APES Test
Based on the second law of thermodynamics, how much biomass of phytoplankton would be needed to produce 1 1 kilogram (kg) of large fish in this food web?
1,000 kg -Assuming only approximately 10% of biomass is available to be transferred to the next trophic level, 1,000kg of phytoplankton would be needed because of the four different energy transfers in this food web. 1,000kg phytoplankton ×0.10=100kg available to herbivorous zooplankton; 100kg zooplankton ×0.10=10kg, available to small fish; 10kg × 0.10 = 1 kg of large fish biomass]
A temperate grassland biome has a gross primary productivity of 3,480kilocalories/meter2/year and a net primary productivity of 2,000kilocalories/meter2/year. Which of the following is the approximate number of kilocalories/meter2/year available to herbivores in that biome? A 200kilocalories/meter2/year B 1,480kilocalories/meter2/year C 2,000kilocalories/meter2/year D 5,480kilocalories/meter2/year
A 200 kilocalories/meter2/year
The diagram below shows a simplified nitrogen cycle. The figure presents a diagram of the nitrogen cycle. Two arrows are drawn downward from Nitrogen Gas (N 2) in the atmosphere; one to Soil Bacteria and one to Bacteria in Root Nodules of Legume Plants. From the soil bacteria, an arrow is drawn to ammonia (N H 3) and then to bacteria in soil. An arrow from bacteria in soil is drawn to nitrates (N O 3 with a negative 1 charge). The nitrates (N O 3 with a negative 1 charge) have two arrows drawn upward. One arrow is drawn to bacteria, which then has an arrow connected back to nitrogen gas (N 2) in the atmosphere. The other arrow from nitrates (N O 3 with a negative 1 charge) is drawn to plants. From plants there is an arrow drawn to consumers. From both plants and consumers there is an arrow drawn to nitrogen in soil and organic matter. There is an arrow drawn from nitrogen in soil and organic matter to decomposers like bacteria and fungi, which have an arrow to ammonia (N H 3). From the nitrogen gas (N 2) in the atmosphere the second arrow is drawn to bacteria in root nodules of legume plants. There is an arrow from bacteria in root nodules and legumes plants to ammonia (N H 3) and then an arrow from ammonia to plants. There is an arrow from plants to consumers and to other plants. Which of the following types of organisms are required to complete the nitrogen cycle, including the process of denitrification? A Bacteria B Producers C Consumers D Fungi
A Bacteria
The diagram below shows a simplified nitrogen cycle. The figure presents a diagram of the nitrogen cycle. Two arrows are drawn downward from Nitrogen Gas (N 2) in the atmosphere; one to Soil Bacteria and one to Bacteria in Root Nodules of Legume Plants. From the soil bacteria, an arrow is drawn to ammonia (N H 3) and then to bacteria in soil. An arrow from bacteria in soil is drawn to nitrates (N O 3 with a negative 1 charge). The nitrates (N O 3 with a negative 1 charge) have two arrows drawn upward. One arrow is drawn to bacteria, which then has an arrow connected back to nitrogen gas (N 2) in the atmosphere. The other arrow from nitrates (N O 3 with a negative 1 charge) is drawn to plants. From plants there is an arrow drawn to consumers. From both plants and consumers there is an arrow drawn to nitrogen in soil and organic matter. There is an arrow drawn from nitrogen in soil and organic matter to decomposers like bacteria and fungi, which have an arrow to ammonia (N H 3). From the nitrogen gas (N 2) in the atmosphere the second arrow is drawn to bacteria in root nodules of legume plants. There is an arrow from bacteria in root nodules and legumes plants to ammonia (N H 3) and then an arrow from ammonia to plants. There is an arrow from plants to consumers and to other plants. Which of the following processes is illustrated by the downward arrows from the atmosphere that show the conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers? A Nitrogen assimilation B Nitrogen fixation C Photosynthesis D Weathering
A Nitrogen assimilation
The figure presents a biogeochemical cycle with land, a body of water, and a cloud with the sun behind it. A pair of arrows points between the cloud and the water. The arrow from the cloud to the body of water is labeled Diffusion. In the water are fish, and an arrow points from the fish to the cloud. On land there are cows and trees. A pair of arrows points between the trees and the cloud. An arrow points from the cows to the cloud. The downward arrow from the cloud to the trees is labeled Photosynthesis. Which of the following biogeochemical cycles includes the processes of buffering ocean pH and photosynthesis, as shown in the diagram? A The carbon cycle B The nitrogen cycle C The phosphorus cycle D The potassium cycle
A The carbon cycle
Which of the following best describes an example of resource partitioning in an ecosystem? A Two different bird species feed from the same oak tree; one eats acorns, and the other eats insects in the bark. B A tick uses a white-tailed deer as its host, consuming the deer's blood as food. C Two individuals from the same population of barn owls hunt for the same species of mouse during the night. D A mason bee pollinates a variety of flowers in a botanical garden.
