AP2- Exam 2
Enlarged blood vessels of the anal columns are called __________. A) peritonitis B) hemorrhoids C) diarrhea D) polyps
B
Following a tissue transplant, the transplant recipients typically need to take medications to __________. A) stimulate their immune system B) suppress their immune system C) prevent blood clots from forming D) lower their blood pressure
B
Grant has a condition in which his immune system has attacked and destroyed his thyroid gland. This is an example of a(n) __________. A) type IV hypersensitivity B) autoimmune disease C) secondary immune response D) tissue rejection reaction
B
Heartburn is usually caused by the effects of gastric juice on the __________. A) heart B) esophagus C) stomach D) small intestine
B
How does lymph differ from plasma? A) Lymph has more protein than plasma. B) Lymph circulates more rapidly than plasma. C) Lymph is colorless and plasma is red. D) Lymph provides nutrients to tissues and plasma provides oxygen.
B
How is hepatitis B transmitted? A) Contact with infected feces B) Sexual activity C) Infected food D) Travel to developing countries
B
In what situation will there be an increase in lymph formation? A) Increased osmotic pressure in blood capillaries. B) Increased hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid. C) Decreased volume of tissue fluid. D) Decreased protein concentration in tissue fluid.
B
Individuals at highest risk for developing anorexia nervosa are __________. A) infants B) adolescents C) adults D) children
B
Inhibition of which hormones action may help in weight loss? A) Leptin B) Ghrelin C) Cholecystokinin D) Adiponectin
B
Intrinsic factor is important in the absorption of __________. A) biotin B) folacin C) vitamin B 6 D) vitamin B 12
B
Jaundice is the abnormal yellowish-tint of tissues, such as the sclera of the eye. Jaudice is due to the accumulation of what substance? A) Cholesterol B) Bile pigments C) Carotene D) Hemoglobin A
B
Magnesium affects ATP production and is therefore important in providing cellular energy. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
Maltase is a brush border enzyme of the small intestinethat digests the sugar maltose. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
Muscle contraction moves lymph through lymphatic vessels. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
Obesity is defined as a BMI over 30. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
Older red blood cells may be destroyed in the spleen. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
One function of vitamin A is to act as an antioxidant. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
Pancreatic acinar cells secrete pancreatic juice. true false
TRUE
Peristalsis slows in the elderly. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
Ribose and deoxyribose are examples of carbohydrates. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
Sight or smell of food can stimulate salivation. true false
TRUE
The macronutrients are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. true false
TRUE
The movement of chyme through the small intestine is increased by parasympathetic impulses and is inhibited by sympathetic impulses. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
The organs of the alimentary canal are innervated by sympathetic as well as by parasympathetic nerve fibers. true false
TRUE
The parotid gland differs from the submandibular and sublingual glands in that it secretes a clear fluid that is rich in amylase. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
The thymus is in the mediastinum behind the sternum. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
Vitamin D deficiency, especially in older people,can result from lack of exposure to the sun. true false
TRUE
Vitamin E is stored primarily in adipose tissue and muscle. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
Vitamin K and B12 are synthesized by bacteria of the large intestine and then absorbed into the blood. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
Without a properly functioning large intestine, a person will have chronic diarrhea. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
What is a function of iron in the body? A) Needed for synthesis of hemoglobin B) Needed for blood clotting process C) Needed for synthesis of thyroid hormone D) Needed for activation of digestive enzymes
A
A population of lymphocytes whose members are all genetically identical and capable of responding to the same specific antigen is called a(n) __________.
clone
Compounds called __________, secreted by various immune cells, act to influence the functioning of other immune cells.
cytokines
The process of breaking down food into usable nutrients for absorption is called __________.
digestion
Accumulation of tissue fluid in the interstitial spaces is called __________.
edema
The process by which bile breaks down fat globules into smaller droplets is called __________.
emulsification
The rate at which chyme leaves the stomach is regulated by the __________ reflex.
enterogastric
The segment of the alimentary canal that is located between the pharynx and stomach is the __________.
esophagus
Nutrients that are necessary for health, but that human cells cannot synthesize, are called __________ nutrients.
essential
Bile salts aid the absorption of __________-soluble vitamins.
fat
The esophagus passes through an opening in the diaphragm called the esophageal __________.
hiatus
The passageway, or hollow space, through the digestive tube is called the __________.
lumen
Rough projections on the tongue that provide friction are called __________.
papillae
Disease-causing agents such as viruses and bacteria are called __________.
pathogens
Consider the molecular differences between classes of fats. Of lard and peanut oil, which will contain more double bonds in its structure?
peanut oil
Lymph is the name of the __________ that has entered a lymphatic capillary.
tissue fluid
The partially encapsulated lymphatic nodules located in the pharynx are called __________.
tonsils
The most common dietary lipids are fats called __________.
triglycerides
Niacin can be synthesized in human cells from the essential amino acid __________.
tryptophan
Bile salts function like detergents in that they __________ fat globules. A) emulsify B) coagulate C) digest D) liquefy
A
What does BMI measure? A) Weight in proportion to height B) The amount of body fat C) Volume in proportion to area D) The basal metabolic rate
A
A transplant recipient is more likely to reject a transplanted organ if there is not a close match between the __________ of the recipient and that of the donor. A) major histocompatibility complex B) blood type C) sex and age D) antibody response
A
All parts of the digestive tract have a mucosa layer. However, the appearance of the layer varies throughout the tract. Which of the following is a difference between the mucosae of the small and large intestines? A) The mucosa of the small intestine has microvilli, and that of the large intestine does not. B) The mucosa of the large intestine has goblet cells, and that of the small intestine does not. C) The mucosa of the small intestine has simple columnar epithelium, and that of the large intestine does not. D) The mucosa of the large intestine has larger circular folds, and that of the small intestine has a smooth wall.
A
An X-ray series of the bile ducts is called a __________. A) cholangiogram B) cholecystogram C) cholecystectomy D) cholelithiasis
A
Anaphylactic shock is a risk with what type of hypersensitivity? A) Type I hypersensitivity B) Type II hypersensitivity C) Type III hypersensitivity D) Type IV hypersensitivity
A
Antibody actions against antigens include __________ in which the antibodies bind to antigen, forming an insoluble complex that can be phagocytized. A) precipitation B) lysis C) agglutination D) opsonization
A
As a child, Sherry was poor and did not eat very well. A certain vitamin deficiency hindered development of the light-sensitive pigments in her eyes, and now she has poor vision in low-light environments. Which of the following vitamins should she take to improve her vision? A) Vitamin A B) Vitamin B 12 C) Vitamin D D) Vitamin K
A
Ashmi is 5'10" and weighs 160 pounds. According to the BMI chart, is she at a healthy weight? A) Yes, she is at a healthy weight. B) No, she is underweight. C) No, she is overweight. D) No, she is obese.
