APHuG Unit 5 Review

what fraction of the world's population is malnourished?

1/6

Cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning.

shifting cultivation

Which of the Agricultural Revolutions did not include increased usage of complex machines? a. First Agricultural Revolution b. Second Agricultural Revolution c. Third Agricultural Revolution d. Green Revolution

a. First Agricultural Revolution

Distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.

long-lot survey system

Crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods.

genetically modified organisms

Genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention.

plant domestication

Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives.

plantation agriculture

Economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment—such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture.

primary economic activity

System which the eldest son in a family—or, in exceptional cases, daughter—inherits all of a dying parent's land.

primogeniture

Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

quaternary economic activity

Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.

quinary economic activity

Also called the Public Land Survey, the system was used by the U.S. Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into a series of rectangular parcels

rectangular survery system

Crop that is reproduced by cultivating the roots of or the cuttings from the plants.

root crops

evaporated water leaves behind sald that can poison the land

salinization

Economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector.

secondary economic activity

Crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants.

seed crops

Major Aspects: 2 techniques including, slash and burn and crop rotation Locations: tropical rainforest Specifics: upland rice, maize (corn), millet, sorghum Additional Info: collective ownership, occupies the largest percent of land for agriculture

shifting cultivation

wild or forested land is clear cut and any remaining vegetation burned

slash-and-burn (swidden) agriculture

achieved plant domestication and animal domestication

First Agricultural Revolution

Major Aspects: human consumption Locations: worldwide, typically US + Russia Specifics: wheat Additional Info: heavily mechanized, large corporate farms

Grain Farming

Major Aspects: intensive work (by hand) Locations: SE Asia, E India, SE China Specifics: wet rice dominant, wet rice not dominant Additional Info: feeds most of world's developing population and is practiced by the largest percent of people

Intensive Subsistence

a system for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation.

Koppen climatic classification

Major Aspects: crops to feed animals (80% to pigs + cattle) Locations: Ohio to the Dakotas, Iowa, France to Russia Specifics: corn and grains Additional Info: highly ineffective as 1lb of beef requires 10lbs of grains and 2500 gallons of water

Mixed Crop & Livestock Farming

Dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agricultural Revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce.

Second Agricultural Revolution

A model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market.

von Thunen model

long term decline in water supply

water depletion

Central Mexico was a hearth for: a. barley b. rice c.sorghum d. maize

d. maize

Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails.

Mediterranean agriculture

Major Aspects: "truck farming", sold fresh to consumers or canned Locations: SE US Specifics: produce includes lettuce, apples, cherries, mushrooms, potatoes, and asparagus Additional Info: use of migrant workers, bought by wealthy urban dwellers

Commercial Gardening & Fruit Farming

Major Aspects: dairy farmers sell products to wholesale -> distributes to retail Locations: NE US, SE Canada, NW Europe Specifics: milk, butter, cheese Additional Info: milk comes from closer areas because it is perishable

Dairy Farming

The recently successful development of higher-yield, fast-growing varieties of rice and other cereals in certain developing countries, which led to increased production per unit area and a dramatic narrowing of the gap between population growth and food needs.

Green Revolution

Major Aspects: commercial grazing, open range -> sedentary Locations: arid & semi-arid (W. US, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Spain, Portugal) Specifics: cattle Additional Info: destroying rainforests and grasslands

Livestock Ranching

Major Aspects: human consumption, vast horticulture Locations: always borders a sea, usually the west coast of a continent Specifics: olives, grapes, and nuts Additional Info: n/a

Mediterranean Agriculture

Major Aspects: large scale monocropping Locations: mostly in tropical lowlands Specifics: cash crops like cotton, tobacco, indigo, sugar cane, coffee, rubber, macadamia nuts, cocoa, coconuts, bananas, palm oil, and tea Additional Info: former colonies

Plantations

buildings are in lines, often next to geographic features, commonly found in Eastern Canada and Mid Atlantic, also known as a chain village or ribbon development

linear

has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs).

