APES A
In populations that are growing exponentially, you can calculate the time it takes for the population to double in size, or the doubling time, using the _____________________
Rule of 70
how are mineral/metal purification processes negatively impacting our environment?
-produce air pollution -produce soil pollution -produce tailings containing toxic chemicals
agency working to protect national forests, focusing on fire management
US Forest Service (USFS)
which act allowed mining on public lands?
US General Mining Act
Which gov agency enforces laws that requires EPA to set pesticide limits?
USDA
agency that works to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the nation's forests and grasslands
USFS
agency that conserve, protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, and plants and their habitats
USFWS
role of biodiversity in ecosystem services
as diversity increases, regulating services, such as the ability to filter water and remove water increases
Earth's four systems
atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere
Elephants tend to gather around watering holes where they will spend most of their time. Which dispersion pattern do elephants display?
clumped
dispersion patterns
clumped uniform random
factors that decrease diversity
environmental stressors (drought, flooding) extreme environments limited resources extreme disturbances (volcanos, glacial movement) invasive species geographic isolation
causes of soil degredation
erosion, salinization, compaction
contamination of water system with excess nutrients, which stimulates excessive algae growth and reduces oxygen levels in water
eutrophication
phase of the water cycle driven directly by sunlight
evaporation
What did the Food Quality Protection Act require the EPA to do?
examine the effects of inert pesticide ingredients
an act allowed groups to reclaim abandoned mine lands to work to recover the original biodiversity and health of the land
example of restoration
An invasive species that has just been introduced to an ecosystem and has no natural predators would likely experience what type of growth?
exponential
what classifies human population growth
exponential, growth is occurring without restriction
what does not cause soil erosion
genetic modification
The ______________ includes all of the areas that the organisms live in during their entire life cycle.
geographic range
techniques developed by scientists to increase yields of plant crops
green revolution
mesosphere composition
more gas molecules, still low concentration/pressure, largest range of temperatures, meteors
the number of deaths in a population
mortality
what would occur if the effects of a density-dependent factor increased
mortality would increase
igneous rock
most common; forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface
loam
most fertile classification of soil
the equator receives the ______ direct sunlight and the two poles receive the ______ direct sunlight
most; least
interaction in which both species were positively impacted
mutualism
the production of new individuals through germination, birth, hatching, or asexual reproduction, measured in a number of births per thousand individuals per year
natality
effect of natural selection on biodiversity
natural selection increases biodiversity as organisms become more specialized to a niche
resulting in obesity and health problems
over-nourished
practice of commercial fishing that depletes a fishery by catching so many fish that too few remain to reproduce and sustain the population
overfishing
loss of vegetation caused by deforesting, leading to desertification
overgrazing
Which of the following can lead to desertification?
overgrazing clear-cutting poor fire management deforestation
interaction in which one is positively impacted and the other negatively
parasitism
element that is a building block of DNA, ATP, and membranes surrounding cells; also a necessary component of healthy soil, occurring mainly in ground and not atmosphere
phosphorus
the atmosphere does not store what element
phosphorus
_____________ turns light energy into stored energy, requiring H20 and CO2
photosynthesis
what is not a carbon source
photosynthetic organisms
what types of organisms would most likely colonize newly formed igneous rock after a volcano
pioneer species like mosses and lichens that begin the process of soil production
hot spots
places on Earth's surface =where molten material from the mantle reaches the lithosphere
What would be classified as a density-dependent factor?
