APES study guide<33

Which of the different components of smog depicted in the graph are most likely released from automobile exhaust?

A and B

A Paper company located on the banks of a river discharges its treated wastewater into the river. Which of the following would be the best control group to evaluate the treated wastewater from the paper company?

A sample of water upstream from the same river.

Which of the curves on the graph depicts the concentration of ozone, which requires sunlight to form?

C

Identify one way nitrogen oxides (NOx) are commonly introduced into the atmosphere.

Combustion of fossil fuels.

The data that were used to create this graph were collected in the winter. Which of the following best describes how the graph would be different if the data were collected in the middle of the summer?

Concentrations for component CC would be higher throughout the graph.

In the figure above, the letters AA, BB, and CC represent the different thermal layers present in an inversion. Which of the following shows the correct sequence of thermal layers as one moves vertically upwards from the surface of Earth?

Cool sea breeze →→ Warm →→ Cool

Identify the independent variable in the experiment

Identifies the experiment variable in the experiment as the acidity of watering solution for each group

A Paper company located on the banks of a river discharges its treated wastewater into the river.

Immediately downstream from the paper plant.

Scientists have observed that the health of people living in moderately developed regions, which have developed transportation and industry but lack environmental control measures, is more likely to be affected by urban outdoor pollution than by indoor air pollution.

In moderately developed regions such as China and Latin America, an individual's health is more or as likely to be affected by urban outdoor pollution than by indoor pollution.

Which of the following would be the most effective plan for the manager to propose to the city?

Install electrostatic precipitators at the plant.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPAEPA) of the United States recommends taking corrective measures to reduce exposure to radon gas. The EPAEPA has set an action level of 4pCiL4pCiL for radon gas. The graph below shows radon samples taken from seventeen buildings in California. The radon samples were taken from the air inside the buildings, and the uranium concentrations were sampled from the soil under the buildings. Data points from four of the seventeen building locations are labeled A-D. Which of the following conclusions can best be drawn from the data in the graph?

Location AA has the greatest need for remediation because the radon levels in the building are the highest and exceed the EPAEPA action level.

Which of the following best describes why the authors claim that reducing noise exposure is currently more of a public policy problem than a scientific problem?

Most public health impacts of noise were already identified in the 1960s.

Explain how nitrogen oxides released into the atmosphere can lead to the formation of a secondary pollutant that can lead to acid deposition?

Nitrogen oxides can react with oxygen and water in the atmosphere to from nitric acid.

Which of the following best describes why the authors claim that noise exposure will be a major health problem in the twenty-first century?

Noise exposure is on the increase in both industrialized nations and in developing regions.

Scientists have been monitoring CO2CO2 in the atmosphere from Mauna Loa in Hawaii since 1958. Which of the following units is used by scientists to measure CO2CO2 in the atmosphere?

Parts per million

Based on the described experiment, state a valid hypothesis for the experiment.

Plant growth will decrease with inc realeasing/decreasing acidity of the watering solutions

Describe one method for reducing nitrogen oxide emissions into the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources

Switch to fuels than fossil fuels for energy production (generate electricity using solar power)

The experiment was repeated and each soil had the addition of crushed limestone. Describe how the modification of the study would affect the results.

The addition of limestone would increase the ability of the soil to neutralize the effect of acid rain. This would likely lead to increased growth for plants in the groups exposed to the acid rain.

Based on the layers in the diagram, which of the following best explains why a thermal inversion tends to concentrate pollutants in the air layer closest to the Earth's surface?

The air layer closest to the Earth's surface is denser than the layer above it.

A Paper company located on the banks of a river discharges its treated wastewater into the river. Which of the following water quality indicators should be measured to best determine if the wastewater is increasing the acidity of the river?

The amount of Hydrogen ions.

Describe the control in the experiment

The control for the experiment as the group of plants that were watered with the neutral water solution.

Canada has proposed an action plan to address climate change and air pollution. The action plan will reduce the impact of greenhouse gases and pollutants on the environment and human health. Which of the following claims about the Canadian action plan is best supported by the data in the graph?

The plan supports phasing out traditional coal power plants and transitioning to sources like hydroelectricity, wind, and solar power.

Which of the following best describes why the authors do not claim that noise exposure induces birth defects in humans?

There is insufficient evidence to support that noise exposure induces birth defects in humans.

A student is setting up a model to study the carbon cycle and natural sources of carbon dioxide. They create a microenvironment that contains soil, leaf debris, an earthworm, heterotrophic bacteria, and a sun lamp. What natural source of carbon dioxide and major metabolic process was left out of the model?

There is no representation of photosynthesis in the model environment.

Which of the following best explains the cause of the trend shown in the graph for lead emissions in the United States from 1970 to 2011 ?

Unleaded gasoline was first introduced in 1974, and amendments to the Clean Air Act required cars with the model year 1975 or later to use only unleaded gasoline.

Scientists have observed that the health of people living in moderately developed regions, which have developed transportation and industry but lack environmental control measures, is more likely to be affected by urban outdoor pollution than by indoor air pollution. Which of the following activities would most likely account for the levels of indoor air pollution in India and sub-Saharan Africa, as shown in the graph?

Use of biomass fuel sources such as wood and charcoal for cooking

Which of the following sources should be examined in a study to determine the impact of a geologic source on levels of CO2 in the atmosphere?

Volcanoes

Explain how the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in figure 3 prevents the process seen in figure 2

When (VOCs) are present, they combine with NO, preventing the destruction of O3 during periods of decreased or no sunlight.

Describe how the sun affects the process illustrated in figure 2

When the amount of sunlight decreases/there is no sunlight, ozone breaks down as shown in figure 2

Describe how sun affects the process illustrated in Figure 1

in the presence of sunlight, ozone forms

If the air layers in the diagram were relabeled to illustrate normal atmospheric conditions, the correct labeling from the air layer closest to the Earth's surface to the one farthest from the Earth's surface would be

warm air, cool air, cooler air