A Two different bird species feed from the same oak tree; one eats acorns, and the other eats insects in the bark.
Which of the following best describes a terrestrial ecosystem that will have the highest net primary productivity? A Warm temperatures, high rainfall, and consistent sunlight B Hot temperatures, low rainfall, and consistent sunlight C Cold temperatures, high rainfall, and inconsistent sunlight D Warm temperatures, low rainfall, and inconsistent sunlight
A Warm temperatures, high rainfall, and consistent sunlight
The figure presents a biogeochemical cycle with land, a body of water, and a cloud with the sun behind it. A pair of arrows points between the cloud and the water. The arrow from the cloud to the body of water is labeled Diffusion. In the water are fish, and an arrow points from the fish to the cloud. On land there are cows and trees. A pair of arrows points between the trees and the cloud. An arrow points from the cows to the cloud. The downward arrow from the cloud to the trees is labeled Photosynthesis. Which of the following biogeochemical cycles includes the processes of buffering ocean pH and photosynthesis, as shown in the diagram? A The carbon cycle B The nitrogen cycle C The phosphorus cycle D The potassium cycle
A carbon cycle
This biome is found in shallow waters off the coastline and is Earth's most biologically diverse marine biome. A Coral reefs B Freshwater wetlands C Open ocean D Rivers
A coral reefs
Which of the following trophic levels represents a primary producer in an aquatic food chain? A Phytoplankton B Herbivorous zooplankton C Carnivorous zooplankton D Baleen whale
A phytoplankton
Energy is transferred along food chains from one stage to the next. Which statement best explains how the energy is transferred? A If a primary consumer stores 100kcal of energy, then a secondary consumer that feeds on the primary consumer will also have 100kcal of energy available. B If a primary producer stores 10,000kcal of energy, then a tertiary consumer will have 10kcal of energy available. C If a primary producer stores 100,000kcal of energy, then a secondary consumer will have 10,000kcal of energy available. D If a secondary consumer stores 500kcal of energy, then a tertiary consumer that feeds on the secondary consumer will have 5,000kcal of energy available.
B If a primary producer stores 10,000kcal of energy, then a tertiary consumer will have 10kcal of energy available.
The diagram below represents steps in the phosphorus cycle. The figure presents a diagram of the phosphorus cycle. Phosphates in Solution are found in a body of water. There is an arrow from phosphates in solution to an image of rocks underground. From the rocks there are two arrows. One arrow is drawn to phosphates in soil and one is drawn to a rock formation above ground. From phosphates in soil there are two arrows drawn out. One is drawn back to phosphates in solution. One is drawn upward towards the roots of a tree. The tree has the label plant tissues above it. There is an arrow from the tree to a deer. There is an arrow for the deer to phosphates in soil with the label urine. There is a second arrow from the deer to an image of a mushroom and a worm with the label animal tissues and feces. The mushroom and work have an arrow drawn downward to phosphates in soil. Which of the following statements is best supported by the diagram of the phosphorus cycle? A The largest reservoir of phosphorus is in the atmosphere. B The phosphates absorbed by animal tissue through consumption eventually return to the soil. C Plants take up the phosphate ions primarily from the metamorphic rocks. D Phosphates are not soluble in water.
