✩apes unit 2✩

provisioning service

any type of benefit to people that can be extracted from nature

allopatric

(common) when biological populations of the same species become isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with gene flow. (ex: mosquitos under subway)

sympatric

(rare) from same father. no separation, but still have changes/mutations (ex: highway splits, different fish in a river)

Salmon May Lose the Ability to Smell Danger as Carbon Emissions Rise The ability to smell is critical for salmon. They depend on scent to avoid predators, sniff out prey, and find their way home at the end of their lives .... Research from the University of Washington and NOAANOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Fisheries' Northwest Fisheries Science Center shows this ... sense of smell might be in trouble as carbon emissions continue to be absorbed by our ocean. ... The research team set up tanks of salt water with three different pHpH levels: today's current average Puget SoundpHpH, the predicted average 5050 years from now, and the predicted average 100100 years in the future. They exposed juvenile coho salmon to these three different pHpH levels for two weeks. After two weeks, the team ran a series of ... tests to see whether the fishes' sense of smell was affected. Fish were placed in a holding tank and exposed to the smell of salmon-skin extract, which indicates a predator attack and usually prompts the fish to hide or swim away. Fish that were in water with current CO2CO2 levels responded normally to the offending odor, but the fish from tanks with higher CO2CO2 levels didn't seem to mind or detect the smell. ... While this study looked specifically at how an altered sense of smell could affect fishes' response to danger, it's likely that other critical behaviors that depend on smell, such as navigation, reproduction, and hunting for food, would also take a hit if fish aren't able to adequately process smells. ... University of Washington Which of the following best identifies the author's claim?

Acidic water affects the salmon's ability to sense danger from attacking predators by their sense of smell.

Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem service that would provide protection from a hurricane storm surge?

An intact coastal wetland

An island off the coast of Africa contains a larger percentage of specialist species than generalist species. Which of the following describes the most immediate effect if an invasive generalist species is introduced to the island?

As competition for resources increases, the population size of the island's specialist species will decrease.

Reef fish inherit tolerance to warming oceans In a rapidly changing climate, the decline of animal populations is a very real concern. An international team of researchers reported new evidence of reef fish adjusting to global warming conditions at the genetic level. [R]esearchers . . . have found that reef fish can inherit from their parents the genetic tools to adjust to ocean warming. "When parents are exposed to an increase in water temperature, we found that their offspring improved their performance in these otherwise stressful conditions by selectively modifying their epigenome." Epigenetic change refers to chemical modifications in the DNA that signals genes to be switched on or off. A range of factors, including disease, famine, or in the case of this research, heat stress, can stimulate these subtle changes. In this study, when both parent and offspring experienced the same elevated water temperatures, responsive changes . . . were observed that enhanced the next generation's ability to cope with the new, warmer temperatures. "We reared spiny chromis damselfish . . . for two generations under three different water temperatures, up to 3 degrees Celsius warmer than current-day ocean temperatures. The next generation appeared to be advantaged by parental exposure to elevated temperatures. The offspring's altered gene expression, also referred to as 'acclimation,' allowed them to maximize oxygen consumption and energy use." "Acclimation may buffer populations against the impacts of rapid environmental change and provide time for genetic adaptation to catch up over the longer term." "Reef fish inherit tolerance to warming oceans: Thanks to mom and dad, baby reef fish may have to what it takes to adjust to hotter oceans," Ryu Taewoo, ScienceDaily, April 30, 2018. Which of the following best identifies the author's claim?

Observed adjustments in the ecological tolerance of a species of reef fish is a result of epigenetic changes.

Which of the following economic consequences to a provisioning ecosystem service will most likely result from increased global warming?

The collapse of local fisheries, because of the damage to coral reefs from ocean acidification

cultural service

a non-material benefit that contributes to the development and cultural advancement of people

convergent evolution

different ancestors, same traits (need to survive) (ex. dolphin & shark)

regulating service

include pollination, decomposition, water purification, erosion and flood control, and carbon storage and climate regulation

bottleneck effect

random reduction of population due to random event

genetic drift

responsible for random changes in gene & drastic effect in population

divergent

same ancestor, different traits/species

founder effect

small group leaves from population & takes new gene (ex. polydactylism)

what is adjacent development?

something humans have built that is negativly affecting something next to it (ex. a building's sewage running into a pond)