APES Semester Review 1
Humus is _______.
composed of organic compounds and is necessary for fertile soils and holding soil moisture
species that have especially great impacts on other community members and on the community's identity
keystone species
One group proposes to convert the base to a new city suburb, with low-cost housing for several thousand of the current inner-city residents. A possible major problem with this might include _______.
lack of jobs and transportation to jobs
The solid earth beneath our feet.
lithosphere
.... = small amounts of pesticides, fertilizers, water, growth hormones, fossil fuel energy, etc.
low-input agriculture
.... = no synthetic chemicals used. Instead, biocontrol, composting, etc.
organic agriculture
Biological approaches such as composting and biocontrol are termed __________.
organic agriculture
Studies have shown .... to have deeper topsoil and greater earthworm activity, both signs of healthy soil.
organic farm fields
... animal manure, crop rsidues, compost, etc.
organic fertilizers
... gradually become less effective, because pests evolve resistance to them.
pesticides
Artificial chemicals have been developed to kill insects (insecticides), plants (herbicides), and fungi (fungicides). These poisons are collectively called ....
pesticides
In the process of ___________ , autotrophs such as green algae and plants use the sun's energy, water, and carbon dioxide from the air to produce new biomass.
photosynthesis
.... is the process of plant reproduction: male pollen meets female sex cells.
pollination
Water returns from the clouds to Earth's surface as _____.
precipitation
Rocks that form as soils, minerals, and weathered rock particles are deposited, weighted down, and compressed over time.
sedimentary
.... of U.S. soybeans, corn, and cotton are now genetically modified strains.
2/3's
The U.S. grows .... of the world's GM crops
58.8%
.... of all human food now comes from only 15 crop species and 8 livestock species.
90%
_______% of the food we consume comes from _______ crop species.
90;15
global warming has been hypothesized to cause many plants to flower earlier. If bees search for food earlier in response to this, this would represent ________ within the community
Coevolution
which of the following techniques can best decrease the likelihood of mud slides in a regoin
Ecosystem-Based Management
Presently, _______ have not supported the widespread marketing of GM crops.
European Countries
.... combines biocontrol, chemical, and other method
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Selection systems are timber harvesting methods that ____.
Leave seed-producing mature trees uncut to provide for future forests
What is true about GM crops?
The U.S. leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops.
One thing that contributes to sprawl is _________.
The trend toward increasing the per capita land consumption
.... is the raising of aquatic organisms for food in controlled environments.
aquaculture
Raising _______ requires the most land and water.
beef cattle
.... entails battling pests and weeds with other organisms that are natural enemies of those pests and weeds.
biocontrol
Matter contained in living organisms.
biomass
A large ecological unit influenced by temperature, elevation, precipitation, and latitude.
biome
....is the material application of biological science to create products derived from organisms.
biotechnology
Aquaculture _______.
can bring economic and food security to developing nations
... helps reduce erosion on sloping hillsides
contour farming
Diversity of cultivars has been rapidly .... in all crops throughout the world.
decreasing
Monoculture _______.
describes the agriculture practice of planting single stands of a single species
The term __________ describes all of the interacting organisms and the abiotic factors that occur in a particular place at the same time.
ecosystem
....is lost at each trophic level.
energy
Insects are usually _______.
essential for successful agriculture
The process of nutrient enrichment, subsequent increased production of organic matter, and eventual ecosystem degradation is known as __________.
eutrophication
The process by which water moves from Earth's surface (such as in lakes or rivers) to the atmosphere.
evaporation
Increased meat consumption has led to animals being raised in .... ,huge pens that deliver energy-rich food to animals housed at extremely high densities.
feedlots (factory farms)
.... = directly manipulating an organism's genetic material in the lab by adding, deleting, or changing segments of its DNA.
genetic engineering
__________ is any process whereby scientists directly manipulate an organism's genetic material in the lab, by adding, deleting, or changing segments of its DNA.
genetic engineering
Some forms of rice, tomato's, corn and sunflowers have been ....
genetically modified
.... is a goal of scientists and policymakers worldwide.
global food security
Which of the following was a positive environmental aspect of the Flavr Savr tomato?
grown using less chemicals because it is less likely to rot
By damming rivers and using methods such as flood irrigation, we are _______.
increasing evaporation
If GM crops can decrease pesticide use, why are environmentalists still concerned about them?
inserted genes spread to non-target species
Competition between two or more species
interspecific
the practice of planting vast areas with a single type of crop is known as ______ farming
monoculture
....also have reduced crop diversity.
monocultures
Examining areas from the landscape scale, termed landscape ecology, is useful because _______.
multiple ecosystems may exist in a single area with many transitional zones
Macronutrients _______.
needed in large amounts
A small section of prairie grasses, over a year, produces enough biomass to feed insects, mice, rabbits, birds, deer, antelope, and a host of decomposers. The amount of food potentially available to the herbivores is the _______.
net primary production
The rate at which biomass becomes available to consumers is termed _______.
net primary productivity
Seed banks are important for _______.
protecting genetic diversity
.... = DNA patched together from DNA of multiple organisms (e.g., adding disease-resistance genes from one plant to the genes of another)
recombinant DNA
Which of the following are not part of integrated pest management?
subsidies for pesticide use
The biosphere consists of the _______.
sum of all the planets living organisms and the abiotic portions of the environment
.... is agriculture that can be practiced the same way far into the future.
sustainable agriculture
__________ is agriculture that does not deplete soils faster than they form.
sustainable agriculture
Any network of relationships among a group of components, which interact with and influence one another through exchange of matter and/or information, is referred to as _______.
system
Sachiko and her husband, Fred, recently bought a farm that had been left idle for over 20 years. To understand the best uses of the land, they should first investigate _____.
the horizons, texture, soil structure, pH, slope and prior erosion
Why have most bioengineered crops been modified for "resistance" traits?
traits have economic potential to save on production costs
Ecotones are the _______.
transitional zones between ecosystems
Aquifers are _______.
underground water reservoirs