A
Candy and sugary desserts are associated with weight gain. Why would candy and sugary foods, containing carbohydrates, cause an increase in body fat? A) Carbohydrates, once broken down into glucose, can be used in lipogenesis and be converted into fats for storage, adding to body fat content. B) Glycogen, produced as glucose levels rise, will be stored in the liver. When it exceeds the storage capacity of the liver, it is transported to adipose tissue and added to the fat stores, increasing body fat content. C) Disaccharides like sucrose and lactose are broken down into monosaccharides and stored in fat cells beneath the skin, increasing body fat content. D) Any nutrient that is present in excess wil be stored in adipose tissue, increasing body fat content.
A
Deficiency of vitamin __________ causes night blindness. A) A B) C C) D D) K
A
Elliot thought that his peptic ulcers were caused by his nagging parents, and was surprised when the doctor handed him a prescription for medication to treat __________. A) a bacterial infection B) a viral infection C) a high pH D) excess bile
A
How can the innate defenses be characterized? A) Fast and nonspecific B) Slow and nonspecific C) Fast and specific D) Slow and specific
A
How do cytotoxic T cells destroy their targeted cells? A) They release perforin which puts holes in the cell membranes of the targeted cells. B) They produce antibodies that bind to and stimulate phagocytosis of the targeted cells. C) They cause helper T cells to directly attack the targeted cells, using cytokines as signals. D) They directly phagocytize the targeted cells, engulfing and destroying them.
A
If a vaccine is given to most people in a population, it can halt the spread of an infection because of __________. A) herd immunity B) passive immunity C) autoimmunity D) innate immunity
A
If prosecretin, the inactive form of the hormone secretin, is produced improperly and cannot be converted to the active form as a result, how will this affect the intestine and the pancreas during digestion? A) Alkaline pancreatic juice will not be released from the pancreas in response to chyme emptying into the duodenum. Peptic ulcers may result. B) Enzyme-rich pancreatic juice will not be released from the pancreas in response to chyme emptying into the duodenum. Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids will not be digested. C) Cholecystokinin will not be released from the intestinal wall, so the acid of the chyme will not be neutralized. The duodenum will form peptic ulcers due to acid erosion. D) Acute pancreatitis will occur, as secretin will accumulate within the pancreas and cause pancreatic enzymes to begin to digest pancreatic tissues.
A
If you take a piece of white bread and chew it slowly for a long period of time, the flavor will become very sweet. This is due to the starch molecules in the bread being digested into smaller sugars that trigger a sweet sensation. Which substance is responsible for this breakdown? A) Salivary amylase B) Mucus C) Bicarbonate ions D) Pepsin
A
Marsha gets a splinter in her finger. As the splinter penetrates her skin, potentially introducing microbes into her tissues, what is her body's first response? A) Innate defense mechanisms are activated. B) Adaptive defense mechanisms are activated. C) Hypersensitivity response is activated. D) Cytotoxic T cell response is activated.
A
Name the two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks. A) Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct B) Lumbar duct and left lymphatic duct C) Right and left thoracic ducts D) Bronchomediastinal duct and subclavian duct
A
Newborns can be protected against certain digestive and respiratory infections when they receive __________ via their mother's milk. A) IgA B) IgD C) IgM D) IgD
A
Red and white pulp are found in what structure? A) Spleen B) Thymus C) MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue) D) Lymph nodes
A
Sarah eats fruits, vegetables and dairy, but no meat or eggs. She is a(n) __________. A) lacto-vegetarian B) ovo-vegetarian C) vegan D) pesco-vegetarian
A
The __________ is the layer of the alimentary canal wall that absorbs nutrients. A) mucosa B) submucosa C) muscular layer BD) serosa
A
The common hepaticduct and the cystic ductunite to form the __________. A) common bileduct B) hepatic duct C) hepatopancreatic duct D) pancreatic duct
A
The greater omentum is composed of the __________ membrane. A) peritoneal B) pericardial C) pleural D) hiatal
A
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets __________, which explains why both the humoral and cellular immune responses become inefficient as a result of HIV infection. A) helper T cells B) natural killer cells C) plasma cells D) memory T cells
A
The mechanical breakup of food particles in the mouth is called __________. A) mastication B) salivation C) peristalsis D) absorption
A
The parotid gland is located __________ and functions to __________. A) on the side of the mouth; produce and secrete saliva B) under the mandible; produce and secrete saliva C) behind the stomach; produce and secrete digestive enzymes D) in the wall of the small intestine; produce and secrete mucus
A
The salivary glands secrete the enzyme __________ that breaks down __________. A) amylase; carbohydrates B) pepsin; proteins C) sucrase; sucrose D) lipase; lipids
A
What accessory organ is attached to the duodenum and secretes fluid rich in digestive enzymes? A) Pancreas B) Stomach C) Gallbladder D) Parotid gland
A
What are the largest salivary glands? A) Parotid glands B) Sublingual glands C) Submandibular glands
A
What cell types are primarily responsible for immunity? A) Lymphocytes and macrophages B) Neutrophils and lymphocytes C) Monocytes and macrophages D) Lymphocytes and monocytes
A
What condition can result from excess calcium in the diet? A) Deposition of calcium in soft tissue B) Brittle teeth C) Cracked fingernails D) Stunted growth
A
What condition is associated with lack of intrinsic factor and decreased absorption of cyanobalamin? A) Pernicious anemia B) Pellagra C) Megaloblastic anemia D) Scurvy
A
What is a function of the digestive system? A) Ingests and breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and defecates the unabsorbed material. B) Mechanically and chemically assembles food from absorbed nutrients. C) Sends cellular debris to lysosomes. D) Absorbs nutrients in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and stomach, and releases nutrients in the intestines.
A
What is the cisterna chyli? A) An enlarged sac at the distal end of the thoracic duct. B) A type of lymphatic nodule found within the intestinal walls. C) An organ located in the mediastinum that has a role in development of immune cells. D) An indentation of one side of a lymph node through which blood vessels and lymphatic vessels pass.
A
What is the condition that results from poor nutrition, lack of nutrients, or the failure to use them? A) Malnutrition B) Malabsorption C) Food intolerance D) Food allergy
A
What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on the salivary glands secretions? A) Small volume of watery saliva B) Large volume of viscous saliva C) Large volume of watery saliva D) Small volume of viscous saliva
A
What is the relationship between antigens and antibodies? A) The presence of an antigen triggers the production of antibodies. B) The presence of antibodies triggers the production of antigens. C) Antigens function to destroy or neutralize antibodies. D) Antibodies can be foreign cells, proteins, or other large molecules. Antigens are large proteins made by B cells.
A
What is true about the life-span of epithelial cells that form the inner lining of the small intestine? A) They are replaced every few days. B) They are not able to reproduce. C) They are replaced every few years. D) They are formed during development and last a lifetime.