B The phosphates absorbed by animal tissue through consumption eventually return to the soil.
The figure presents a diagram of a phosphate cycle. On the bottom right of the image there is a label phosphate in rock. There is an arrow from the rock on land with the label weathering. There is an arrow to plants and arrow from plants to animals. There is an arrow drawn from animals back to the arrow from land to the body of water. There is the label marine sediments in the body of water. The arrow from weathering reaches the body of water and the label dissolved phosphate. There is an arrow from dissolved phosphate to plants, an arrow from plants to animals, and from animals back to dissolved phosphates in a circle. There is a city in the image. From the city there is an arrow labeled waste disposal drawn to a landfill. There is an arrow from land to the body of water labeled fertilizer. There is an arrow from land labeled soil erosion. The arrow branches to a lake and is labeled reservoir sediments. It also passes through an area labeled farmland. The end of the arrow near the water is labeled runoff. There is an arrow from the farmland to the body of water labeled waste. Farmers in a suburban coastal town started using no-till agriculture, a practice that reduces soil erosion from their farmland. Use the image above to determine which of the following long-term effects no-till agriculture will have on the ecosystem surrounding the farmland. A There will be an increased need for fertilizer on farmlands. B There will be less algal growth in the nearby ocean. C There will be less phosphorous pollution in the atmosphere. D There will be an increased depo
B There will be less algal growth in the nearby ocean.
The diagram below shows the hydrologic cycle. The figure presents a diagram of the hydrologic cycle. There are arrows from a cloud over land and from a cloud over water labeled precipitation. On land there is a label for surface runoff that connect to a lake, then connect to a river and then to the ocean. There are arrows drawn downward labeled percolation that point to a label for groundwater flow. There is an arrow labeled return flow that connects groundwater flow to the ocean. There are arrows over land and over water drawn upward labeled evaporation. There are arrows over land drawn upward labeled transpiration Which of the following best identifies a key component of the hydrologic cycle that powers the movement of water and is missing from the diagram? A Terrestrial animals B The Sun C Bacteria D Volcanoes
B the sun
Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest net primary productivity? A Desert B Tropical rain forest C Taiga D Savanna
B tropical rain forest
Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest primary productivity per unit area? A Desert B Tropical rain forest C Boreal forest D Savanna
B tropical rain forest
The diagram below represents steps in the phosphorus cycle. The figure presents a diagram of the phosphorus cycle. Phosphates in Solution are found in a body of water. There is an arrow from phosphates in solution to an image of rocks underground. From the rocks there are two arrows. One arrow is drawn to phosphates in soil and one is drawn to a rock formation above ground. From phosphates in soil there are two arrows drawn out. One is drawn back to phosphates in solution. One is drawn upward towards the roots of a tree. The tree has the label plant tissues above it. There is an arrow from the tree to a deer. There is an arrow for the deer to phosphates in soil with the label urine. There is a second arrow from the deer to an image of a mushroom and a worm with the label animal tissues and feces. The mushroom and work have an arrow drawn downward to phosphates in soil. Which of the following statements is best supported by the diagram of the phosphorus cycle? A The largest reservoir of phosphorus is in the atmosphere. B The phosphates absorbed by animal tissue through consumption eventually return to the soil. C Plants take up the phosphate ions primarily from the metamorphic rocks. D Phosphates are not soluble in water.
