APAH Hindu and Buddhist work

Angkor, the temple of Angkor Wat, and the city of Agnkor Thom

FORM: Main pyramid is surrounded by four corner towers. the central axis is aligned with the planets so the structure is connected to the cosmos. Sandstone was used to carve the reliefs, Cambodia, Buddhist and Hindu, Angkor Dynasty, Sandstone 800-1400 (Early is more Hindu, Later construction is BUddhist), funeral monument, Siem Riep is the town CONTENT: 1200 sq m of carved reliefs, representing 8 different hindu stories such as "the Churning of the Ocean of Milk" which talks about the creation of the universe., artificial canals (technical adcancement of society), viewing left to right, 7th wonder fo the world, built with blocks and sandstone, mountains, largest Buddhsit religious comples of world, sandstone blocks, iron and aluminum (largest religious monument of world), FUNCTION: largest religious monument in the world (HINDU), is dedicated to Vishnu the protector. some also believe that it was intended to serve as the king's mausoleum in death, dedicated to Shiva, Brahma , and Vishnu CONTEXT: 7th world wonder of the world. it is west facing, and vishnu is sometimes associated with the west. it was built in the capital of the Khmer empire. the five stone towers mimic the five mt. ranges of the mythical home of the gods, For King of ANgkor, King absorbed to Gods (fav God= Nishu so is him symoblism and hindu god. Churning of the Ocean of Milk at Angkor Wat: Churning of Ocean of Milk-relief that depicts cooperative effort of battling Hindu demons and gods-ruler Jayavarman VII depicts himself as Buddha, depiction associated w/ power and divinity-low relief, hierarchy of scale, linear registers, repetition, multiple arms--> divine subjects, continuous narrative, abstract, stylized, symmetry--> work together but opposing forces-story: demons throw power off balance, Vishnu tells gods to get elixir of life from bottom of ocean of milk (mix of breast milk and seminal fluid), gods and demons use Naga (snake) wrapped around mountain to upturn sea --> sea creatures die, Naga throws up poison (Shiva turns blue), celestial maidens that represent joy appear, mountain starts to sink, elixir of life pops up Jayavarmon II as Buddha at Bayon Temple at Angkor Thom: The Bayon= most important temple of Jayavarman VII, who converted the region from Hinduism to Mahayana Buddhism Probably portrays a bodhisattva.

Baimyan Buddhas

FORM: 120 feet hight, full body, standing representation of buddha, perhaps once covered in gold, bronze, and pigment, carved out of rock wall CONTENT: doesn't come out of stone, it goes into it, sarcophagus-like outline, potential halo in outline. cicumambulate sculptor feet. a sort of temple, used to have tallest BUddha in world before destroyed, silkroad goes through Bamiyan. The Buddha is standing and in the cave: 3 of them. VAIROCANA BUDDHA: Cosmic celestial, supreme Buddha, that reached Nirvana, used to be painted, fertilness like an oasis. Paintings inside (abstract): mandalas, cosmic guide of universe. wet drapery because of Alexander the Great, Greek influence. FUNCTION: a place of worship, a representation of the physical importance of buddha, how buddhism has the power to manipulate nature with its power. GRANDURA: look for Greek/Roman influence. CONTEXT: destroyed in 2001, its location was considered to be paradise and a sanctuary, outside of silk road, chosen for natural environmentcut rock with plaster and polychrome paint. mostly painted red and with sheets of copper, represent spread of Buddhism. Afghanistan, rock cut. Demolished by Taliban in March 2001, after being declared idols, bombed the statues.