places to live
divergence
plates move apart due to mantle convection, causing sea-floor spreading/mid-ocean ridges
transformance
plates slide past each other, causing faults/earthquakes
higher mortality leads to ______________ life expectancy
shorter
carbon can be found in ___________ or __________
sinks (holds more carbon than it releases); sources (releases more carbon than it holds)
__________ and ____________________ are processes to purify minerals that produce toxic tailings
smelting; heap leaching
supporting services examples
soil reformation, nutrient recycling, photosynthesis, primary production
negative effects of flood irrigation
soil salinization eutrophication desertification
3 causes of climate shifts:
solar radiation, volcanic activity, movement of plate tectonics
measurement of the number of species in an area
species diversity
primary effect of climate shift
species movement (migration of species to other locations to maintain their lifestyles
planting different crops on alternating strips of land
strip cropping
method of mining that involves machinery that operates underground
sub-surface mining
element important to the structure of proteins and essential for biological processes -- found in minerals and rocks; can be converted into sulfuric acid; determining factor of pH of water/rainfall/soil
sulfur
factors of __________ cycle: -important to protein structure -found in rocks/minerals -involves bacteria -determining factor of water pH -has an atmospheric component
sulfur
the proportion of individuals that remain alive at a specific age
survivorship
climate zone which experiences the most distinct changes throughout the seasons
temperate
the creation of flat areas on mountain slopes to control water erosion
terracing
why does the Earth have three climate zones?
the light intensity varies at different locations on the surface of the Earth
Ring of Fire
the location on Earth where the majority of earthquakes occur
why are there concerns about the spread of zebra mussels in the Great Lakes ecosystem
this non-native species is more efficient and out-competes the native species
types of biomes
aquatic (lakes, rivers, oceans) desert forest grassland tundra
Growing fish and other aquatic species in artificial ponds is known as —
aquculture
removing soil/rock from trenches to expose ore in flat areas
area strip mining
which stage of the demographic transition experiences rapid growth
2: transitional
Freshwater is ______% of all global water
3
current population of Earth
7.2 billion
Doubling time =
70/r
______% of human diet should be plant-based
75
troposphere composition
75% of atmospheric gas, highest density/pressure, turbulent,
percentage of US citizens living in large cities
80%
If the population in the first question is growing exponentially, how big will that population be in 5 years?
(200)(2.71)^(0.25)(5)(or) 6955
3 different climate zones from pole to pole:
-Arctic zone -Temperate zone -Tropic zone -Temperate zone -Arctic zone
government agencies and laws responsible for requiring the registration of pesticide products
-EPA -Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
overfishing solutions
-instituting quotas -establishing the maximum sustainable yield -aquaculture
negative effects of pesticides
-can create pesticide-resistant organism -decrease biodiversity -accumulate in water/soil -cause birth defects/deaths
processes adding water to atmosphere
-evaporation -evapotranspiration -sublimation -condensation
composition of atmosphere (top to bottom)
-exosphere -thermosphere -mesosphere -stratosphere -troposphere
fish-catching methods
-hand-gathering -spearfishing -netting -angling (fish hook) -trapping
reasons for human pop growth not having reached carrying capacity
-industrialization -migration -replacement birth rates -total fertility rate
types of conservation efforts
-mitigation (finding a solution) -preservation (leaving untouched) -restoration (rehabilitation) -remediation (removal of pollutants)
processes returning water to oceans
-precipitation -surface runoff -infiltration -ground water discharge -snowmelt runoff -streamflow
Which of the following areas of the globe contain large ore deposits?
-the western coast of North America -the eastern coast of Asia
soil conservation efforts
-windbreaks -no-till agriculture -contour farming -terracing -strip cropping -agroforestry
If the population in the first question has a carrying capacity of 500, what will the population size be in 5 years?
0 200 30 1 230 31 2 261 31 3 292 30 4 322 29 5 351 Answer: 351
average fertility rate in developed countries
0-2
What is the rate of growth of a population that has 200 individuals, 85 births, 35 deaths, and no migration?