A
What process occurs during the catabolism of proteins for energy? A) Deamination B) Glycogenolysis C) Glycolysis D) Beta oxidation
A
What protein-digesting enzyme is found in pancreatic juice? A) Trypsin B) Pancrease C) Amylase D) Nuclease
A
What teeth are best adapted for biting off chunks of food? A) Incisors B) Canines C) Bicuspids D) Molars
A
What type of immune resistance will a person develop after contracting and fighting off an infection? A) Naturally acquired active immunity B) Artificially acquired active immunity C) Artificially acquired passive immunity D) Naturally acquired passive immunity
A
What type of phagocytic cells are circulating in the blood? A) Neutrophils and monocytes B) Neutrophils and macrophages C) Monocytes and macrophages D) Lymphocytes and monocytes
A
When does aging of the lymphatic system begin? A) Before birth B) At birth C) Shortly after birth D) After age 50
A
Where does peristalsis occur in the digestive tract? A) From the pharynx to the anus B) In the stomach and small intestine only C) In the small and large intestines only D) In the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
A
Which constituent of bile has a digestive function? A) Bile salts B) Bile pigments C) Cholesterol D) Electrolytes
A
Which of the following cells function as phagocytes? A) Macrophages B) Lymphocytes C) Mast cells D) Erythrocytes
A
Which of the following is a function of the liver? A) It forms glucose from noncarbohydrates. B) It stores vitamin C. C) It produces red blood cells. D) It secretes chymotrypsin.
A
Which of the following is a good source of complex carbohydrates? A) Leafy greens B) Orange C) Chicken breast D) Peanuts
A
Which of the following is high in monounsaturated fats? A) Olive oil B) Butter C) Palm oil D) Coconut oil
A
Which of the following is stimulated by overdistention of the small-intestine wall? A) Peristaltic rush B) Segmentation C) Release of secretin D) Release of mucus
A
Which of the following occurs during the defecation reflex? A) Diaphragm is lowered. B) Glottis is opened. C) Abdominal wall muscles relax. D) Internal abdominal pressure is decreased.
A
Which of the following provide(s) a source of complete proteins? A) Eggs B) Corn C) Rice D) Wheat
A
Why might a protein deficiency be accompanied by edema? A) Protein deficiency results in a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure. B) Protein deficiency causes an increase in blood pressure. C) Protein deficiency causes vasodilation of capillaries throughout the body. D) Protein deficiency causes a decrease in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion.
A
Why might gallstones form? A) Because bile is too concentrated B) Because hepatic cells secrete too much HCl C) Because the pH of the gallbladder becomes too alkaline D) Because the liver is lacerated
A
You are examining different dietary supplements, trying to choose one for your child. Each supplement contains only four amino acids. Which supplement would be most suitable for your child's essential amino acid needs? A) Supplement W containing phenylalanine, lysine, cysteine, and valine B) Supplement X containing alanine, arginine, tyrosine, and serine C) Supplement Y containing tyrosine, lysine, glycine, and asparagine D) Supplement Z containing arginine, histidine, lysine, and methionine
A
You are flipping through your Instagram feed, which is full of pictures of food. Which of the following digestive processes did this most likely stimulate? A) Salivation B) Deglutition C) Mastication D) Defecation
A
A sample of food is put into a bomb calorimeter and its caloric content is measured. The final measurement reads 100 (large) Calories. How many joules of energy does this food contain? A) 4.184 joules B) 418.4 joules C) 4,184 joules D) 100,000 joules
B
Activities of the digestive system generally increase when it is stimulated by __________ impulses. A) sympathetic B) parasympathetic C) sensory D) somatic
B
Acute pancreatitis is often caused by the conversion of __________ within the pancreas. A) trypsin to trypsinogen B) trypsinogen to trypsin C) pepsin to pepsinogen D) pepsinogen to pepsin
B
Antigen-presenting cells engulf and digest an antigen, then insert antigen fragments on their cell surfaces in association with __________. A) class I MHC proteins B) class II MHC proteins
B
Cervical lymph nodes filter lymph draining from what region? A) Scalp and face B) Upper limb and mammary gland C) Thoracic viscera D) Abdominal viscera
B
David has sustained severe damage to his liver in a car accident. Digestion of which nutrient will be most affected? A) Carbohydrates B) Lipids C) Proteins D) Vitamins
B
71) What is the function of plasma cells? A) To increase the volume of the blood plasma. B) To produce antibody molecules. C) To directly attack cells displaying antigens. D) To produce interferon.
B
A change in dietary intake of which vitamin or mineral can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and flushing? A) A lack of calcium B) Excess niacin C) A deficiency of iron D) Excess vitamin C
B
A child hanging upside down from a tree takes a bite from a candy bar. They manage to chew the candy and swallow it successfully. How does the bolus move along the esophagus? A) Pressure changes due to inhalation draw the bolus through the esophagus. B) Peristalsis of the esophageal walls force the bolus to the stomach. C) The epiglottis pushes the bolus into the esophagus and forces it to remain there until the child returns to an upright position, when gravity can move it to the stomach D) The pharyngeal constrictor muscles push the bolus into the esophagus and force it to remain there until the child returns to an upright position, when gravity can move it to the stomach.
B
A group of people have their BMI scores calculated: Jordan has a BMI of 26. Matt has a BMI of 21. Kelsey has a BMI score of 29. Heather has a BMI score of 31. Chad has a BMI of 23. Which of these people is considered obese by the BMI standards? A) Jordan B) Heather C) Matt D) Chad
B
A large calorie (kilocalorie) equals the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water by __________ degree(s) Celsius. A) 0.1 B) 1 C) 10 D) 100
B
A negative nitrogen balance results from a net loss of __________. A) monosaccharides B) amino acids C) genes D) macronutrients
B
A newborn was miserable and vomiting frequently. An X-ray revealed hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. What was the problem in the digestive system? A) An overgrowth of the stomach wall has narrowed the opening between the esophagus and stomach. B) An overgrowth of muscle has blocked the passageway from the stomach to the small intestine. C) A genetic defect has resulted in the absence of the pylorus. D) An abnormally large peptic ulcer near the opening of the esophagus into the stomach has developed.
B
A person has a hormonal disorder in which their stomach constantly secretes ghrelin. Predict the effect of this disorder. A) The person will never feel hungry. B) The person will constantly feel hungry. C) The person will have an increased metabolic rate. D) The person will have an increased metabolic rate, but no abnormal effect on appetite.
B
List some of the cytokines that are important to an immune response. A) Major histocompatibility complex, perforin B) Interleukin-1, interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor C) IgG, IgA, and IgM D) Histamine, prostaglandin D2, leukotrienes
B
Lymph nodes are located throughout the body except in the __________. A) lungs B) central nervous system C) mesentery D) anal region
B
Peripheral tissue cells remove __________ lipoproteins from plasma by receptor- mediated endocytosis. A) VLDL B) LDL C) HDL D) triglycerides
B
Sarah is trying to understand the principle of energy balance so she can develop a diet plan. What is an important fact for her to understand? A)If energy expenditure exceeds caloric intake, it creates a positive energy balance. This leads to weight loss. B) If energy expenditure exceeds caloric intake, it creates a negative energy balance. This leads to weight loss. C)If caloric intake exceeds energy expenditure, it creates a negative energy balance. This leads to weight loss D)If caloric intake exceeds energy expenditure, it creates a positive energy balance. This leads to weight loss.
