APES review 3

In 2007 in the United States there were approximately 480 cars for every 1,000 people. The total number of cars in the United States in 2007 was closest to

150,000,000

The combustion of one gallon of automobile fuel produces about 5 pounds of carbon (in CO2). Two autos are making a trip of 600 miles. The first auto gets 20 miles per gallon, and the second gets 30 miles per gallon. Approximately how much less carbon (in CO2) will be produced by the second auto on this trip?

50 lbs

The land on a 100-acre farm is equally suited for grazing cattle and growing corn. Of the following ways of distributing land use, which would produce the greatest number of calories of human consumption?

Acres for Grazing Cattle 0 Acres for Growing Corn 100

Which of the following procedures would be best for remediating effects of soil salinization?

Addition of large amounts of water to leach out salts

Which of the following procedures would be best for remediating the effects of soil salinization?

Addition of large amounts of water to leach out salts

Which of the following would be the strongest evidence in support of a scientists contention that a local area was experiencing acid deposition?

An increase in the concentrations of a soluble heavy metal in a local pond

The amount of sediment deposited at the mouth of a river system is likely to be increased by the process of which of the following?

Artificial Levees and embankments

Country with the greatest percentage of land area affected by desertification

Australia

Which layer of soil often contains Aluminum, humus, iron, and clay leached from higher soil layers

B Horizon

Some toxic compounds are ingested and retained in the tissues. These pollutants pose special risks to humans and other organisms high on the food chain because of which process?`

Biomagnification

Which of the following is a greenhouse gas that is produced by domestic livestock?

CH4

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of the tragedy of the commons?

Depletion of an aquifer by regional farmers

At the current rate of growth, Earth's human population will double in about 50 years. Which of the following is the LEAST viable strategy for ensuring adequate nutrition for a population of this size?

Doubling the area of arable land on a global basis

Which of the following methods of agricultural irrigation results in the loss of the least amount of water by evaporation?

Drop irrigation

Of the following, which constitutes the greatest percent of domestic use of water in the United States?

Flushing toilets

controversies over the use Of GMOs in food production include all of the following except

GMOs have increased the yield of crops per unit area of cultivated land

Which of the following statements about genetic diversity is true?

Genetic resistance to pests and diseases can be increased by crossing a crop plant with ancestral varieties.

Economic benefits of building large dams include which of the following?I. storage of water for agricultural and domestic useII. controlling floods upstreamIII. production of renewable energy

I and III only

Which of the following are strategies that governments, manufacturers, and individuals are currently using to reduce household water use?I. Individuals install and use gray water systems.II. Manufacturers design more water efficient appliances.III. Government agencies provide incentives for native landscaping. IV. Government regulations limit water use through water meter controls.

I. Individuals install and use gray water systems.II. Manufacturers design more water efficient appliances.III. Government agencies provide incentives for native landscaping.I, II, and III

Irrigation can result in which of the following environmental problems?I. reduction of evaporation ratesII. accumulation of salts in soilIII. waterlogging of soil and plant roots

II and III only

The chart above compares the daily water use per person to the price of water in selected countries. Which of the following conclusions can be correctly drawn using only the data in the chart?

Increased water use is generally correlated with lower water prices.

Which of the following examples would NOT be an example of environmental remediation?

Laying down sandbags and other barriers around a pond to keep runoff from construction project from entering it

Which of the following is likely to minimize soil erosion?

No-till agriculture

Which of the following is the best example of environmental remediation?

PCB-consuming bacteria are sprayed on an area that has soil contaminated with PCBs

Leachate contamination of groundwater is a serious problem associated with sanitary landfills. How does leachate contamination happen?

Rainfall through landfill draws toxic substances into soil and groundwater

According to the information in the graph above, which of the following would most effectively slow the loss of arable land?

Reducing urban development

Which of the following actions would be the most effective in decreasing acid rain and acid deposition problems?

Reducing use of fossil fuels

Fragmenting one large park or preserve into many small parks with human habitation in between them is most likely to lead to which of the following?

Reduction in species diversity

An integrated pest-management approach to pest control emphasizes which of the following?

Reduction of crop damage to an economically tolerable level

Which of the following is most likely to increase both the nutrient levels and the bacterial content of lake water?

