APUSH 1-5
In agreement with his estimate, they arrived in the ____________ and met the __________
"Indies" and "Indians" (Native Americans)
(IRISH BACKGROUND FOR AMERICAN SETTLEMENT English Conquest of Ireland) (The Exploitation of Ireland) Private ________________ sponsored English settlements, and the colonists either forced the Irish into tenancy or off the land.
"Projectors"
Children of white men and Indian/black women were called what?
Mestizos & mulattos
March 1534 What act stated that "The King's Majesty justly and rightfully is head of the Church of England."?And what happened to formerly Catholic Church's land?
Act of Supremacy- Formerly Catholic Church's land became private
Why didn't Algonquian groups develop strong ties of mutual identity, and what was their view towards the Europeans?
Algonquian groups who lived in different regions, exploited different resources, and spoke different dialects didn't develop strong ties of mutual identity. They were willing to ally themselves with Europeans to help themselves
Who occupied much of the Atlantic coast from North Carolina to Maine, and who was included in this category? Common _________ but different __________
Algonquian-Speaking peoples-including Powhatans, Narragansetts, and the Abenakis. Common linguistic roots but different dialects.
In December 1500, who published an account of his travels across the Atlantic that convinced German mapmakers he had proved America was distinct from Asia?
Amerigo Vespucci
Who did Henry VIII fall in love with her while married to Catherine, divorced Catherine, then had a daughter Elizabeth with?
Anne Boleyn
(Europe on the Eve of Conquest) (Myth and Legends about the West) ____________-a Western civilization that sunk beneath the ocean. __________________________- spent eternity in a western paradise. St. Brendan (Irish monk) found enchanted islands in the Atlantic and met a talking whale named Jasconius who let the monk cook on his back.
Atlantis- Fallen Greek heroes-
What aggressive, warlike people swept through the Valley of Mexico, conquering great cities that their enemies had constructed. How did they rule? What did they believe about ritual human sacrifices to the sun god-
Aztecs- ruled by force, reducing defeated rivals to tributary status- believed ritual human sacrifices to the sun god were connected to the agricultural cycle. Believed the blood of the victims had fertility powers
(Birth of English Protestantism) (England's Lack of Interest in New World) 1509 Henry VIII of England married Catherine of Aragon (Spain). What was a result of this marital arrangement?
Because of the marital arrangement, English merchants could trade in Spain's American colonies but England couldn't independently colonize
(The Conquistadores) Who was one of the 1st Spaniards to migrate to the Caribbean islands? And what occurred as a result?
Bernal Diaz- In less than 2 decades, the Indians previously living there had been exterminated, victims of exploitation &disease.
What were the 4 urban centers that later mysteriously disappeared? Describe the Urban Centers-
Chaco Canyon, Mississippi, Cahokia-- Chaco Canyon was the center of Anasazi culture, with political and religious functions. Anasazis constructed a transport system connecting Chaco Canyon with more than 70 villages. Urban centers developed in Mississippi valleys. Mississippian culture: a loose collection of communities along the Mississippi River that shared similar tech and beliefs. Cahokia: a fortification and ceremonial site in Illinois that represented the greatest achievement of the Mississippian people, once supported 20,000 people.
Who was born in Genoa in 1451. Mastered geography became obsessed with the idea of voyaging west to __________. 1484, presented plan to the king of Portugal. Portuguese elected to travel around Africa instead of following his suggested route?
Christopher Columbus (Cristoforo Colombo) and Cathay (China)
What story demonstrate the cultural clash between Indian and European Culture and How is this "narrative" lacking or inappropriate?
Claiborne's Trading Post Incident (a "Narrative of the Victors") In Indian culture, they would apologize for murder with material goods, as opposed to European Culture in which they would take murderers as prisoners. The "narrative" silences the voices of the victims.
Was Columbus's journey estimate correct? What would've happened if the new world wasn't there? .