B
Stomach cells secrete gastrin. What is the function of gastrin? A) To inhibit the production of hydrochloric acid B) To increase the secretion by the gastric glands C) To change pepsin into pepsinogen D) To stimulate contraction the stomach
B
Tanisha has abdominal pains. Medical tests reveal that she can digest nutrients, but the nutrients are not taken in by the intestinal blood supply. What term best describes Tanisha's condition? A) Malnutrition B) Malabsorption C) Constipation D) Food allergy
B
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is responsible for the infection known as mononucleosis. The virus attacks B lymphocytes and uses them to replicate itself. When the immune system manages to halt EBV production, the virus still remains dormant in infected B cells for the rest of the life of the host. In which of the following locations would you most likely find dormant EBV in a previously infected person? A) The eyes B) The spleen C) The stomach D) The hair
B
The bacterial species Heliobacter pylori has been associated with the formation of stomach ulcers. The bacteria burrows into the mucosal lining of the stomach, degrading it and forming a hole. What type of innate defense is this bacteria overcoming? A) Chemical barriers B) Mechanical barriers C) Inflammation D) Species resistance
B
The vitamin that functions as part of coenzyme A is ___________. A) pyridoxine B) pantothenic acid C) niacin D) riboflavin
B
Virus-infected cells release __________ that function to protect nearby cells from becoming infected. A) complement B) interferons C) perforin D) exudate
B
What cells make up the mononuclear phagocytic system? A) T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes B) Monocytes and macrophages C) Basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils D) Mast cells and megakaryocytes
B
What changes in the mouth occur due to aging? A) Overgrowth of gums B) Thinning enamel C) Thinning cementum D) Shrinking dentin
B
What components form a triglyceride? A) Three glycerols and a fatty acid B) Glycerol and three fatty acids C) A cholesterol and three fatty acids D) Two cholesterols and two fatty acids
B
What do all B vitamins have in common? A) All are produced by the body and are non-essential. B) All are involved in the oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. C) All are lipid-soluble. D) All are amino acids.
B
What is adiponectin? A) A nutrient that causes weight gain. B) A hormone secreted by fat cells that affects the response of target cells to insulin. C) A hormone secreted by the lining of the stomach that enhances appetite. D) A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that suppresses appetite after a fatty meal.
B
What is an effect of the activation of the complement system? A) Rapid production of antibodies. B) Increased effectiveness of phagocytosis of antigen. C) Enlarging of the clone of B cells targeting an antigen. D) Release of cytokines that activate T lymphocytes.
B
What is found in most over-the-counter antacids? A) Agents that lower the pH in the stomach B) Sodium, aluminum, calcium, or magnesium C) A mixture of digestive juices D) Anti-inflammatory medicines such as ibuprofen
B
What is good general dietary advice for athletes? A) To eat about equal amounts of the three macronutrients. B) To eat 60% or more carbohydrates, mostly from grains and vegetables. C) To eat only two large meals a day, with no snacks. D) To eat much more protein than non-athletes.
B
What is one of the functions of the large intestine? A) To secrete digestive enzymes B) To absorb ingested water C) To regulate the release of bile D) To break down hemoglobin
B
What is opsonization? A) Process of activating helper T cells. B) Process of coating of an antigen with proteins to make it more readily phagocytized. C) Process of binding of antibodies to the toxic region of an antigen, making it unable to have its toxic effect. D) Process of directly causing the rupture of a foreign cell.
B
What is the correct sequence for the layers in the walls of the alimentary canal from innermost to outermost? A) Mucosa, muscular layer, serosa, submucosa B) Mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa C) Serosa, muscular layer, mucosa, submucosa AD) Submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscular layer
B
What is the function of MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)? A) Filter lymph returning from body tissues. B) Protect against pathogens within digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. C) Assist in the production and maturation of immue cells, including T and B lymphocytes. D) Filter blood, removing damaged red and white blood cells.
B
What is the uvula? A) A type of tooth B) A projection from the soft palate C) A flap of tissue that keeps food from entering the trachea D) Part of the tongue
B
What occurs during a primary immune response? A) The plasma antibody concentration increases rapidly with maximal levels occurring at about 1-2 days after exposure. Concentration remains high for prolonged period. B) The plasma antibody concentration increases slowly, peaking at about 10-12 days after exposure to antigen. C) The plasma antibody concentration increases rapidly with maximal levels occurring at about 1-2 days after exposure. Concentration drops off quickly at about day 5. D) The plasma antibody concentration increases gradually, continually increasing until about 2 months after antigen exposure, when antibody levels begins to drop.
B
What organ produces VLDL? A) Pancreas B) Liver C) Kidneys D) Stomach
B
What part of an antibody molecule binds to its targeted antigen? A) The end of the molecule consisting of both heavy chain constant regions. B) The ends of the molecule consisting of both light and heavy chain variable regions. C) The end of the molecule consisting of a heavy chain constant region and a light chain variable region. D) The ends of the molecules consisting of a heavy chain variable region and a light chain constant region.
B
What responses to a pathogen are slower but more specific? A) Innate defenses B) Adaptive defenses C) Nonspecific defenses D) Inborn defenses
B
Where are clusters of B cells located within a lymph node? A) Within the medulla B) Within the lymphatic nodules C) Within the lymphatic sinuses D) Within the efferent lymphatic vessels
B
Which of the following describes the potential changes in basal metabolic rate (BMR) throughout life? A) Increases continually throughout life B) Increases from birth to age five, then declines, then peaks in adolescence, then drops during adulthood C) Increases or decreases depending upon how much a person exercises D) Remains the same throughout life.
B
Which of the following is the correct sequence for the digestion and absorptionof lipids? 1. Formation of chylomicrons 2. Emulsification by bile 3. Diffusion through the epithelial cell membrane 4. Hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase 5. Movementinto lacteal ducts A) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 B) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 C) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5 D) 3, 2, 4, 5, 1
B
Which of the following vitamins is necessary for the production of collagen? A) Vitamin D B) Vitamin C C) Thiamine D) Biotin
B
Which statement describes the spleen? A) It consists of two lobes and is located in the mediastinum. B) It resembles a large lymph node divided into lobules. C) It functions to produce T lymphocytes. D) It filters lymph.