Great Stupa at Sanchi, India

FORM: 3rd century BCE to 1st century BCE. Material: Stone masonry, sandstone on dome. Base of stupa grew taller like a tower, circular plan. This walking meditation at a stupa enables the practitioner to visualize Enlightenment as the movement from the perimeter of the stupa to the unmoving hub at the center marked by the yasti. CONTENT: There are four torahs (carve architrave scenes) at cardinal points of compass at entrances. Ashes activated with Buddha's energy. buried criss croseed and head down buddhist, shape of the dome comes from those buried buddhas. Have 4 gates (for the 4 noble truths). 4 stages of Buddhas life, STUPA: a large mond associated witht he ashes of the bull. Teahcer who is buried there. the ashes of the buddha, relic of buddha. circumambulate the space, piglrimage, TORANAS: Gates in INdia with a lot of imagery, you see animals ( 8 fold path= respect all living people), stupas- symbols of journey. SAMSARA: CIRCLE: cycle of life, peacocks- symbols of prosperity. Elephants= strength. 4 Toranas- 4 noble truths and 4 cardinal directions. organized like a mandala ( cosmic map of universe), everything symbolic. YAKESHI: fertility goddess (for Hindu Converts becasue Buddhism is adaptable (transitional figure) Hindu figure on BUddhist monument. FUNCTION: It is considered to be sepulchral moment, or a place of burial and receptacle for religious objects. It is a Buddhist shrine that represents the burial mound of Buddha, and is a focal point of worship. Buddhist pilgrimage site, oldest best preserved stupa in the world. inviting religion/monument. cleansing; purification, undergo transformation, made sure a lot of Hindu imagery because KIngs kingdom was Hindu, but wants Buddhism. suppose to meditate here. CONTEXT: BUDDHA: No a god (a great teacher). BUDDHISM: Starts in NEpal (suffering is part of existence, desire leads to suffering). BUDDHA: Sitartha Guatima. Buddha sees the bad in the world, and sheds himself of material possesion and meditates comes up with 4 noble truths. 8 fold path= reach Nirvana. ENlightment. SAMSARA: endless cycle of rebirth, suffering, and dying again. King Ashoka, Mauryan Dynast, converted to Buddhism (didnt like the cast system and made stupas that show buddhism). Commissed on stie where King Ashokas wife was bornStupa is Sanskrit for "heap." The dome is a replication of dome of heaven.

Night attack on the Sanjo Palace, handscroll, Japan, Heiji era

FORM: HANDSCROLL: read right to left. Long in length- 23 feet long and 16 inches wide. read right to left by unrolling slowly, continuous narrative. High detail level, limited color palette. Ink and color on paper. Overwhelming composition, tangled masses and indicated movement with lines CONTENT: Battle Scene. 2 rival clans, Miramoto clan attacks the Taira clan, they take the Taira king and burn the palace starting a coup. JAPANESE BATTLE SCENE: Heiji rebellion (burned down original Todaji Building) FUNCTION: Storytelling. Developed and popularized in Japan yamato-e-Secular themed, illustrated handscroll-Always right to left-Text and Image-Elevated birds eye view (Ebe)-Strong diagonal lines to guide header visually CONTEXT: Made a century after the battle. Events show the beginning of Shogun rule in Japan (Kamakura), emphasis on honoring the warriors and military

Red and White Plum Blossoms, Rinpa School

FORM: Japenes SCREEN PAINTING: A type of furniture (create walls), read right to left, if wealth: wanted nature themes in home because shows wisdom. wood covered in silk with gold in background (yellow), rest is painted. watercolor, and black ink. Deep blue river in center. 67 inches tall. Divided by river, white plums on left side, right plums on right. Pattern in water with different viscosity, used to model tree's trunk. Jagged trees vs. Smooth, curvy river. Tarashikomi- Wet into Wet technique apply color than drop in other inks to create modeled surfaces. Depth, overlapping branches on region. Bold, bright colors vs. Muted colors. Wild gold vs. white. Realistic trees vs. flat, abstract river background.Wide, negative space.Silver leaf in background and waves caused it to darken. CONTENT: Towers over most Japanese people. 2 sides of screen door, 2 panels on right side, 2 panels on left side, pair of screen paitings, Organic swirls (shows movement of water), all seeing MIXED PERSPECTIVE, no background (all negative space), abstract, gold leaf background (negative space), byzantine ( work with gold), FUNCTION: Decorative room divider, overwhelmed with pattern and color. Inspirational with European artists like Gustav Klempt. PLUM BLOSSOMS: Symbols of springs. aesthetic of beady and wealth, minimalistic, no background. CONTEXT: Ogata Korin- lead the Rinpa School, known for vibrant colors and nature themes. Gold, Silver, birds, flowers, and Seasons. Started as a textile salesmen, stops designing textiles and starts painting. TARASHIKOMI: dilute washes of color blended while very wet Mokkostu or "bonelessness"which creates froms without exterior outlines. RINPASCHOOL: minamalist paintings (few forms and textures)

Longmen Caves

FORM: Limestone. Low relief carving covers the lateral walls, ceiling, and floor. Finely chiseled haloes back the images. CONTENT: There are as many as 100,000 statues within the 1,400 caves, ranging from a 1 inch (25 mm) to 57 feet (17 m) in height. The area also contains nearly 2,500 stelae and inscriptions, whence the name "Forest of Ancient Stelae", as well as over sixty Buddhist pagodas. Situated in a scenic natural environment, the caves were dug from a 1-kilometer (0.62 mi) stretch of cliff running along both banks of the river. Carved into mountain (hill). 2000 shrines at this site. Giant Buddha statue: 44 feet tall-> surronded by onterag. Very Chinese style (Tang Dnasty: golden age of poetry and painting) Pilgrimage searching for Nirvana. FUNCTION: served as an important pilgrimage destination for over five hundred years, and during that period it received numerous foreign and domestic visitors and dignitaries. Renowned poets such as Du Fu and Bai Juyi (the latter is buried just north of Longmen) visited the grottos and left literary tributes. Foreign pilgrims made donations toward its upkeep or to underwrite the cost of additional shrines. CONTEXT: Fifty large and medium sized caves are seen on the west hill cliffs which are credited to the Sui, and Tang Dynasties, while the caves on the east hill were carved entirely during the Tang Dynasty. The change of style is more distinct in the Tang Dynastic periods which are "more complex and incorporate women and court figures as well". Tang Dynasty