Third Agricultural Revolution

Grain raised in the US is used today primarily for: a. biofuel b. human consumption c. animal feed d. export to foreign countries

c. animal feed

Which of the following best explains the significance of a similarity among locations where olives, figs, grapes and lemons are grown? a. Extensive agriculture is practiced in a humid continental climate. b. Plantation agriculture is practiced in a tropical wet climate. c. Intensive agriculture is practiced in a humid subtropical climate. d. Extensive agriculture is practiced in a tropical wet and dry climate. e. Intensive agriculture is practiced in a Mediterranean climate.

e. Intensive agriculture is practiced in a Mediterranean climate.

A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.

township-and-range system

dietary energy consumption is contuously below the menimum requirement to have a healthy lifestyle

undernourishment

an area characterized by a lack of affordable, fresh and nutritious food.

food desert

Genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control.

animal domestication

Modern agribusiness is not typically associated with: a. commercial agriculture b. subsistence agriculture c. plantations d. transportation networks

b. subsistence agriculture

A typical grocery store in the United States may sell oranges grown primarily in California during part of the year and oranges grown primarily in South Africa during a different part of the year. Which of the following explains why oranges are available year-round in the United States? a. Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different growing seasons. b. Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar growing seasons but different climates. c. Customers have seasonal demands for different varieties of oranges. d. Different varieties of oranges are grown for different markets. e. Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different prices for oranges.

a. Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different growing seasons.

Which of the following best explains the farming practice related to plantation agriculture? a. Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because it requires large inputs of labor and capital to produce the crop. b. Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because farms must be located near the market because of high transportation costs for perishable products. c. Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because there is little arable land available in the climates where crops produced on plantations grow. d. Plantation farming is considered to be an extensive farming practice because the amount of land required makes it too expensive to locate near to markets. e. Plantation farming is considered to be an extensive farming practice because it requires large inputs of land, but the crop requires very little labor.

a. Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because it requires large inputs of labor and capital to produce the crop.

The Green Revolution led to an increase in food production in many places around the world, but there have been some negative consequences. Which of the following explains one of the negative consequences of the Green Revolution that would be of greater concern for people in developing countries than for people in more-developed countries? a. Runoff of agricultural chemicals into the local groundwater that pollutes water resources b. Excess production of grain products for which there is no market c. Increase in the acreage used for agriculture that affects the open space surrounding villages d. Collapse of the grain export market that results in farm foreclosures e. Double-cropping processes that lead to soil erosion and a decline in soil fertility

a. Runoff of agricultural chemicals into the local groundwater that pollutes water resources

Which of the following best explains patterns of subsistence and commercial agriculture in West African countries such as Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire? a. While some farmers are engaged in subsistence agriculture practices, there is significant commercial farming focused on luxury goods for export, such as coffee and cocoa. b. Most farmers are subsistence farmers that use the slash-and-burn method of farming to produce corn for export. c. Agriculture is the leading employment sector, and the majority of people labor as subsistence farmers producing potatoes for export. d. Most farmers are commercial farmers and produce only export products that include grains and dairy products. e. Ranching of animals for export of meat products is the primary type of agriculture in this region due to the vast grassy plains that allow for easy grazing.

a. While some farmers are engaged in subsistence agriculture practices, there is significant commercial farming focused on luxury goods for export, such as coffee and cocoa.

The Second Agricultural Revolution developed at the same time as: a. growing urban markets were demanding increased food production. b. improved genetic modification of food allowed for increased harvests. c. humans were forming communes and practicing open-field farming. d. vast shortages in laborers existed because of communicable diseases.

a. growing urban markets were demanding increased food production.

