Apes Final

Based on the graph above, which of the following years postdisturbance had the greatest species richness? A 25 B 100 C 175 D 250

100

Based on the second law of thermodynamics, how much biomass of phytoplankton would be needed to produce kilogram () of large fish in this food web? A 1 g B 10 g C 100 kg D 1,000

1000kg

Based on the data in the graph, when did more-developed regions first reach replacement level fertility? A 1950 B 1970 C 1990 D 2010

1970

Based on the graph above, in which of the following periods did the human population first exceed Earth's biocapacity? A 1960-1965 B 1970-1975 C 1975-1980 D 1985-1990

1975-1980

A temperate grassland biome has a gross primary productivity of 3,480 kilocalories/meter2/year and a net primary productivity of . Which of the following is the approximate number of kilocalories/meter2/year available to herbivores in that biome? A 200 kc B 1480 kc C 2000 kc D 5480

200 kilocalories/meter2/year

Based on the trends shown in the table, in which of the following years was the owl population at carrying capacity? A 1985 B 1990 C 2015 D 2020

2015

Based on the data in the graph, what was the average number of children born per woman in less-developed regions in 1975 ? A 1.9 B 3.9 C 4.7 D 5.4

4.7 The data point on the graph for less-developed regions in 1975 is between 4 and 5 children per woman.

Based on the graph above, which of the following years postdisturbance did sweetgum experience the greatest biomass? A 50 B 100 C 150 D 200

50

In a given county, the population size is decreasing because there are fewer prereproductive-aged individuals in the population. Which of the age structure diagrams best illustrates the population of this county? A A B B C C D D

A A top-heavy age structure diagram, like the one for Charlotte County, Florida, as shown in the figure, illustrates a declining population size because the number of prereproductive- and reproductive-aged individuals is low.

Which of the following is a direct economic consequence that would likely occur if an area of forest was clear-cut so that a housing development can be built? A A decrease in the number of game hunting licenses purchased B A decrease in atmospheric oxygen concentration C An increase in taxes from ecotourism D An increase in legislation to regulate stream flow

A decrease in the number of game hunting licenses purchased

The diagram above best illustrates major processes in which of the following biogeochemical cycles? The carbon cycle B The nitrogen cycle C The phosphorus cycle D The water cycle

phosphorus cycle

Which of the following trophic levels represents a primary producer in an aquatic food chain? Phytoplankton B Herbivorous zooplankton C Carnivorous zooplankton D Baleen whale

phytoplankton

Based on the description and the data table above, which of the following combinations best classifies the song sparrow? A K-strategist and generalist B r-strategist and generalist C K-strategist and specialist D r-strategist and specialist

r-strategist and generalist

This freshwater biome is characterized by fast-flowing water that can originate from underground springs or runoff, which carries sediment and organic material. Coral reefs B Freshwater wetlands C Open ocean D Rivers

rivers

Which of the following abiotic factors, when graphed on the x-axis, leads to the curved line in the graph due to variation in the different layers of the atmosphere? A Nitrogen concentration gradients B Carbon dioxide concentration gradients C Temperature gradients D Ultraviolet radiation gradients

temperature gradients

Which foods are the most sustainable to produce in order to provide the most kilocalories to the world's growing population while still minimizing water usage? A Vegetables B Chickens C Cows D Eggs

vegetables

Which of the following would be most helpful to determine the soil texture of a sample? A A pH meter and conductivity meter B A soil core kit and a seismograph C A density gradient tube and a soil triangle D A quadrat and a transect line

A density gradient tube and a soil triangle

The Atlantic Ocean is expanding as a result of plate tectonics. Which of the following explanations best identifies the type of plate boundary and processes occurring at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, as shown in the diagram below? A A divergent plate boundary exists at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where plates move away from one another, leading to seafloor spreading. B A transform plate boundary exists at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where two plates slide alongside one another, leading to underwater earthquakes. C A convergent plate boundary exists at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where one plate of oceanic crust is subducted beneath a plate made of continental crust, leading to volcanism. D A convergent plate boundary exists at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where two plates of continental crust meet, leading to the formation of mountain ranges.

A divergent plate boundary exists at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where plates move away from one another, leading to seafloor spreading.

Which box represents a carbon sink that holds carbon compounds for the shortest period of time?

A. Vegetation - Carbon dioxide can move into plants to be stored as glucose much more quickly than sedimentary rocks and fossil fuels can be stored. Carbon compounds are held for the shortest amount of time in vegetation.

Which of the following aspects of the design for this new urban development will best help to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere? A The land cleared to build the new development occurs in a rural area rather than within the city limits. B The playground is made with permeable foam pavers rather than with impervious concrete. C Access to the mass transit train line will provide inhabitants an alternative to driving personal vehicles. D Food and other resources must be transported to the development from up to 200 miles away.

Access to the mass transit train line will provide inhabitants an alternative to driving personal vehicles.

While this study looked specifically at how an altered sense of smell could affect fishes' response to danger, it's likely that other critical behaviors that depend on smell, such as navigation, reproduction, and hunting for food, would also take a hit if fish aren't able to adequately process smells. ... University of Washington Which of the following best identifies the author's claim? A Acidic water affects the salmon's ability to sense danger from attacking predators by their sense of smell. B Salmon can only tolerate certain water temperatures before all of their senses are severely damaged. C Acidic water prevents salmon from maturing and therefore from being able to reproduce and replenish declining salmon populations. D Acidic water is causing a rise in the population of predators as a result of the salmon's increased ability to smell predators.

Acidic water affects the salmon's ability to sense danger from attacking predators by their sense of smell.

The demographic transition model describes population change over time as a country becomes more developed. Age-structure diagrams describe how populations are distributed across age ranges. Which of the following age-structure diagrams best displays the age ranges in a country that is in stage 2 of the demographic transition? A A stationary age-structure diagram B An inverted pyramid age-structure diagram C A constrictive age-structure diagram D An expansive pyramid age-structure diagram

An expansive pyramid age-structure diagram

Which trophic level has the least available energy in kilojoules in this food web? Phytoplankton B Herbivorous zooplankton C Baleen whale D Killer whale

killer whale

The Chesapeake Bay is a watershed that is located in six states and the District of Columbia. Which of the following can cause an increase in water pollution in the watershed? A An increase in the number of grasses, trees, and shrubs near a watershed B An increase in the natural systems near a watershed C An increase in stormwater runoff in urban areas D A decrease in the number of impervious surfaces near the watershed

An increase in stormwater runoff in urban areas

Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem that provides ecosystem services including protection from hurricane storm surges? A A lock and dam system B An intact coastal wetland C An energy-producing tidal barrage system D An offshore, deep-water fish farm

An intact coastal wetland

Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following islands would most likely have the highest number of species living on it? A An island 30 hectares in size that is 30 kilometers off the coast of the mainland B An island 30 hectares in size that is 10 kilometers off the coast of the mainland C An island 10 hectares in size that is 30 kilometers off the coast of the mainland D An island 10 hectares in size that is 10 kilometers off the coast of the mainland

An island 30 hectares in size that is 10 kilometers off the coast of the mainland

Article Information: Sohn, E. (2018, June 5). Basking on the brink: An "unholy" river in India may be the last, best hope for one of the world's largest and most imperiled crocodilians. This is an excerpt of the article originally appearing in bioGraphic, an online magazine about nature and sustainability powered by the California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved August 30, 2018 from: https://www.biographic.com/posts/sto/basking-on-the-brink Which of the following best identifies the author's claim?