0.25
Of freshwater, _____% is usable and ______% is ice caps
0.8, 2.2
projected population of humans by 2025 and what is the carrying capacity
9.6 Billion 10 Billion
India approx. population
1,000 (million)
Producers: 10,000 J Primary Consumers: 1,000 J Solve for ecological efficiency:
1,000 / 10,000 0.1 = 10%
China approx. population
1,300 (million)
gases of the atmosphere (most to least concentrated)
1. Nitrogen 2. Oxygen 3. Argon 4. Add.
carbon cycle
1. Plants take CO2 from atmosphere to photosynthesize 2. Consumers eat carbon stored in plants and release it in cellular respiration 3. Plant/animal matter are decomposed and their carbon supplies are released into the atmosphere or stored as fossil carbon underground 5. Factories extract and burn those fossil supplies or deforestation occurs, releasing carbon to atmosphere 6. Oceanic photosynthesis and respiration occurs, cycling carbon in the sea 7. When dead marine life decomposes, it joins oceanic carbon cycle or turns into fossil carbon
average replacement br in developed countries
2.1
bioaccumulation steps
1. chemicals enter lakes through wind and rain runoff 2. chemicals sink to bottom of lake where they settle into sediment 3. small creatures eat the chemicals as they dig into the sediment for food 4. they are eaten by larger fish and larger, each collecting/storing some of the chemicals in their bodies
nitrogen cycle processes
1. nitrogen fixation 2. nitrification 3. assimilation 4. ammonification 5. denitrification
process of extracting metal from ore
1. ore is crushed and put into water 2. mineral floats up 3. mineral is smelted to purify
phosphorus cycle steps:
1. phosphates leach from rocks into soil 2. producers take in phosphates and incorporate them into organic molecules 3. consumers ingest these molecules containing phosphorus 4. phosphorus returns to the environment as organic matter decomposes 5. it washes into rivers and oceans, continuing cycle
weathering of rock occurs by
1. physical changes (water/wind) 2. chemical changes (reactions btw other substances) 3. changes caused by activity of living organisms
ecosystem services
1. provisioning (products obtained from nature) 2. regulating (nature regulates our environment) 3. supporting (enables other services to function) 4. cultural (non-material benefits of nature)
sulfur cycle main processes:
1. sulfur cycles into atmosphere and water by weathering, emission of gases from sea floor, and volcanoes 2. bacteria remove it and release it back into the atmosphere 3. it is released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned
mining methods
1. surface mining: open-pit area-strip contour mountain-top removal 2. subsurface mining
average replacement br in developing countries
2.5
what does the mathematical constant "e" equal to?
2.71
How long would it take for the population in the previous question to double in size?
2.8 years
stratosphere composition
1/4 of atmospheric gas, higher pressure, warmer (due to solar radiation and ozone layer), airplanes reach
most scientists agree Earth's carrying capacity is _____ billion
10
only ______% of biomass is transferred tropic level to level, the rest is lost as heat
10
Russia approx. population
140 (million)
seafood accounts for ____% of protein people eat
15
age structure diagram stages
1: Rapid growth pyramid 2: Slow growth 3: Stable growth 4: Decline growth
which 2 stages of the demographic transition experiences constant population size?
1: preindustrial 4: postindustrial
Australia approx. population
20 (million)
% composition of healthy loam
20% clay, 40% sand, 40% silt
Saltwater is ______% of all global water
97
average fertility rate in developing countries
3-6
What percentage of the land on Earth is covered in forests?
30%
United States approx. population
300 (million)
which stage of the demographic transition is most common among developing countries?
3: industrial
PH of most soils
4-8
_______% of the world's population lives within 100 km of the ocean
40
composition of healthy soil
45% minerals 25% water 25% air 5% organic matter
_____% of rangelands are privately owned, _____% is owned by the federal government, and remaining land is managed by the _______________
50; 40; state government
the Coriolis effect produces ________________
6 convention cells, 3 in each hemisphere
PH of healthiest soil
6-8
Which horizon of a soil profile contains weathered rock and organic matter that has moved downward?
A: Topsoil
Which continent has the country with the highest current growth rate?
Africa
Where are the largest old-growth forests found in the U.S.?
