apes (exam // 2008) PART 2

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91. If an area was originally forested and then underwent urban development, which of the following shows the most likely effects on various parts of the water cycle in the area? (See chart)

A.

53. The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide increased from 278 ppm in 1790 to 383 ppm in 2007. What is the approximate percent increase in carbon dioxide concentration from 1790 to 2007? (A) 38% (B) 50% (C) 92% (D) 105% (E) 138%

A. 38%

60. Which of the lettered choices in the soil profile above represents the region with the greatest concentration of organic material? (See picture) (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (E) E

A. A

81. The largest area of old-growth forest in the United States is located in (A) Alaska (B) Montana (C) California (D) North Carolina (E) Michigan

A. Alaska

73. Which of the following is the current recommendation of Congress for the permanent storage of high-level radioactive waste in the United States? (A) Burial deep underground at sites remote from population centers (B) Storage in huge pools of water at the nuclear plants where they are produced (C) Storage in concrete and steel casks, above ground in air-cooled buildings, at nuclear plants where they are produced (D) Storage deep in the Antarctic ice sheet and burial beneath the ocean floor (E) Injectiondeepundergroundinremoteareas between impervious layers of shale and clay

A. Burial deep underground at sites remote from population centers

78. Which of the following is the best illustration of the tragedy of the commons? (A) Depletion of fishing stocks in the North Atlantic (B) Collective farming of wine grapes in communities in France (C) Using national forests for wood production and harvesting (D) Allocation of all nuclear wastes to one site in Nevada (E) Agreementsamongwesternranchersto jointly manage common grazing land

A. Depletion of fishing stocks in the North Atlantic

99. How would including a control group be useful in this experiment? (See chart) (A) It would provide a reference for the effects of random environmental factors. (B) It would provide a number against which percentages can be computed. (C) It would provide a value for which the standard pH can be measured. (D) It would provide a standard number to test for statistical uncertainty. (E) Itwouldprovideanenddatapointfor graphical analysis.

A. It would provide a reference for the effects of random environmental factors.

76. Which of the following is the greatest component (by weight) of municipal solid waste in the United States? (A) Paper (B) Yard waste (C) Plastics (D) Glass (E) Food

A. Paper

88. Which of the following laws gave the EPA the authority to control hazardous waste from "cradle-to-grave", including the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste? (A) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) (B) Endangered Species Act (ESA) (C) Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (D) National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) (E) PollutionPreventionAct(PPA)

A. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

70. Which of the following is the best example of a keystone species? (A) Sea otter (B) Sea urchin (C) Spotted owl (D) Snail darter (E) Condor

A. Sea otter

80. In Mediterranean climate regions like portions of California, a wetter-than-normal winter often leads to greater severity of fires the following summer. This seeming paradox occurs because increased rain leads to (A) greater accumulation of chapparal biomass (B) higher pollination rates of annual flowers (C) greater recreational use of parklands (D) greater erosion and damage of access roads (E) decreasedsummerrainfall

A. greater accumulation of chapparal biomass

89. Of the phenomena that correlate with the data above, the one that is the most direct consequence of the trend in air travel is (See chart) (A) the increase in the spread of infectious diseases (B) the increase in urban sprawl (C) the decrease in biodiversity (D) the increase in hypoxic aquatic ecosystems (E) thedecreaseinthetotalfertilityrateofdevelopednations

A. the increase in the spread of infectious diseases

85. It has recently been estimated that the growth in world population has slowed in the past decade. Despite this trend, environmentalists remain concerned about the environmental impact of world population, principally because (A) the standard of living is increasing in many developing countries, leading to an increased per capita use of natural resources (B) people are living longer in developed nations, putting a strain on the economies of those countries (C) life expectancy is still decreasing in Africa due to AIDS (D) the standard of living is poor in many developing countries, leading to a great deal of deprivation and suffering (E) fertilityisfallingduetoexposureto endocrine disruptors released into the environment

A. the standard of living is increasing in many developing countries, leading to an increased per capita use of natural resources

86. The country of Sudan has an estimated annual growth rate of 2 percent. At this rate of growth, approximately how many years will it take for the population of Sudan to double? (A) 30 years (B) 35 years (C) 50 years (D) 80 years (E) 140years