Anthropogenic disruptions to Earth's resources can have sudden and severe negative consequences to the health of native species, specifically those whose populations are already threatened.

Which of the following statements best describes an unintended environmental consequence of aquaculture fish-farm enclosures located in estuaries? A Fish farms create waste that contaminates potential drinking-water resources for coastal communities. B Aquaculture can decrease pressures on overexploited fisheries, increasing fish populations. C Cultivated fish can escape and breed with wild populations, increasing the population size of wild fish in coastal waters. D Aquaculture enclosures can harbor parasites that can negatively affect wild populations that breed in estuaries.

Aquaculture enclosures can harbor parasites that can negatively affect wild populations that breed in estuaries.

An island off the coast of Africa contains a larger percentage of specialist species than generalist species. Which of the following describes the most immediate effect if an invasive generalist species is introduced to the island? A As predation increases, the population size of the invasive generalist species will decrease. B As competition for resources increases, the population size of the island's specialist species will decrease. C As resources are partitioned, the population sizes of both the generalist species and the specialist species will increase. D As niches overlap, the invasive generalist species will be outcompeted by the island's specialist species.

As competition for resources increases, the population size of the island's specialist species will decrease.

Which of the following would be considered an advantage of increased urban sprawl? A As individuals move out of urban areas to nearby suburbs, the population densities of cities will decrease, reducing the spread of infectious disease. B As new homes are built in suburban areas, the cost of materials will decrease, reducing the need to clear-cut old-growth forests. C As urban sprawl increases, the availability of land for farming and wildlife habitats will decrease, increasing the loss of biodiversity. D As more individuals live in suburbs and work in cities, transportation methods will change, reducing the amount of carbon dioxide emitted.

As individuals move out of urban areas to nearby suburbs, the population densities of cities will decrease, reducing the spread of infectious disease.

Based on current trends and patterns, which of the following statements best predicts how the human population will change over the next 50 years? A As the amount of available food and drinking water increases, the population size will also increase. B As the population density increases, there will be an increase in disease transmission, leading to increased mortality. C A decrease in the number and magnitude of earthquakes and tsunamis will decrease the amount of land available for agriculture, leading to decreased fecundity. D As educational and economic opportunities increase for women in less developed countries, both the total fertility rate and the population size will increase.

As the population density increases, there will be an increase in disease transmission, leading to increased mortality.

Based on the diagram, which of the following describes why the summer solstice in Australia occurs in December and not in June? A At this time of year, the Earth is closest to the Sun due to its elliptical path. B At this time of year, the tilt of Earth causes Australia to receive highly concentrated solar radiation. C At this time of year, the tilt of Earth causes Australia to be closer to the Sun. D At this time of year, the tilt of Earth causes solar radiation to reach Australia at a low angle of incidence.

At this time of year, the tilt of Earth causes Australia to receive highly concentrated solar radiation.

Which of the following best describes the trends in atmospheric CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature over the past 800,000 years? A Atmospheric concentration has remained about the same, and Antarctic temperature has varied widely over the past years. B Both atmospheric concentration and Antarctic temperature have remained about the same over the past years. C Atmospheric concentration and Antarctic temperature are directly correlated over the past years. D Atmospheric concentration and Antarctic temperature are inversely correlated over the past years

Atmospheric CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature are directly correlated over the past 800,000 years.

Which of the following claims best supports the classification of bees as an organism that displays a Type II survivorship curve, as shown in the graph above? A Queen bees are capable of laying up to 2,000 eggs in one day. B Away from the colony, bees experience a constant probability of death per unit time as a foraging species. C Bees communicate using chemical signals and exchange information through vibration of their wings. D Populations of bees are declining in North America due to habitat loss and pesticide use.

Away from the colony, bees experience a constant probability of death per unit time as a foraging species.

Biocapacity can be defined as the amount of resources available to individuals in a given country at a specific moment in time. Which of the following statements best explains the trends in the above data? Biocapacity increased because more forested land was cleared for farming, whereas the ecological deficit decreased because of a decline in trade of environmentally derived products with other countries. B The ecological footprint decreased as biocapacity increased because individuals began buying more locally grown and organic produce. C Biocapacity increased because of improved farming techniques on existing farmland, and the ecological deficit increased because of a growing population and more demand for goods. D The ecological deficit has increased as a result of an increase in recycling programs and a reduction in use of fossil fuels.

Biocapacity increased because of improved farming techniques on existing farmland, and the ecological deficit increased because of a growing population and more demand for goods.

Based on the food web shown above, which of the following correctly describes the flow of energy through the trophic levels from producers to quaternary consumers? Red-tailed hawk, grasshopper mouse, grasshopper, rattlesnake, brittlebrush B Red-tailed hawk, rattlesnake, grasshopper mouse, grasshopper, brittlebrush C Brittlebrush, grasshopper, grasshopper mouse, rattlesnake, red-tailed hawk D Brittlebrush, red-tailed hawk, rattlesnake, grasshopper mouse, grasshopper

Brittlebrush, grasshopper, grasshopper mouse, rattlesnake, red-tailed hawk

Which of the following is an example of an industrial practice that contributes to the tragedy of the commons? A Burning fossil fuels for energy production B Creating constructed wetlands on abandoned land C Enacting and enforcing legislation on point-source pollutants D Promoting aluminum and glass recycling

Burning fossil fuels for energy production

the 1970s, the amount of industrial pollution decreased and the trees began to return to their preindustrial appearance. Which of the following graphs best demonstrates the change in the frequencies of light-colored moths and dark-colored moths in the population from 1950 to 2000? The dark-colored moths are represented with a solid line and the light-colored moths are represented with a dashed line.

C) Black line going down and dotted line going up

Aquaculture or fish farming can be used to increase the availability of species like salmon and shrimp for consumption. Although fish farming can have a number of negative environmental effects, it does offer a number of advantages. Which of the following is a valid reason for promoting the use of fish farms? A Fish production is constant, and fish farming reduces pressure on wild stocks. B Fish raised at fish farms are cheaper and have a better flavor than wild-caught fish. C Fish farming generates few, if any, pollutants that affect adjacent waterways. D Pesticides and antibiotics are rarely used at fish farms but are often used in wild-caught fish populations.