The David Vases

FORM: Mongolian style, white porcelain with cobalt blue under glaze from Iran, 2 1/2 feet tall, text. Yuan Dynasty, Chinese, Porcelain. CONTENT: peonies= prominent scrolling flower, inscription with date, location, temple, patron, and purpose, phoenix and dragon balanced (symbol of Daoist faith- ying and yang), elephant handles, elephant handle (India trade), magestic. PHOENIX: rebirth and DRAGON: fertility, happiness (yin and yang). valuable luxury goods (porcelain) COBALT BLUE (from Iran), Chinese traded wtih iranian, Mongol dynasty produced this in Yuan Dynasty. DRAGON: funerary vase. tall, white vessels with blue stylized dragons, birds, clouds, and floral designs. FLORAL MOTIFS (represents paradise-> Middle East). Inscription of what vase is for on vase (a pair of vases lasted= shocking), DAOISM: looking to nature for guidness (help dragons transcent to heaven). ALTARPIECE: 4 claws (general dragon), honor a general FUNCTION: made for Daoist temples to honor a military leader who was diefied, expression of Silk Road, held flowers beside an altar. shows influence o Islam and BUddhism. produced for general and deity him (became a God). Displayed as an altarpiece, to honor general who was futurist belief and seemed like a God. CONTEXT: apart of wealthy man's collection, 1351 CE, Yuan Dynasty, Mongol Empire, Beijing, China. ELEMENTS OF NATURE: Chinese clouds, Islamic flowers, (due to silk road), Indian Elephants.

Chairman Mao en route to Anuyan

FORM: Rendered in oil on canvas. Cool colors (Dark blues and cool gray)Standing on elevated plane, high in the mountain side. Detailed naturalistic setting. Carrying red umbrella. Detailed vegetation and use of depth. Telephone pole- Hints of Modernity. Superhuman appearance (Superman pose with fists)Ethereal landscape, fog, and heavy cloud coverage. By Liu Chunhua, 1967, LITHOGRAPH: a poster, 900 million copy (every person needed a copy). oil on canvas CONTENT: Socialist realism. Shows Mao walking to the coal mines of Anywan, organized a miner strike, became defining moment for Chinese Communist Party. Holidng a scroll and at peak of mountain, (depicted common person (to relatebly). Green color (military color). sublime, realistic, 3-D, diminshing size in space, shadows and shading. holding an umbrella scroll. FUNCTION: Chairman Mao at 27 as a young intelligent man, used as propaganda for Maoist rule. Mao was the sunflower, most widely produced work of art. CONTEXT: Mao Zedong- Chinese communist revolutionary, founded the People's Republic of China (1949-1976, leader of China) Made when he was 70, 1967, at dawn of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. During Cult. Revolution, artist focused on Mao Paintings, representing his efforts to regain hold after political struggle. Lead by his wife, Jiang Qing. Aimed to quell criticism of Mao with drama, literature and visual arts. Aimed to Correct political fallout from the Great Leap Forward (marked by widespread famine and death)Departure from classical Chinese hanging scrolls, commonly depicted among people. Liu Chunhua- Member of Red Guard, radical youths who attracted the 4 old customs, habits, culture and thinking. Studied old photographs of Mao and visited Anywan and interviewed workers. Chinese: killed 55 million people, beloved at the beginning, but turned evil. FOunding father of peoples republic of China, uprising to pressure communism, rebuild China's Great leap forward (industrialize China). Cultural Revolution (rid China of traditions). CULTURAL REVOLUTION: destroy all evidence of Buddhism and COnfucianism (hurt lots of Chinese people), but challenges communism, damaging to society and backwards. 1967 (make him look young tho). seizes power and doesnt give people a voice. Confucianism (hurt lots of Chinese people), but challenges Communism, damaging society and backwards), beloved at the beginning, but turned evil