B
15) From the collecting ducts, lymph enters __________ and becomes part of the __________. A) lymphatic trunks; interstital fluid B) capillaries; bloodsupply C) veins; plasma D) lymph nodes; tissue fluid
C
A child hanging upside down from a tree takes a bite from a candy bar. They manage to chew the candy and swallow it successfully. What prevents the bolus from entering the upper part of the nasopharynx? A) Muscles immediately pull the pharynx upward as part of the swallowing reflex and draw it off of the back of the tongue. B) The posterior part of the tongue and the anterior section of the pharynx undergo peristalsis, so the food is immediately pushed downward. C) During the swallowing reflex, the tongue presses against the soft palate and pushes the soft palate up to close off the nasopharynx. D) The most anterior section of the nasopharynx is only connected to the oropharynx by small ducts, so the bolus cannot enter it.
C
After eating, the hormone __________ signals the hypothalamus to suppress appetite. A) ghrelin B) neuropeptide Y C) leptin D) pepsin.
C
As part of her treatment for breast cancer, Stephanie has her right breast removed. In addition, the surgeon removes lymph nodes from her right axillary region to prevent the spread of the cancer. What is a likely result of this procedure? A) Her right arm loses its blood supply. B) Her right arm receives too much blood and swells. C) Her right arm becomes edematous. D) Her right arm becomes thinner as muscle mass is lost.
C
Because of their location, swollen palatine tonsils may interfere with __________. A) breathing only B) swallowing only C) both breathing and swallowing D) neither breathing nor swallowing
C
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are classified as __________. A) nanonutrients B) micronutrients C) macronutrients D) piconutrients
C
Carrie is being examined by her dentist, who notices that she has many cavities (caries). When she tells him about her dental regimen, he explains to her that she doesn't brush her teeth often enough to remove the bacteria that __________, which is why she has so many cavities. A) infect the gums, causing dental caries B) destroy the gums so that the teeth loosen C) metabolize carbohydrates in food, producing acidic by-products that damage enamel and dentin D) directly secrete acids that dissolve enamel
C
Deficiency of vitamin __________ causes osteomalacia. A) A B) C C) D D) E
C
DiGeorge syndrome is a chromosomal disorder that may result in an under-developed thymus. In a child with this outcome,which of the following complications might occur? A) Severe vitamin deficiencies B) A tendency for developing edema in the limbs C) A tendency for frequent infections D) Stunted growth
C
Edith suffers from severe heartburn. She goes to her physician and is diagnosed with a hiatal hernia. This condition affects her __________. A) abdominal wall B) small intestine C) diaphragm D) heart
C
Henry has a scrape on his knee that has become infected. What set of lymph nodes would be expected to become enlarged as a result? A) Abdominal lymph nodes B) Pelvic lymph nodes C) Inguinal lymph nodes D) Supratrochlear lymph nodes
C
Hepatitis C accounts for nearly half the known causes of hepatitis. How is hepatitis C transmitted? A) Coming in contact with infected saliva B) Eating infected food C) Coming in contact with infected blood D) Having sexual intercouse with an infected person
C
How are the ingredients listed on the label of a packaged food? A) They are listed from most to least tasty. B) They are listed in increasing order by weight. C) They are listed in decreasing order by weight. D) They are listed alphabetically.
C
How do viruses differ from other pathogens? A) They are larger than most other pathogens. B) They are more likely to cause life-threatening infections. C) They are not capable of reproducing outside a living cell. D) They are multicellular.
C
How does a vaccine produce its effects? A) By directly binding to the antigens and neutralizing them. B) By using chemotaxis to attract antigens to areas where the vaccine can destroy them. C) By stimulating a primary immune response. D) By activating autoantibodies.
C
Immune cells called __________ are activated when their antigen receptors bind to displayed foreign antigens. They will then release cytokines that function to continue the immune response. A) natural killer cells B) B lymphocytes C) helper T cells D) plasma cells
C
Injections of gamma globulin will provide __________ immunity A) naturally acquired active B) artificially acquired active C) artificially acquired passive D) naturally acquired passive
C
Jenna contracted chicken pox, caused by the Varicella-Zoster virus, and made a full recovery. She is unlikely to suffer from chicken pox again because of what part of the immune response? A) The activation of macrophages. B) The production of memory B cells and memory T cells. C) The production of high levels of IgD and IgA. D) The production and activation of mast cells.
C
Kwashiorkor may develop in children who have a dietary deficiency of __________. A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) fiber
C
Loperamide is a medication used to slow and stop diarrhea. It inhibits nervous signalling to the large intestine, relaxing the smooth muscles within the intestinal wall and preventing mass movements. Which of the following intestinal conditions/diseases have diarrheal symptoms that can be controlled with loperamide? A) Colorectal cancer B) Hemorrhoids C) Inflammatory bowel disease D) Diverticulosis
C
Matthew takes a drug that inhibits the production of HCl in the stomach to ease the symptoms of a gastric ulcer. If he takes it for a long time, digestion of which nutrient would be affected the most? A) Carbohydrates B) Lipids C) Proteins D) Minerals
C
Morris has Crohn's disease and has been given the drug called Humira ®. His doctor told him that it is a monoclonal antibody. What does this mean? A) The drug is a cocktail of many types of antibodies. B) The drug is a cocktail of many types of antigens. C) The drug consists of a single type of antibody. D) The drug consists of a single type of antigen.
C
Protein is broken down into smaller and smaller fragments, but ultimately the smaller fragments require splitting of the last peptide bond between two amino acids. What enzygme catalyzes this reaction? A) Pepsin B) Chymotrypsin C) Dipeptidase D) Carboxypeptidase
C
T lymphocytes are responsible for what aspect of defense against infection? A) Inflammation B) Humoral immune response C) Cellular immune response D) Fever
C
The major mixing movement in the small intestine is accomplished by __________. A) peristalsis B) churning C) segmentation D) mass movement
C
The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a(n) __________. A) artery B) arteriole C) vein D) capillary
C
What are examples of fat-soluble vitamins? A) Vitamin C and E B) B-complex vitamins C) Vitamins A, D, and K D) Vitamins A and B-complex vitamins
C
What are pathogens? A) A type of antibody B) Agents that alter DNA base sequences C) Disease-causing agents D) Phagocytic leukocytes
C
What defense mechanism responds to the presence of foreign antigens by initiating a cascade of reactions, resulting in inflammation and enhanced phagocytosis in the area? A) Adaptive defenses B) Interferon C) Complement system D) Natural killer cells
C
What disorder of the large intestine produces a "cobblestone" effect within the tissues of the colon after many years? A) Colorectal cancer B) Hemorrhoids C) Crohn's disease D)Ulcerative colitis
C
What is one function of lymph? A) Return of proteins to the tissue fluid. B) Transport of foreign particles to the kidneys. C) Transport of foreign particles to the lymph nodes. D) Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
C
What is secreted by the parietal cells of gastric glands? A) Mucus B) Pepsinogen C) Hydrochloric acid D) Pepsin
C
What is the action of the hormone secretin? A) Converts trypsinogen to trypsin B) Activates chymotrypsin C) Stimulates release of pancreatic juice D) Inhibits the action of pancreatic lipase
C
What is the effect of interleukin-1 secretion? A) An allergic response B) An antibody response C) Fever D) Cytokine secretion
C
What is the result of a cellular immune response? A) B cells produce antibodies that attack antigens. B) T cells produce antibodies that attack antigens. C) T cells attach directly to cells displaying foreign antigens and destroy them. D) B cells attach directly to cells displaying foreign antigens and destroy them.
