apes winter final review
what percentage of earths water is found in lakes?
0.013%
what percentage of earths water is found in groundwater?
0.50%
consider the following processes: respiration, chemosynthesis, combustion of firewood, and photosynthesis. How many of these result in. the release of oxygen into the atmosphere?
1
if a population roughy doubles in the course of 70 years, its growth rate would be close to _____%
1
approximately ___% of the fuel you pump into your automobile moves your vehicle down the road
10-15
a solution with a PH of 3 is ____ a solution with a PH of 5
100 times more acidic than
If a population roughly doubles in the course of 35 years, its growth rate would be close to ________%.
2
a world population that is not growing will have a TFR of
2.1 or lower
The U.S. average footprint is ________ times larger than the world average footprint.
2.7
Recent evidence from polar ice core analysis shows that, until now, carbon dioxide levels have never exceeded ________ ppm in the last several hundred thousand years.
300
current global population is
7.655 billion
the most recent analyses of polar ice cores have given us the ability to profile global climate change as far back as ____
800,000 years
An increase in atmospheric CO2 levels would cause a decrease of which of the following in the ocean?
CACO3
which step in the figure shows the formation of carbonic acid?
CO2+H2O -> H2O3
Convective cells between 30 and 60 degrees
Ferrel cells
dissociation of carbonic acid
H2CO3 -> H+ + HCO3-
An increase in atmospheric CO2 levels would increase the production of which of the following in the ocean?
HCO3 with a negative charge
Convective cells near the equator
Hadley cells
Near the equator, the patterns of convection currents are called ________.
Hadley cells
Author of The Population Bomb
Paul R. Ehrlich
How do the prairie dogs in this story meet the definition of a keystone species?
Their burrows loosened the soil and served as homes for other species; they helped with nutrient recycling. They helped water infiltrate into the soil and kept soil loose for grass roots. When they were removed, the system deteriorated.
TFR of 2.0 in this country, also this country is third largest population in the world
United States
which of the following describes a graph of the Kaibab deer population between 1900 and 1923?
a J-shpaed upward curve wit ha very rapid increase
In July 2001, the town of Spring Hill, Florida, about 45 miles north of Tampa, had 18 sinkholes appear in a single day. The largest holes were nearly 100 feet deep. This is an indication that ________.
a drought had recently occurred, along with increased development and groundwater use
a population is _______.
a group of individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area
a device designed to remove airborne pollutants from smokestack emissions
a scrubber
a hypothesis is _____
a statement that explains an observed phenomenon or answers a question
___ is network of relationships among a group of components, which interact with and influence one another through the exchange of energy, matter, or information
a system
an artesian aquifer occurs where ____
a water-bearing layer is trapped between two layers that are less permeable
what property of water is due to hydrogen bonds?
ability to form droplets
the stratospheric ozone layer is important to ecosystems because it ______.
absorbs most UV light
The rapid melting of Greenland's ice cap could disrupt the NADW formation by ________.
adding huge amounts of less dense fresh water to the surface of the system
in the late 1800sand 1900s farmers and ranchers slaughtered predators trying to protect their cattle. One direct result _____
an increase in prairie dog population
Keeling's reports from Mauna Loa demonstrated ________.
an increase in tropospheric ozone from the 1950s to present
a ____ is best defined as one who educates based on its impact on human health, economic cost and benefits, and aesthetic concerns.
anthropocentrist
What gas comprises the third largest portion of Earth's atmosphere?
aragon
marine reserves
are "no-take" areas in the oceans
Most marine protected areas ________.
are along the coastlines of developed nations
zebra mussels ____.
are an invasive exotic species that clogs water intake pipes at factories, power plants, and wastewater treatment facilities
ecosystem services _____.
are economically valuable services provided by natural systems
Groups of organisms with low biotic potential, such as gray whales, ________.
are k-selected
macronutrients_____
are required in large amounts for organisms to survive
Earth's climate is changing____
as a result of human and natural processes
When populations approach their carrying capacity, their resources ________.
