APES Ch 8 11 13

Ocean Acidification; the other CO2 problem

. Since in recent years we have burbed a lot of fossil fuels there is more carvob dioxide in the atmosphere this when combine with the ocean water which is basic turs the ocean watr more acidic. When atmospheric Co2 combines with ocenean water it forms carbonic acid which is a weak acid but since the ocean water is more acidic than it was basic there is less carbonate, carbonate is vital to many aquatic species so then coral grows a lot slower

What are some ways you can treat eutrophication

1) Altering human activities that produce pollution - replace 2) Regulate and reduce pollutants at the point of emission - reduce 3) Clean up and restoration of polluted water by pumping mud from eutrophic lakes

List 5 limiting factors in an aquatic ecosystem

1.temperature 2.dissolved oxygen content 3.availability of food 4.availability of light 5.nutrients required for photosynthesis 6.phosphorus

45. How many children die in a day due to poor water quality or scarcity?

2000

52. What percentage of irrigated water actually hits the crops?

60

54. Explain the Areal Sea disaster.

A Water Management Disaster in the Soviet Union. The Aral Sea in the Soviet Union, formerly the world's fourth largest lake in area, is disappearing. Between 1960 and 1987, its level dropped nearly 13 meters, and its area decreased by 40 percent.

What area has the lowest amount of naturally available freshwater per capita?

Africa

25. What will an overabundance of algal blooms do in an aquatic ecosystem?

Algal blooms deplete the oxygen dissolved in water making it unsuitable for aquatic life

20. What is an estuary and what are the economic benefits? Why are estuary's so nutrient rich?

An estuary is where a river meets the sea, it is a partially enclosed body of water where seawater mixes with the rivers freshwater as well as nutrients and pollutants in runoff from the land. Nutrient input from rivers

Desalination is used to supply much of this region with freshwater. What is the region?

Arabian peninsula(Saudi Arabia)

50. List China, Russia, USA, India, and Canada amount of water usage in a year. Who has the greatest usage?

China US Russia India Canada

the largest hydroelectric dam in the world is located on one of the world's longest rivers. Where is this located?

China Yangtze river

What is cultural eutrophication

Cultural eutrophication refers to situations where the nutrients added to the water body originate mainly from human sources, such as agricultural drainage or sewage. An increase in biological productivity and ecosystem succession caused by human activities.

What is dissolved oxygen and list 5 ways it can be adversely effected in an aquatic ecosystem?

Dissolved Oxygen is the amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) dissolved in the water. 1 Determine water temperature 2 salinity levels 3 pressure levels 4 limiting factor 5 pollution

26. What happened at Chesapeake Bay estuary? What was a very important keystone species in this estuary and why?

Due to water pollution from various sources which affect it making it hard for things to live there and their keystone species the oysters which in the past cleaned the area in three days now takes them a year due to their small population.

List three coral reefs and give a brief description of the damages that are currently happening.

Finders reef, French frigate shoals, great barrier reef -tsunamis-physical damage, erosion, possible disruption of reproduction and recruitment -earthquakes-trigger tsunamis and coastal landslides -volcanoes-heat, smothering, and sedimentation And human activity

40. What does HIPPCO stand for and who created this acronym?

Habitat destruction, invasive species, population growth, pollution, climate change, over fishing

List three other dams that exist and their benefits versus their harmful effect

Hoover, Oroville, Dworshak , water storage, flood control, mine tailings, electrical generations, navigation, debris control v costly, destruction of natural environment, global damage, alter natural table level, block migrations, keeps sediment from flowing, stagnant water

31. Define Hydrology, Soil Type and species composition

Hydrology the branch of science concerned with the properties of the earth's water, especially its movement in relation to land species comp is the percentage of species in an ecosystem

33. Which zone in a pond would have rooted emergent plants such as cattails?

Littoral zone

What is natural Capital? What is natural capital degradation on marine ecosystems and coral reefs?

Natural Capital can be defined as the world's stocks of natural assets which include geology, soil, air, water and all living things. the degredation affcts it for reasons like temperature, acidification, algae growth and uv exposure

21. What is NPP in ecology?

Net primary productivity is the rate at which producers use photosynthesis to produce and store chemical energy through aerobic respiration, it measures how fast producers can make the chemical energy that is stored in their tissues

30. What is most likely element to limit primary production

Nitrogen and phosphorus

28. What is the difference in an Oligatrophic lake, Mesotrophic Lake, and Eutrophic lake?

Obligate lakes have a small supply of plant nutrient that are called oligotrophic lakes. Eutrophic lakes are lakes that have a large supply of nutrients, these lakes are shallow and have murky brown or green water with high turbidity also have high NPP Mesotrophic lakes are those that are in the middle of the two

What are benthos and give 3 examples

Oysters and seastars that anchor them selves to the bottom of the ocean

22. What causes tides?

The gravitational pull of the moon and the sun causes tides to rise and fall about every six hours in most costal areas.

