APES Ch. 18 Quiz

Which group of organisms has had the greatest number of extinctions since 1500? Birds Amphibians Mammals Reptiles Fish

Birds

Animals that are threatened or near-threatened are at risk of extinction. The graph for mammals is based on assessments of about 4,600 species. About how many of the assessed mammal species are not at risk of extinction? 322 1,150 1,472 3,128 3,634

3,128

In a major extinction event, what is the minimum percentage of species that goes extinct? 25 percent 40 percent 50 percent 75 percent 90 percent

75 percent

The American bison population at the time of European settlement was estimated to be about 70 million animals. Today the population is approximately 500,000 animals. By approximately what percent has the population of bison decreased? 50 percent 75 percent 1 percent 99 percent 9.9 percent

99 percent

What factor has played the largest role in decreased diversity of domesticated species? A focus on increased yields The use of genetic engineering The adaptation to specific growing environments The decreased number of pests Increased seed storage efforts

A focus on increased yields

Which could be a non-anthropogenic reason for a decline in the number of wild species? A loss of genetic diversity An increase in the range of phenotypes Deforestation from clear-cutting Water pollution from a power plant A housing boom

A loss of genetic diversity

Which is NOT an example of an instrumental value of ecosystems? Food Medicinal products Beautiful scenery Timber Insect pollination

Beautiful scenery

Which endangered population in the United States has benefitted from a highly successful captive breeding program? California condor Wolf Bison Florida panther American alligator

California condor

Which factor contributes to species endangerment? I. Habitat destruction II. Exotic species introduction III. Increasing human populations

I, II, and III

Which is NOT a category of instrumental value? Regulating services Resilience Provisions Cultural services Diversity

Diversity

Which term does NOT describe a species that is present in an area where it does not normally occur? Endemic Non-native Invasive Alien Exotic

Endemic

What is the best way to connect separate populations in order to promote gene flow? Catch and release programs Captive breeding in zoos Habitat corridors An increase in edge habitat Introduction of exotic species

Habitat corridors

According to the principles of island biogeography, what increases island biodiversity? I. Increased proximity to the mainland II. Increased island size III. Increased amount of edge habitat

I and II

Problems with protecting many small habitats include I. increased proportions of edge habitats. II. increased dispersal between populations. III. the need for corridors between some protected species.

I and III

Which is NOT true of the Endangered Species Act? It is an example of the single-species approach to conservation. It prohibits the hunting or harvesting of some listed species. It includes the development of recovery plans for listed species. It uses a different definition for threatened than the IUCN. It has resulted in the delisting of several species after successful population growth.

It prohibits the hunting or harvesting of some listed species.

What is the function of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault? It archives ancient seeds for study. It protects biodiversity. It makes seeds available for farmers in developing nations. It provides a source of emergency food supplies. It houses radioactive seeds for genetic studies.

It protects biodiversity.

Fragmentation of forest habitat increases the potential for edge effect. How might this affect songbird populations? It will increase nesting sites. It will increase food availability. It will increase interactions with harmful species. It will increase the impact of UV light damage on nest sites. It will increase gene flow.

It will increase interactions with harmful species.

Why is the exotic plant kudzu able to grow uncontrollably? Kudzu produces very little nectar to attract insects. Chemical defenses are non-existent in kudzu. Kudzu has no natural predators in the range in which it has been introduced. Kudzu is camouflaged from herbivores. Kudzu grows so slowly that herbivores do not search for it.

Kudzu has no natural predators in the range in which it has been introduced.

Which endangered species is associated with logging of old growth forests in the Pacific Northwest? Mountain lion Black footed ferret Polar bear Roanoke log perch Northern spotted owl

Northern spotted owl

Which has NOT been de-listed or downgraded from endangered to threatened within the framework of the Endangered Species Act? Bald eagle American alligator Gray wolf Gray whale Northern spotted owl

Northern spotted owl

Which North American species was driven to extinction by overharvesting? Dodo Bald eagle Passenger pigeon Kudzu American bison

Passenger pigeon

Which group of organisms represents the largest number of species listed in the Endangered Species Act? Insects Fish Mammals Amphibians Plants

Plants

Which is a trend identified by the Convention on Biological Diversity between 2002 and 2010? Over half of threatened species have moved away from extinction. Very few plant species are at risk of extinction. The genetic diversity of crops is increasing. Marine species are affected most by recent biodiversity losses. The human ecological footprint has increased.

The human ecological footprint has increased.

Which species was originally brought to North America to consume excess algae? Silver carp Cheetah Spotted owl Zebra mussel Coral

Silver carp

Which organization keeps the "Red List" of worldwide threatened species? The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) The Nature Conservancy The Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) The Environmental Protection Agency

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

In 2003, the EPA required the Brayton Point Power Station in Somerset, MA to significantly reduce its thermal discharge into Mount Hope Bay. Why did the EPA issue this requirement? To decrease carbon dioxide emissions from the power station. To protect aquatic biodiversity in Mount Hope Bay. To decrease toxic waste emissions into Mount Hope Bay. To increase the power plant's reliance on cleaner energy. To meet requirements on national standards for sulfur dioxide emissions.

To protect aquatic biodiversity in Mount Hope Bay.