Farming that requires lots of labor and/or capital investment is: a. intensive agriculture b. extensive agriculture c. subsistence agriculture d. diffusion agriculture

a. intensive agriculture

General term for the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agriculture industry.

agribusiness

The purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber.

agriculture

Which of the following best explains the significance of similarities between the farming practices for apple orchards and grape vineyards? a. Both farming practices occur in the same climate region, which is found in places such as Italy and South Africa. b. Both farming practices require considerable labor input because the fruit is picked by hand, making it a product of intensive agriculture. c. Both farming practices are used for tropical plantation crops grown on large estates with hired labor who plant and harvest crops. d. according to von Thünen, both farming practices occur in the outermost areas of agricultural land. e. According to land-rent theory, both farming practices are found on small farms and must be located close to markets.

b. Both farming practices require considerable labor input because the fruit is picked by hand, making it a product of intensive agriculture.

Which of the following best explains why in the model the amount of land used for dairying is much smaller than the pasture used for beef cattle? a. Dairy cows are small in numbers compared to beef cattle and are less costly to transport over long distances as a result of the smaller herd size. b. Dairy cows must be kept close to farmhouses, as they require daily milking, and milk must be produced close to consumers, as it is highly perishable. c. Dairy cows are more expensive and should be kept close to farmers to prevent theft compared to less expensive beef cattle that can be kept in remote pastures. d. Beef cattle are small in numbers compared to dairy cows and are less costly to transport over long distances as a result of the smaller herd size. e. Beef cattle must be transported to the market town for frequent feedings and as a result need more space for herding.

b. Dairy cows must be kept close to farmhouses, as they require daily milking, and milk must be produced close to consumers, as it is highly perishable.

Since the mid-twentieth century, wheat production has risen dramatically in some regions of the world but not others, which may increase the uneven development among countries. Which statement best explains the increase in wheat production in Europe and the United States compared to sub-Saharan Africa? a. Farmers in the United States and Europe double-crop wheat for two harvests each year but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa produce only one crop each year. b. Farmers in Europe and the United States use high-yield seeds and other technology but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa depend on low levels of mechanization and non-genetically modified seeds. c. Climate change made Europe and the United States more conducive to growing wheat than in sub-Saharan Africa. d. Wheat became the highest-selling commodity for farmers in Europe and the United States pushing farmers from sub-Saharan Africa out of the local markets. e. Developing regions of the world such as sub-Saharan Africa have been pushed out of the global wheat market by farmers in developed countries.

b. Farmers in Europe and the United States use high-yield seeds and other technology but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa depend on low levels of mechanization and non-genetically modified seeds.

Which of the following best explains how irrigated commercial agriculture in arid environments creates both environmental opportunities and challenges? a. Deforestation increases production but can damage natural habitats. b. Irrigation increases production but potentially depletes water resources. c. Desertification decreases available farmland and decreases production. d. Terracing hillsides increases production but reduces water quality. e. Shifting cultivation increases available farmland but damages habitats.

b. Irrigation increases production but potentially depletes water resources.

Which of the following best describes advances in the production of textiles during the Second Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution? a. The mechanization of agriculture led to increasing numbers of people entering the agricultural workforce and expanding the amount of thread produced by farmers. b. The conversion from manual thread spinning to an industrial processing approach led to increased demand for raw cotton in the agricultural sector. c. The hybridization of high-yield seeds led to an increase in production of cotton thread from the agricultural sector and more cotton fabric produced by manufacturers. d. The genetic engineering of desirable traits in wool-yielding animals led to increased production of wool thread from the agricultural sector and more woolen fabric produced by manufacturers. e. The invention of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides led to an increase in production of cotton thread by the agricultural sector and more cotton fabric by manufacturers.

b. The conversion from manual thread spinning to an industrial processing approach led to increased demand for raw cotton in the agricultural sector.

Commercial agriculture in dry climates relies heavily on irrigation. Which of the following best explains an environmental concern that results from irrigation in arid regions? a. The high use of water for agriculture increases the price of water for people in urban areas. b. The soil will have increased salinity, leading to soil erosion and reduced nutrients in the soil for plant health. c. The increased production that results from irrigation of the crop will lead to decreases in crop prices as the total crop harvested will be higher. d. The plants grown in this dry region will start to adapt to use less water, but the period to maturity will increase. e. The decisions about how much water each landowner can use may become more difficult and a cause of conflict between urban and rural people.

b. The soil will have increased salinity, leading to soil erosion and reduced nutrients in the soil for plant health.

