bound to hemoglobin. C) in ionic form as solute in the plasma. D) bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide. E) carried by white blood cells.

B) bound to hemoglobin

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is A) oxygen. B) carbon dioxide. C) bicarbonate ion. D) sodium ion. E) hemoglobin.

B) carbon dioxide.

External respiration involves the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood. C) exchange of dissolved gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid. D) binding of oxygen by hemoglobin. E) utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism.

B) diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.

All of the following are reasons why glucose is the primary energy source for cells except A) glucose is a small, soluble molecule. B) glycogen breakdown occurs very slowly. C) glucose can be stored efficiently. D) glycogen breakdown involves only a single enzymatic step. E) glycolysis does not require oxygen to generate ATP.

B) glycogen breakdown occurs very slowly.

Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as A) external respiration. B) internal respiration. C) pulmonary ventilation. D) gas diffusion. E) alveolar ventilation.

B) internal respiration.

All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that A) glycogen is broken down into glucose in the liver. B) levels of blood glucose are elevated. C) ketone bodies may be formed. D) lipid mobilization occurs. E) gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver.

B) levels of blood glucose are elevated.

Various types of macrophages are derived from A) lymphocytes. B) monocytes. C) neutrophils. D) eosinophils. E) basophils.

B) monocytes.

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. A) naturally acquired active B) naturally acquired passive C) artificially acquired passive D) auto E) innate

B) naturally acquired passive

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called A) neutralization. B) opsonization. C) agglutination. D) antigen presentation. E) sensitization.

B) opsonization.

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion? A) appendix B) pancreas C) spleen D) colon E) esophagus

B) pancreas

In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens A) cause inflammation. B) produce a fever. C) activate complement. D) opsonize pathogens. E) activate antibodies.

B) produce a fever.

The enzyme pepsin digests A) carbohydrates. B) proteins. C) lipids. D) nucleic acids. E) vitamins.

B) proteins.

During lipolysis, A) triglycerides are converted into molecules of acetyl-CoA. B) triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. C) lipids are converted into glucose molecules. D) lipids are formed from excess carbohydrates. E) lipids are metabolized to yield ATP.

B) triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.

Interferons are released by some macrophages and lymphocytes, but also by cells carrying what pathogen? A) parasites. B) viruses. C) bacteria. D) prions. E) spirochetes.

B) viruses.

Which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in disease resistance? A. Albumin B. Globulins C. Fibrinogen D. Myoglobin E. Hemoglobin

B. Globulins

The pressure-driven movement of fluids and solutes from blood into interstitial fluid is called A. reabsorption. B. filtration. C. bulk flow. D. osmosis.

B. filtration.

Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as mucus, saliva, and tears are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

C) IgE.

The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called A) neutralization. B) opsonization. C) agglutination. D) antigen presentation. E) sensitization.

C) agglutination.

The enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates is A) lactase. B) rennin. C) amylase. D) carbonic anhydrase. E) lysozyme.

C) amylase.

Identify three chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs). A) asthma, lung cancer, chronic bronchitis B) chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, emphysema C) asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema D) asthma, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis E) chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, pneumonia

C) asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema

Which chemicals do mast cells and basophils release when stimulated in an allergic reaction? A) interferons. B) complement proteins. C) histamines, leukotrienes, and other chemicals that cause inflammation. D) heparin. E) IgE antibodies.

C) histamines, leukotrienes, and other chemicals that cause inflammation.

The area of the brain that regulates body temperature is the A) medulla oblongata. B) pineal gland. C) hypothalamus. D) cerebral cortex. E) pons.

C) hypothalamus.

Where does most nutrient absorption occur? A) in the mouth B) in the stomach, primarily in the body C) in the small intestine, primarily in the jejunum D) in the large intestine, primarily in the cecum E) in the large intestine, primarily in the transverse colon

C) in the small intestine, primarily in the jejunum

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ______________. A) humidifying the air before it enters B) warming the air before it enters C) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid D) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations

C) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called A) segmentations. B) pendular movements. C) peristalsis. D) churning movements. E) mastication.

C) peristalsis.

Lymphocytes A) are all actively phagocytic. B) destroy red blood cells. C) respond to antigens. D) are primarily found in red bone marrow. E) decrease in number during infection.

C) respond to antigens.

The prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called A) cardia. B) papillae. C) rugae. D) plicae. E) villi.

C) rugae.

Chemical breakdown of materials by acid and enzymes takes place in the A) oral cavity. B) esophagus. C) stomach. D) small intestine. E) large intestine.

C) stomach.

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell. A) cytoplasm B) the plasma membrane C) the mitochondria D) the endoplasmic reticulum E) the nucleus

C) the mitochondria

How are most nutrients absorbed in the digestive tract eventually transported out of the digestive system? A) via the hepatobiliary duct B) through the aorta C) through the hepatic portal vein D) via pulmonary arteries E) via the pyloric valve

C) through the hepatic portal vein

Stress causes the adrenal medulla to release: A. Norepinephrine and cortisol. B. Epinephrine and vasopressin. C. Epinephrine and norepinephrine. D. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin. E. Aldosterone and cortisol.

C. Epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in blood clotting? A. Albumin B. Globulins C. Fibrinogen D. Prostaglandins E. None of these choices

C. Fibrinogen

What controls hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland? A. Muscle contraction. B. The peripheral nervous system. C. Hormones released from the hypothalamus. D. Action potentials from the thalamus. E. Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

C. Hormones released from the hypothalamus.

Which of the following pairs of hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland? A. Prolactin and growth hormone. B. Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin. C. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. D. Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone. E. Prolactin and ACTH.

C. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.