Alaska and California
when animals and plants die and decompose, amino acids and nucleic acids are released back into soil in form of ammonia in which process
Ammonification
Which horizon of a soil profile contains accumulated metals and inorganic materials?
B Horizon: Subsoil
Which continent has the country with the highest population density?
Asia
agency that manages outdoor recreation, livestock grazing, mineral development, and energy production on public lands
BLM
animals and plants absorb and use nitrate/nitrite in biological processes
Assimilation
which government agency manages outdoor recreation, livestock grazing, mineral development, and energy production on public lands?
BLM
factors that cause the death rates to decline during the demographic transition
Better overall conditions Better healthcare Improved access to contraception More education Women working
Which horizon of a soil profile lacks organic matter and contains large weathered rock fragments?
C Horizon: Parent Rock
solutions to sustainable human population growth
China's One-Child policy access to contraception women's education
Which of the following correctly describes the effect of deforestation on the fertility of the land?
Deforestation reduces the fertility of land due to soil erosion
process by which specialized bacteria in the soil reduce nitrate into atmospheric nitrogen
Denitrification
global circulation of air
Due to the unequal heating of the Earth's surface, the Equator is warmer than the poles. The warm air near the Equator will rise and travel to the poles, while the cold air near the poles will sink and travel to the Equator
mineral deposits tend to collect in areas of ______________________
Earth's crust
geosphere
Earth's interior, rocks, minerals, landforms
the El Nino Southern Oscillation includes a warm phases known as
El Nino
In a temperate forest, the energy captured by the primary producer is about 14,354 kcal/m2/yr. How much energy do you expect the primary consumer to capture? If scientists measure 1076 kcal/m2/yr, what is the actual ecological efficiency?
Expected: 1,435.4 kcal/m2/yr Ecological efficiency = 7.5%
which gov agency enforces laws that allows EPA to set limits to examine effects of pesticide ingredients
FDA
Which horizon of a soil profile contains leaves, biological waste, and other organisms?
O: Organic
what are the types of convention cells?
Hadley Ferrel Polar
act that directed the USDA and Department of the Interior to better handle wildfires
Healthy Forests Initiative
formula for impact of human activity
I(activity) = P(pop size) x A(average per capita consumption) x T(available technology)
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between TFR and RBR?
If the total fertility rate exceeds the replacement birth rate, the population will grow.
Which of the following correctly compares the temperature in downtown urban areas to surrounding rural areas?
It can be about 7 degrees higher due to pollution and concrete
How did the USFS's forest fire prevention campaign affect the health of ecosystems?
It negatively affected the health of ecosystems. Some tree species require regular fires to survive. Additionally, the lack of smaller fires resulted in the build up of dry plant matter, such as chapparal. When a forest fire did occur, it was much more difficult to manage.
Reproductive strategy: gradual growth late reproductive maturity low fertility (few offspring) longer lifespan high natal care specialized to a niche examples include humans, annual plants, and elephants
K-selected species
equation for population size
N = (B - D) + (I - E)
a population of 100 individuals that has a carrying capacity of 150. In a year, the population experiences 15 births, 5 deaths, and no migration. What will the population be in one year?
N = (B - D) + (I - E) N = (15 - 5) + (0) r = deltaN/N r = 10/100 r = 0.1 dN/dt = rN (K-N/K) dN/dt = (0.1)(100)(150-100/150) dN/dt = 3 original pop + 3 = 103 individuals
The California condor population had 276 individuals in the wild in 2016. There were 20 births and 15 deaths. How long will it take for the wild population of California condors to double?
N = (B - D) + (I - E) N = (20 - 15) + (0) N = 5 individuals r = delta(N)/N r = 5/276 r = 0.018 doubling time = 70/r dt = 70/0.018 dt = 70/1.8 dt = 35 years
A population of frogs is composed of 150 individuals. If 34 frogs are born, 11 frogs die, and there is no net change in migration, what is the growth rate of the population?
