APES - Unit 3 MC, APES UNIT 3 MC 2
Which age-structure diagram best depicts the ages in a population that is in stage 3 of the demographic transition?
(LOOKS LIKE TRIANGLE)
A country has a net migration rate of 3 per 1,000, a CBR of 9 per 1,000, and a CDR of 11 per 1,000. What is the growth rate of this country?
0.1%
If a city of population 10,000 experiences 100 births, 40 deaths, 10 immigrants, and 30 emigrants in the course of a year, what is its net annual percentage growth rate?
0.4%
A metropolitan region of 100,000 people has 2,000 births, 500 death, 200 emigrants and 100 immigrants over a 1 year period. Its population growth rate is
1.4 percent
If a country has a crude birth rate of 24 per 1,000 and a crude death rate of 8 per 1,000, the natural annual percent increase of its population is
1.6%
In an experimental grassland plot, researchers planted 20 seeds of a wildflower species that exhibits exponential growth with an intrinsic growth rate of 0.60. Approximate the maximum population size after 10 years.
20 x e^0.6x10
Approximately what percent of the population in Country II is under age 15?
25%
World Bank records indicate that in 2010, the total fertility rate in Puerto Rico was 1.6 and population size was 4,000,000. If net migration rate was -1.0, then the best estimate of the population in 2012 is
3,700,000
A country currently has a population of 100 million and an annual growth rate of 3.5 percent. If the growth rate remains constant, what will be the population of this country in 40 years?
400 million
In Vietnam, there were 16 births and 6 deaths out of every 100 people in the year 2011. Using the rule of 70, estimate the doubling time for Vietnam's population
7 years
In 2013, the population of Earth was about _____________ billion, with about ___________ billion living in China.
7.1/1.4
Doubling time can be approximated mathematically by
70 / growth rate
Approximately what percentage of the population of developed countries live in urban areas?
75%
What percentage of the world's population lives in developing countries?
82
By the year 2050, world population is expected to approach 10 billion. If the current population trends continue, which region of the world will most likely experience the majority of the growth?
Africa and Asia
Five islands, A, B, C, D, and E, differ only in distance from the mainland, area, and species diversity. Which island would be predicted to have the highest species diversity?
B Island B Distance from Mainland 50 (kilometers)Area (hectares) 1 x 106
Which of the following countries is most likely represented in the age structure diagram shown above?
Country B
The diagram above illustrates how the number of individuals in a population changed with time as a result of external stresses and resource limitations. Which lettered portion of the curve most likely corresponds to the carrying capacity of the ecosystem?
E
Species with a type III survivorship curve are likely to exhibit I. Fast population growth rate II. Large amounts of parental care III. Density-independent population regulations
I and II
Which of the following characteristics are typical of r-selected species? I. They produce many offspring in a short period of time. II. They have very low survivorship early in life. III. They take a long time to reach reproductive maturity.
I and II
The theory of island biogeography suggests that species richness is affected by which of the following factors? I. Island distance from mainland II. How the island is formed III. Island size
I and III
Which characteristics are typical of developed countries? I. High technology use II. Low GDP III. Small-scale sustainable agriculture
I only
Factors that affect the total fertility rate of a human population include which of the following? I. Cultural traditions II. Government policies and economic incentives III. Education level and economic opportunities for females
I, II, and III
Increasing the gross domestic product of a nation can be associated with I. an increase in pollution II. a decrease in pollution III. an increase in population size
I, II, and III
Which of the following have contributed to increased family planning worldwide? I. Women's education II. Increased income III. Advertising campaigns
I, II, and III
Correct statements about the northern spotted owl include which of the following? I. It is a pioneer species that is an opportunistic feeder. II. It is dependent on mature, old-growth forest for its habitat. III. It is a carnivore at or near the top of the food chain.
II and III
Which may lead to an increase in the carrying capacity of the global human population? I. Niche partitioning II. Technological advancement III. Reduction in per-capita consumption rate
II and III
Which of the following characteristics in the table best supports the claim that Country A is a more developed country and that Country B is a less developed country?