Runoff from a nearby hog farm

Overuse of groundwater in coastal areas would most likely result in which of the following?

Saltwater intrusion

The practice of harvesting tress in a way that moves a forest stand toward an uneven-aged or all aged condition or "structure" is known as

Selecting cutting

Which of the following is a disadvantage of mono-cropping?

Soil Depletion and Crops are more vulnerable to attacks by pests

Which of the following is most likely to occur in a forested region that has been recently clear-cut?

The concentration of nitrates in streams running through the region will increase.

Which of the following describes a fundamental characteristic of the green revolution in food resources?

The development of new strains of crops with higher yields

The presence of fecal coliform bacteria in a sample of river water suggests which of the following?

The water is contaminated with animal waste.

Which of the following best explains why the maximum sustainable yield for ocean fisheries has been exceeded?

Too many fish of reproductive age are harvested.

All of the following are commonly used to deal with the side effects of eutrophication in lakes EXCEPT

adding nitrates

Which of the following statements about aqueducts is CORRECT?

aqueducts designed as open canals can lose a lot of water via evaporation

farmers who practice organic agriculture have less of an impact on the environment than the farmer who practice industrial agriculture because they

avoid pesticide and synthetic fertilizer

Compared with people in developing countries, people in industrialized countries are more likely to eat

beef

Some toxic chemicals, such as those in DDT, can be stored in the fat tissue of animals. As these animals become food for larger and larger animals, the amount of the toxin gets larger and larger. This process is called

biomagnification

which soil type would hold water for the longest period of time?

clay

which of the following is NOT an advantage of aquaculture?

contamination of local bodies of water from large amounts of wastewater

which of the following is NOT part of integrated pest management?

crop rotation

Sustainable use of forests in the United States would likely be encouraged by

cutting small groups of medium- and large- sized trees in uneven-aged forests

sustainable agriculture or low-input agriculture is one of the key tools necessary to reduce hunger and malnutrition which reducing the environmental effects of agriculture. Strategies for implementing components of this system include all of the following except

decrease the use of perennial crops

The increase in soil with high sand content and very dry ecosystems is the result of

desertification

Overgrazing of grasslands can lead to reduced range quality. Two of the major effects of overgrazing are

erosion and desertification

all of the following are examples of sustainable agriculture practices except...

excessive fertilizing

concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) can best be described as

facilities where a large number of animals are housed and fed in a confined space

which of the following is NOT a water conservation technique?

flood irrigation

which of the following lists of agricultural irrigation techniques is in the correct order, from least efficient to most efficient?

furrow, flood, spray, drip

The presence of high levels of fecal coliform bacteria in a water source indicates that the water

has been contaminated by untreated human or animal waste

which of the following is most likely to be the direct results of LACK of genetic diversity in a food crops such as corn?

increased susceptibility to plant disease

Factors contributing to the rise in world hunger include all of the following EXCEPT

increasing consumption of vegetable protein in place of meat protein

no till agriculture has all of the following effects EXCEPT

increasing the need for fertilizers

Which of the following statements about surface water is NOT correct?

levees are used to make reservoirs

As urbanization increases and natural soil surfaces are covered, the groundwater supply is reduced due to

loss of recharge area

which of the following is the best explanation of the fact that agricultural production on floodplains is often relatively high?

on floodplains, soil tends to be nutrient-rich and ertile due to may years of floods depositing organic sediment

The major cause for the decline in the worldwide catch of fish since 1990 is

overfishing

When a rain forest is slashed and burned, the local concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases. This is primarily due to

oxidation of carbon compounds

In the US, the largest component of municipal solid waste is?

paper

The water holding capacity of soil is LEAST likely to be affected by the addition of which of the following?

pesticide

The pollutant found in the largest amount in agriculture runoff is

soil

Key crops involved in the green revolution include all of the following except

sweet potatoes

An insect population in an agricultural field is affected by monthly applications of a pesticide, as shown in the graph above. A likely cause of the overall increase in the insect population over time is

the survival of increasing numbers of resistant insects

Overgrazing of public land by privately owned livestock is an example of the

tragedy of the commons

A sustainable society would emphasize

using energy efficiently and reusing and recycling matter