Fish production is constant, and fish farming reduces pressure on wild stocks.

The graphs below show changes in a population over time. The dashed line represents the carrying capacity of the species. Which of the following graphs best shows the population size of a K-selected species over time in a stable environment?

C: Graph that starts exponential and then has squiggly lines around carrying capacity.

This rate of reaction can be measured in the dark by determining the amount of oxygen gas consumed in a period of time. Primary productivity B Gross primary productivity C Net primary productivity D Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration Cellular respiration does not require sunlight, so it can be measured in the dark.

The chart below illustrates how many liters of water are needed to produce some common foods. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the table? A Milk requires more water per kilocalorie than nuts do. B Chicken meat requires less water per kilocalorie than cow meat does. C Eggs require less water per kilocalorie than pig meat does. D Butter requires more water per kilocalorie than fruit does.

Chicken meat requires less water per kilocalorie than cow meat does.

The hog-farming industry maintains production levels to satisfy the demand for pork. Which of the following methods of meat production would provide the most likely explanation for the information represented in the graph above? A Free-range grazing B Organic meat production C Individual transferable quotas D Concentrated animal feeding operations

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

This biome is found in shallow waters off the coastline and is Earth's most biologically diverse marine biome. Coral reefs B Freshwater wetlands C Open ocean D Rivers

Coral Reefs

Which of the age structure diagrams best illustrates a county that has a stable population size and slow or no population growth? A A B B C C D D

D The column-shaped diagram indicates population stability.

Which of the following major reservoirs of freshwater are missing from the diagram? Fossil fuels B Rocks C Ice caps D Algae

Ice Caps

Which of the boxes represents a carbon source?

D: burning of fossil fuels

Based on the data above, which of the following time periods are insect pests most detrimental to the soybean crops? A Early May through mid-September B Mid-April through the end of June C Early May through early July D Mid-June through the end of August

Early May through mid-September

Based on the information above, which ecosystem most likely experienced a recent population bottleneck? A Ecosystem A, because its low genetic diversity could have resulted from an event that reduced the variation in the gene pool. B Ecosystem B, because its high species diversity could have resulted from increased competition among its members. C Ecosystem C, because its low habitat diversity indicates an increase in available niches. D Ecosystem D, because its low species diversity indicates that it also has low species evenness.

Ecosystem A, because its low genetic diversity could have resulted from an event that reduced the variation in the gene pool.

Based on the information above, which ecosystem would most likely recover the fastest from a natural disruption? A Ecosystem A B Ecosystem B C Ecosystem C D Ecosystem D

Ecosystem B (Medium, High, Medium)

Various nations have adopted policies designed to combat overfishing. Which of the following approaches is commonly used to combat the problem of overfishing? A Reducing the limits on the numbers of commercial fish species that can be caught B Banning the use of sonar as a means for capturing fish in open ocean waters C Promoting fishing in estuaries and breeding grounds rather than in the open ocean D Enforcing minimum-size requirements for the capture of some commercial species

Enforcing minimum-size requirements for the capture of some commercial species

Which of the following is a negative consequence of aquaculture? A Protein-rich food is provided to billions of people. B Pressure on wild fish populations is reduced. C Excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus can leak from the location. D Other species (by-catch) may be accidentally removed during harvest

Excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus can leak from the location.

Three common methods of beef production include using rangelands, pasture, and feedlots. The environmental impacts of these different methods for a variety of variables is compared in the graph below. Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph? A Raising beef on rangelands has the greatest environmental impact as a result of methane emissions and high levels of pesticide contamination. B Switching from raising beef on pastures to raising beef in feedlots decreases the total energy consumption and the rate of soil erosion as a result of an increase in vegetation in feedlots. C Feedlots have high levels of pesticide use and energy consumption as a result high demands for grain production. D Greenhouse gas emissions are equal across all beef production methods because all cattle produce methane gas and carbon dioxide.

Feedlots have high levels of pesticide use and energy consumption as a result high demands for grain production.

Researchers in the Galápagos Islands measured the average beak size in a population of finches from 1976 to 1984, as shown in the graph below. Birds with smaller beaks are better suited for grasses and soft seeds, while birds with larger beaks are better suited for seeds and nuts. In years with less rainfall, there are fewer grasses to feed on and the finches rely more on seeds for food. In 1977, 1980, and 1982, there were droughts, and the area experienced significantly less rainfall than average.

Finches with larger beaks were more likely to survive in 1980 because they were able to feed primarily on seeds and nuts during the drought.

Plant selection is important for a rain garden. Which of the following best describes the types of plants that would be most effective to use in the rain garden in this experimental design to reduce the impact of urban runoff? A Flowering plant species so that offspring are genetically different from the parent plants B Flood-tolerant plant species so that the plants can withstand large pulses of water from storms C Invasive plant species so that the plants can reproduce rapidly once the soil is saturated from storms D Genetically modified plant species so that the plants are resistant to drought and insect pests

Flood-tolerant plant species so that the plants can withstand large pulses of water from storms

This biome contains a nutrient-rich environment created by falling leaves and trapped organic materials from the large trees, and it provides the ecosystem service of filtering pollutants from water Coral reefs B Freshwater wetlands C Open ocean D Rivers

Freshwater Wetlands

A variety of plants and animals inhabit a forest ecosystem. Which statement correctly explains why certain organisms would be more likely to survive than others if a forest fire burned the area? A Specialist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a narrow range of environmental conditions and they have a limited diet. B Specialist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a large range of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources. C Generalist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a narrow range of environmental conditions and they have a limited diet. D Generalist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources.

Generalist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources.

Which of the following best describes a difference between generalist species and specialist species? A Generalists use a large range of resources, while specialists have a limited range of resources they use to survive. B Generalists can thrive in a narrow range of environmental conditions, while specialists thrive in a variety of environmental conditions. C Generalists are often herbivores, while specialists are often omnivores. D Generalists are more prone to extinction than specialists are.

Generalists use a large range of resources, while specialists have a limited range of resources they use to survive.

A scientist is studying a biome that experiences large seasonal fluctuations in both temperature and precipitation patterns. Which of the following would best characterize the organisms that inhabit the biome? A Habitat specialists would be most abundant, because they have broad niches. B Generalists would be most abundant, because the resources available would be constantly changing. C Generalists that feed only on animals would be more abundant in the summer months, while generalists that feed only on plants would be more abundant in the winter months. D Specialists that live in trees would be more abundant in the summer months, whereas specialists that live in caves would be more abundant in the winter months.

Generalists would be most abundant, because the resources available would be constantly changing.