B. The phosphates absorbed by animal tissue through consumption eventually return to the soil.
Based on the food web shown above, which of the following correctly describes the flow of energy through the trophic levels from producers to quaternary consumers? Red-tailed hawk, grasshopper mouse, grasshopper, rattlesnake, brittlebrush Red-tailed hawk, rattlesnake, grasshopper mouse, grasshopper, brittlebrush Brittlebrush, grasshopper, grasshopper mouse, rattlesnake, red-tailed hawk Brittlebrush, red-tailed hawk, rattlesnake, grasshopper mouse, grasshopper
Brittlebrush, grasshopper, grasshopper mouse, rattlesnake, red-tailed hawk
The energy available to consumers determined by subtracting the energy used by plants from the total energy transformed by the process of photosynthesis. A Primary productivity B Gross primary productivity C Net primary productivity D Cellular respiration
C Net primary production
The diagram below shows a simplified nitrogen cycle. The figure presents a diagram of the nitrogen cycle. Two arrows are drawn downward from Nitrogen Gas (N 2) in the atmosphere; one to Soil Bacteria and one to Bacteria in Root Nodules of Legume Plants. From the soil bacteria, an arrow is drawn to ammonia (N H 3) and then to bacteria in soil. An arrow from bacteria in soil is drawn to nitrates (N O 3 with a negative 1 charge). The nitrates (N O 3 with a negative 1 charge) have two arrows drawn upward. One arrow is drawn to bacteria, which then has an arrow connected back to nitrogen gas (N 2) in the atmosphere. The other arrow from nitrates (N O 3 with a negative 1 charge) is drawn to plants. From plants there is an arrow drawn to consumers. From both plants and consumers there is an arrow drawn to nitrogen in soil and organic matter. There is an arrow drawn from nitrogen in soil and organic matter to decomposers like bacteria and fungi, which have an arrow to ammonia (N H 3). From the nitrogen gas (N 2) in the atmosphere the second arrow is drawn to bacteria in root nodules of legume plants. There is an arrow from bacteria in root nodules and legumes plants to ammonia (N H 3) and then an arrow from ammonia to plants. There is an arrow from plants to consumers and to other plants. The majority of the nitrogen on Earth can be found in which of the following reservoirs? A Terrestrial plants B Soil bacteria C The atmosphere D Sedimentary rock
C The atmosphere
The diagram below shows the hydrologic cycle. The figure presents a diagram of the hydrologic cycle. There are arrows from a cloud over land and from a cloud over water labeled precipitation. On land there is a label for surface runoff that connect to a lake, then connect to a river and then to the ocean. There are arrows drawn downward labeled percolation that point to a label for groundwater flow. There is an arrow labeled return flow that connects groundwater flow to the ocean. There are arrows over land and over water drawn upward labeled evaporation. There are arrows over land drawn upward labeled transpiration Which of the following smaller reservoirs of freshwater are missing from the diagram? A Fossil fuels B Rocks C Ice caps D Algae
C ice caps
The figure presents a diagram of the carbon cycle. There are four objects labeled with the letters A through D on the diagram, which are listed as follows. A, Vegetation. B, Sedimentary rock. C, Ocean. D, Burning of fossil fuels. In the diagram, there is land, water, the atmosphere, and rock. On land, arrows point from a cow (labeled Respiration), dead animal matter (labeled Decay), a factory using coal, oil and gas (labeled Burning of fossil fuels, which is letter D) to the atmosphere. An arrow labeled Photosynthesis points from the atmosphere to vegetation on land (which is letter A). On land, an arrow points from vegetation to soil and organic matter. A pair of arrows, labeled Carbon dioxide exchange, points between the atmosphere and the ocean (which is letter C). In the ocean, an arrow labeled Sinking sediment points from Phytoplankton to the ocean floor. On land, rivers connect to the ocean and carry carbon compounds released from weathering and runoff. Beneath the land and ocean floor, Sedimentary rock (which is letter B) and rock formation are indicated. Which of the boxes represents a carbon source? A B C D
D
Which of the following best describes the flow of energy in most terrestrial and near-surface marine ecosystems? A Decomposers break down dead or decaying organisms to release energy and nutrients to be used by producers. B Chemoautotrophs use inorganic energy sources, such as hydrogen sulfide, to create organic compounds from carbon dioxide. C Apex predators feed on other organisms, which releases heat that can be used by producers and primary consumers. D Producers use energy from the sun to make organic matter, such as sugars, from carbon dioxide and water and are then consumed by organisms higher in the food chain.