N = (B - D) + (I - E) N = (34 - 11) + (0) N = 23 individuals r = delta(N)/N r = 23/150 r = 0.15
if a population of 20 individuals experiences 6 births and 2 deaths, and 2 individuals immigrate and 4 individuals emigrate, what is the change in the population size?
N = (B - D) + (I - E) N = (6 - 2) + (2 - 4) N = 2 individuals
Which government agency includes the Fisheries Services that maintains a database of fishing practices?
NOAA
GPP - Respiration =
NPP
gross primary production (GPP) vs net primary production (NPP)
NPP is the amount of energy available to consumers
agency that assists in the historic preservation and the creation and maintenance of over 400 national parks
NPS
act that governs the administration of national forests
National Forest Management Act
law that established the National Park Service agency within the government
National Park Service Act
process by which ammonia is oxidized to nitrate (NO3) and nitrite (NO2) to be used by plants
Nitrification
element that is a key component in DNA, equal to 78% of the atmosphere but unusable by most due to its extremely stable chemical structure
Nitrogen
conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) or nitrate (NO3)
Nitrogen fixation
formula for calculating what population will be at a certain time
Nt = N0e^rt Nt (pop in time) N0 (original pop) e (constant) r (growth rate) t (certain time)
The original population (N0) was 20, and growth rate (r) was calculated to be 0.1. What will the population (Nt) be in 1 year (t)?
Nt = N0e^rt Nt = 20e^(0.1)(1) Nt = (20)(2.71)^(0.1)(1) (or) Nt = 22
horizons of soil
O (organic), A (topsoil), B (subsoil), C (parent rock)
ENSO causes
Pacific Ocean surface temperatures to be warmer for half of the year
steps of ecological succession
Primary: ROCK 1. (moss, lichens) weather rock to create humus Secondary: SOIL 2. pioneer species (grass, moss, lichens) add nutrients to soil 3. opportunistic species (grass, weeds, shrubs) replace pioneer species 4. biodiversity increases (trees, small mammals) 5. species replacement creates most well-suited species 6. climax community: stable state of maturity 7. ecosystem remains stable until next disturbance event
respiration vs photosynthesis
Producers store solar energy in complex sugars through photosynthesis, and producers and consumers use the stored energy to produce ATP in respiration
After many years, the Forest Service found that although the frequency of fires in parks decreased, their strength and destruction increased. What explains why?
Prolonged drought without natural fires lead to an accumulation of chaparral and other dry plant matter
Reproductive strategy: rapid growth early reproductive maturity high fertility (many offspring) shorter lifespan little natal care not as specialized to a niche examples include sea turtles, trees, and oysters
R-selected species
K selected species v R selected species
R-selected species have shorter lifespans
which act mandates restoration of strip-mined land?
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
1934 ___________________ Act limited area of federal land that could be used for grazing
Taylor Grazing
Why has the Taylor Grazing Act not been sufficient in protecting rangelands?
The fees for overgrazing were not enough to cover the cost of caring for the land.
what region of the atmosphere has the highest atmospheric pressure
Thermosphere
what region of the atmosphere has the lowest density of gas molecules
Thermosphere
Why do redwoods live so long?
They are resistant to insects and fire
largest old-growth forest in the united states
Tongass National Forest of Alaska
what region of the atmosphere is most responsible for Earth's weather patterns
Troposphere
act that identified what a federally protected wilderness area is
Wilderness Act
example of ecosystem with great diversity
a tropical rain forest because it has relatively constant environmental conditions
what is soil fertility dependent on?