become more scare as growth rate decreases to zero
What do the diagrams show?
biomes at a high elevation roughly parallel biomes at high latitudes
zero population growth can be achieved in a population when the
birth rate equals death rate, and there is no migration
carbon monoxide
blocks oxygen transport in human blood
Humans have dramatically altered the rate of nitrogen fixation into forms usable by autotrophs ________.
by producing synthetic fertilizers and applying them to the crops, lawn, and parks
artificial wetlands
can help purify water and also provide recreational opportunities
which of the following are market mechanisms for addressing climate change
cap-and-trade and carbon offsets
The predominant greenhouse gas produced by human use of fossil fuels is __________.
carbon dioxide
which of the following represent chemosynthesis?
carbon dioxide + water + hydrogen sulfide = sugar + sulfuric acid
Bacteria and fungal spores are potential ________.
causes of "sick-building syndrome"
lead enters the atmosphere as a particulate pollutant. This is a problem because lead causes ___
central nervous system damage in humans
Describes the terrestrial biome bordering the Mediterranean Sea; characterized by wet winters and warm dry summers
chaparral
Because of the success of China's population control programs, ________.
china's population growth rate has dropped below replacement levels
Today, ________ has the worst acid deposition problem, primarily because of ________.
china; coal fired electrical and industrial plants
in wake of the U.S. failure to ratify the Kyoto Protocol _____.
cities and stated are setting their own programs for reducing GHG emissions
According to the figure, the basis for government policy regarding environmental issues ________.
comes from the sciences, with input from the public and private sectors
which of the following is an alternative fuel supported by environmentalists that would decrease carbon dioxide production in transformation?
compressed natural gas
cellular respiration _____.
continental collision and uplift
the area that underlies the shallow water boarding continents is called
continental shelf
Within each water molecule, ________ connect(s) two hydrogens to every oxygen.
covalent bonds
why would the consumption of fossil fuels remain high, despite high prices?
cultural preferences
Any obstruction placed in a river or stream to block flow
dam
As water warms, it ________.
decreases density
Describes Cairo, Egypt, and northwest Mexico; characterized by sparse rainfall and much variation in temperature
desert
Most of the world population growth in the near future will be in ________.
developing countries
Aside from contraception, what can humans do to control population growth's negative effects on the environment?
discourage population movement into sensitive environmental areas
the types of tectonic plate boundary at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is referred to as a ____.
divergent boundary
_____ encourages more sustainable business practices.
ecolabeling
Communities and the abiotic material with which their members interact
ecosystems
how many citizens of india does it take to equal the ecological footprint of the average of the United States
eight citizens of india equal the ecological foot print of the average citizen
negatively charged particles
electrons
What is a growing concern related to sea level rise?
eroding shorelines in coastal areas due to larger storms
What is the likely result of the increasing amounts of fertilizers in the major rivers emptying into oceans?
eutrophication, followed by hypoxia, is a likely result, ultimately leading to less CO2 uptake and less oxygen released
the process by which water moves from earths surface such as in lakes or rivers to the atmosphere
evaporation
the highest level of our atmosphere, with relatively few molecules per unit area
exosphere
convective cell that contains the Westerlys
ferrel cells
We build dams to ________.
generate electricity, prevent flooding, and provide irrigation and drinking water
By definition, parasites ________ their host.
get nourishment from and harm
One-fifth of Earth's total freshwater supply is in ________.
groundwater
A recent study has revealed that chlorinated hydrocarbons, gasoline, and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have become significant pollutants in ________ from ________.
groundwater; leaking storage tanks
specific environment in which an organism lives
habitat
life expectancy in parts of Southern Africa ____ due to aids
has fallen dramatically since 1990
compared to a region of equal all the same altitude,the area shown in the diagram _____.
has much higher biodiversity and niche structure
Carbon-based fuels from lithospheric reservoirs ________.
have been increasingly unsequestered over the last 180 years
Blight fungus kills U.S. chestnut trees because the trees ________.