Borbodur Temple

FORM: Resembles a pyramid, its overall plan is a 3-D mandala (cosmos used for meditation). it is very geometric in the perfect circles made when circumnavigated., volcanic stone, Java, Indonesia. Architect: Gunadhavarma " man of many visions" SHALIDENDRA DYNASTY: welathy dynasty (used to be their capital than abandoned it, build for a monument of Buddha. A metaphysical temple. CONTENT: Contains 504 statues of Buddha, 1460 stone reliefs, which narrate Buddha's teachings (dharma) and depict various events from his lives, Contains 504 statues of BUddha, 1460 stone reliefts (narate BUddhas teachings), upper terraces, resembles pyramic, 3D Mandala,, set on hill for better elevation. Sculptores mediate physical "Path" of Buddhsim, circumanivagate clockwise. MOUNTAIN: center of universe. Wheel of Dharma: symbol of truth, past life of Buddha and his journey FUNCTION: functions as a "path" which symbolizes the path of Buddhism. Devotees circumnavigate clockwise until reaching the upper levels, which symbolizes the path of enlightenment. When one reaches the realm of light at the top, they have reached the ultimate goal. Designed to be a mountian, mediate journey to enlightenment or Nirvana (the top)< lots of stupas on top, based on Mandala (cosmic map= 4 noble truths. CONTEXT: Built by the the rulers of the Sailendra Dynasty as a monument to Buddha. the concept of the path symbolizes the paradoxical impermanence of the journey to enlightenment in buddha's teachings.

Terra Cotta Warriors

FORM: Terracotta and yellow clay. TERRACOTTA (made of clay, did not use people, very progressive of him) gardens, stables, jade, and jewelry. Form- 8,000+ Figures of fired terracotta (ceramic/clay), originally painted. Individualistic figures, assembly line process. In-construction, Unreasonably detailed. CONTENT: Animals (over 600 Horses), 4 pits with his tomb, 3 filled with statues. Seperated by class and rank, some entertainers and court leaders. Buried with jewelery. 8,000 clay soldiers, all warriors reamin in battle position and painted, every warrior depicts a unique individual, 6 ft tall with horses as well, made to guard tomb of Qin Shin during afterlife, hairstyles indicate rank. FUNCTION: Recreates life on Earth to bring into the Afterlife. designed to protect Qi Shi, symbolizes connection of culture and enviroment. CONTEXT: Tomb of Qin Shihuang (1st Emperor of China), Introduced standard of currency & written language, started on the Great Wall, and came to power as a 13 year old. Over 700k laborers building his tomb and the soldiers. Qin died at 49, his son continuing the work on his tomb. His empire fel to the Han Conquest (1514) Discovered in 1979, by farmers digging a well. Warring States Period: Qin (Chin)-> China EMPEROR QIN SHIN. 210 BCE, found after farmers started digging and found them. at 13, already planned his burial, very supersitious, 1st emperor of China and obsessed with morality.

Jade and gold crown, Korea, Silla Dynasty

FORM: Vertically dangling parts, solid gold hoops, pretty symmetrical. 5 pillars, 6 dangling pendants.Meant to be viewed in the round. Gogoks- Jade pendants. Lots of gold CONTENT: Antlers- Represents life. Relies on Shamanism and the spiritual realm. Trees- Fertility and Abundance. Pendants represent fruit hanging on tree branches. Antlers of Reindeer= Pre-Buddhist Shamanism in Korea. Incorporates Nature into Spiritualism. thin gold crown- Impossible for daily use, burial specific. Two antlers, thin pieces of gold, crescent date jad, comes from silk road, used in ceremonial rites. Shamanistic practices, usedin coronation and memorial services, shows social status. green pieces made of jade (ripe of hanging fruits) SYMBOL: Abundance of kingdom FUNCTION: Show's queens wealth and status. Thought to assist ruler's in the Afterlife, made specifically for burial, to be placed on the body only of the deceased. used for ceremonail rights and burials. CONTEXT: Found in burial tomb of King and Queen with Gold, weaponry, and riding gear. Silla Kingdom- Known for its gold and ornamentation. Found with the Queen, jewelery was placed on the body in burial. Old Silla- Capital- has many royal roombs. Found in the largest tomb of the area. Silla flourished from the early 4th-6th century, buried dead above ground. Present day South Korea. After adopting Buddhism came from the Silk Road, they cremated bodies. Tombs sealed in stone and clay, covered in Earthen mounds. Silla kingdon: (ancient Korea): most powerful out of Korea Pennisula. SHAMANSIT KINGDOM: worship through pirest like figure. 3 brances from headband: represent sacred tree.