B. 35 years

57. (The town of Fremont Center shares its power plant with the towns of West Fremont and East Fremont. Information about the three towns is shown in the table below. The maximum capacity of the existing power plant is 2,000 MW.) (See chart) The number of years that the power plant will be capable of supplying all of the demand for energy in the three cities is nearest to (A) 0.5 year (B) 5 years (C) 15 years (D) 25 years (E) 70years

B. 5 years

66. Based upon the data, what is the best description of this relationship? (See chart) (A) As the concentration of anastrozole increases, the percent induction of breast cancer also increases. (B) As the concentration of anastrozole increases, the percent induction of breast cancer decreases. (C) There is a direct relationship between the concentration of anastrozole and induction of breast cancer. (D) It is more advantageous to be exposed to low amounts of anastrozole. (E) Anastrozolehasnoeffectonbreastcancer induction.

B. As the concentration of anastrozole increases, the percent induction of breast cancer decreases.

52. The process of extracting and separating gold in remoteregionsoftenresultsinenvironmental contamination with which of the following? (A) Ozone (B) Cyanide (C) CFCs (D) Asbestos (E) Selenium

B. Cyanide

69. Particulates can be removed from smokestack emissions by which of the following methods? (A) Irradiation by UV light (B) Electrostatic precipitators (C) Catalytic converters (D) Liquid chromatography (E) Exhaust-stream aeration

B. Electrostatic precipitators

56. Which of the following is the best illustration of the pesticide treadmill? (A) Sequence of several pesticides used by farmers to maximize effectiveness (B) Increased use of pesticides to eradicate genetically resistant pests (C) Biomagnification of pesticides in the fatty tissue of primary consumers (D) Movement of pesticides following their percolation into the groundwater (E) Processthatisusedtomanufacturepesticides

B. Increased use of pesticides to eradicate genetically resistant pests

77. Of the following, which is the primary method of waste disposal in the United States? (A) Incineration (B) Landfilling (C) Composting (D) Recycling (E) Ocean dumping

B. Landfilling

83. Which of the following has most directly resulted in increased skin cancer rates in Australia? (A) Water pollution in the Antarctic Ocean (B) Ozone depletion in the stratosphere (C) Increased immigration of Asian people into Australia (D) The occurrence of a solar maximum (E) Globalwarmingintheloweratmosphere

B. Ozone depletion in the stratosphere

74. Which of the following has the largest proven coal reserves? (A) South America (B) The United States (C) Australia (D) Indonesia (E) Africa

B. The united states

94. Which of the following best describes the process known as "mountaintop removal"? (A) The use of trees planted at high elevations to eliminate carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (B) The use of heavy equipment to move overburden downhill during the strip miningofcoal (C) The placement of hazardous-waste disposal sites at high elevations in mountainous regions (D) The shearing away of undersea mountain peaks to improve shipping lanes (E) Thereductionofglacialiceresultingfrom increased global temperatures

B. The use of heavy equipment to move overburden downhill during the strip miningofcoal

95. Vegetarianism is often cited as a partial solution to the growing problem of deforestation and other types of habitat destruction as the human population continues to grow. The reason for this is (A) vegetarians are healthier due to a lack of animal fat in their diets (B) more people can be fed using less agricultural landbecausevegetarianseatatalower trophic level (C) vegetarians consume fewer calories per person and therefore require fewer acres of farmland (D) vegetarian diets often recommend consuming large amounts of tree nuts as a source of protein, which preserves forest habitats (E) vegetariansoftensupportconservationefforts that promote forest conservation

B. more people can be fed using less agricultural landbecausevegetarianseatatalower trophic level

59. (The town of Fremont Center shares its power plant with the towns of West Fremont and East Fremont. Information about the three towns is shown in the table below. The maximum capacity of the existing power plant is 2,000 MW.) (See chart) The percent of the total available power currently being used by West Fremont is nearest to (A) 5% (B) 10% (C) 15% (D) 25% (E) 50%

C. 15%

98. The pH at which 50 percent of the Daphnia survive after 2 hours of exposure can be predicted from the data. This pH is closest to (See chart) (A) 2.5 (B) 3.5 (C) 4.5 (D) 7.5 (E) 8.5

C. 4.5

90. A field is abandoned, and an invasive plant that can live in nutrient-poor soil moves into the field. If the land is later cleared of this invasive species and it is discovered that the soil has an abundance of nitrogen compounds, what conclusion can best be made? (A) The plants used up all of the phosphorus and potassium and left the nitrogen behind. (B) Primary succession always produces an abundance of nitrogen. (C) Bacteria in soil and in root nodules converted free nitrogen into nitrogen compounds. (D) The plants were able to produce nitrogen in their leaves. (E) Morerockwasweatheredandbrokendowntorelease nitrogen compounds.