Columbus estimated that the distance to the mainland of Asia would be about 3,000 nautical miles. Actual distance is 10,600 miles; they would've died if the New World wasn't there
Giovanni da Verrazzano's quote, assuming from superficial observation of the indians, "that they live in absolute freedom, and that everything they do proceeds from Ignorance." emphasizes _________ and ____________?
Communication, miscommunication
Who were Men eager for personal glory and material gain, uncompromising in religion, loyal to the crown? They were ready to use fire and sword in any cause sanctioned by God and king, they carried European culture to populous parts of New World
Conquistadores
Who paddled deep into the heart of Canada in search of fresh sources of furs?
Coureurs de bois (forest runners)
People born in the New World, even those with Spanish parentage, ____________, were regarded as socially inferior to natives of the mother country, _________.
Criollos and Peninsulares
(French Colonial Empire - Problems for New France) The crown (did OR didn't) help the Canadians. They settled in a cold, "inhospitable" land. Canada's European population was small. All exports and imports went through Quebec, which meant what?
Didn't- That crown officials controlled that traffic and gave fur-trading monopolies to their favorites.
What were these the effects of/contribute to the forming of?: America was not an extension of Europe like the explorers expected. Within a year of Columbus' return, syphilis appeared in Europe and traveled to China by 1505. African and European diseases killed Native Americans by the millions. Spaniards brought sugar and bananas to Latin America. Europeans brought pigs, sheep, and cattle to the New World and they multiplied rapidly. Other animals escaped from ranches and generated new breeds like the Texas Longhorn. Spanish reintroduced the horse to North America, soon Native Americans were using them for hunting and war. Maize revolutionized human and animal diets. Partly because of the new American food, the population of Europe, which had long been relatively stable, nearly doubled in the eighteenth century.
Ecological Revolution
(Woman in Power) Who Ruled from 1558-1603, during which time her subjects took the first steps toward colonizing the New World. Under her _________ settlement, the queen took the title of what She was a good leader and knew she needed her people's support.
Elizabeth, Elizabethan-"Supreme Head of the Church."
(Dependency: Trade and Disease)How did the English alter the ecosystem that the indians depended on?
English planters cleared forests and fenced in fields
Protestant ReformationCauses and Effects Include Cardinal Thomas Wolsey English considered former ally Spain as the greatest threat to English aspirations.
English resented paying monies to a pope in far-off Rome. Cardinal Thomas Wolsey- most powerful prelate in England, flaunted wealth, symbol of spiritual corruption. If normal people hadn't accepted separation from Rome, Henry VIII couldn't have forced them to leave the church. Henry VIII wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon, and asked the pope for an annulment. The Spanish forced the pope to procrastinate. Henry divorced Catherine w/o papal consent.
How did English view the irish?
English settlers felt superior to the Irish. They thought the Irish were lazy, licentious, superstitious, and stupid. They ridiculed local customs, including farming practices.
(Scandinavians and Vikings) Who led a band of Vikings and sailed from Iceland to an island in the North Atlantic, named it Greenland? Who was his son who founded and named Vinland in northern Newfoundland now called L'Anse aux Meadows? Why did they fail to make permanent colonies?
Eric the Red - Leif Ericson- The hostility of Native Americans, poor lines of communication, climatic cooling, and political upheaval in Scandinavia made maintenance impossible.
What three old cultures were brought into contact by the discovery of the "New World"?
Europe, African, American
(Building New Notion States) (Medieval Kingdoms Problems and Issues) Why didn't they get involved in transatlantic exploration?
Fierce provincial loyalties, widespread ignorance of classical learning, and plagues like the Black Death discouraged exploration.
Fra Bartolome de las Casas and Historia de las Indias Who published a defense of Indian rights and what was it called? Which questioned the legitimacy of European conquest of the New World. What did his work provoke?
Fra Bartoleme de las Casas (a Dominican)- Historia de las Indias- His work provoked heated debate in Spain, and the crown initiated reforms to bring greater "love and moderation" to Spanish-Indian relationships.
(THE FRENCH CLAIM CANADA) King Francis I sponsored the unsuccessful efforts of who to find a short water route to China, via what?