C
What is the target of cytotoxic T cells? A) Anitgen-presenting cells B) Antigens in solution C) Cancer cells and virally infected cells D) Helper T cells
C
What is true for all of the enzymes that digest protein? A) They are secreted by the pancreas. B) They are activated by HCl. C) They are secreted in an inactive form. D) Their release is stimulated by enterokinase.
C
What is usually a major component of gallstones? A) Calcium salts B) Uric acid C) Cholesterol D) Bile pigments
C
What lipoprotein picks up cholesterol from the peripheral tissues and returns it to the liver? A) VLDLs B) LDLs C) HDLs D) Triglycerides
C
What monosaccarides are part of RNA and DNA? A) Glucose and galactose B) Sucrose and fructose C) Ribose and deoxyribose D) Glucose and glycogen
C
What part of the digestive tract has the most lymph nodules and bacteria? A) Duodenum B) Jejunum C) Ileum D) Colon
C
What regulates pancreatic secretion of digestive enzymes? A) Bile salts B) Cholesterol C) Cholecystokinin D) The amount of food eaten
C
What type of immunoglobulins are involved in type I hypersensitivity? A) IgM B) IgA C) IgE D) IgD
C
Where are nucleic acids chemically digested? A) In the mouth B) In the stomach C) In the small intestine D) In the large intestine
C
Where are the supratrochlear lymph nodes located? A) In the hand B) Proximal to the ankle C) Medial side of elbow D) Behind the knee
C
Which of the following activities should lead to the loss of at least a pound of fat in one week? A) Slow walking for an hour each day B) Sitting at rest for two hours each day C) Swimming or running for an hour each day D) Swimming for half an hour each day
C
Which of the following best demonstrates species resistance? A) Certain strains of H1N1 virus infect both humans and pigs. B) Certain strains of avian flu are transmissible between chickens, ducks, and other birds. C) A worker at an animal shelter encounters a cat with Calicivirus, but cannot become sick with Calicivirus themselves. D) A worker at an animal shelter encounters a cat with Calicivirus and infects their own cat at home when it comes in contact with their work clothes.
C
Which of the following is a trace element? A) Magnesium B) Sulfur C) Iron D) Chlorine
C
Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system? A) Returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream. B) Protecting the body against infection. C) Transporting oxygen-poor blood back to the venous system. D) Transporting the products of lipid digestion from the intestine to the liver.
C
Which of the following is not a monosaccharide? A) Fructose B) Glucose C) Sucrose D) Galactose
C
Which of the following minerals is important in synthesizing and using ATP? A) Zinc B) Chlorine C) Magnesium D) Potassium
C
Which of the following occurs during an adaptive immune response? A) Phagocytosis B) Production of interferon C) Production of antibodies D) Production of defensins
C
Why is a short-term low-grade fever an effective innate defense? A) It increases iron content of the blood, inhibiting growth of pathogens. B) It involves increased levels of pyrogens that destroy the pathogens. C) It increases body temperature, which enhances the effectiveness of phagocytes. D) It increases body temperature, causing dehydration which can inhibit growth of pathogens.
C
Why might Vitamin A deficiency take years to become noticeable? A) It is difficult to eat too many carrots. B) Most vitamin A leaves the body in urine. C) The liver stores it. D) The symptoms are mostly unnoticeable.
C
A genetic mutation prevents the parietal cells of the gastric glands from secreting their typical products. What effect would this have on digestion within the stomach? A) The stomach would not produce a protective mucus coating and would digest itself. B) Somatostatin would be secreted, so all digestion would be halted. C) Pepsinogen would not be secreted, so protein digestion would not occur within the stomach. D) Hydrochloric acid would not be produced, so pepsinogen would not be activated to form pepsin.
D
A group of people have their BMI scores calculated: Jordan has a BMI of 26. Matt has a BMI of 21. Kelsey has a BMI score of 29. Heather has a BMI score of 31. Chad has a BMI of 23. Which of these people is considered overweight by the BMI standards? A) Jordan B) Heather C) Matt D) Two or more of these people are considered overweight
D
A sample of food is put into a bomb calorimeter and its caloric content is measured. The final measurement reads 100 (large) Calories. How many (small) calories does the food contain? A) 0.1 cal B) 418.4 cal C) 10,000 cal D) 100,000 cal
D
An CT scan shows a blockage in the duodenum that needs to be removed surgically. The gastroenterologist will make a small incision in the duodenal wall to remove the obstruction. Which tunic will be cut first? A) Mucosa B) Submucosa C) Muscularis D) Serosa
D
Ankyloglossia is a condition in which the tongue is almost completely anchored to the floor of the mouth along its midline. This causes the sufferer to have extreme difficulty talking and manipulating food during the process of mastication. The abnormal overgrowth of what structure would cause this condition? A) The vestibule B) The epiglottis C) The palatine tonsil D) The lingual frenulum
D
Cells of the __________ system require a continuous supply of glucose. A) muscular B) respiratory C) digestive D) nervous
D
Chylomicrons transport dietary fats to __________ through the blood. A) bones and cartilage B) neurons and neuroglia C) the liver and gallbladder D) muscle and adipose cells
D
Evangeline is 5'4" and weighs 200 pounds giving her a BMI score of 34. According to the BMI chart, she is __________. A) underweight B) a healthy weight C) overweight D) obese
D
Excess intake of which vitamin could possibly lead to irreversible renal damage? A) Vitamin C B) Vitamin B 12 C) Vitamin B 1 D) Vitamin D
D
Feces are about __________ percent water. A) 25 B) 33 C) 50 D) 75
D
Following contact with its targeted antigen, a B cell will divide and differentiate into __________ which produce and secrete antibodies. A) T cells B) antibodies C) megakaryocytes D) plasma cells
D
How many essential amino acids are needed by adults? A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8
D
Lydia is taking an antihistamine for her allergies and developsxerostomia. What is xerostomia? A) A peptic ulcer B) Hairloss C) Bad breath D) Dry mouth
D
Mucus, tears, saliva, and hair are all examples of what type of defense against potential pathogens? A) Adaptive defenses B) Chemical barriers C) Mononuclear phagocytic system D) Mechanical barriers
D
Name the class of hormones that stimulate maturation of T lymphocytes. A) Insulins B) Gonadotropins C) Thyroid hormones D) Thymosins
D
Rheumatic fever, Graves' disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus are examples of ___________. A) graft-versus-host disorders B) immediate-reaction hypersensitivity disorders C) antibody-dependent cytotoxic reaction disorders D) autoimmune disorders
D
Stan takes vitamin supplements every day, buying whatever is on sale at the health food store. He develops nausea, headache, fatigue, easy bruising, and bleeding. Which vitamin is he likely taking in excess? A) Vitamin B 12 B) Vitamin C C) Vitamin D D) Vitamin E
D
Taking NSAID pain relievers like aspirin or ibuprofen for several weeks disrupts prostaglandin hormone signalling to cells in the stomach. This causes an interruption in production of the protective inner coating of the stomach, which leads to ulcers and further acid erosion. Which gastric cells are being affected by prolonged use of NSAID pain relievers? A) Parietal cells B) Chief cells C) Microvilli D) Mucous neck cells
D
The alimentary canal extends between what two points? A) The mouth to the large intestine B) The stomach to the small intestine C) The liver to the gallbladder D) The mouth to the anus
D
The body can synthesize a provitamin from dietary cholesterol and store it in skin. With exposure to ultraviolet light, this provitamin is changed to an inactive form of vitamin __________ .