Which of the following combinations correctly identifies and explains the effects of the differences in the distribution of solar radiation on Earth as seen in the diagram above? Global wind patterns are created because uneven solar radiation results in warm air at low latitudes and cool air at high latitudes, resulting in density differences between the air masses. B Global rain patterns are created because uneven solar radiation results in warm air at high latitudes and cool air at low latitudes, resulting in evaporation and condensation differences between the air masses. C Global wind patterns are created because uneven solar radiation results in warm air at high latitudes and cool air at low latitudes, resulting in density differences between the air masses. D Global rain patterns are created because uneven solar radiation results in warm air at low latitudes and cool air at high latitudes, resulting in air mass

Global wind patterns are created because uneven solar radiation results in warm air at low latitudes and cool air at high latitudes, resulting in density differences between the air masses.

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph? A Feedlot beef is the most sustainable protein because it has low requirements for fossil fuels, requires small pastures, and produces a large amount of protein for human consumption with low levels of pollution released. B Beans and soy products provide the least amount of protein for human consumption because they are plant-based foods. They require large amounts of land and have a high carbon footprint. C Seafood harvested from aquaculture has a larger carbon footprint than seafood harvested from fisheries. Aquaculture requires large amounts of fossil fuels and releases more greenhouse gases than fisheries do because the fish are more concentrated. D Grass-fed beef has the highest carbon-equivalent footprint because of land-use changes to create pasture land combined with contributions from transportation, processing, manure treatment, makin

Grass-fed beef has the highest carbon-equivalent footprint because of land-use changes to create pasture land combined with contributions from transportation, processing, manure treatment, making fertilizers, and digestive fermentation processes.

Which of the following is an unintended consequence associated with waterlogging caused by flood irrigation? A Higher water tables B Relatively low cost C Decreased erosion and soil loss D Increased oxygen intake by plant roots

Higher water tables

Which of the following statements best summarizes the author's predictions for how humans will meet the future nutritional needs of a growing population using current agricultural technology? A The effects of global climate change will decrease as farmers employ advanced technological methods to agriculture. B Less-developed countries must change from a meat-based protein diet to a more grain-based diet. This will allow the global population to continue to meet the agricultural demands of a growing population. C Humans have maximized the crop yield with improving technology and the implementation of modern genetic techniques to further increase crop productivity and resilience in order to meet the demand. D The only way to meet the agricultural demand of a growing world population is to convert more grassland and forests into working agricultural land. Genetically modified foods are no longer nutritious, and the nutr

Humans have maximized the crop yield with improving technology and the implementation of modern genetic techniques to further increase crop productivity and resilience in order to meet the demand.

Energy is transferred along food chains from one stage to the next. Which statement best explains how the energy is transferred? If a primary consumer stores of energy, then a secondary consumer that feeds on the primary consumer will also have of energy available. B If a primary producer stores of energy, then a tertiary consumer will have of energy available. C If a primary producer stores of energy, then a secondary consumer will have of energy available. D If a secondary consumer stores of energy, then a tertiary consumer that feeds on the secondary consumer will have of energy available.

If a primary producer stores 10,000kcal of energy, then a tertiary consumer will have 10kcal of energy available.

Based on the survivorship curves shown below, which of the following is a possible reason for the change in the shape of the curve from 1900 to 1980? A Increased immigration and decreased emigration B Increased infant mortality rate C Improvements in health-care services and medical research D Decreased urbanization

Improvements in health-care services and medical research

During a La Niña event, what environmental changes would the tropical Pacific Ocean and its surrounding landmasses most likely experience? During a La Niña event, what environmental changes would the tropical Pacific Ocean and its surrounding landmasses most likely experience? Responses A Increased rainfall in the eastern Pacific Ocean leading to flooding and landslides off the coast of South America B An area of high pressure forming over landmasses and increasing the chance of typhoons C Cooler ocean water in the western Pacific Ocean leading to an increased chance of wildfires D Increased upwelling off the coast of South America resulting in increased productivity of fisheries

Increased upwelling off the coast of South America resulting in increased productivity of fisheries

Which of the following techniques could best reduce the harmful effects of overfishing if it were to be widely adopted by the fishing industry? A Increased use of large-mesh gill nets for harvesting salmon and trout B Greater reliance on bottom trawling in coastal waters for harvesting shrimp and sole C Increased use of long-line fishing techniques in the open ocean for harvesting swordfish and halibut D Widespread application of cyanide in tropical waters for harvesting tuna and cod

Increased use of large-mesh gill nets for harvesting salmon and trout

Which of the following statements best describes why birth and death rates are changing in a country that is in Phase 2 of the demographic transition? A Individuals have better sanitation and access to clean drinking water. B Individuals have increased availability of birth control and have smaller family sizes. C The population has a high infant mortality rate because of the lack of health care. D The population size stops increasing and may decline if birth rates are lower than death rates.

Individuals have better sanitation and access to clean drinking water.

Based on the map above, which of the following best explains why the Atacama Desert has a consistently arid climate? A It is on the windward side of the Andes Mountains. B It is in the rain shadow of the Andes Mountains. C The cold Peru Current brings dry air to the west coast. D Compared to the east coast, it has less water available.

It is in the rain shadow of the Andes Mountains.

Based on the information above, which of the following best describes Ecosystem C? A Its low species diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has species with very low population sizes. B Its high genetic diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has species that evolve quickly. C Its high genetic diversity indicates that Ecosystem C is most likely the result of the founder effect and a subpopulation originating from Ecosystem A. D Its low habitat diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has a low number of specialist species and few species that utilize large territories.

Its low habitat diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has a low number of specialist species and few species that utilize large territories.

Based on the diagram, which of the following days in Earth's yearly orbit would have the longest period of daylight in the Northern Hemisphere? A March equinox B December solstice C September equinox D June solstice

June solstice

The rule of 70 can be used to determine a population's doubling time. Doubling time is a measure of the A population growth rate B environmental impact of each individual in a population C length of time an individual born in a population is expected to live D average age of the first reproductive event per 1,000 women in a country

Population growth rate

Peru's commercial anchovy industry would most likely be harmed during an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the decline in anchovy during an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event? A Acidic ocean waters kill off larval anchovies. B Less nutrient-rich water reaches surface waters, disrupting the food web. C Ocean currents move toxic contaminants from the sediments into the water column. D An increase in phosphate-based nutrients leads to an algal bloom, which would decrease available oxygen for animals like shrimp.

Less nutrient-rich water reaches surface waters, disrupting the food web.

Based on the map, which of the following best explains the area of the Andes Mountains that would have the greatest number of rivers? A Equal numbers of rivers would be found on both the east and west sides of the Andes Mountains because water flows downhill. B More rivers would be located on the west side of the Andes Mountains because it is the leeward side. C More rivers would be located on the east side of the Andes Mountains because the trade winds are coming from the east. D More rivers would be located on the south side of the Andes Mountains because it is protected from the drying sunlight

More rivers would be located on the east side of the Andes Mountains because the trade winds are coming from the east.