Ryoan-Ji, Dry Garden

FORM: zen dry garden:- gravel = water- Interpreted as islands in a floating sea (mountain peaks above clouds, constellations in the sky- asymmetrical arrangement- structured environmentsymbolizing the natural world- water symbolizes purification- arbitrary in placement- highly organized placement CONTENT: zen dry:- 15 rocks arranged in 3 groups.wet:- contains a tea house four principles: respect, purity, harmony, tranquility, ritual of hand washing, ZEN BUDDHIST TEMPLE: more intense, level of relaxation with stark imagery. TAOSIM: go to nature to remove yourself from distraction, representation world-> conceptual realm, free of suffering- important pilgrimage. Green moss garden, hojo study area, mirror pond, pilgrims path, (world of forms) multi sensory ripple in sand. (rythmic), interpreted as islands in floating sea, structer enviroment like natural world, highly organized of placement, meditation leading to enlgihtment, very zen stressing, tea ceremony, reflect Tang Dynasty FUNCTION: Served as a focus for meditation for zen buddhist monks, Temple of Sleeping Dragon. CONTEXT: - zen stressing meditation leading to enlightenment, discipline and concentration- tea ceremony:Kyoto, Japan, rock garden, 18th century, wet garden, hojo, zen philosphy, important pilgrimage, expression of pure form of abstration; tiger cubs crossing the water, design Matusomo, whtie sandstones, rocks, moss, concrete walls.

Lady Dai Funeral Banner

FORM: Very red. Animal symbolism. sectioned into units. Portraits.Intricately painted silk. Floral motiff, Symmetrical design CONTENT: Throughout the piece a dragon unfurls, Top section= Heaven-Gates guarded by two men-Primordial deity with tail-Dragons and celestial beings-Red Sun with Crow and Silver Moon with toad parallel, Middle Section= Life on Earth-Dragons heads frame Lady Dai and her procession-Two kneeling attendants and three standing-One of the 1st portraits ever made-Use of hierarchic scale.Bottom= Underworld-Represented by Fish and Bull-headed imps-Her funeral with bronze vessels of food and wine with her relatives-Dragons tails. Red= Prosperity and Immortality. Dragons= Power, luck. Coins= Long life. Bis and Congs separate realms as symbols of heavan and earth. Found in a tomb of riches to accompany monarchy into the afterlife, draped over her coffin. Used as an identifier with name on front. left to right symmetry, found in 3 nesting coffins, overlapping bodies for depth, earliest painted potrait. REGISTERS: BOTTOM-> TOP. the underworld, Lad Dai and mourners, Lady Dai and attendants, heavenly realm. MOON AND SUN: represent supernatural realm. UNDERWORLD: below human ground. early pictorial: depicts afterlife, natural scenes. FUNCTION: Meant to be draped over the inner most coffin of Xin Zhui's (Lady Dai) multi-layered sarcophagus. Carried during her funeral procession and then wrapped over her. CONTEXT: Chinese religions heavily focused on duality (Dual dragons, moon and sun)Lady Dai was a Marques, died with her son. Han Dynasty

Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings, Bichitr

FORM: Watercolor, gold, and ink on paper. flames of gold radiate from emperor's head & Gold disc behind king are sun and moon fused together. Complex flower designs and beast motifs. CONTENT: Four bearded men, religious at the top and powerful at the bottom, show that king prefers faith to power. FUNCTION: show the gory of Emperor Jahangir, a visual manifestation of honor. CONTEXT: Jahangir means "Seizer of the World." This emperor favored a holy person over a king.

Dancing Shiva

FORM: bronze in the Naltunai Temple, Chola Dynasty (known for their bronzes). Cast bronze. Hindu, creation, reincarnation, bronze, loose, green, balanced. CONTENT: M: Nataraja combines a single image Shiva's roles as creator, preserver, and destroyer of the universe and conveys the Indian conception of the never-ending cycle of time. Shiva's dance is set within a flaming halo. The god holds in his upper right hand the damaru. His upper left hand holds agni. With his lower right hand, he makes abhayamudra. The dwarflike figure being trampled by his right foot represents apasmara purusha, Shiva's front left hand, pointing to his raised left foot, signifies refuge for the troubled soul. The symbols imply that, through belief in Shiva, his devotees can achieve salvation. SHIVA: Toga pose (dancing at same time), dread locks, Multiple arms (4 arms): you can do many things, hand drum in upper right hand, yoga to a beat ( in motion), flames around circle (ring of fire= power of creation and destruction)< balanced with his power- hand gesture means "do not fear" cobra on arm, sash flowing off the side, Shiva lord of the dance. FUNCTION: Praise Shiva. meant for aderation fo Gods, flower and fabrics and jewelry adourn him with they honor him. CONTEXT: Nataraja is a depiction of the god Shiva as the cosmic dancer who performs his divine dance to destroy a weary universe and make preparations for the god Brahma to start the process of creation. HINDUISM: mostly practiced in India, COWS= sacred, many gods, many arms and heads to represent divine. 3 main gods: BRAMA: reality and truth, SHIVA: Destroyer and creator, family man, great yogi, dread locks, third eye, snakes trident. VISHNU: preservor of univerrse, half animal and half human manifestations. KIRSHNA: incarnation of Vishnu, flute, the dark one (blue), GARNESHA: Son of Shiva, elephant head, axe, and tusk