abundance of nutrients
rapid speciation filling niches left by extinct species
adaptive radiation
largest consumer of water
agriculture
when trees and crops are planted together, creating a mutualistic symbiotic relationship between them
agroforestry
Coriolis effect
air masses moving north are deflected east -- air masses moving south are deflected west -- due to faster movement around the Equator
__________ is fixed through biological functions with bacteria
ammonia
mass extinction
an event that is followed by a high rate of speciation
Following a disturbance, an invasive plant is capable of growing in a field's nutrient-poor soil. Several years later, the invasive species is completely removed from the field. Analysis of the soil shows an abundance of nitrogen compounds. Which of the following correctly describes how this occurred?
bacteria in the soil fixed atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds
tropopause
barrier between troposphere and stratosphere --coldest part of the troposphere layer
pesticides are consumed by primary producers that feed on treated crops and build up at each trophic level through a process called ___________________
bioaccumulation
amount of organic material in a food web
biomass
organization of living things (largest to smallest)
biome biosphere ecosystem community population organism
direct causes of population growth
birth, death, migration
population changes in size as a result of the number of ____________, ___________, _____________, and _____________
births (B) deaths (D) immigrations (I) emigrations (E)
when a certain plant species becomes more successful than others, taking over the ecosystem and resulting in a decrease in biodiversity
bloom
when non-target fish get caught accidentally by nets, traps
bycatch
biogeochemical cycles involve which 6 essential elements of life
carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen phosphorus sulfur
carbon sink and carbon source examples
carbon sink - plants, oceans, fossil fuels carbon source - decaying matter, burning fossil fuels, deforestation
Once a species has reached the maximum population possible for a specific habitat, it is said to have reached its —
carrying capacity
after reaching its __________________________, population size will stabilize through __________________ growth
carrying capacity; logistical
____________ converts stored energy into H20, CO2, and ATP
cellular respiration
equation for rate of growth of a population
change in pop r = ____________________ initial pop size r = delta(N)/N
one method for harvesting trees used commercially and has serious impacts on biodiversity
clear-cutting
abrupt changes in average temperature, ranging from decades to millions of years in time
climate shifts
effects of altering a biogeochemical cycle
climate shifts, ocean acidification
what name describes a balanced mature ecosystem
climax community
A caribou scavenging for food is followed by an arctic fox. In an attempt to find food, the caribou stops to dig a hole with its large hooves in the frozen, snow covered ground. The arctic fox waits until the caribou is out of sight, and then approaches the hole. It digs deeper into the ground and is able to find food. What type of relationship is it?
commensal
interaction in which one is positively impacted and the other not affected
commensalism
plowing and planting across the changing slope of land, rather than in straight lines, to help retain water and reduce soil erosion
contour farming
strips are removed from the side of a slope to expose ore
contour strip mining
formula for ecological efficiency
energy primary consumers ______________________________________ x 100 energy producers
formula for calculating change in pop size in a time period
dN/dt = rN (K-N/K)
rotation of the Earth on its axis causes
day and night
regulating services examples
decomposers breaking down waste, plants producing oxygen and filtering water
NOT an effect of urbanization
decreased rates of obesity
Permeability in soil decreases as particle size ______________
decreases
shift from high birth/death rate to low birth/death rates
demographic transition
The ___________ of a population depends on its size, distribution, and dispersion.
density
factors that determine the carrying capacity: -Effects increase with crowding -Examples include food and water supplies, places to live, and communicable diseases
density-dependent
factors that determine the carrying capacity: -Alter population growth regardless of crowding -Examples include random events, like floods and fires
density-independent
role of TFR and RBR in the growth rate of developing countries
developing countries have less access to contraception, causing TFR to exceed RBR
factors that increase diversity
diverse habitats disturbance events constant environmental conditions trophic levels with diversity ecosystems in middle level of succession evolution of species
measure of the percentage of energy transfer between trophic levels
ecological efficiency
process by which an ecosystem changes and develops over time, involving the process in which species present at one stage are gradually replaced by a new species, resulting in increases in biodiversity in an ecosystem
ecological succession
measure of the range of habitats found in an area
ecosystems diversity
species only found in one area
endemic species
what is NOT a goal for the protection of wilderness areas
increasing eutrophication
jet streams
fast streams of air formed when cold air meets warm air at the boundaries between cells (2 in each hemisphere)
the ability to reproduce
fecundity
how many offspring are produced
fertility
thermosphere composition
few gases, low pressure, auroras
provisioning services examples
food, minerals, timber
Ferrel cells
form midway between the Equator and the poles as cold air sinks toward the poles before warming/rising
Hadley cells
form near the Equator as warm air rises toward the poles, cools, then sinks
sedimentary rock
forms from settled layers of sediment (strata)
measurement of the range of genetic traits that make up the gene pool of a species
genetic diversity
3 ways to measure biodiversity:
genetic diversity species diversity ecosystem diversity
pros and cons of mono-cropping?
