APHG

range

the maximum distance people are willing to travel to obtain a central place function

Central Place

a good or service that a central place provides.

Hearths of Urbanization

(1) Mesoamerica (2) Andean Mtn (3) West Africa (4) Nile River Valley (5) Mesopotamia, (6) Indus River Valley, (7) Ganges River Valley (8) Huang He & W

Burgess's Concentric Zone Model

(1920s) a structural model of the American central city that suggests the existence of five concentric land- use rings arranged around a common center.

Hoyt's Sector Model

(1930s) Model that describes American city focusing on sectors: specific focus on transportation and the central business district.

Harris and Ullman's Multiple Nuclei Model

(1950s) another model of American cities where the central business district does is not the only retail district, but includes outlying business districts (office parks)

zone

Area of a city with a relatively uniform land use.

Blij Sub-Saharan African City Model

Central city has 3 CBD (1) remnant of the colonial CBD, multi-storied building & reflect European cultural influences (2) traditional CBD that are usually one storied storefronts (3) Market zone of street vendors/informal economy/ in the open air; ethnic & mixed neighborhoods reflect the tribalism that exists; and similar to Latin American Model, squatter settlements are established on the edge.

Multiplier effect

Increased economic success and energy created by the addition of new basic sector jobs (1 basic job creates 2 non-basic jobs)

New Urbanism

Outlined by a group of architects, urban planners, and developers from over 20 countries, an urban design that calls for development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walk-able neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs.

gated communities

Restricted neighborhoods or subdivisions, often literally fenced in, where entry is limited to residents and their guests. Although predominantly high-income based, in North America gated communities are increasingly a middle-class phenomenon.

Shantytowns/squatter settlements

Unplanned slum development on the margins of cities, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and even pieces of cardboard.

urban sprawl

Unrestricted growth in many American urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning

Colonial city

a city founded by colonialism or an indigenous city whose structure was deeply influenced by western culture Examples: Rio de Janeiro, Bombay/Mumbai, Calcutta, Mexico City

primate City

a city of large size and dominant power within a country; a country's largest city, ranking atop the urban hierarchy, most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital city as well Examples: Mexico City (Mexico); Paris (France), Seoul (SK), Bangkok (Thailand)

Forward capital

a relocated capital for one of the following reasons: (1) more centrally located, either geographically or culturally (2) relocated away from colonial centers (3) relocated to get away from congestion and pollution of an old city (4) relocated to a city of growing economic power examples: Brasilia, Brazil (post-colonialism, more centrally located); Abuja, Nigeria (away from the overcrowding of Lagos & more neutral city for ethnic & religious groups ), Seoul, South Korea (growing economic importance); Islamabad, Pakistan (moved from colonial center of Karachi which was on the coast- more vulnerable to tropical storms & vulnerable); Ottawa, Canada (closer to French-speaking Quebec); Tehran, Iran (thinking of relocating capital because it is on a earthquake fault line).

megalopolis/conurbation

a very large urban complex (usually involving several cities and towns Examples: BosWash (Boston, Philly, Providence, NY, Baltimore, Washington); Japan (Kobe, Osaka & Kyoto)

central city

any point or place in the urban hierarchy, such as a town or city, having a certain economic reach or hinterland.

hinterland (market area)

area serviced by a central place.

green belt

boundary encircling an urban place and limiting the sprawl of the city, forcing inward development and reinvestment in a city's core.

world cities

centers of economic, culture and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce Examples: Tokyo, Beijing, London, Paris, NY, (located in MDCs only)

megacities

cities with more than 10 million people; located in both MDC and LDC with the fastest growth in the developing/less developed countries. Examples: Tokyo, Mumbai, London, Lagos, NY, Seoul, Mexico City, Osaka, Bangkok, Cairo

McGee Model of Southeast Asian cities

contains some of the most populous & fastest growing cities in the world; feature high-rise developments and several of the world's tallest buildings; old colonial port zone; No CBD visible, however several components are present in separate areas of the city; focal point is the Port Zone reflecting a city oriented around exporting;