have not coevolved with the fungus
____ cause water molecules to interact and adhere to one another.
hydrogen bonds
the majority of Earth's fresh water exists
in the form of ice
One reasonable way to prevent sinkholes might be to ________.
increase groundwater recharge by constructing artificial wetlands that use treated municipal wastewater
what is the population in Canada likely to experience soon
increase in the average age of the country
In an aquatic ecosystem experiencing eutrophication, levels of dissolved macronutrients ________ and dissolved oxygen levels ________.
increase; decrease
If there is ________, a country's population growth rate will increase.
increased immigration
the removal of the livestock and predators, and the cessation of hunting in 1907 ______.
increased the biotic potential for the Kaibab deer
Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the increased flux of carbon into the atmosphere has been primarily due to ________.
increasing rapidly in the face of concerns over climate change (burning fossil fuels)
second most populous nation on Earth
india
Individuals of a single species fighting over access to a limiting resource is one example of ________.
infraspecific competition
elements or molecules with a charge
ions
Coriolis effect
is caused by earth's rotational forces
the Coriolis effect
is caused by earth's rotational forces
Photochemical smog differs from industrial smog in that it ________.
is formed only in the presence of sunlight, nitrogen dioxide and VOCs
according to the figure, sciences input into solutions for environmental problems ____.
is independent of any other influence in its effect on forming government policy
troposheric ozone
is produced through the interaction of UV light with nitrogen oxides and VOCS
the revolving door ____.
is the movement of powerful officials between the private sector and government agencies
which of the following is true of eutrophication in marine systems?
it can lead to algal blooms and red tides that kill fish
Why was the irrigation of Soviet cotton farming operations a problem?
it drained the Aral Sea and increased the salt content of soils
Which of the following is a consequence of acid deposition?
it leaches important minerals from soils, some of which are toxic to plants and some that are no longer available for the plant to grow from
a community may undergo a regime shift or phase shift when
it loses keystone species of suffers a major climate change
kelp are
large algae that protect shorelines from erosion, and supply shelter and food for invertebrates and fish
which part of the government is responsible for passing public laws
legislative branch
in thermohaline circulation of global current systems, surface water is _____
less salty, less dense, and warmer
the age structure diagram of Canada suggests that its total fertility rate is _____
less than its replacement rate
in a municipal wastewater treatment plant, the primary treatment step includes ______
letting sewage tanks sit in large settling tanks so organic solids settle out
which of the following are pioneer species
lichens
the solid earth beneath our feet
lithosphere
what are earth's structural spheres that don't living things
lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere
which of the following would be there initial ecological consequences falling water table?
loss of permanent wetland
_____ is defined as the number of protons plus the number of neutros.
mass number
Tuvalu and the Maldives are in the international spotlight because they ________.
may be among the first nations to be completely flooded by rising sea levels
radon _____
may cause lung cancer when inhaled
global climate change may produce major shifts in biomes because ______.
mean temperature and precipitation will change
Produced by microbes decomposing matter in landfills and swamps.
methane
of the following GHG, which one has experienced the greatest percentage increase since 1750
methane
the earth's atmosphere can cause global warming because
molecules in the atmosphere trap heat radiated from theEarth's surface
The first essential step in changing atmospheric nitrogen into more usable NH3 is called ________.
n-fixation
Mutualistic relationships between bacteria and certain root nodules play an important role in the global cycling of ________.
nitrogen
farmers would plant sweet clover to increase _____, which is a macronutrient in he soil
nitrogen
symbiotic relationships between bacteria and certain root nodules play an important role in the global cycling of _____.
nitrogen
by-product of feedlots, chemical manufacturing, and fertilizer use
nitrous oxide
secondary succession _____.
occurs after a fire or flood
downwelling _____
occurs in areas where surface currents converge, or flow toward each other
the process of subduction _____.