Which valve below prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle? A. Tricuspid valve B. Bicuspid valve C. Pulmonary semilunar valve D. Aortic semilunar valve

C. Pulmonary semilunar valve

The hematocrit is a measure of the percentage of whole blood occupied by A. WBCs. B. platelets. C. RBCs. D. plasma. E. plasma proteins.

C. RBCs.

Through which structure does blood pass from the right atrium to the right ventricle? A. Bicuspid valve B. Interventricular septum C. Tricuspid valve D. Mitral valve E. Ascending aorta

C. Tricuspid valve

Which of the following antibodies would you find in the plasma of a person with type O blood? A. anti-A B. anti-B C. anti-A and anti-B D. No antibodies to ABO blood group antigens E. Not enough information to answer

C. anti-A and anti-B

The largest driving force for pulling fluid from the interstitial spaces back into the capillaries is A. interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure. B. interstitial fluid osmotic pressure. C. blood colloid osmotic pressure. D. blood hydrostatic pressure. E. glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

C. blood colloid osmotic pressure.

The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin A) A. B) B. C) C. D) D. E) E.

D) D.

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

D) IgG.

Distinguish between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. A) Innate immunity primarily uses T cells to neutralize the threat. Adaptive immunity primarily uses B cells to neutralize the threat. B) Innate immunity primarily uses B cells to neutralize the threat. Adaptive immunity primarily uses T cells to neutralize the threat. C) Innate immunity relies on the activity of cells to neutralize the threat. Adaptive immunity primarily relies on the activity of specific proteins, such as antibodies to neutralize the threat. D) Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats. E) Innate immunity is specific and protects against particular threats. Adaptive immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another.

D) Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats.

________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time. A) IgM B) Suppressor C) Dendritic D) Memory E) Plasma

D) Memory

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions. A) Residual volume B) Expiratory reserve volume C) Inspiratory reserve volume D) Tidal volume E) Inspiratory capacity

D) Tidal volume

The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the A) bronchioles. B) terminal bronchioles. C) pleural spaces. D) alveoli. E) falciform ligaments.

D) alveoli.

An allergen circulating in the bloodstream affects mast cells throughout the body, dropping blood pressure to dangerously low levels. This response is termed A) allergy. B) hypersensitivity. C) allergic rhinitis. D) anaphylactic shock. E) asthma.

D) anaphylactic shock.

Class II MHC molecules are found on which of the following? A) all body cells with a nucleus B) red blood cells C) granulocytes and microphages D) antigen-presenting cells E) liver cells and macrophages in the spleen

D) antigen-presenting cells

After food and gastric juices combine, the gastric contents are referred to as A) a bolus. B) secretin. C) plicae. D) chyme. E) bile.

D) chyme.

A(n) ________ contains all of the essential amino acids. A) carbohydrate B) water-soluble vitamin C) fat-soluble vitamin D) complete protein E) essential fatty acid

D) complete protein

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. A) B B) plasma C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) suppressor T

D) cytotoxic T

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________. A) osmosis B) active transport C) filtration D) diffusion

D) diffusion

The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrates is called A) glycogenolysis. B) glycogenesis. C) glycolysis. D) gluconeogenesis. E) glucose reclamation.

D) gluconeogenesis.

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the A) larynx. B) glottis. C) vestibule. D) pharynx. E) trachea.

D) pharynx.

What branches from the trachea? A) terminal bronchioles B) secondary bronchi C) tertiary bronchi D) primary bronchi E) alveolar ducts

D) primary bronchi

The hormone that stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus is? A. Vasopressin. B. Follicle-stimulating hormone. C. Luteinizing hormone. D. Oxytocin. E. Estrogen.

D. Oxytocin.

Which of the following electrocardiogram (EKG) waves represents atrial depolarization? A. R wave B. T wave C. S wave D. P wave E. Q wave

D. P wave

Which of the following correctly lists in order the sequence of structures that a cardiac action potential follows to excite normal contraction of the heart? A. Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, Atrioventricular (AV) node B. Sinoatrial (SA) node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, Bundle of His C. Purkinje fibers, AV node, SA node, Bundle of His D. SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

D. SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

Which of the following hormones promotes increases in the basal metabolic rate (BMR)? A. Insulin. B. Adrenocorticotropic hormone. C. Glucagon. D. Thyroid hormone. E. Calcitonin.

D. Thyroid hormone.

During which of following periods does the largest volume of blood enter the arteries? A. atrial diastole B. ventricular diastole C. atrial systole D. ventricular systole

D. ventricular systole

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except A) the skin. B) complement. C) interferon. D) inflammation. E) B and T cells.

E) B and T cells.

Identify the three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream. A) Bound to hemoglobin, bound to other transport proteins, or bound to the surface of the RBCs. B) Dissolved in plasma, bound to the surface of the RBCs, or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma. C) Dissolved in plasma, as hydrogen ions in the plasma, or bound to hemoglobin. D) Bound to hemoglobin, bound to the surface of the RBCs, or as hydrogen ions in the plasma. E) Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.

E) Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.

Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, which are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

E) IgM.

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin A) A. B) B. C) C. D) E. E) K.

E) K.

A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n) A) thymosin. B) complement. C) chemotoxin. D) irritant. E) antigen.

E) antigen.

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the A) thyroid cartilage. B) cricoid cartilage. C) corniculate cartilage. D) cuneiform cartilage. E) epiglottis.

E) epiglottis.

The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as A) anoxia. B) hypercapnia. C) hypoventilation. D) hyperoxia. E) hypoxia.

E) hypoxia.

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called A) glycolysis. B) oxidative phosphorylation. C) catabolism. D) anabolism. E) metabolism.

E) metabolism.