23. What is ocean acidification and what causes it? What organism is being harmed by ocean acidification?

The increasing levels of acid in the world oceans, occurs when the oceans absorb about a third of the co2 emitted into the atmosphere by human activities especially by the burning of carbon containing fossil fuels.

Explain freshwater eutrophication

The nutrient enrichment of streams, ponds and groundwater, caused when increased levels of nitrogen or phosphorus are carried into water bodies.

27. What was the integrated plan used to help Chesapeake?

The plan that was integrated was the Chesapeake bay program that intended to reduce the pollution inputs into the bay (integrated coastal management)

43. What type of plankton are most jellyfish? What is happening to the jellyfish population? Why is this happening to the jellyfish population?

They are zooplankton, the jellyfish population has skyrocketed, the reason that this is happening is because of the overfishing of the species that eat jellyfish, and they then eat the eggs and larvae making hard for those species to make a comeback. Also the excessive plant nutrient inputs from fertilizer runoff and sewage these make phytoplankton grow faster, jellyfish eat phytoplankton (a never ending cycle)

19. What is turbidity and what causes and aquatic ecosystem to have a greater turbidity?

Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye if there is turbidity it can restrict the passage of sunlight making harder for organisms to get their energy (Algea) and can cause coral reefs to die

32. Use the terms above and determine which ones are defining characteristics of a wetland.

Wetlands are lands located away from coastal areas that are covered with freshwater akk or part of the time excluding lakes reservoirs and streams, they can include marshes swamps and prairie potholes

Is dissolved oxygen a limiting factor

Yes it can be the difference between life or death for many aquatic species

34. What would be the down fall of introducing zebra mussels?

Zebra mussels will upset the food chain by consuming phytoplankton that other species need to survive. They are filter feeders that consume large portions of the microscopic plants and animals that form the base of the food web. Their consumption of significant amounts of phytoplankton from the water decreases zooplankton and can cause a shift in native species and a disruption of the ecological balance of entire bodies of water. In addition, they can displace native species, further upsetting the natural food web.

51. What is the single greatest use of freshwater in the United States?

agriculture or thermoelectric

What are nekton and give 3 examples?

aquatic animals that are able to swim and move independently of water currents. Examples include whales, most fish, and turtles.

36. What are impermeable structures? Give 2 examples.

dome structures, artificial surfaces

38. What type of agricultural irrigation results in the least amount of water loss?

drip

37. When we increase urbanization and the groundwater is reduced what is this called?

groundwater pollution or hydro logical poverty

profundal zone

layer too dark for photosynthesis. low o2 levels. fishes adapt to cold temp

Littoral zone

near the shore shallow sunlit waters, high biodiversity due to ample sunlight and nutrient input inlcudes rooted plants turtles frogs and some fish

benthic zone

occupied mostly by decomposer like deritus feeders nutrients are dead stuff that fall into the zone

39. What is the major reason for the decline in the world's catch of fish since the 1990's?

overfishing disease pollution

What are the three types of plankton? And explain examples of each type.

phytoplankton - drifting single-celled organisms which manufacture food using energy from sunlight (Algae) zooplankton- drifting animals that feed on phytoplankton and other zooplankton ultraplankton- smaller group of plankton they are producers that male up the base of most aquatic food chains and webs

35. What is the tradeoff approach in dealing with environmental issues is known as?

social capital or ecological mitigation

Limnetic zone

the most sunlit layer apart from littoral zone extends all the way to where the sunlight can no longer penetrate, main zone for photosynthesis. consists of zooplankton and phytoplankton

49. List how water is used from greatest user to least user with their percentages of usage next to their name.

thermoelectirc 41 irrigation 37 public supply 13 aqua culture 3 domestic 1.1 mining .1

42. List the major commercial fishing types in the table below and draw a picture of each:

trawler purse seine long lining drift net fish farming aqua culture

48. What are 3 anthropogenic reasons for flooding? What can humans do to reduce flooding?

urbanization damming deforestation

53. What is the worst type of irrigation? What is the best type of irrigation?

worst is flood and spray best is drip / trickle

List 7 anthropogenic aquatic pollutions

• Raw sewage running into lake or streams • Industrial waste spills contaminating groundwater • Radiation spills or nuclear accidents • Illegal dumping of substances or items within bodies of water • Biological contamination, such as bacteria growth • Farm runoff into nearby bodies of water and eutrophication