Infant mortality rate
Cycads are gymnosperms that were diverse and abundant during the Mesozoic era. Extant species of cycads share many traits with those from the Mesozoic era. Cycads bear cones, are long-lived with slow growth rates, show late reproductive maturity, and have very few offspring. Based on this description, the cycads are
K-strategists with a Type I survivorship curve.
Which of the following statements best describes the trends in the data shown in the graph above? (total fertility rate in 2010)
More-developed countries tend to have lower total fertility rates than less-developed countries
If mean global temperature keeps on increasing as predicted by contemporary scientists, which of the following is most likely?
Specialist species living in fragile ecosystems will risk extinction.
In a certain country, the birth rate is high, the death rate is high, and there are many children that are part of the workforce. The country is most likely in which of the following stages of the demographic transition?
Stage 1
During which stage of the demographic transition shown above does a population begin to experience an explosive increase in growth?
Stage 2
Which statement about total fertility rate is correct?
TFR is the average number of children each woman will give birth to during her childbearing years
A small developing country with negligible rates of immigration and emigration is going through a demographic change. Thirty years ago the crude birth rate was 44 per thousand per year and the crude death rate was 17 per thousand per year. Now the crude birth rate is 16 thousand per year and the crude death rate is 5 per thousand per year. Which of the following statements about the country now is most likely to be true?
The country is at the industrial stage of the demographic transition.
A country has a birth rate of 35/1,000 individuals and a death rate of 13/1,000 individuals. The death rate was 37/1,000 individuals in 1950, 28/1,000individuals in 1970, and 21/1,000 individuals in 1990. Which of the following statements best explains why the country has a declining death rate?
The country is in stage 2 of the demographic transition, and life expectancy has increased because of improvements in public health, sanitation, and access to food.
A certain species of dinosaur laid large numbers of eggs, and the hatchlings had high mortality early in life. But if they survived, the young dinosaurs were able to grow at a rapid pace and disperse into the environment in order to thrive. Based on this information and the graph above, which of the following best characterizes this species of dinosaur?
The dinosaurs were r-strategists and exhibited a Type III survivorship curve
The total fertility rate in country A was 6.8 in 1980. Which of the following statements best supports the change in the total fertility rate in country A between 1980 and 2015?
The total fertility rate decreased as a result of a delay in age of first marriage and increased contraceptive use.
As a country goes through the demographic transition, the greatest rate of population growth takes place during which phase?
The transitional
Which of the following characteristics is most closely associated with a country that demonstrates the age structure in the diagram shown above?
There is a high total fertility rate.
The supply of Earth's fresh water is fixed and is being depleted at a rapid rate. Which of the following best describes the effects of a limited freshwater supply on human populations?
World food production will decrease, leading to increased famine.
An r-selected species characteristically has
a fast population growth rate
Which combination of factors would result in the highest biodiversity?
a large island, close to a continent
Which of the following is not true regarding limiting resources?
a limiting resource is an important density- independent factor
A country with an age structure diagram like the one shown is most likely experiencing
a short doubling time
Replacement-level fertility is
always greater than 2
The following graph shows population growth of Canada geese in Ohio between 1955 and 2002. The graph can best be described as:
an exponential growth curve
A high intrinsic growth rate would most likely be characteristic of
an r-selected species such as the American bullfrog.
Which tree species is a pioneer species in North American Forests?
aspen
Which of the following sequences of secondary succession would be likely to occur in abandoned farmland in the eastern United States?
bare soil, grasses and wildflowers, shrubs, sunlight-tolerant trees, shade-tolerant trees
Which population is typically regulated by density-independent factors?
birds
Based solely on the IPAT equation, ________ is likely to have the greatest population size and ___________ is likely to have smallest population size
brazil/panama
Resource partitioning
can occur through morphological differences between competing species
Given two islands f the same size, the theory of island biogeography suggests that the ___________ island should have a higher ______________.
closer/species richness
Which interaction harms both species involved?
competition
Which of the following is not an example of a density-independent factor?
competition
Which of the following is NOT a likely consequence of resource niche partitioning?
competition within a species
Which of the following in NOT a factor in gross domestic product?
cost of environmental damage
Which is NOT a factor that determines population growth under the theory of demographic transition?
density independent factors slow economic growth
Which of the following is most likely to result in a random population distribution?