occurs when denser ocean crust slides beneath lighter continental crusts
one of the conclusions that can be drawn from this scenario that _____
once humans change one thing in an ecosystem, they may find unexpected results occurring elsewhere in the ecosystem
the global average footprint per person has increased from 2.2 to 2.7 hectares since 2008 including the footprint of many developing nations such as china and india. This meant that _____.
our collective life style is often more unsustainable than before
Currently, the greatest ecological crisis facing marine food webs is ________.
overharvesting
Why are both ends of each water molecule positive and the middle negative?
oxygen has a greater pull on electrons
this greenhouse gas in the troposphere can act as a GHG as well as pollutants that negatively affect plants and humans
ozone
in 2006, congress ____ to address the issue of solid wastes in ocean.
passed the Marine Debris Research Prevention and Reduction Act
Cassandras are ____.
people who predict economic collapse and future struggles as we run out of resources
cap-and-tade is a system that _____.
permits industries that pollute at levels below the federal cap to sell credits to industries that pollute at levels above the cap
the phosphorus in all biological tissues can be traced back to _____
phosphorus weathered from rock
In the mid-1950s a researchers in Los Angeles was able to create smog by setting up a large, clear chamber and using it to expose auto exhaust to sunlight. He was demonstrating _____.
photochemical reactions
Xeriscaping can save water by ________.
planting native or drought-resistant plants with little or no water requirements
One factor contributing to U.S. resistance to legal intervention regarding global climate change is ________.
political influence of the petroleum, coal, and automobile industries
hydrogen bonds connect ____.
positive regions of one water molecule to negative regions of another molecule
The fish in the lake at the local park are dying. A professor from the local college comes to investigate, and first she measures the dissolved oxygen because she wants to check for the ________.
possibility of eutrophication
Water returns from the atmosphere to Earth's surface as _______ such as rain or snow.
precipitation
expectation of environmental outcome
prediction
Grazing animals such as deer are ________.
primary consumers
charged particles in the nucleus
protons
hydrothermal vents ____
provide chemicals to symbiotic bacteria that support ecosystems at the ocean floor
when the rains come down on rocky mountain sides, the water ran down into the grassland where the prairie dogs were active and _____.
quickly soaked into the soil, watering the grasses
in industrialized nations, the two most deadly sources of indoor air pollution are
radon and cigarette smoke
An example of a density-independent factor would be ________.
record cold temperatures that kill subtropical plants in Northern Florida
cellular respiration ____.
releases carbon dioxide and water
a climax community _____.
remains in place until a disturbance restarts succession
geothermal energy, wind energy, and solar radiation are all examples of _____.
renewable environmental resources
the intergovernmental panel on climate change is an international panel that _____
reports on how climate change effects wildfire, ecosystem, and society
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 _____.
required that by 2015 all oil tankers in U.S. water be double hulled
upwelling ____.
results in areas of high primary productivity at the ocean surface
nitrogen fixation is a process that makes nitrogen available to plants and is carried out by ____.
rhizobium bacteria that have a symbiotic relationship with the roots
Overpumping groundwater in coastal areas can cause ________ to move into aquifers, making the water undrinkable.
saltwater
Zooplankton-eating fish are ________.
secondary consumers
the largest pool of carbon ini the carbon cycle is _____.
sedimentary rock
which of the following best describes the human population from early times to the present?
slow, uneven growth until the 1800s, then increasingly rapid growth
recent research suggests that _____ has/have contributed to the large drop in fertility rates in Brazil of the past several decades
soap operas
which of the following factors drives TFR down?
social and economic security
Each branch in the figure results from ________.
speciation event
in the demographic transition model the highest population growth rate in a country is likely to occur during
stage 2, the transitional stage
Sinkholes are an extreme form of ________.
subsidence
Compound that contributes to short-term atmospheric cooling
sulfate aerosol
the primary cause of acid deposition are
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
the biosphere consists of the _____
sum of all the planet's living organisms and the abiotic portions of the environment with which they interact
nitrogen fixation is a process that makes nitrogen available to plants and is carried out by ______
symbiotic and free-living bacteria
Despite dire predictions in the past, humans still inhabit Earth. A few economists would argue that this is because ________.