Which area is most likely to be exposed to human impact? Buffer zone Core zone Core zone and buffer zone would have equal exposure Transition area and buffer zone would have equal exposure Transition area

Transition area

The aesthetic value of an ecosystem provides a supporting service. monetary value. a regulating service. an intrinsic value. a cultural service.

a cultural service

Forgiving the debt of a poor nation in exchange for preserving biodiverse habitat falls under NAFTA. the Montreal Protocol. the Kyoto treaty. a debt for nature swap. a conservation easement.

a debt for nature swap.

When a spruce tree is harvested so the wood can be used to build a house, the tree is providing a cultural service. a provision. an intrinsic value. a monetary unit. a regulating service.

a provision.

Bees are important to ecosystems and humans because they provide a regulating service through the pollination of crops. intrinsic value to farmers. a regulating service that increases crop yields. a support system through the pollination of food crops. a support system through promoting biodiversity of crops.

a support system through the pollination of food crops.

An abrupt transition in habitat that brings two communities into contact with each other is called an edge habitat. an ecotone. a riparian zone. a corridor. a patch perimeter.

an edge habitat.

The primary impact of climate change on species diversity is expected to be an increased number of extreme weather events. an increased variability in weather. decreased precipitation worldwide. changes in available habitat because of changing temperatures. the increased ability of species to disperse.

changes in available habitat because of changing temperatures.

A(n) ______ in species diversity is associated with a(n) ________ in the functions an ecosystem provides. increase; decrease decrease; exponential increase decrease; unobserved change decline; decline decline; increase

decline; decline

When the last member of a species dies, ________ has occurred. selection endangerment extinction decline exclusion

extinction

The Lacey Act provides protected habitats for a number of threatened species. forbids the interstate shipping of illegally harvested plants and animals. provides harvesting quotas and prevents overharvesting. prevents the spread of invasive species to the United States. gives penalties for polluting ecosystems, especially water.

forbids the interstate shipping of illegally harvested plants and animals.

A larger preserved area of land generally contains ________ biodiversity, and makes species ________ susceptible to extinction. greater; less less; greater greater; greater less; less some; more

greater; less

The most significant cause of species decline and extinction throughout the world is habitat loss. overharvesting. pollution. climate change. invasive species.

habitat loss.

In Europe, half of all livestock breeds from 1900 are now extinct. Of the remaining livestock, over one third are currently at risk of extinction. This decline in livestock diversity is largely the result of famines and droughts over the last century, which have limited the quantity of food. natural selection of species in domestic settings, which has limited genetic diversity. humans breeding only the most productive types of livestock, which has reduced livestock species. climate change in Europe, which has caused many species to go extinct. pesticide use across the continent, which has caused inbreeding depression.

humans breeding only the most productive types of livestock, which has reduced livestock species.

The Lacey act was designed to provide a framework for the trade of organisms. encourage harvesting alien species. inhibit the interstate commerce of illegally harvested species. raise funds to promote international conservation. prevent the transport of invasive species across state lines.

inhibit the interstate commerce of illegally harvested species.

Non-local species that spread rapidly across large areas are known as alien species. invasive species. exotic species. native species. endangered species.

invasive species.

The intrinsic value of an ecosystem is the total monetary worth of its features. is based on the goods the ecosystem produces. considers the potential benefits that could be discovered in the ecosystem. is the value it has independent of humans. is the function of an ecosystem that humans cannot replicate.

is the value it has independent of humans.

Evaluating the overall status of different plant and animal groups is difficult because fossils are hard to find. funding for evaluation projects is not available. most known species have not been assessed for current population trends. research scientists have focused on invasive species. it is difficult to secure permission to study species.

most known species have not been assessed for current population trends.

Passenger pigeons were driven extinct primarily by habitat loss. overharvesting. pollution. climate change. invasive species.

overharvesting.

The Marine Mammal Protection Act allows states to make exceptions regarding the killing of marine mammals. was passed primarily to protect whales. prohibits the killing of all marine mammals. allows the import of marine mammal body parts. protects sharks as well as marine mammals.

prohibits the killing of all marine mammals.

Products obtained from nature that humans can use such as lumber, medicines and food crops are known as ecological benefits. provisions. supplies. service values. intrinsically valuable.

provisions.

Invasive species are usually not a threat to biodiversity. rare in island habitats. successful due to a lack of natural enemies. mostly specialist species. often unable to compete effectively in the new environment.

successful due to a lack of natural enemies.

In 1975, the American crocodile was put on the endangered species list after the population of the species dwindled below 300. However, by the mid-2000s, the population rebounded to over 2,000. As a result, the status of the species was changed to "least concern." the government increased resources to protect crocodile habitat. there was a decrease in ecosystem services in the country. the American crocodile was removed from the endangered species list. there was a significant decrease in nearby alligator populations.

the American crocodile was removed from the endangered species list.

The intrinsic value of an ecosystem is the value that humans do not recognize within an ecosystem. the cost of maintaining and conserving an ecosystem. the value of an ecosystem as determined through a cost-benefit analysis. the value of an ecosystem dependent on human benefit. the value of an ecosystem independent of any human benefit.

the value of an ecosystem independent of any human benefit.

According to the theory of island biogeography when conservation areas are close to each other, more species will persist. species on islands far from the mainland are at the least risk of extinction. multiple small conservation areas will protect species better than one large area of the same size. conservation areas should be connected with corridors to increase migration. edge habitat is important to protect for increased diversity.

when conservation areas are close to each other, more species will persist.