harvest more crops at the same time, but cause soil erosion, salinization, and reduced biodiversity.
method of mineral purification involving spraying cyanide on ore to dissolve it and reveal the metal
heap leaching
high fecundity leads to a _________ fertility and natality
high
NPP of rainforests is ___________ than NPP of deserts
higher
effects of human population growth
hunger disease habitat destruction
when bodies of water are deprived of oxygen and cause death of organisms unable to leave the ecosystem
hypoxia
positive effect of using GMOS in agriculture
increase in crop yields
effects of urbanization?
increased pollution, increased crime urban heat islands
cultural services examples
inspiration for music, art, agriculture; cultural identity; sense of home; spiritual experience
what could be a threat to the biodiversity of the Hawaiian islands
invasive species due to constant commerce
green revolution techniques
irrigation strategic crop production genetic engineering fertilizers
role of Coriolis effect in global air circulation
it causes the formation of three convection cells in each hemisphere
When a population exceeds the environment's carrying capacity —
it suffers a sudden population crash
why is soil a non-renewable resource?
it takes hundreds of years to mature
primary mechanism produced by convection cells that drive weather patterns
jet streams
California sea otter is known as a
keystone species
fungicide
kills fungi
insecticide
kills pests
rodenticide
kills rats and mice
aracicide
kills spiders
herbicide
kills weeds
chemical compounds found in rocks that are naturally occurring, found in deposits, and nonrenewable
minerals
naturally occurring substances with a specific chemical composition or crystal structure
minerals
how is mining negatively impacting land?
mining involves removing large sections of land, which can result in soil degradation
the number of years that a person is statistically expected to live
life expectancy
the longest amount of time a species is estimated to live
life span
recharge zone
location at which surface water infiltrates rather than running off
why do urban populations grow quickly?
low death rates and plenty of resources
composition of the atmosphere
majority of gases are found in troposphere, with nitrogen gas being the most prevalent
Which of the following correctly describes a second-growth forest in comparison to old-growth forests?
majority of trees are the same age and size
enough calories but not enough nutrients
malnourished
why is mining expensive?
many physical and chemical separation processes produce toxic waste that is expensive to dispose of
what determines the number of species that can survive in an ecosystem
net primary productivity
organism's functional role within a larger community, including habitat, resources, interactions
niche
scientists predict that by 2050, the human population could grow to ________ billion people
nine
_________ are fixed by abiotic fixation like lightning
nitrates
what form of nitrogen can plants use directly
nitrates
growth of crops without plowing the soil to prevent erosion and loss of nutrients
no-till agriculture
density calculation
number of individuals ______________________________ area of land they occupy
which disturbance does carbon dioxide cause when it reacts with water to produce carbonic acid?
ocean acidification
convergence
one plate goes under/into another during subduction, creating earthquakes/volcanos/mountains
subduction
one plate moves under another, causing volcanic eruptions
exosphere composition
only hydrogen and helium, low pressure
digging large hole to remove ore close to surface
open-pit mining
rocks that contain enough mineral to be extracted economically
ores
primary production
organic compounds released by primary producers in g/m2/yr
what is a demographer calculating when he/she counts the number of individuals in a population and divides that number by the area that the population occupies
population density
Any total fertility rate over 2.1 in developed countries will result in ________________________
population growth
if TFR is less than RBR --
population should not grow
what is the measure of the number of individuals in a population?