In reef ecosystems, corals often have microalgae living inside them. The algae supply the corals with nutrients, and the coral give shelter to the algae. Which of the following interactions best describes the relationship between the corals and the algae? Competition B Predation C Mutualism D Parasitism

Mutualism

Reef fish inherit tolerance to warming oceans: Thanks to mom and dad, baby reef fish may have to what it takes to adjust to hotter oceans," Ryu Taewoo, ScienceDaily, April 30, 2018. Which of the following best identifies the author's claim? A Observed adjustments in the ecological tolerance of a species of reef fish is a result of epigenetic changes. B Climate change is damaging coral reefs as a result of warming ocean waters, which affect reef fish survival. C Transferring specific gene sequences of the spiny chromis damselfish to other fish species will help populations acclimate to warming ocean temperatures. D Continued acclimation of fish populations through epigenetics to warmer oceans will eventually replace the process of natural selection.

Observed adjustments in the ecological tolerance of a species of reef fish is a result of epigenetic changes.

Which of the following best exemplifies how an action within the fishing industry could lead to a tragedy of the commons? A Fishing companies increasing the number of aquaculture facilities B Fishers throwing back fish that are at peak reproductive age to help keep fish populations stable C Fisheries limiting the amount of overall catch per fishing season D Overfishing of threatened fish species leading to the eventual depletion of the resource

Overfishing of threatened fish species leading to the eventual depletion of the resource

Which of the following is a dependent variable in the experiment? A The type of soil B Initial mass of the soil sample C Percent change in mass of the soil sample D Amount of rainfall the soil receives

Percent change in mass of the soil sample

Which of the following describes the dependent variable in this investigation? A Percentage of each particle size in each soil sample B Soil samples taken from different locations C Time required for each soil sample to settle D Addition of water to each soil sample

Percentage of each particle size in each soil sample

The Mississippi watershed is the largest in North America, draining all or part of thirty-two states in the United States and two Canadian provinces. A new apartment complex is being built on a steep slope near the source of the Mississippi River outside of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Which of the following measures should be taken to best reduce erosion at the construction site to protect the Mississippi watershed? Add a paved surface at the top of the slope. B Remove trees and shrubs from the slope and the riverbank. C Move all of the topsoil from the site to the riverbank. D Plant grass and shrubs on the slope.

Plant grass and shrubs on the slope.

Which of the following ecosystem services are categorized as regulating? A Wood fuel, medicine, and potable water B Pollination, decomposition, and water purification C Recreation, education, and aesthetics D Photosynthesis, nutrient cycling, and creation of soils

Pollination, decomposition, and water purification

Which of the following best describes the flow of energy in most terrestrial and near-surface marine ecosystems? Decomposers break down dead or decaying organisms to release energy and nutrients to be used by producers. B Chemoautotrophs use inorganic energy sources, such as hydrogen sulfide, to create organic compounds from carbon dioxide. C Apex predators feed on other organisms, which releases heat that can be used by producers and primary consumers. D Producers use energy from the sun to make organic matter, such as sugars, from carbon dioxide and water and are then consumed by organisms higher in the food chain.

Producers use energy from the sun to make organic matter, such as sugars, from carbon dioxide and water and are then consumed by organisms higher in the food chain.

Which of the following is an example of an environmental benefit of aquaculture? A Raising large numbers of fish in a small area near the shore will increase the profitability of the fish harvest. B Raising fish using aquaculture and feeding human populations with the harvest reduces the number of fish caught from the ocean. C Aquaculture supports the food supply for humans, and the fish can also be released into the wild to repopulate the ocean. D Aquaculture results in large amounts of fish that can feed large numbers of people and help to increase human population growth.

Raising fish using aquaculture and feeding human populations with the harvest reduces the number of fish caught from the ocean.

Which of the following would decrease with the manufacture, application, and use of synthetic fertilizers rather than organic fertilizers? A Groundwater pollution B Cultural eutrophication C Use of fossil fuels D Recycling of organic matter

Recycling of organic matter

A developer wants to develop a large tract of land near a watershed, which will require the removal of several large trees. Which of the following statements best describes the impact that the development would have on the watershed? A Removing large trees would decrease the amount of runoff in the watershed. B Removing large trees would cause an increase in temperature and keep the surrounding water and soil warmer. C Removing large trees would decrease the rate of erosion in a watershed. D Removing large trees would increase the retention of water within the watershed.

Removing large trees would cause an increase in temperature and keep the surrounding water and soil warmer.

Which of the following describes the independent variable in this investigation? A Percentage of each particle size in each soil sample B Soil samples taken from different locations C Time required for each soil sample to settle D Addition of water to each soil sample

Soil samples taken from different locations

Which of the following is the control group for this experiment? A Soil with no grass B Soil with newly sprouted grass C Soil with mature grass D Soil with dead grass

Soil with no grass

Based on the data above, which of the following pests is a concern to farmers for the longest period of time? A Snails B White mold C Soybean rust D Japanese beetles

Soybean rust

The vast majority of ozone is found in a thin layer due to a lack of circulation in which of the following atmospheric layers? A Thermosphere B Mesosphere C Stratosphere D Troposphere

Stratosphere

Which of the following best identifies a key component of the hydrologic cycle that powers the movement of water and is missing from the diagram? Terrestrial animals B The Sun C Bacteria D Volcanoes

The Sun

Which of the following is the best explanation for the formation of Hadley cells in the tropics, as seen in the diagram, between 30°Nand 30° S latitude? A Heat from the ocean warms the moist air at the equator and causes it to rise because of its lower density. As the air becomes cooler, it becomes less dense and sinks. B The Sun warms the moist air at the equator and causes it to rise because of its lower density. As the warm air moves away from the equator, it cools, becomes denser, and then sinks. C Air cools over the land at the equator and then rises as it moves north or south. D Rising air over the equator is heated by the Sun, moves north, and then moves south to create the jet stream and trade winds.

The Sun warms the moist air at the equator and causes it to rise because of its lower density. As the warm air moves away from the equator, it cools, becomes denser, and then sinks.

Which of the following best describes the concept of the tragedy of the commons? A Resources that are shared by individuals, such as the Ogallala Aquifer groundwater, are highly regulated by legislation, thereby depriving common people of their use. B Communities enact recycling programs to reduce the amount of materials that need to be mined. The cost of the recycling program is absorbed by community taxes. C The aim of large logging operations in tropical rain forests is economic gain, rather than sustainability. Therefore, the shared resources in the forest could become depleted. D Soil nutrients, such as nitrates, are used unequally depending on the type of vegetation. Therefore, farmers must add fertilizers to certain areas to grow crops.

The aim of large logging operations in tropical rain forests is economic gain, rather than sustainability. Therefore, the shared resources in the forest could become depleted.