density-independent factors
Ecological succession
does not end with a climax stage
The common reed is a perennial grass found throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world. Researchers recently discovered that many of North American populations of the reed are composed entirely of genetically identical clones. Which is most likely true of these populations?
evolution by natural selection occurs very slowly in the absence of seed dispersal among populations
Which of the following is not a statement of the logistic growth model?
future population growth cannot be predicted mathematically
Although the fertility rate for women in the United States has declined in recent years to a value below replacement level, the United States population is still increasing because of
immigration
At current growth rates, which country will probably be the most populous in the world after 2050?
india
Which is the correct order of ecological levels from basic to complex?
individual, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
Which of the following pairs of indicators best reflects the availability of health care in a country?
infant mortality rate and life expectancy
A country with an age distribution like that shown in the figure above, is most likely a country that
is experiencing slow or no population growth
Which is NOT a factor in the theory of island biogeography?
islands further from a continent have more species richness due to increased speciation
What is true of primary succession?
it begins with colonization by algae, lichens, and mosses
Which is true about a populations carrying capacity?
it depends on a limiting resource
Which is true of a population overshoot?
it is followed by a die-off
Which of the following is NOT typical of a keystone species?
it is rarely at the top of the food chain
Which country best exemplifies phase 4 of a demographic transition?
japan
The theory of island biogeography does not apply to
metapopulations
The interaction between bees and sunflowers is an example of
mutualism
Mycorrhizal fungi are commonly found attached to plant roots. The fungi are more efficient than plants at extracting nutrients from the soil. In exchange for nutrients, plants provide the fungi with sugars made through photosynthesis. However, when nutrients in the soil are abundant, researchers have found that plant growth increases if mycorrhizal fungi are removed. This phenomenon suggests that
mycorrhizae have switched from being mutualists to parasites
Population distribution is
often clumped in response to predation
The intrinsic growth rate of a population
only occurs under ideal conditions
Pathogens are a type of
parasite
Which country is most likely to be in the second phase of demographic transition?
phillipines
Which does NOT have a significant effect on the number of offspring produced by a population?
population distribution
Even if a country reduces its birth rate and maintains replacement-level fertility, its population will still continue to grow for several decades because of
population momentum
Inbreeding depression
rarely occurs in highly connected meta-populations
Population growth using the exponential growth model
represents ideal conditions that rarely occur in natural populations
In the coniferous forests of Oregon, eight species of woodpeckers coexist. Four species select their nesting sites based on tree diameter. The fifth species nests only in fir trees that have been dead for at least 10 years. The sixth species also nests in fir trees, but only in live or recently dead trees. The two remaining species nest in pine trees, but each selects trees of different sizes. This pattern is an example of
resource partitioning
The process of succession in lakes
results in a terrestrial ecosystem
A developing country with a total fertility rate of 4.0 and a net migration rate of -3.5 is likely to have an age structure
shaped like a pyramid
According to the theory of demographic transition, countries move through growth phases in which order?
slow growth, rapid growth, stable growth, declining growth
Which of the following statements about ecological succession is correct?
succession is influenced by competition for limiting resources such as available soil, moisture, and nutrients
Which factor does NOT affect species richness?
survivorship curves
An age structure diagram with roughly similar numbers of individuals in each group is representative of which country?
sweden
As Brazil has become more developed and industrialized, its population growth has stabilized. At the same time, the use of technology and raw materials has increased to meet the demands of a wealthier and more prosperous population. This increased consumption is predicted by
the IPAT equation
Which is NOT likely to describe a population in a developing country?
the age structure will be shaped like an inverted pyramid
Which of the following does NOT support the theory that humans can devise ways to expand their carrying capacity on Earth?
the development of CFCs for use in refrigeration
If everyone moved to urban areas, it is likely that
the global ecological footprint would decrease
Thomas Malthus introduced
the hypothesis that humans could exceed Earth's carrying capacity
The IPAT equation was developed to estimate
the impact of human lifestyle on Earth
As the size of a white-tailed deer population increases,
the number of gray wolves, a natural predator of white-tailed deer, will increase.
Which of the following descriptions best matches the survivorship curves presented below?
type II could represent a coral species that has a constant decline in survivorship throughout its life