Which of the following explains an economic benefit of cattle production using feedlots rather than grass pastures? a. Feedlots have a lower carrying capacity than grass pastures because feedlots are contained in a smaller space. b. Cattle raised in feedlots command a higher price at market because of the time required to fatten the cattle using this method of production. c. Agricultural technology has increased the economy of scale and the carrying capacity of grass pastures, increasing profits for the farmer. d. Raising cattle in feedlots requires more time to fatten cattle but results in lower-fat beef that is desirable to many consumers. e. It costs less to remediate environmental pollution associated with feedlots because pollutants associated with feedlots are confined to small areas of land.

c. Agricultural technology has increased the economy of scale and the carrying capacity of grass pastures, increasing profits for the farmer.

Which of the following explains the prevalence of banana plantations in Central America? a. Bananas were first domesticated in Central America and were later cultivated to be exported to the United States and Canada. b. Bananas were first domesticated in Central America and then hybridized to grow in other climate zones around the world. c. Banana plants were brought to Central America from Southeast Asia to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada. d. Banana plants were brought to Central America from sub-Saharan Africa to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada. e. Banana plants were brought to Central America by early European colonizers to provide a staple food crop for local farming populations.

c. Banana plants were brought to Central America from Southeast Asia to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada.

Which of the following scenarios best explains the Columbian Exchange? a. Grain crops such as wheat, oats, and barley were introduced to Europe as a result of interaction with indigenous people in the Americas. Prior to this, the only significant grain crops grown by Europeans were rice and corn. b. Many new diseases were introduced to European colonizers when they began to explore the Americas. In particular, diseases like smallpox, influenza, and the measles decimated many of the early colonial populations. c. Domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers. Prior to this, very few animals had been domesticated in the Americas. d. Crops such as potatoes and tomatoes were introduced to the Americas. Prior to European contact, these crops had only been grown in Europe: potatoes primarily in northern Europe and tomatoes primarily in southern Europe. e. Many crops that became valuable cash crops were introduced by European colonial powers to the Americas. Specific examples of these valuable plantation crops are tobacco, cacao, and pineapples.

c. Domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers. Prior to this, very few animals had been domesticated in the Americas.

More developed countries tend to have greater access to agricultural technology and government-supported loans used to purchase computerized farm equipment. Which of the following best explains the significance of access to these resources? a. Government financing and improved technology lead to an increase in the number of small, family-owned farms. b. Government financing and improved technology lead to a reduced risk of environmental pollution and fewer environmental regulations. c. Government financing and improved technology lead to larger economies of scale and improved efficiency. d. Government financing and improved technology lead to higher consumer prices for government-subsidized agricultural products. e. Government financing and improved technology lead to a reduction in the use of pesticide and fertilizer.

c. Government financing and improved technology lead to larger economies of scale and improved efficiency.

All of the following are true of truck farming except: a. It is the predominant agricultural practice found in the southeastern US. b. Among the most common truck crops are strawberries, lettuce, and asparagus. c. Truck farmers' harvest are usually intended for distant markets. d. Most often it is characterized by the use of mechanized farming tools.

c. Truck farmers' harvest are usually intended for distant markets.

In 2017, the United States exported approximately $500 million of beef to Mexico, and Mexico exported approximately $500 million of beef to the United States. Which of the following best explains this international supply chain? a. United States consumers prefer to purchase specialty products made from beef raised in Mexico. b. Mexico depends on beef imports because domestic beef production is too low. c. United States and Mexican producers rely on each other's market to sell certain beef products. d. The United States and Mexico have an agreement to evenly exchange beef products. e. Mexico's beef industry produces a surplus and depends on beef exports.

c. United States and Mexican producers rely on each other's market to sell certain beef products.

