APES Chapter 2+5 (Plate Tectonics and Cycles + Systems)

Define 2nd law of thermodynamics

As energy is transformed, the quantity remains the same but it's ability to do work diminishes

What are inorganic vs. organic compounds?

Organic - Carbon based such as glucose and methane Also anything that comes from the living inorganic: Not carbon based such as ammonia

transform plate boundary

The boundary between two plates that are sliding past each other. This causes earthquakes Ex: San Andreas Fault Zone (Along the coast of California)

Solutions to eutrophication

1) Reduce fertilizer amount 2) Rotate crop type to even out nutrient use 3) Reduce irrigation 4) Runoff collection

What is acid and basic?

Acid is less than 7 while basic is more than 7.

How do humans impact the water cycle? Biggest reservoir?

Biggest reservoir is Fresh Glacier Ocean - Humans dam rivers > slows movement of of H20 increasing evaporation - loss of water and disrupting the steady flow water life depend on - Over pumping: For personal use as agriculture and industry > deplete water supply - Pollution > precipitation of water can pick up on gas, oil, etc...

How do humans impact the carbon cycle? Biggest reservoir?

Biggest reservoir is a large sedimentary rock - Burning of FF increases CO2 - Deforestation/cutting trees increases CO2 - Forest fires increases CO2 Carbon sinks include forests and oceans

How do humans impact the phosphorous cycle? Biggest reservoir?

Biggest reservoir is in rocks

How do humans impact the nitrogen cycle? Biggest reservoir?

Biggest reservoir is in the atmosphere -Runoff (Nitrogen is a nutrient in soil, if there is runoff, too much nutrients can create algae or bacteria, following eutrophication and hypoxia - F.F. increases NO2 (nitrogen dioxide)

Formula of Photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide + Water + sunlight = Oxygen and glucose

CHNOPS

Carbon: Necessary for all organic molecules, used for bonding/building Hydrogen: Water and energy transfer Nitrogen: Required to build amino acids (Protein) Oxygen: Water, cellular respiration Phosphorus: Store + release energy Sulfur: Gives structure to proteins

positive feedback loop

Drives the system further toward an extreme The system's output eventually increases the input which will then increase the output. Exponential growth

Energy

Flow of energy moves in one direction The outputs of respiration are the inputs of photosynthesis and the outputs of photosynthesis are the inputs of respiration

Dead Zones

In a body of water, an area with extremely low oxygen concentration and very little life

The location where one tectonic plate is being forced beneath another, creating a volcanic arc.

Japan

Define Hypoxia

Lack of oxygen, terrible for any water life

Define the law of conservation of matter or 1st law of thermodynamics

Matter cannot be created or destroyed

Matter

Matter is recycled The nutrients remain in the system

Where is the location where new crust is being created at a divergent plate boundary

Mid Atlantic Ridge

Explain the process of eutrophication

Phosphorous and Nitrogen nutrients in the agriculture land for plants to grow, animals to eat, and their manure to cycle it. If there is runoff due to rainwater or over-irrigating can lead to a streamflow of these nutrients, affecting our water system Algae and bacteria thus began to grow faster bc they're photosynthetic by using CO2 and releasing O2, as algae complete their cycle it dies and sinks to bottom, becoming food for producers Producers that eat it take up lot of O2 leadng to hypoxia conditions creating dead zones in water

Properties of water

Polar and a solvent

Define eutrophication

Process of nutrients overload that leads to hypoxic conditions

negative feedback loop

The system's output can act as an input that moves the system in the other direction acts as a stabilizing influence or dynamic equilibrium

convergent plate boundary

Two plates come together, it can lead to subduction where one plate is quite denser than the other one causing it to shift underneath the less denser plate create trenches IF there is enough pressure to move these plate drastically, it can create harsh movements in oceanic lithospheres

divergent plate boundary

an area beneath the ocean where tectonic plates move away from each other. They create ridges Ex: Mid Atlantic ridge between SA and Africa

Formula of Cellular Respiration

oxygen + glucose = carbon dioxide + water + energy

The Sun's radiation provides the energy for all of the following

plant growth, ocean currents, hurricanes, clouds, EXCEPT plate tectonics