Todai-ji Temple

FORM: hondo= main hall supported by 84 cypress pillars, two nine-story pagodas, a lecture hall, quarters for monksFUNCTION:CONTENT:CONTEXT: 743 CE, Rebuilt 1700 CE, Kei school scultpros, Nara, Japan. bronze, wood, and ceramics, PATRON: emperor Shomu. "Shinto" way of the Gods: Shintoism and Buddhism coexist together. AUDIENCE: politicall people, monks, and buddhist CONTENT: associated with imperial court whose members were early patrons of buddhist art and architecture, Big Bronze Buddha, 2 Guardian statues, 5 gates, deer were present in Buddhas first cermon (so they are protected), melted all bronze available in te country, biggest wood building in world and headquarters of nationwide network temple. Used as a temple, Great Buddha: flames to represent light. DAUBTSUDEN: Great temple hall, horns= ward off devils, roofs curved like that: sunlight in winter, shade for summer. FUNCTION: built to be chief temple of kokubun-ji system, which was the national system of monasteries thru japan, "Great Eastern Temple" Largest building project in Japan, a complex and large site. CONTEXT: buddhism appeared in japan in 6th century, went along silk road thru central asia, china, korea, until when the korean king offered japanese emperor a bronze statue and a copy of buddhist sutras, KEI SCHOOL: sculpting group: wood work, bronze, terra cotta

Jowo Rinpoche, Tibet

FORM: image of the buddha, surrounded by offerings, gold, pearls, semiprecious stones. MATERIALS: Gilt, metal, semi precious tones, jade, truquoise, cobalt, lacceiz. CONTENT: gold is rubbed on the face during offerings, central altar of the Jokhang temple, many tibetans wish to see it before they die. SHAKYAMUNI BUDDHA: Historical buddha (rutning to great teacher). Buddhas as a mortal. Buddha used to be prince. long ear lobs= heavy jewelry. 3rd eye: to see beyond world. Historical buddha (based on BUddha when alive. Carved on the potrait of teh acutal Buddha at 12 years old. Carved by celestial architect (created India by in Jonkang Visha Karma (celestial deity) JOWO RINPOCHE: the precious one-> the earliest image of BUddha. (pilgrimage stie) in Johkang Temple. Figures that are animals= demons of the Hindu world. Lots of Hindu figures (part snake; part human). Buddha sheds himself of things you need in life to reach Nirvana. Buddha= teacher, so decorated= represent spiritual wealth (donated offerings). aderation people have for him. DRAGONS: Friendly, protectors, mediators, between, earth and sky. LONG EARLOBS= VARIOCANA BUDHA (supreme version of BUddha), carnail bump on head= extra space in brain, more spiritual intellignece. powerful BUddha (supreme guide of universe). BODDHISATTAV: are the teachers who are below buddha (postpone universal their Nirvana to help guide others to Nirvana. (the compassion ones, earthly figures; spiritual wealth). Very CHinese style (Tang Dynasty; golden age of poetry and painting). SPIRITUAL GUARDIANS: on teh side with weapons or quills, Mudra Hand= comminucation. Warding off demons and evils, ferious looking. 2 monks on right and left of BUddha. shaved head= discipiles. FUNCTION: representative of Buddha, source for prayers and offerings for health or an easier death, positive energy CONTEXT: brought to tibet as a dowry for second chinese wife of king of tibet, the first wife founded the temple for it to be housed in and the second wife chose the location. princess in CHina brought this Budha over as a dowry for Tibetian prince (Marks tibet as Buddhist) Commissed after EMpress Wu Zeita son died. (patron) The face of Buddha: modeled on empress face (feminine). BUDDHISM: state religoin in Tang Dynasty