Which of the following is an assumption made by the author regarding the use of genetically modified crops? A Eventually, pests will become resistant to the gene, and pesticide use will increase in the near future. B The amount of arable land will remain relatively constant, and the growing human population will have enough food if more crops can be harvested from the same amount of land. C Farmers in more-developed countries will grow fewer genetically modified foods in the near future because they are not cost effective. D Current agricultural practices are effective enough to feed the global population, but improvements in technology will help crops such as cotton and tobacco.

The amount of arable land will remain relatively constant, and the growing human population will have enough food if more crops can be harvested from the same amount of land.

The majority of the nitrogen on Earth can be found in which of the following reservoirs? Terrestrial plants B Soil bacteria C The atmosphere D Sedimentary rock

The atmosphere

A country is currently in the second stage of the demographic transition. Currently the country has a birth rate of 37.9 births per 1,000 individuals and a death rate of 13.4 deaths per 1,000 individuals. Which of the following changes would indicate that the country is moving from the second stage into the third stage of the demographic transition? A The birth rate declines to 25.3 births per 1,000 individuals. B The birth rate declines to 13.1 births per 1,000 individuals. C The birth rate rises to 43.1 births per 1,000 individuals. D The death rate rises to 37.9 deaths per 1,000 individuals.

The birth rate declines to 25.3 births per 1,000 individuals.

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the table? Responses The European toad is a -selected species because it has a Type survivorship curve. The European toad is a K -selected species because it has a Type 3 survivorship curve. The black rhino is a -selected species because it provides no parental care. The black rhino is a K -selected species because it provides no parental care. The European toad is a -selected species because it can live up to 10 years. The European toad is a K -selected species because it can live up to 10 years. The black rhino is a -selected species because it has a low number of offspring per reproductive event.

The black rhino is a K-selected species because it has a low number of offspring per reproductive event.

Which of the following economic consequences to a provisioning ecosystem service will most likely result from increased global warming? A The collapse of local fisheries, because of the damage to coral reefs from ocean acidification B Loss of revenue from the oil industry, because of increased oil spills from offshore oil wells C Widespread crop failure, because of increased acid precipitation in agricultural areas D Increased cost for water filtration, because of loss of coastal wetlands

The collapse of local fisheries, because of the damage to coral reefs from ocean acidification

Which of the following best describes the pattern in the atmospheric CO2 concentration data over the past 200,000 years? A The concentration of fluctuated between and . B The concentration of fluctuated between and until recently, when the concentration rose exponentially. C The concentration of remained constant at first from years ago until years ago, and then began a steady decline. D The concentration of rose exponentially to and leveled off at carrying capacity.

The concentration of CO2 fluctuated between 150ppm and 250ppm until recently, when the concentration rose exponentially.

Based on the map above, which of the following best identifies and explains the region of South America that would have a more moderate climate? A The west coast would have a more moderate climate because of the Peru Current. B The west coast would have a more moderate climate because of the Andes Mountains. C The east coast would have a more moderate climate because of its proximity to the equator. D The east coast would have a more moderate climate because of the Brazil Current.

The east coast would have a more moderate climate because of the Brazil Current.

The map above shows the locations of known volcanoes and earthquakes. Which of the following explains what is being illustrated in the enclosed area in the northwest portion of the map? A The enclosed area illustrates a convergent boundary with earthquakes and possibly volcanoes in the Hawaiian Islands. B The enclosed area illustrates a transform boundary where two plates slide past one another, resulting in earthquakes of high magnitude in the Hawaiian Islands. C The enclosed area illustrates a rift valley leading to seafloor expansion near the Hawaiian Islands. D The enclosed area shows a hot spot in the middle of the Pacific Plate in the Hawaiian Islands.

The enclosed area shows a hot spot in the middle of the Pacific Plate in the Hawaiian Islands.

Which of the following aspects in the design for this new urban development would most likely have the greatest negative environmental impact? A The two basketball courts B The five apartment buildings C The 10-acre green space D The playground

The five apartment buildings

Which of the following best describes what is represented by the arrows in the food web? The photosynthetic rates of producers B The flow of energy C The movement of predators D The decomposition of matter

The flow of energy

Which of the following is the best explanation for the deflection of the trade winds in both hemispheres, as seen in the diagram above? A The wind is deflected east because of varying landmasses at the latitudes. B The wind is deflected east because of the waves in the ocean. C The wind is deflected west because of the mountains that the air encounters as the wind moves north or south. D The wind is deflected west because of Earth's rotation.

The wind is deflected west because of Earth's rotation.

Which of the following describes the most likely change to terrestrial biomes resulting from warmer average global temperatures? The global distribution of midlatitude biomes, such as grasslands and temperate rain forests, would increase. B Deciduous trees found in temperate seasonal forests would flower later in the year. C The latitude range of tropical rain forests would narrow closer to the equator. D High-latitude biomes, such as the tundra, would experience a decrease in net primary productivity.

The global distribution of midlatitude biomes, such as grasslands and temperate rain forests, would increase.

The green revolution has improved global agricultural output. Which of the following best describes the author's perspective on the beginning of the green revolution in the 1970s and 1980s? A The green revolution was successful because of selective breeding, which improved nutritional value and crop yield to increase food production. B The green revolution had minimal success because farmers were unable to provide grains to feed most of the global population until the 1990s, when synthetic fertilizers helped to improve crop yields. C The green revolution was successful because it decreased the demand for more farmland since genetically modified organisms increased the agricultural yield without increasing acreage dedicated to agriculture. D The green revolution was dangerous to the human population because the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis was introduced into many species of corn and led to an outbreak of disease

The green revolution was successful because of selective breeding, which improved nutritional value and crop yield to increase food production.

Which of the following statements best describes the boundary between the two tectonic plates seen in the map? A The map illustrates a convergent boundary, where tectonic plates collide, and the North American Plate is sliding under the Pacific Plate. B The map illustrates a divergent boundary, where two tectonic plates are moving away from each other, creating a rift valley. C The map illustrates a transform boundary, where tectonic plates slide past each other as the Pacific Plate moves northwest and the North American Plate moves southeast. D The map illustrates a subduction zone at the boundary, leading to the formation of long chains of volcanoes. Answer

The map illustrates a transform boundary, where tectonic plates slide past each other as the Pacific Plate moves northwest and the North American Plate moves southeast.

The image shows two different islands and the relative distance to the nearest mainland. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following best predicts the effect of the introduction of an invasive species on Easter Island compared to Madagascar? A The native species on Easter Island are more likely to survive because the island is further from the mainland. B The native species on Easter Island are more likely to survive because the island is so small that there will be limited space for an invasive species to colonize. C The native species on Madagascar are more likely to survive because the island is larger and provides a greater diversity of habitats and resources. D The native species on Madagascar are more likely to survive because the temperature in the Indian Ocean is warmer than that of the Pacific Ocean.