Entrepot

describes a port city in which goods are shipped in at one price and shipped out to other ports at a higher price; resulting in profitable trade; this type of trade is made possible by the lack of customs duties (import/export taxes) that are common in most other port cities; tend to be large centers of finance, warehousing & the global shipping trade. Examples: Hong Kong, Dubai, Singapore

Fall-line cities

describes the port cities that lay upstream on coastal rivers at the point where navigation was no longer possible by ocean-going ships; as such, these are usually break-in-bulk points where ships were offloaded and then packed with outgoing trade Examples: Baltimore, Boston, Montreal, Philadelphia, Washington DC

edge cities

distinct sizable nodal concentration of retail and office space of lower that central city densities and situated on the outer fringes of older metropolitan areas Examples: Blue Ash-Kenwood area; tri-country area; Burbank or Orange County (off LA); Delray Beach (off Fort Lauderdale, FL); Ann Arbor (off Detroit)

non-basic sector jobs

group of economic functions in a city that shift money within a city; examples: dry cleaners, salons, hair dressers, restaurants.

basic sector jobs

groups of economic functions that bring money into an urban place; represents the city's primary function. examples: Proctor & Gamble, General Electric, Automobile industry for Flint, Michigan.

suburbanization

growth of lower-density housing, industry and commercial zones outside of the CBD.

rank-size rule

in a modern urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy (largest city has 12 million, 2nd largest has 1⁄2, 3rd has 1/3, etc.) Examples: hierarchy of US & Russian cities are a close approximation of the rule

zoning laws

legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of building and economic activities are allowed to take place in certain areas.

Urban Realms Model

model that explains suburban regions that were functionally mixed-use suburban downtowns with relative independence from the CBD

Griffin-Ford Model of Latin American cities

model with a CBD formed close to the plaza; with less suburbanization, the wealthy live closer to the CBD and the zones decrease in wealth moving away from the CBD; more residential in the inner cities than North American cities & instead has a commercial spine;squatter settlements on the periphery due to struggles to meet the demands of rapid urbanization;

invasion & succession

patterns of inflow of new migrants to the CBD in the concentric zone model and then the related pushing of existing inhabitants outward to rings outside the center, thereby causing changing land use patterns.

islands of development

place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentration of paying jobs and infrastructure.

Gateway cities

places where immigrants make their way into a country; as a result, these cities have a higher immigrant population Examples: NY City, Miami (Cuban immigrants), Toronto & Vancouver (Canada), Hamburg (Germany)

redlining

practice (now-illegal) of banks and lending agencies refusing to give loans to people moving to minority-dominated districts because the banks feared the loans would not be repaid due to their belief on the statistical improbability of successful development in those areas; inhibited revitalization of city's core.

metropolitan area

region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories sharing industry, infrastructure and housing.

urban hierarchy

system of cities consisting of various levels, with few cities at the top level and increasingly more settlement on each lower level; the diversity and level of central place function it provides. New York is at the top of the hierarchy because few cities can provide functions like Broadway & Wall Street; Cities like Chicago, Miami, St. Louis than form the next level; cities at the bottom of the hierarchy provide gas stations & fast-food restaurants; services that all cities can provide.

Bid- Rent Theory

the amount of land different land users are prepared to pay for locations at various distances from the city center; predicted decline in cost of land and population density as you move away from the CBD in the concentric zone model.

Central Business District (CBD)

the downtown heart of a central city, marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce and the clustering of the tallest building

threshold

the minimum number of people needed to fuel a particular function's existence in a central place.

white flight

the process of white Americans leaving neighborhoods that minorities are moving into.

blockbusting

the rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging ethnic minorities to move to previously white neighborhoods.

low order/high order goods

the relative ranking of a central place function based on how specialized it is. (Low=groceries, gas, gas, High= computer, Major League Baseball

ethnic enclaves

the result of immigration to industrial cities over previous decades, More common in "gateway cities;" Chinatown in San Francisco, Little Italy in NY, Little Havana in Miami

Christaller's Central Place Theory

theory that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another.

gentrification

trend of mid to high-income Americans moving into city centers and rehabilitating much of the architecture and also replacing the low-income population.

Medieval cities

urban centers that predate the European Renaissance (1400); developed into significant centers of trade

shock city

urban place experiencing infrastructural challenges related to massive and rapid urbanization. Common in LDC