Travelers among Mountains and Streams, Fan Kuan

FORM: ink on silk scroll, mountain water painting: water= quiet/serene. INK WASH: Mix black ink with water to dilute it. 7 feet long, hanging scroll. Painted ink on a single piece of silk, only black (with dilutes and washes to create shades)Tall waterfall and Mountain. Chinese characters. Red Stamps- Identifiers. Brush strokes transition to shift focus. Organic lines and shapes. CONTENT: :2/3s down-Two males with mules and firewood-Excessive detail, tree leaves, mules, and stones. Mist- Backdrop. Height of Mountain embodies Daoism and NeoConfusionism-The major philosophical and religious concept of Nature as emptiness and Substance (Ying and Yang)-Weight of Mountain turning to mist fading into nothing. Humans are tiny in the vastness of nature. Foreground, background, and middle ground have no perspective. waterfall, over dauting mountain, pine trees on bottom, full bushes on top of mountain, nature dominant over humanity, pack mules near the strea, temple near ledge (Daoist temple), CHINESE LANDSCAPE, black contour lines to outline thinks. Chinese mountains (sharp rocks). negative space left unpainted to show ATMOSPHERIC PERSPECTIVE: more air between you, to show distance. HANGING SCROLL: FUNCTION: For Kuan's eyes, became collector's items. Spiritual- Reflected his Daoism, painting for meditation. show how man and nature live harmoniously, search for truth through nature. AUDIENCE: Neo-COnfucian CHinese, created for Fan Kuan in search for spiritual enlightenment. CONTEXT: By Fan Kuan- One of China's first landscape painters and one of the greatest-Reclusive and shunned from society-Lived in Mountains-Wanted to be in tune in nature. Ideals reflect Daoism (oneness in nature) and NeoConfucionism (ying-yang)The world has substance and ideas. Focus on both the mountain and the spiritual meaning of the mountain, combining elements into one, unrealistic but hyperreal form. NEO-CONFUCIAN PHILOSPHY: comes from Confucianism (respecting nature as the elder), respect nature forces that are older than man. DAIOSM: Practice in China that has to do with nature (yin yang) balance, nature has perfect balance in nature (go with flow)

Lackshmana Temple

FORM: made from sandstone. temple in Khajuraho, India. Hindu temple: home for deity. 1000 CE, commised by King Chan de la dynasty. Sandstone. Roofs rise from lowest to tallest. All temples have interconnected rooms with east and west segments, Ardhamandapa is the entrance. Cult image. Sense of space and light. Sculptures have classical style: figure and balance. Decadence shown in how difficult the poses of the sculpted nymphs are. Eroticism in most temples. CONTENT: Buddhist, temple, Vishnu, religious. you circumambulate the temple to see all the gods. Cave like interior= sanctury (womb chamber- with cult statue) CULT STATUE (inside): 3 heads and animal avatars, (sacred structures). likened to a mountain= heaven adn earth combine, sensual sculptors, no sole standing sculptors (statues attached to architecture), more deep in ( the darker) more spiritual. MITHUNAS: Loving couple, earthly and pleasure realms. FUNCTION: temple. Dedicated to Vishnu CONTEXT: New temple in the middle of nowhere, pilgrimage to visit vishnu. VISHNU: preservor of univerrse, half animal and half human manifestations. KIRSHNA: incarnation of Vishnu, flute, the dark one (blue),

Under the Great Wave off Kanagawa, Hokusai

FORM: wood block print, 36 views of Mt. Fuji, 1830. EDO PERIOD: birth of Tokyo as internation hub. Un-detailed background, Limited color palette. Flat, no sense of linear perspective, everything on a single plain. Mountain-Adds sense of space. Large objects-Foreground, small=background. Diagonal lines= Movement. Finger like waves- Predatory, personification. Small, simplified human figures. Description, boxed Kanji. Function: Content: Context: CONTENT: 1 of 36 prints, all show Mount Fuji, here in the background. Shows relation between humans and nature(Fan Kuan- small humans in the natural world)Mount Fuji as subject- Pilgrimage site, image of immortality and Tokyo identity. 4 boats depicted, yellowish sky, marshmallowy clous, at least 3 types of blues (very involved prints). HOKUSAI: obssesed with water (plays with wave motif. SCROLL: read right to left. Claws of wave= imperial dragons because chaose of governement: Mt Fugi: peace (stable). PRUSSIAN BLUE: Comes from Germany, artifical blue cheaper than Laissez (dark blue). WOOD BLOCK PRINT: UKiyo-e: images of floating world, mass produced and affordable (for anyone). basically a stamp. FUNCTION: Woodblock prints or Ukiyo-e-Middle class became invested in Art, made prints, very industrial and popular-Influenced many artists. Prints were produced for tourism with Japanese iconography. Prints are cheap and reusable, become a major tourism item during tourist boom. boats are going towards wave (unkown if people in boats survive), Nature is bigger than man, 15ft waves are normal in tokoyo, fisherman delivery tuna to sushi market. CONTEXT: Prussian Blue(of the waves) is a European dye. Far off view influenced of European paintings and Dutch low horizen line leaves near no sense of perspective and depth. Shifted Ukiyo-e prints from Geisha and people to tradition to Japan's landscape. Wave faces left to right, instead of Japanese right to left, Japan interpreted European art as new. Veneration of Mountains relates to Shintoism. References to Rinpa with patterns in the waves. Still feels flat, due to Japanese style. Mt. Fuji always in Hokusais backgrounds. Japanese view Mountian as Spirit: SHINTOISM: ancestorial spriits, Mt, Fuji shape in wave up front. Tokoyo was closed off from world (only influeced by Dutch)