population size
______________, which includes characteristics such as distribution, dispersion, and density, is largely determined by the size of a population
population structure
water cycle (hydrogen & oxygen) main steps
precipitation --> runoff --> evaporation --> absorption --> photosynthesis --> transpiration
which stages of demographic transition experience highest birth rates
preindustrial and transitional
types of ecological succession
primary succession (starts from bare rock) secondary succession (starts with soil)
what is not a driving force of weather systems
proximity to the sun
if the population was 20 individuals and the change in population size was 2 individuals then what is the growth rate?
r = delta(N)/N r = 2/20
An El-Nino winter brings more opportunity for __________, __________, and ____________ ____________
rain, storms, warmer weather
lands used for non-crop agriculture
rangelands
An age structure diagram shaped like a pyramid is characteristic of a country experiencing
rapid growth
primary productivity
rate at which primary producers photosynthesis and release energy into the ecosystem
what solution does not sustain land and water
reducing GMOS because they require more water and pesticides and cause accumulation
does NOT cause loss of rangeland
regularly moving animals to different locations to graze
net primary productivity
remaining amount of energy available to consumers from original gross primary production
Polar cells
results from the diverging of rising warm air that sinks over the poles
describe the lithosphere (upper mantle & crust)
rigid, brittle, and composed of several large plates that are constantly moving due to the movement of molten rock within the magma
metamorphic rock
rock that has been changed by heat/pressure/chemicals
what is not a negative effect of pesticides
salinization of lakes
revolution of the Earth around the sun causes
seasons
rock cycle:
sediments --> (lithification)--> sedimentary rock --> (metamorphism) --> metamorphic rock --> (magma) --> igneous rock --> (weathering)
method of harvesting small groups of trees
selective-cutting
Green Revolution
the increase in crop yields using methods such as drip irrigation, monocultures, and GMOs
how does fracking induce earthquakes?
the injection of water raises pressure levels and friction between rocks
What can be estimated from a sample number of ash trees in a forest?
the species richness
how does heap leaching contaminate the environment
the tailings that are produced contain cyanide
what causes the global circulation of air
the temperature gradient (warm air/water going to the poles, cool air/water going to the equator)
characteristic of the geosphere has the LARGEST impact on tectonic processes
the temperature gradient of the interior of the Earth
what does the temperature inversion layer result from
the trapping of heat below the ozone layer
Which of the following is a major contributing factor to hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico?
the use of nitrogen-based fertilizers
gross primary productivity
total amount of organic compounds created through photosynthesis and used by plants to grow/maintain themselves
An age structure diagram shaped like a pyramid is in which stage of demographic transition
transitional
the process by which plants absorb water from soil and release water gas from its leaves
transpiration
large plots of land with a single species of tree that are harvested when grown
tree plantations
Type of forest: an example is found in Borneo found near equator
tropical rainforest
cold, snowy plain with little vegetation
tundra
not enough calories
undernourished
what is most likely to form when 2 oceanic plates diverge
underwater ridge
mountain top removal involves --
using equipment to move large sections of mountains to access ore deposits
El-Nino
warming of the ocean surface in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean
3 main crops that make up 60% of human calorie consumption
wheat, rice, maize
heat transformations that occur in ecosystems:
when energy is transformed, some is lost as heat
ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation)
when heat changes in the atmosphere, causing a shift between warm and cool phases due to the movement of jet streams
saturated zone
where water infiltrates the ground from runoff or snowmelt or rain
secondary effects of climate shift
wildfires, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, tsunamis
Belts of trees along field edges to reduce wind erosion
windbreaks
