APEURO CH.21 Study Guide

Know Thomas Malthus and his beliefs

-British economist Thomas Malthus argued that population always grew faster than the food supply//(1766-1834) he wrote Essay on the Principle of Population which examined the dynamics of human population; he believed that to control population young men and women should marry later in life

Who was Friedrich Engels and what did he write about in The Conditions of the Working Class in England?

-In the Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrick Engels stated that... the British middle class were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery"//he was a future revolutionary and young middle class German who published The Conditions of the Working Class which charged the English middle class with mass murder, wholesale robbery and all the other crimes in the calendar; according to engels, the new poverty industrial workers was worse than the old poverty of cottage workers and agricultural laborers

Explain the Factory Act of 1833

-The Factory Act of 1833.. limited the work of children and there by broke the pattern of families working together in factories//limited the factory workday for children between 9 and 13 to 8 hours and for adolescents between 14 and 18 to 12 hours, but the act made no effort the hours of work for children at home or in small businesses; children under 9 were to be enrolled in elementary schools that factory owners were required to establish; this act broke the pattern of whole families working together in the factory because efficiency required standardized shifts for all workers; The Mines Act of 1842 prohibited underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten

Who were the Luddites?

-The Luddites were British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work//they smashed the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work

Know the Combination Act 1799

-The law that outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain was...Combinations Acts of 1799//favored capitalist business people over skilled artisans; bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824; capitalists ignored traditional work rules and tried to flood their trades with unorganized women workers and children to beat down wages

Explain the significance of the Steam Engine as developed and marketed by James Watt

-To move from the laboratory into manufacturing, James Watt's steam engine needed all of the following except...a single, distinct industrial use -the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution was...James Watt's steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760s and the 1780s// james watt found that the Newcomen's waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser and he later made even more improvements that led him to make the steam engine a practical and commercial success in britain; the steam engine of watt and his followers was the industrial revolution's most fundamental advance in technology; it meant that for the first time in history, humanity had unlimited power at its disposal; inventors and engineers could devise and implement all kinds of power equipment to aid people in their work; the steam engine drained mines and meant the production of more coal to feed more steam engines; steam power meant breakthroughs in other industries like the iron industry

How did cotton transform the textile industry?

-cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production//by 1790 they were creating 10x more yarn than 1770; cotton goods were much cheaper and bought by all classes; wages were pretty high for cotton workers; more people wore underwear, not just the wealthy; more women and children began to be forced to work under poor conditions; cotton mills marked the beginning of the industrial revolution in britain and by 183l cotton textile industry accounted for 22% of the country's entire industrial production

Be able to correctly characterize industrial growth patterns in europe

-following the napoleonic era, france experienced a boom in factory production is not a characteristic of industrial production -The difficulties faced by the continental economies in their efforts to compete with the British included all of the following except... the resistance of land owning elites//Britain was first to the game and business in the rest of continental europe slowly began to adopt their ideas; belgium came after britain because they were rich in iron and coal; france's factory production was more gradual; in general, eastern and southern europe began the process of modern industrialization later than northwestern and central europe; the differential rates of wealth and power creating industrial development widened inequalities in europe

Be able to explain who Fritz Harkort was and what were his accomplishments and goals?

-in germany, fritz harkort sought to match english achievements in machine production as quickly as possible even at great, unprofitable expense//talented entrepreneur and business pioneer in the German machinery industry; he setup shop in abandoned castle in the Ruhr Valley and was determined to build steam engines; using materials from England, he built and sold engines which won him fame and praise; although he was successful he was forced out of his company in 1832 due to large financial losses

Explain the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships

-in the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships, women generally stopped working outside the home after their first child was born//a gender division of labor with the wife at homes as mother an homemaker and the husband as wage earner; it had various aspects including: when women did work for wages it was usually because they came from poor families where the husbands were poorly paid, sick or unemployed; poor married or widowed women were usually joined by legions of young unmarried women who worked full time in jobs like textile factory work, laundering and domestic service, and all women were confined to low paying, dead end jobs; women's jobs did not provide a wage sufficient enough for a person to live independently

Explain patterns of railroad development on the continent

-railroad construction on the continent featured varying degrees of government involvement -as major railroad construction came to a close in great britain workers who built the lines drifted back to towns and cities in search of employment and became urban laborers //when a rail able to support a heavy locomotive was developed in 1816, tons of experiments with steam engines began; in 1830, george stephenson's Rocket was tested on the Liverpool and Manchester railway going 16 mph, this was the world's first important railroad; afterwards many private companies were building more rail lines and within 20 years great britain had the main trunk lines; other countries followed; railroads created larger markets and created a greater demand for unskilled workers; by 1850 railroads were moving at 50 mph

Explain how railroads affected the nature of production

-the effects of railroads on the nature of production are: markets became broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines//railroads reduced the cost and uncertainty of shipping freight over land; it subjected cottage workers and artisans to competition pressures; the construction of railroads created a strong demand for unskilled labor and contributed to the growth of a class of urban workers;

Be able to characterize the British economy during the industrial revolution (1780-1830)

-the following best characterizes British economy between 1780 and 1851: much of the growth of the gross nation product was eaten up by population growth//as the british economy increased its production of manufactured goods, the gnp of britain rose fourfold at constant prices between 17800 and 1851 which meant that the british people increased their wealth and their national income dramatically

Know and explain Ricardo's Law of Iron Wages

-the following best explains David Ricardo's Iron Law of Wages: the pressure of the population growth would always sink wages to subsistence level//it suggested that because of the pressure of population growth, wages would always sink to subsistence level (meaning wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving)

What was the Chartist movement, and what did they want?

-the key demand of Chartist movement was that all men be given the right to vote//they sought political democracy; this gave people a sense of their own identity and played an active role in the shaping the new industrial system

Explain the transformation in the life of nonagricultural workers from 1760-1830

-the life of nonagricultural workers transformed between 1760 and 1830 because workers worked many more days per year//working conditions were worse; workers didn't earn more but they worked longer; more kids and women were forced to work

Who was Robert Owens and what did he do?

-the reformer robert owen sought to create a single large national union for british workers//(1771-1858) he was a very successful manufacturer in scotland who testified in 1816 before an investigating committee where he stated that employing children under 10 "was injurious to kids and not beneficial to proprietors"; he pioneered industrial relations by combining firm discipline with concern for the health, safety and hours of his workers; he organized one of the largest and most visionary of the early national unions, the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, but this failed

Why did 18th century Europe have a shortage of wood?

-wood had been over harvest; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and basic raw material in industry//

What was the Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851?

The Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the ...industrial dominance of britain//famous industrial fair hosted by London; crystal palace was an architectural masterpiece that drew millions of visitors; the palace was made entirely of glass and iron

Explain how and why jobs were segregated by gender

women were usually confined to low paying, dead end jobs that were not sufficient enough to live and men received better paying employments; some theories for the division in labor include: the new and unfamiliar discipline of the clock and machine was hard on married women and it conflicted with child care, running a household in condition of urban poverty was a very demanding job so most women just accepted the division of labor for family survival, the young and unmarried women who worked for wages were usually given "women's jobs"; this was due to the fact that men wanted a monopoly on the best opportunities and hold women down