C. Bacteria in soil and in root nodules converted free nitrogen into nitrogen compounds.

61. Some toxic compounds are ingested and retained in the tissues. These pollutants pose special risks to humans and other organisms high on the food chain because of which process? (A) Synergism (B) Compound contamination (C) Biomagnification (D) Threshold effect (E) Carcinogenesis

C. Biomagnification

68. Important factors that contribute to smog formation in the Los Angeles basin include which of the following? I. Ample summer sunshine II. Sea-level elevation III. High concentration of automobiles (A) I only (B) III only (C) I and III only (D) II and III only (E) I,II,andIII

C. I and III only

82. Which of the following is the zone of a pond or lake in which rooted, emergent plants such as cattails and rushes are located? (A) Benthic (B) Limnetic (C) Littoral (D) Profundal (E) Riparian

C. Littoral

97. Which of the following is part of a positive feedback mechanism associated with global climate change? (A) Increased gas mileage in cars (B) Increased cloudiness caused by more moisture in the atmosphere (C) Melting of Arctic sea ice (D) Increased acidity of seawater (E) IncreasedgrowthofCO2-absorbingtrees and grasses

C. Melting of Arctic sea ice

62. Which of the following is true of sewage treatment plants in the United States? A. They release wastewater before solids are removed from the sewage. B. They use stormwater runoff to assist in the treatment process. C. They are not designed to remove pharmaceutical chemicals from wastewater. D. They have largely eliminated cultural eutrophication in Chesapeake Bay. E. Theyreleasewastewaterthatisnotregulated by the Clean Water Act.

C. They are not designed to remove pharmaceutical chemicals from wastewater.

93. Which of the following practices is consistent with the production of organic crops according to the United States Department of Agriculture? (A) Using sodium nitrate as a fertilizer on green, leafy vegetables (B) Using strychnine to prevent buildup of aphid populations in field crops (C) Using chemicals known as pheromones to disrupt insect mating cycles (D) Using sewage sludge to improve the fertility and structure of soil (E) Usinggeneticallymodifiedplantvarieties that kill insects that chew their leaves

C. Using chemicals known as pheromones to disrupt insect mating cycles

96. Although the use of DDT was banned in the United States in 1972, a test of the body tissue of an average United States resident today would most likely reveal the presence of DDT because (A) DDT is the breakdown product of some newer pesticides on the market (B) DDT is water soluble (C) other countries that export produce to the United States still use DDT (D) many farmers in the United States are still using DDT illegally (E) DDT is naturally produced by many plants

C. other countries that export produce to the United States still use DDT

84. Population biologists are concerned about introduced species such as the zebra mussel in North America because (A) their removal from their native habitat has a negative impact (B) predators of the introduced species often overpopulate because of the influx of the introduced species (C) the introduced species compete for resources more effectively than native species (D) introduced species often become endangered when they are placed in a new habitat (E) theirintroductionwillrequiremoreland to be protected

C. the introduced species compete for resources more effectively than native species

58. (The town of Fremont Center shares its power plant with the towns of West Fremont and East Fremont. Information about the three towns is shown in the table below. The maximum capacity of the existing power plant is 2,000 MW.) (See chart) Assuming per capita demand remains the same, what will be the approximate power demand in Fremont Center in 40 years? (A) 1,000 MW (B) 2,000 MW (C) 3,000 MW (D) 4,000 MW (E) 5,000MW

D. 4000 MW

100. On the basis of the data, the best prediction of the pH of the water in which Daphnia normally are found in the wild is (A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 7 (E) 9

D. 7

54. Which of the following is true of the Clean Air Act? (A) It was passed by Congress during the early 1950s. (B) It regulates the amount of CO2 emitted by power plants. (C) It has remained largely unmodified since it was originally signed into law. (D) It established a cap-and-trade program for SO2 in 1990. (E) Itissettoexpirein2015.