D
The epiglottis is attached to the __________. A) esophagus B) trachea C) pharynx D) larynx
D
The redness and swelling that occurs with inflammation is due to what changes in the infected/injured tissue? A) Decreased blood flow and capillary permeability. B) Increased blood flow and decreased capillary permeability. C) Decreased blood flow and increased capillary permeability. D) Increased blood flow and capillary permeability.
D
The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels and nerves pass is called the __________. A) sinus B) capsule C) nodule D) hilum
D
Tissue fluid is formed when fluid __________ and lymph is formed when fluid __________. A) is forced out of lymph vessels; enters lymph capillaries B) is forced out of blood plasma; enters blood capillaries C) is forced out of lymph capillaries; enters blood capillaries D) is forced out of blood plasma; enters lymph capillaries
D
Treatment with antibiotic drugs is sometimes followed by a deficiency of vitamin __________. A) A B) C C) D D) K
D
Vanessa takes many vitamin supplements, claiming that they give her energy. She is mistaken because cells preferentially use __________ for energy. A) minerals B) amino acids C) proteins D) carbohydrates
D
What compound replenishes cellular glucose supplies once supplies are depleted? A) Triglycerides B) Proteins C) Amino acids D) Glycogen
D
What feature of the spleen allows it to perform its function? A) A large number of lymphatic vessels enter the spleen at the hilum, so that lymph can be filtered. B) The highly permeable venous sinuses within the spleen allow blood to pass into the red pulp where it is filtered. C) The splenic nodules of the white pulp are a site for production and maturation of lymphocytes. D) The close proximity of lymphatic vessels to the venous sinuses allows lymph to return to the blood stream.
D
What is a function of saliva? A) Absorbing fat from ingested food B) Cleansing the esophagus C) Breaking food into smaller pieces D) Beginning the chemical digestion of carbohydrates
D
What is a hapten? A) A substance that causes the hypothalamus to raise the thermoregulatory set point. B) An unspecialized precursor cell that can be converted to a T lymphocyte. C) A component of the complement system that increases the activity of phagocytes. D) A small molecule that, by itself, does not initiate an immune response.
D
What is found in the root canal of a tooth? A) Dentin B) Cementum C) Gingiva D) Blood vessels and nerves
D
What is the effect of potassium deficiency in the body? A) Dry skin B) Brittle bones C) Muscle spasms D) Cardiac arrythmias
D
What is the main part of the stomach is called? A) Fundus B) Pylorus C) Cardia D) Body
D
What role does the lymphatic system have in influencing body fluids? A) It adds hypotonic fluid to any tissue fluid that has an elevated solute concentration. B) It moves tissue fluid from one area to another, ensuring that all tissue fluid levels are consistent. C) It provides the fluid needed to bathe tissue cells in nutrient-rich fluid. D) It moves excess tissue fluid from the interstitium to the bloodstream.
D
What stimulates the secretion of cholecystokinin from the intestinal wall? A) Protein in the stomach B) Carbohydrates in the small intestine C) Fat in the stomach D) Protein and fat in the small intestine
D
What type of hypersensitivity involves T lymphocytes? A) Type I hypersensitivity B) Type II hypersensitivity C) Type III hypersensitivity D) Type IV hypersensitivity
D
What type of immunoglobulin is the most abundant of the circulating antibodies? A) IgA B) IgD C) IgE D) IgG
D
Which factor does not affect basal metabolic rate (BMR)? A) Body size B) Body temperature C) The level of endocrine activity D) The composition of the diet
D
Which is not a factor that may affect the rate of absorption of certain medications with age? A) Slowing of the exit of chyme from the stomach B) Slowing of peristalsis C) Thinning of the stomach lining D) Loss of power in mastication
D
Which is not a medical condition that affects the ability to obtain adequate nutrition? A) Tooth decay B) Depression C) Periodontal disease D) Osteomalacia
D
Which is not an involuntary part of the swallowing reflex? A) Muscles pull the pharynx upward toward the food. B) The epiglottis closes off the top of the trachea. C) The tongue presses against the uvula and soft palate. D) The tongue rolls chewed food into a bolus and pushes it to the oropharynx.
D
Which of the following is not a function of the liver? A) Maintaining blood glucose concentration B) Formation of urea C) Secretion of bile D) Secretion of insulin
D
Which of the following is not lipid? A) Triglycerides B) Vegetable oil C) Cholesterol D) Tyrosine
D
Which of the following is true about bile? A) Cholecystokinin stimulates its production. B) Secretin stimulates its release into the duodenum. C) It contains concentrated enzymes that digest carbohydrates. D) It is produced by the liver.
D
Which of the following regimens would not lead to the loss of one pound of fat in one week? A) Burning 1,000 calories a day swimming, or eating 1,000 fewer calories a day. B) Burning 500 calories a day running or eating 500 fewer calories a day. C) Burning 1,000 calories during exercise three times a week and eating an extra 200 calories a day. D) Eating 250 calories less every day.