The native species on Madagascar are more likely to survive because the island is larger and provides a greater diversity of habitats and resources.

Which of the following is a characteristic of an organism that displays a Type III survivorship curve, as shown in the graph above? A The organism has a fairly constant mortality rate over time. B The organism reaches reproductive maturity after many years. C The organism produces large numbers of offspring every time it reproduces. D The organism provides constant parental care to its offspring for several years.

The organism produces large numbers of offspring every time it reproduces.

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data shown in the table above? A The owl population experienced increased mortality between 2010 and 2015 because of small prey populations. B The owl population experienced population overshoot between 1995 and 2000 because of increased competition for resources. C The mouse population experienced increased fecundity between 2000 and 2005 because of declining resources. D The mouse population experienced zero population growth between 1985 and 1990 because of the large number of predators.

The owl population experienced population overshoot between 1995 and 2000 because of increased competition for resources.

Based on the data in the graph, which of the following best describes the change in the population of moths as a result of industrialization? A The percentage of dark colored moths increased in the population and the percentage of light-colored moths decreased in the population. B The percentage of dark-colored moths decreased in the population and the percentage of light-colored moths increased in the population. C The percentage of dark colored moths decreased in the population after 1850 and the percentage light-colored moths remained constant throughout the time period. D The percentage of both the dark-colored moths and the light-colored moths remained constant throughout the time period.

The percentage of dark colored moths increased in the population and the percentage of light-colored moths decreased in the population.

Which of the following statements is best supported by the diagram of the phosphorus cycle? The largest reservoir of phosphorus is in the atmosphere. B The phosphates absorbed by animal tissue through consumption eventually return to the soil. C Plants take up the phosphate ions primarily from the metamorphic rocks. D Phosphates are not soluble in water.

The phosphates absorbed by animal tissue through consumption eventually return to the soil.

Which of the following processes is illustrated by the downward arrows from the atmosphere that show the conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers? Nitrogen assimilation B Nitrogen fixation C Photosynthesis D Weathering

nitrogen fixation

Researchers monitored the number of reindeer over time on an island off the coast of Alaska. The reindeer were introduced in year 1, and the population size was counted every 5 years. The data are shown in the table above. Which of the following claims about trends in the population size over time is best supported by the data? A The population did not have enough males to help the herd survive, so the population declined over time. B The population exceeded the carrying capacity of the island, which led to a decrease in the population size following extreme resource depletion. C The population experienced significant reindeer immigration after year 20. D The reindeer formed mutualistic relationships and thrived between year 10 and year 20.

The population exceeded the carrying capacity of the island, which led to a decrease in the population size following extreme resource depletion.

Which of the following describes an unintended consequence that results from large-scale agricultural use of water from an aquifer? A Much of the water becomes too salty for human consumption because of saltwater intrusion. B The rate of water use likely exceeds the rate of recharge, leading to lowering the water table. C The water table level rises too high, leading to excessive flooding. D Agricultural areas contribute to increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, leading to global climate change.

The rate of water use likely exceeds the rate of recharge, leading to lowering the water table.

Which statement is best illustrated in the diagram above regarding how the Sun's energy affects the Earth's surface from June through September in the Northern Hemisphere? A The season changes from autumn to winter, daylight hours decrease, and infrared radiation is the weakest during the June solstice. B The season changes from winter to spring, daylight hours increase, and infrared radiation is the weakest during the September equinox. C The season changes from summer to autumn, daylight hours decrease, and infrared radiation is the strongest during the June solstice. D The season changes from spring to summer, daylight hours increase, and infrared radiation is the strongest during the September equinox.

The season changes from summer to autumn, daylight hours decrease, and infrared radiation is the strongest during the June solstice.

Six white-tailed deer and six sika deer were enclosed in a pasture for observation during an eight-year study in central Texas. White-tailed deer are a native species to central Texas, while sika deer are a nonnative species to central Texas. White-tailed deer feed on flowering plants and the tips of trees and shrubs but do not eat grass. Sika deer feed on flowering plants, the tips of trees and shrubs, and grass. All other grazing animals were kept out of the pasture during the study. The number of sika deer more than doubled after the eight years, while the population of white-tailed deer decreased by 50 percent. Which of the following statements best supports the results from the study?

The sika deer out competed the white-tailed deer in consuming flowering plants and shrubs.

Which of the following best describes environmental damage caused by slash-and-burn farming in tropical rain forests? A Nitrogen and phosphorus enter streams and reduce the growth of algae. B The soil loses fertility after a short period of time and will be ineffective for farming use. C The bare soil is exposed and becomes dried out, killing valuable soil bacteria. D There is an increase in biodiversity as areas that were previously forested areas are converted to agricultural fields

The soil loses fertility after a short period of time and will be ineffective for farming use.

Which of the following would be the best measure to use to determine the effectiveness of the rain gardens in reducing the impact of urban runoff? A The size and shape of the rain gardens B The intensity and duration of the storm event C The speed and volume of the water exiting the gardens D The temperature of the parking lot and the roof

The speed and volume of the water exiting the gardens

A student claims that soil sample B would be classified as a loam. Which of the following best describes the method used by the student to reach this conclusion? A The student added water to the soil sample and determined the amount of water required to saturate the soil. B The student oven-dried the soil sample following separation and calculated the percent change in mass of the remaining sand and silt after the sample cooled. C The student calculated the amount of soil mass lost overnight in each soil sample that resulted from the evaporation of the clay and silt. D The student used a soil triangle to determine where the lines intersect for sand, silt, and clay for the soil sample

The student used a soil triangle to determine where the lines intersect for sand, silt, and clay for the soil sample.

Which of the following best describes the change in Antarctic temperature from about years ago to about years ago? A The temperature increases by about . B The temperature decreases by about . C The temperature increases by about and then decreases by about . D The temperature decreases by about and then increases by about .

The temperature increases by about 12° C and then decreases by about 12° C.

Based on the diagram, which of the following statements about the hydrologic cycle is true? Water from the ocean evaporates and condenses in the atmosphere. B Surface runoff is the primary recharge of groundwater. C Infiltration of water into the ground prevents water from returning to the oceanic reservoir. D Evapotranspiration from plants decreases atmospheric water vapor.

Water from the ocean evaporates and condenses in the atmosphere.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the trend of ecological footprint compared to biocapacity from 1961 to 2014 ? A The amount of land humans can use for food production and waste disposal has risen from 8 billion to 20 billion global hectares. B The world's ecological footprint has risen above its capacity to sustainably provide for the human population. C The number of global hectares needed for the human population to survive is steadily decreasing because of technological advances in agriculture. D The amount of land that can sustain the human population is rising more quickly than the ecological footprint of the human population as a result of deforestation.

The world's ecological footprint has risen above its capacity to sustainably provide for the human population.