D. It established a cap-and-trade program for SO2 in 1990.

79. Which of the following lakes contains approximately 20 percent of the world's freshwater? (A) Lake Chad (B) Lake Titicaca (C) Lake Tahoe (D) Lake Baikal (E) Lake superior

D. Lake baikal

72. Which of the following best explains why more contaminants are leached when solid waste is crushed into small particles and put in contact with water than when the particles are large? (A) Larger particles have greater density per unit weight. (B) Water penetrates larger particles more easily than smaller particles. (C) Internal pressure is greater in smaller particles than in larger particles. (D) Smaller particles have a larger surface area per unit volume than larger particles. (E) Thecontaminantconcentrationgradient between particle interior and surface is greater for smaller particles.

D. Smaller particles have a larger surface area per unit volume than larger particles.

92. Between 1960 and 1970, world oil consumption approximately doubled. Which of the following explanations is consistent with this increase? (A) The number of passengers per car increased. (B) People drove less, conserving gasoline. (C) The price of gasoline increased. (D) The number of cars on the road increased. (E) Carsthatweremorefuel-efficientwere manufactured.

D. The number of cars on the road increased.

55. Which of the following is true of farm-raised salmon? (A) They are more genetically diverse than their wild counterparts. (B) They seldom escape from their containment areas. (C) They have no impact on the quality of the water in which they are raised. (D) They are often infected with parasites and sea lice. (E) Theyaremaintainedatlowerpopulation densities than are wild salmon.

D. They are often infected with parasites and sea lice.

75. Which of the following is generally true of K- strategist species as compared to r-strategist species? (A) They reach sexual maturity earlier. (B) They have more young. (C) They are more likely to be invasive species. (D) They have longer life spans. (E) Theirpopulationcyclesaremorerapid.

D. They have longer life spans.

65. Toxicologists say, "the dose makes the poison," meaning that most substances are harmful in high enough concentrations. The data for anastrozole (See chart) (A) supports this concept because as concentration increases, so does response (B) supports this concept because as concentration increases, response decreases (C) does not support this concept because as concentration increases, response increases (D) does not support this concept because as concentration increases, response decreases (E) doesnotsupportthisconceptbecausethe experiment was not done in animals

D. does not support this concept because as concentration increases, response decreases

71. Which of the following are direct products of the use of hydrocarbon fuels in automobile engines? (A) O, N, and CO (B) CO, Ar, and O3 (C) CO2 , H2O, and O3 (D) CO2 , O3 , and Pb (E) CO2,NOx,andVOCs

E. CO2,NOx,andVOCs

63. Defining characteristics of a wetland involve which of the following? I. Hydrology II. Soil type III. Species composition (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and II only (D) II and III only (E) I,II,andIII

E. I,II,andIII

67. The development of dangerous strains of disease organisms represents a significant consequence of which of the following agricultural practices? (A) Using herbicides in mechanized, large-scale grain farming (B) Using plant-based insecticidal compounds on vegetable crops (C) Growing crops that are genetically modified for increased yields (D) Including the use of legumes into crop- rotation protocols (E) Incorporatingantibioticsintothefeeding regimens of densely concentrated livestock

E. Incorporatingantibioticsintothefeeding regimens of densely concentrated livestock

51. Step P. Water is passed through a screen to remove debris. Step Q. Pathogenic organisms are killed by chlorination, UV, or ozone. Step R. Suspended particles clump and settle out. Step S. A floccing agent, such as alum, is added to the water. The processes described above are steps in the purification and treatment of municipal wastewater. The steps are listed in random order. Which of the following lists the steps in the correct sequence? (A) S → P → R → Q (B) S → R → P → Q (C) Q → S → P → R (D) P → Q → R → S (E) P→S→R→Q

E. P→S→R→Q

87. Waste from which of the following is an example of nonpoint source pollution? (A) Overflow from a sewage treatment plant (B) Outgassing from a municipal landfill (C) Dumping at a food-processing plant (D) Drainage from an abandoned mine (E) Runofffromagriculturalfields

E. Runofffromagriculturalfields

64. Which of the following is an appropriate remediation strategy for removing radon gas from the home? (A) Use filtered water for drinking and bathing. (B) Do not occupy the basement of the home. (C) Place monitors in suspect areas of the home. (D) Remove and replace soil in crawl spaces under the home. (E) Sealorventilateplaceswhereradonenters the living space.

E. Sealorventilateplaceswhereradonenters the living space.


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