Typically, swidden (slash and burn) agriculture leads to: a. pastoralism b. aquaculture c. shifting cultivation d. plantation farming

c. shifting cultivation

What type of agriculture uses the largest percentage of the world's land area? a. dairying b. plantation c. shifting cultivation d. Mediterranean

c. shifting cultivation

a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

cash crops

Areas of the world with similar climatic characteristics.

climatic regions

Term used to describe large-scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology.

commercial agriculture

Which of the following best explains a negative economic consequence of the Green Revolution in less developed countries as compared to more developed countries? a. Farmers in less developed countries who had previously grown only one crop were forced to grow multiple crops, leading to increased production costs and fewer exports from less developed countries to more developed countries. b. The increased demand for fertilizer in more developed countries, which was required for the new crop varieties, led to fertilizer shortages in less developed countries. c. The overuse of expanded irrigation systems resulted in flooding and damage to export crops in less developed countries, which led to higher food prices in more developed countries. d. Because of the increased capital investment required to produce new crop varieties using technology that was pioneered in more developed countries, there was an increase in wealth disparity in many farming communities in less developed countries. e. The new crop varieties encouraged people to continue to have large families, leading to overpopulation in less developed countries and increasing the need for food aid from more developed countries.

d. Because of the increased capital investment required to produce new crop varieties using technology that was pioneered in more developed countries, there was an increase in wealth disparity in many farming communities in less developed countries.

Which of the following best explains the spatial patterns illustrated in von Thünen's model? a. The cost-to-distance ratio of the land-rent curve indicates that the highest-cost land is in large-scale plots on the outermost ring of the model. b. The cost-of-labor inputs are related to a crop's distance from the market, as more labor-intensive farming is done in large-scale plots far from the market town. c. Highly perishable agricultural goods are produced in small-scale plots far from the market town, so that they can be more quickly traded with other communities. d. Labor-intensive farming of vegetables is done in small-scale plots in market gardens, while extensive grain crops are grown in large-scale fields far from the market town. e. Labor-intensive planting and harvests of wheat and corn are done in small-scale plots in market gardens, while less labor-intensive pasturing of sheep or beef cattle takes place in large-scale plots on the outermost ring of the model.

d. Labor-intensive farming of vegetables is done in small-scale plots in market gardens, while extensive grain crops are grown in large-scale fields far from the market town.

Wheat was probably first domesticated in: a. East Africa b. South Asia c. Southeast Asia d. Southwest Asia

d. Southwest Asia

Agriculture is practiced at the local scale, and agricultural yields are measured at the national scale. Which of the following best explains why the concept of the global system of agriculture is helpful to geographers? a. The concept is most useful for predicting local productivity and market changes. b. The concept is the best way to map out the environmental effects of agricultural land use. c. The concept is a way to help countries that have become highly dependent on an export commodity. d. The concept helps geographers simplify and visualize a vast and complicated global supply chain. e. The concept helps geographers be specific and consider every detail about global farming practices.

d. The concept helps geographers simplify and visualize a vast and complicated global supply chain.

The focus of the Green Revolution was: a. improving crop yields in commercial agribusiness corporations. b. saving undeveloped land from urban sprawl. c. encouraging the use of fertilizers less damaging to the environment. d. reducing starvation in less-developed countries.

d. reducing starvation in less-developed countries.

when fertile soil/land becomes a desert

desertification

the amount of food an individual consumes for energy

dietary energy consumption

houses are spread over a wide area, commonly found in the Midwest

dispersed

Slash-and-burn cultivation is an agricultural practice used by subsistence farmers in tropical forest areas. Which of the following best explains an environmental effect of this practice? a. Environmental damage from this practice is short-lived and only affects a small area of land with no impact on larger areas or regions. b. There are long-term benefits to the tropical soil in the clearings from the increased exposure to the sun and the infusion of nutrients from the burned biomass. c. Conservation efforts are in place that have largely stopped this practice, minimizing any environmental issues that might occur. d. Tropical soil is damaged from the increased exposure to the sun, but there is a sharp increase in biodiversity that overrides any soil damage. e. Air pollution and long-term land-cover change are side effects of slash-and-burn agriculture that have a long-ranging effect on a broader region.

e. Air pollution and long-term land-cover change are side effects of slash-and-burn agriculture that have a long-ranging effect on a broader region.