D Producers use energy from the sun to make organic matter, such as sugars, from carbon dioxide and water and are then consumed by organisms higher in the food chain.
This freshwater biome is characterized by fast-flowing water that can originate from underground springs or runoff, which carries sediment and organic material. A Coral reefs B Freshwater wetlands C Open ocean D Rivers
D Rivers
This rate of reaction can be measured in the dark by determining the amount of oxygen gas consumed in a period of time. A Primary productivity B Gross primary productivity C Net primary productivity D Cellular respiration
D cellular respiration
This biome contains a nutrient-rich environment created by falling leaves and trapped organic materials from the large trees, and it provides the ecosystem service of filtering pollutants from water.
Freshwater wetlands -have trees with roots that are submerged in water. The trees drop their leaves, and the water traps organic materials released from decomposition. The wetlands also trap pollutants.
The total rate of photosynthesis in a given area
Gross primary productivity
Which trophic level has the least available energy in kilojoules in this food web?
Killer whale -The amount of energy available decreases up the food chain, so the organisms at the highest trophic level would have the fewest kilojoules of energy available. The killer whale is a top predator (quaternary consumer).
The diagram above best illustrates major processes in which of the following biogeochemical cycles? The figure presents a biogeochemical cycle. There is a cloud in the upper left corner with rain and the label weathering. There is a label inorganic in rock under the rain cloud on a rock formation There is an arrow from inorganic in rocks to inorganic in water and there is a river through the rock formation. There is an arrow from inorganic in water to inorganic in ocean. There is an arrow from inorganic in ocean to inorganic in sediments. There is an arrow from inorganic in sediments to the rock and the label uplift over geological time. There is a label for organic in plants under the rain cloud over trees. There is an arrow to from organic in plants to organic in soil with the label decay. There is an arrow from organic in soil to available inorganic in soil. There are three arrows from available inorganic in soil. One arrow points upward to the trees and the label organic in plants. A two headed arrow connects available inorganic in soil to unavailable inorganic in soil. The third arrow connects available inorganic in soil to inorganic in water. The inorganic in water has an arrow to inorganic in ocean connecting the cycle.
Phosphorus cycle
Which of the following best describes what is represented by the arrows in the food web?
The flow of energy Arrows in a food web depict the flow of energy between trophic levels
Which of the following describes the most likely change to terrestrial biomes resulting from warmer average global temperatures? The global distribution of midlatitude biomes, such as grasslands and temperate rain forests, would increase. Deciduous trees found in temperate seasonal forests would flower later in the year. The latitude range of tropical rain forests would narrow closer to the equator. High-latitude biomes, such as the tundra, would experience a decrease in net primary productivity.
The global distribution of midlatitude biomes, such as grasslands and temperate rain forests, would increase!!!
The diagram below shows a model of the global movement of water in the hydrologic cycle. The figure presents a diagram of the hydrologic cycle. There are arrows from a cloud over land and from a cloud over water labeled precipitation. On land there is a label for surface runoff that connect to a lake, then connect to a river and then to the ocean. There are arrows drawn downward labeled percolation that point to a label for groundwater flow. There is an arrow labeled return flow that connects groundwater flow to the ocean. There are arrows over land and over water drawn upward labeled evaporation. There are arrows over land drawn upward labeled transpiration. Based on the diagram, which of the following statements about the hydrologic cycle is true?
Water from the ocean evaporates and condenses in the atmosphere!!!