technological developments have alleviated some of the strain on Earth's resources
describes biome in the eastern United States, north Central Europe, and eastern China; characterized by stable precipitation and seasonal temperature variation
temperate deciduous forest
Describes the region between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, characterized by limited precipitation, thick organic soils, and extreme temperature variation in winter and summer
temperate grassland
Describes the Pacific Northwest of the United States and Nagasaki, Japan; characterized by heavy rainfall and relatively stable temperatures
temperate rainforest
Overall, it appears that biomes with more available fresh water ________.
tend to have more productivity than those without much freshwater
a watershed is _____.
the area of land from which rainfall drains into rivers or lakes
the term demographic transition refers to
the decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates, occurring as a country economically develops
which of the following is likely to have occurred after 19323
the deer overgrazed their environment, decreasing the carrying capacity of the habitat
in the rain shadow effect, ____.
the dry region is on the leeward side of a mountain
diminishing growth rates in poor countries can be partially attributed to _____
the education of women
One example of artificial selection is ________.
the generation of broccoli and Brussels sprouts from a single ancestral species
Malthus was responsible for ________.
the idea that without social restrictions increasing human population would lead to famine and war
the major remaining problem was ______.
the large distances traveled daily by solitary commuters
Statutory laws are passed by ________.
the legislative branch
carbon dioxide is _____
the most abundant anthropogenic greenhouse gas in the troposphere
the Colorado rivers water resource allocation is being complicated by
the rapid growth of large cities in the states
in a controlled experiment, ____.
the researcher controls for the effects of all variables except one
the "sensitivity factor" in the model used to represent human environment impact denotes _____.
the sensitivity of an environment to human pressures
part of the reason that people's eyes would sting was _____
the smoke and particulates from the burning trash
Prairie dog activities probably contribute to ________.
the soil being loose and the nutrients cycling allowing new grass roots to start over and prosper
the independent variable in this study will be
the type of food the dogs receive
Biodiversity is ________.
the variety of life in all its forms and combinations and at all levels of organization
environmentalists and scientists advocate immediate intervention regarding global climate change because _____.
they fear the consequences of inaction caused by lack of full scientific certainty
The 1994 Cairo, Egypt conference was organized ______.
to urge governments to better address social issues such as poverty, disease, and lack of education, as potential sources of population problems.
the energy content and biomass of ____ is lowest in any food web
top carnivores
the san Andres fault in california is an example of _____.
transform plate boundary
Release of water vapor by plants through their leaves
transpiration
conventional law arises from ____.
treaties between nations, like the Kyoto protocol
describes a equatorial zone with moderate precipitation that fluctuates seasonally; characterized by warm temperates year round
tropical dry forest
Temperature remains relatively stable through the seasons in what biome?
tropical rainforest
Which terrestrial biome has the most biodiversity?
tropical rainforest
Weather patterns are largely determined in the ________.
troposphere
the greenhouse effect involves the warming of Earth's surface and the _____
troposphere
a measure of the density of suspended particles (lack of charity) in a water supply
turbidity
Much of the "biosolids" material that is the end product of a water treatment plant is ________.
used crop fertilizer in the U.S.
Pablo and Johanne have many ____.
variables that they didn't control and not enough replicates
the statement "hiking up a mountain in the southern U.S. is like walking from Mexico to Canada: refers to the fact that _____ changes with altitude and latitude
vegetation
Hetch Hetchy provides the residents of San Francisco with ________.
water for drinking
the earth can cause global warming because of
water vapor
Water in the surface zone of the ocean is, for the most part ________.
well mixed
Oceanographers are studying the thermohaline currents to determine ________.
whether global climate change may slow or alter there path
Most present-day fisheries managers ________.
wish to set aside areas of ocean where systems can function without human interference
Zooplankton populations in Lake Erie and the Hudson River have declined by up to 70% since the arrival of zebra mussels because ________.
zebra mussels prey on zooplankton