Which of the following statements best describes the pattern seen in age structure diagram C? A The county has very little difference between the number of individuals in younger age groups and in older age groups, indicating a declining population size. B There is an imbalance between males and females, with a ratio of 1.5 men to every woman in the population. C The county most likely has a total fertility rate of less than 2.0. D There are more women than men between the ages of 35-49 as a result of immigration of women into the county.

There is an imbalance between males and females, with a ratio of 1.5 men to every woman in the population.

Which of the following environmental effects would most likely result from the clear-cutting of boreal forests by industrial logging operations? A There will be an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, which will contribute to climate change. B There will be an increase in farming on the cleared areas of land, which will reduce incidences of flooding. C There will be an increase in atmospheric oxygen concentration, which will improve air quality. D There will be a decrease in the temperature of soil and nearby bodies of water, which will increase biodiversity.

There will be an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, which will contribute to climate change.

Farmers in a suburban coastal town started using no-till agriculture, a practice that reduces soil erosion from their farmland. Use the image above to determine which of the following long-term effects no-till agriculture will have on the ecosystem surrounding the farmland. There will be an increased need for fertilizer on farmlands. B There will be less algal growth in the nearby ocean. C There will be less phosphorus pollution in the atmosphere. D There will be an increased deposition of phosphorus-rich sediments.

There will be less algal growth in the nearby ocean.

Which of the following layers of the atmosphere contains charged gas molecules that glow and produce light when hit by solar energy, leading to glowing gases such as the northern lights, found over 90 kilometers above Earth's surface? A Thermosphere B Mesosphere C Stratosphere D Troposphere

Thermosphere

Which of the following best describes the advantages and disadvantages of drip irrigation? A This method is suitable for a range of topographies and is easy to operate, but it requires a high initial investment in machinery. B This method most efficiently delivers water directly to plant roots compared with other methods, and wastes less water, but it may be too costly for farmers in developing countries to use. C This method delivers water to the field by pipes and water flows directly over the soil, but there is a large amount of runoff. D This method applies water directly to trenches dug in soil and is cost effective, but water is often lost to evaporation.

This method most efficiently delivers water directly to plant roots compared with other methods, and wastes less water, but it may be too costly for farmers in developing countries to use.

Which of the following agricultural practices results in soil degradation and most contributes to erosion? A Tilling B Crop rotation C Intercropping D Terracing

Tilling

Which of the following best describes the trends seen in the total fertility rates for the world population from 1950 to the projected rates in 2040 ? A Total fertility rates fell below carrying capacity after 1965 because of an increase in global conflicts. B Total fertility rates remained fairly steady from 1970 to 1985 as less-developed regions shifted to more agricultural-based economies. C Total fertility rates declined rapidly from 1960 to 2000 because women had children later in life as a result of increased educational opportunities. D Total fertility rates are projected to increase slightly from 2000 to 2040 as a result of technological advances and access to health care.

Total fertility rates declined rapidly from 1960 to 2000 because women had children later in life as a result of increased educational opportunities.

Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest primary productivity per unit area? Desert B Tropical rain forest C Boreal forest D Savanna

Tropical Rainforest

Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest net primary productivity? Desert B Tropical rain forest C Taiga D Savanna

Tropical rain forest

Based on the graph above, which of the following tree species would be the predominant species found during the intermediate stage of succession? A Red maple B Sweetgum C Tulip poplar D White oak

Tulip Poplar

Which of the following best describes an example of resource partitioning in an ecosystem? A Two different bird species feed from the same oak tree; one eats acorns, and the other eats insects in the bark. B A tick uses a white-tailed deer as its host, consuming the deer's blood as food. C Two individuals from the same population of barn owls hunt for the same species of mouse during the night. D A mason bee pollinates a variety of flowers in a botanical garden.

Two different bird species feed from the same oak tree; one eats acorns, and the other eats insects in the bark.

Which of the following best describes a terrestrial ecosystem that will have the highest net primary productivity? Warm temperatures, high rainfall, and consistent sunlight B Hot temperatures, low rainfall, and consistent sunlight C Cold temperatures, high rainfall, and inconsistent sunlight D Warm temperatures, low rainfall, and inconsistent sunlight

Warm temperatures, high rainfall, and consistent sunlight

The energy available to consumers determined by subtracting the energy used by plants from the total energy transformed by the process of photosynthesis. Primary productivity B Gross primary productivity C Net primary productivity D Cellular respiration

net primary productivity

An environmental agency wants to evaluate the effectiveness of rain gardens in reducing the impact of urban runoff from an impervious parking lot and from the roof of the building. The parking lot is slightly sloped so the rainwater flows toward the gardens. The runoff from the roof is collected by various downspouts and directed toward the gardens. Scientists at the agency plan to monitor the effectiveness by measuring the water quality of the storm water as it moves through the gardens during and after storm events. Which of the following would be the best control in this experimental design? Responses A Water samples collected from a faucet inside the building B Water samples collected from the roof or parking lot before they passed through the gardens C Soil samples collected from different rain gardens on the property D Soil samples collected from under the parking lots around the city

Water samples collected from the roof or parking lot before they passed through the gardens

During an El Niño event, farmers in the southwestern United Stated often benefit from which of the following climatic changes? During an El Niño event, farmers in the southwestern United Stated often benefit from which of the following climatic changes? Responses A Longer and cooler summers that increase crop yield B Wetter and warmer weather that increases soil moisture C Cooler and drier conditions that help cold-weather crops D Warmer and drier weather that reduces soil erosion and flooding

Wetter and warmer weather that increases soil moisture

Based on the data above, which of the following pests is most likely to affect mature plants ready for harvest? A Clover and dandelion B White mold C Cutworms D Slugs and snails

White mold

Which of the following types of organisms are required to complete the nitrogen cycle, including the process of denitrification? Bacteria B Producers C Consumers D Fungi

bacteria

After intensive logging, most of the trees along a stream have been removed. Which of the following water quality changes would most likely occur downstream after logging? A Increased water temperature B Increased dissolved oxygen C Decreased total dissolved solids D Decreased amount of fecal coliform

increased water temperature

Which of the following biogeochemical cycles includes the processes of buffering ocean and photosynthesis, as shown in the diagram? The carbon cycle B The nitrogen cycle C The phosphorus cycle D The potassium cycle

carbon cycle

The chart below illustrates how many liters of water are needed to produce some common foods. Which of the following foods is most suitable to cultivate to minimize water consumption per kilogram of food? A Nuts B Cow meat C Chicken meat D Cereals

cereals

The total rate of photosynthesis in a given area. Primary productivity B Gross primary productivity C Net primary productivity D Cellular respiration

gross primary productivity

Which of the following density-independent factors can affect the size of a human population? A Disease B Availability of food C Heat waves D Access to clean water

heat waves