Forbidden City Plan

FORM: wooden frames, beams, columns, RED AND YELLOW AND GOLD, 1 point perspective drawings on wall. 451 by 753 meters. It's composed of more than 40 palaces, 900 rooms. Compound includes 98 buildings and is surrounded by mountains. Stone masonry, marble, brick, wood, ceramic tile, 30 ft tall wall around city. Series of bridges inside, front gate has Mao Zedong portrait. Layout is Chinese philosophy. City within city, meridian crots is main gate within the walls. leads to palace area. CONTENT: Follows ideal cosmi c order in Confucian ideology, ensures all activites were Conducted in accodrance to Social and Familial roles. The occupants of the city were place in accurance to their relation to the royal families. Sense of hierarchy in archetecture. The residents of the Emperor's consonts than form the the shape of Kim on the right trigrams of Ancient chinese philosophy and the symbol of Mother and Earth structure to show power and authority. Dark red = Sun, Yellow = Earth, Blue= Heavens, Gable roof. CENTER GATE: Emperor and empress can only go through, EMPEROR BELIEVES= sun of heaven (center of universe), biggest palace complex in world. INNER AND OUTER COURT. INNER: a living space. YELLOW AND GOLD: chinas power color, hall of supreme harmony. political/ritual center for 24 empeorors. Dragons everywhere, rock gardens, EMPEROR DRAGON: has 5 claws (inspire contemplation), irregularity fo nature, masculinetly. PHONEIX: feminine energy (yin yang). CURVED ROOFLINES: letting sun in with winter and shading in summer, (animals on roof show zodiacs/ guardian figures) FUNCTION: - Built to be political/ritual center of China. Housed 24 emperors, their families and their servants. The City was turned into a museum and is visited to grasp Ancient China. based on individual social status. Supreme power of emperor (center of universe), given from heaven, CONTEXT: Largest political complex in the World, Center of the city in Bejing. China during Ming Dynasty, lasted 500 years and 24 emperors, renovated at one point. Beijing, China, MING DYNASTY: Followed by the Mongols, and helped build great wall. No men in forbidden city at night except emperoro, so no affairs iwth wives. ARCHITECT: Kuai Xiang.

Portrait of Sin Sukju

Form: ink and color on silk. Full body portrait. Muted color palette. Abstract, blank background. Writing (upper left)Calm facial expression. Delicate line work, very detailed face with wrinkles and facial hair. Creates a very Specific portrait3/4 profile- not side, not directly frontal either. Much less imposing. Content: Embroidered silk badge indicates status and rank. Hat= Passed the civil service exam. Elaborate stool. Follows standard forms (3/4, robes, folded hands and elevated seat) Korean Prime minister (1461-1464 and 1471-1475) and soldier; portrait made when he was a second grade civil officer: insignia designed with clouds and a wild goose; Repainted over the years (1475 when he died); great scholar; hanging scroll. feet elevated (royal attribute), prime minister not king. as if on throne, no background= abstract, blue color robe= represent jade, HAT= high class officials, a little red (humble), his face has wrinkles Function: Honored the portrait figure, copied and hung in family shrines, serves a as support for ancestor worship in the family. emphasizes how the subject made a great contribution to the country and how the spirit of loyalty to king and country was valued by Confucian philosophy. Meant to honor the accomplishments of the distinguished court member and eventual prime minister. Suggests his loyalty to the king and the idea that Sin Sukju deserves respect. Serves as a site of ritual to Sin Sukju's family and helps guide the family's worship. Considered to be a piece of propaganda used to show the dominance of the government over the Korean people. Context: Sin Sukju- Served as emperor, a respected scholar and politician. Prime Minister, gained the National Award as a Meritorious Subject 4 times.-Contributed positively to the court-Royal to Ruler-Loyal to Ancestors. Compiled a catalog of Chinese and Korean art owned by royals.Imperial Bureau of Painting- Assembly of skilled painters, worked on portrait with industrial zeal.Made under the Jose-on dynasty-Established order after Mongol rule-Stability and Progress emphasized Confucian values (Loyalty, ancestor or Elder honor, and service to the state). 1417-1475, Period/Culture: Chinese Sin Sukju is a scholar and politician that rose to status of Prime Minister in 1445 . Confucianism is the emphasis on respect for one's elders and ancestors which is an honor that was made by Sin Sukju. Rank badges are typically made of embroidered silk and it indicated rank of anyone from local official to the emperor . This portrait reflected Korean belief that the face reveals important clues to subject. Made during the second half of the 15th century. Artists may have collaborated on portraits. Interest and detail on face was furthered when the Jesuits introduced Koreans to Western painting techniques in the 18th century. Joseon Dynasty, Korea 1400s.