Which of the following best compares a technological consequence of the Green Revolution in more developed and less developed countries? a. Farmers in more developed countries experienced a dramatic increase in agricultural exports because of the free grain seeds provided by governments of less developed countries. b. Farmers in less developed countries experienced increased profits from manufacturing and selling genetically modified seeds on the open market to more developed countries. c. Farmers in less developed countries experienced a decrease in water pollution through the use of chemical fertilizers first used in more developed countries. d. Farmers in more developed countries experienced substantial profits because of the increasing emphasis on more sustainable practices such as organic farming first used in less developed countries. e. Farmers in less developed countries were able to increase their profits from growing and exporting high-yield grain to levels similar to those in more developed countries.

e. Farmers in less developed countries were able to increase their profits from growing and exporting high-yield grain to levels similar to those in more developed countries.

Which of the following best explains how a wheat farmer in the Northern Plains region of the United States is able to maximize profits? a. Grain farming is an intensive farming practice on small plots of land cultivated primarily by family farmers who maximize profits in nearby domestic markets. b. Grain farmers can quickly purchase multiple small dispersed plots of land away from an urban area when demand for wheat increases thus maximizing profits on inexpensive land. c. Grain farming is an intensive farming practice that can yield profits by cultivating large areas of land close to an urban area for marketability of the product. d. Grain farmers can diversify production by planting different cereal crops on small plots of land close to markets that enables rapid shipping of the product before the price drops. e. Grain farming is an extensive farming practice that can maximize profits in part by lower land costs, lower transportation costs, and imperishability of the product.

e. Grain farming is an extensive farming practice that can maximize profits in part by lower land costs, lower transportation costs, and imperishability of the product.

Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between wheat and its early hearth of domestication? a. Wheat was first domesticated in the foothills of the Himalayas because the tropical climate in the region is necessary to grow wheat. b. Wheat was first domesticated in the Yellow River valley because vast floodplains are the best places to grow wheat. c. Wheat was first domesticated in the Nile River valley because overharvesting of the wild form of wheat was causing a widespread famine. d. Wheat was first domesticated in Mesoamerica because the wild wheat variety flourished in the highland climate. e. Wheat was first domesticated in Mesopotamia because of a favorable climate and a great diversity of wild grains that led to crossbreeding of seeds.

e. Wheat was first domesticated in Mesopotamia because of a favorable climate and a great diversity of wild grains that led to crossbreeding of seeds.

the Green Revolution allowed for what 3 things to occur?

introduction of higher yield seeds, reduced acreage required to sustain a farm, and expanded use of fertilizers

cut off from others, commonly found in frontiers

isolated

The raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and other byproducts such as leather and wool.

livestock ranching

Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco.

luxury crops

A system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Because of the imprecise nature of metes and bounds surveying, the U.S. Land Office Survey abandoned the technique in favor of the rectangular survey system.

metes and bounds system

Dependence on a single agricultural commodity

monoculture

houses are grouped closely together, often around a central feature, commonly found in New England and Western Europe, also known as clustered

nucleated

Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.

organic agriculture

overeploiting the fish stock

overfishing

Major Aspects: herding of domesticated animals with sedimentary agriculture Locations: arid + semi-arid Specifics: cattle, goats, sheep, camels Additional Info: mostly women and children

pastoral nomadism

Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade.

subsistence agriculture

Economic activity associated with the provision of services—such as transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs.

tertiary economic activity