D
Which of the following vitamins can promote intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus? A) Vitamin A B) Vitamin K C) NiacinD) Vitamin D
D
Which organ is not part of the gastrointestinal tract? A) Esophagus B) Large intestine C) Oral cavity D) Liver
D
AIDS is caused by a virus that targets B lymphocytes. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
An immunoglobulin molecule is an antigen secreted by T lymphocytes. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
An injection of synthetic antibodies imparts active immunity. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
Bile is composed of HCl, pepsin, mucus, and intrinsic factor. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
Bile salts function as digestive enzymes to break down fatty acids. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
Carbohydrates include cholesterol and phospholipids. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
Cholesterol functions in the body as an energy source, and furnishes molecular components for the synthesis of various sex hormones. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
Cyanocobalamin is found exclusively in plants. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
Dietary minerals are organic molecules. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
Essential amino acids are those required to build proteins, whereas nonessential amino acids are not required to build proteins. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
Fat-soluble vitamins dissolve in water, are very sensitive to the effects of heat, and are easily destroyed by cooking or food processing. true false
FALSE
Gram for gram, carbohydrates provide about twice as much energy as proteins. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
Immunoglobulin A is abundant in endocrine gland secretions. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
Intake of at least 10 grams of carbohydrate is needed daily to avoid protein breakdown. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
Kwashiorkor tends to affect adolescent girls from well-to-do families who perceive themselves as being too fat. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
Linoleic acid is an essential amino acid. true false
FALSE
Malnutrition due to diet alone is called secondary malnutrition. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
Monica doesn't eat anything that was once in an animal. She is an ovo-vegetarian. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
Neuropeptide Y is secreted in the stomach and suppresses appetite. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
Peristalsis mixes food with digestive enzymes in small segments of the alimentary canal. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
Provitamins are special vitamins used by elite athletes. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
The B vitamins are fat-soluble vitamins. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
The average BMR for an adult indicates a need for one calorie of energy per hour for each gram of body weight. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
The cecum is located at the inferior end of the descending colon. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
The chamber of the mouth between the tongue and the palate is the vestibule. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
The enterogastric reflex begins in the stomach and ends in the small intestine. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
The esophagus provides a passageway for substances from the larynx to the bronchi. true false
FALSE
The hepatic duct connects the gallbladder to the bile duct. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
The large intestine absorbs water, fats, and salts. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
The liver functions in fat metabolism to control the amounts of glucose, amino acids, and iron released into the blood. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
The most abundant major minerals in the body are potassium and sodium. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
The pancreas is part of the alimentary canal. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
The pyloric sphincter serves as a valve that controls the movement of food between the esophagus and stomach. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
The result of vitamin D deficiency in children is a condition called scurvy. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
The stomach is C-shaped and connects the duodenum to the spleen. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
The thymus enlarges after puberty. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
Two mechanical barriers to infection are interferon and inflammation. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
Vitamins contain calories and therefore provide energy for the body. ⊚ true ⊚ false
FALSE
From the stomach, food passes into the duodenum, then the jejunum, and then the ileum. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
Glycogen stored in the liver and muscles of an adult provides enough reserve energy to meet energy demands for about 12 hours. true false
TRUE
Individuals who are growing or recovering from an injury exhibit positive nitrogen balance. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
Innate defenses include mechanical and chemical barriers to prevent entry of any foreign cells, whereas adaptive defenses include responses that target specific disease-causing agents. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
A bacterial cell or a virus particle has multiple antigenic sites and will trigger a polyclonal response. - True - False
TRUE
A caloric intake that exceeds caloric output results in a positive energy balance. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
A complete protein has adequate amounts of the essential amino acids. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
A group of girls at a middle school are all diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. One girl's counselor tells her that it is a serious illness, from which 15 to 21 percent of sufferers die. The counselor is correct. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
A set of primary teeth consists of 20 teeth, whereas a set of secondary teeth consists of 32 teeth. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
About 75% of the minerals in the body are in bones and teeth, and include calcium and phosphorus. Homeostatic mechanisms regulate their concentrations. true false
TRUE
Active immunity results when a person is exposed to a pathogen and mounts an immune response against it. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
Amino acids can be used to synthesize proteins for cellular structures, to synthesize proteins that function in various body processes, and for energy. true FALSEfalse
TRUE
As a result of an allergen binding to an IgE antibody, mast cells release histamine. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
Autoimmune diseases are more common in older people. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
B lymphocytes do not interact with antigen-presenting cells. Rather, they target "free" antigens. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
Buring 600 calories every day through exercise, without a change in caloric intake, would put someone in a negative energy balance. true false
TRUE
Cholecystokinin stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
Cholesterol is synthesized in the liver. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
Complete proteins can promote normal growth, whereas incomplete proteins cannot. true false
TRUE
Copper is essential for producing melanin and myelin. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
During the primary immune response, B lymphocytes give rise to plasma cells. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
Fat molecules with longer chains of carbon atoms are transported away from the intestine in the lymph. true false
TRUE
Fatty foods stay in the stomach longer than protein or carbohydrate foods. ⊚ true ⊚ false
TRUE
Riboflavin is carried in the blood combined with the blood protein called __________.
albumin
The __________ canal includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal.
alimentary
Proteins are composed of smaller subunits called __________.
amino acids
Dendritic cells and macrophages function as __________ cells, helping to trigger an immune response.
antigen-presenting
The foreign or "non-self" substances that trigger immune responses are called __________.
antigens
Pancreatic fluid contains a high concentration of __________ ions, which makes it alkaline.
bicarbonate
Saliva contains __________ ions that helps buffer the acid in the mouth.
bicarbonate
Cholesterol removed from the blood is excreted as a component of __________.
bile
Most recipients of cholecystectomies have difficulty digesting fatty foods after the procedure. This is due to the lack of emulsification of lipids during the process of digestion, which makes it harder for lipase to access and break down fats. This is because the __________ that would have been part of the bile are not being efficiently released into the small intestine during digestion.
bile salts
The instrument that measures the caloric content of a food sample is a(n) __________.
bomb calorimeter
Hannah eats tremendous amounts of food, but then takes laxatives, vomits, and exercises to keep from gaining weight. She has an eating disorder called __________.
bulimia
The units of heat that measure the amount of energy in food are called __________.
calories
The sphincter muscle located between the small intestine and the large intestine is the __________.
ileocecal valve
Chisel-shaped teeth are called __________.
incisors
A patient swears they make sure they eat plenty of foods rich in vitamin B12, but they still suffer from the anemia, jaundice, and weakness associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. Their doctor thinks their body might not be producing __________, which is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption.
intrinsic factor
Diabetics who don't have access to or refuse their insulin supplementation quickly become starved for glucose. Their body rapidly oxidizes lipids into acetyl CoA, and then into__________, which can be used as fuel much like glucose by various tissues of the body. However, these molecules can build up and raise blood pH, which is life-threatening.
ketone bodies
Large, fixed phagocytes in the lining of the hepatic sinusoids are called __________ cells.
kupffer
A lymphatic capillary within a villus of the small intestine is called a ____________.
lacteal
Loperamide is a medication used to slow and stop diarrhea. It inhibits nervous signalling to the large intestine, relaxing the smooth muscles within the intestinal wall and preventing intestinal contents from moving forward. The large peristaltic waves inhibited by loperamide are called __________.
mass movements
The double-layered folds of the peritoneum that support portions of the small intestine are called __________.
mesenteries
As a whole, the chemical reactions that are used by cells to build and break down compounds are referred to as __________.
metabolism
Fructose, glucose, and galactose are examples of a type of carbohydrate called __________.
monosaccharides
You would expect a person diagnosed with anorexia nervosa to have a __________ nitrogen balance due to the starvation conditions.
negative
The typical source of dietary iodine is iodized __________.
salt
Several days after contracting a viral infection, Gregory noticed pressure and discomfort deep to his lower ribs on his left side. He is noticing symptoms that suggest that his __________ has become enlarged.
spleen
The __________ trunk drains lymph from the upper limb.
subclavian