Giovanni da Verrazzano-a northwest passage around or through North America
What allowed navigators to share geographical findings more easily, educated readers throughout Europe were informed about the exploration of the New World?
Gutenberg's Printing Press
Who was a minor government functionary in Cuba, who on November 18, 1518, lead a small army left to verify the stories of Mexico's treasure? Soon events showed he was a great leader..
Hernan Cortez
____________: reformed protestants of France. _______________: people of Calvinist persuasion in Scotland. _______________: people who practiced Calvin's teachings in England and America in the 17th century.
Huguenots, Presbyterians, and Puritans
(Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism) Who was a German sociologist of the early 20th century? In Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism, he said that self-doubt caused by predestination drove Calvinists to diligence. They got large profits because they wanted to be doing the Lord's work, to show they might be among God's "elect."
Max Weber
What three peoples built vast cities, and what did they form and develop?
Incans, Mayans, and Toltec People- they formed government bureaucracies that dominated large tributary populations, and developed hieroglyphic writing as well as an accurate solar calendar. Their cities housed several hundred thousand people
How did indians come to depend on whites?
Indians went into debt to the whites, hunted more aggressively to pay and further reduced population of furry mammals
Why did young Indian scholars desert stuffy European classrooms at the first chance?
Iroquois leaders rejected traditional European education because the boys who went to college couldn't kill deer, catch beaver, or surprise an enemy.
African Cultural Variety and Political Systems 11 - 12 There were a great variety of political and religious cultures on the African coast during the 15th century. What spread slowly from Arabia into West Africa? And Several populous states/empires exercised what? . Many other Africans lived in what?
Islam-loose control over large areas-stateless societies, communities organized around lineage structures.
1534 ___________ was sent on a similar quest by the king. Discovered a large waterway, reconnoitered the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, going as far as Montreal. 65 years later ____________ resettled this region for France, founding Quebec in 1608.
Jacques Cartier, and Samuel de Champlain
Canadian priests from what two orders converted more Indians to Christianity than the English Protestants in the south? How did they live?
Jesuits & Recollects-They lived among the Indians and learned their languages
(THE ENGLISH ENTER THE COMPETITION ) Who was a Venetian sea captain who completed the first recorded transatlantic voyage by an English vessel in 1497, while trying to find a northwest passage to Asia? During what did he die?
John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto)-Died during his second attempt to find a direct route to Cathay in 1498
24 - 25 Calvin: Who was a lawyer turned theologian, lived most of adult life in Geneva? What did he teach?
John Calvin/predestination-He taught that no person could alter God's decision to save or condemn them. Calvinists worked to show that they had the seeds of grace.
(Militant Protestantism) (Effects of the Reformation) 1517 Who publicly challenged Roman Catholicism? Within a few years what did the Reformation do? Luther preached that God what?
Martin Luther (German monk)- the religious unity of Europe was shattered, the Reformation divided kingdoms, sparked wars, and unleashed a flood of religious publication.- spoke through the Bible, and that people were saved by faith alone.
What kind of structure existed when women owned the planting fields and houses, maintained tribal customs, and had a role in tribal government?
Matrilineal
(From Plunder to Settlement) What became New Spain? And what did the Spanish crown have to do?
Mexico, renamed by Spain- The spanish crown had to bring selfish conquistadores under royal authority.
Who was an Aztec emperor, who at first thought the Spaniards were gods, representatives of Quetzalcoatl,and what was his mistake?
Montezuma-The emperor hesitated instead of resisting immediately, and was too late.
How many languages developed in North America before European conquest and how were the trade routes?
More than 300- Members of the groups traded goods over very long distances
(Traders in Africa) Who brought Islam to West Africa and expanded trade networks? What regularly crossed the Sahara carrying trade goods that were exchanged for gold and slaves?
Muslim traders from North Africa and the Middle East-Camel caravans
(Indians view on marriage) ___________ who traded with Europeans and had more contact with them were more receptive to arguments of missionaries. _____________ guarded traditional culture, a system that allowed polygamy and gave women authority over the distribution of food within the village. Why didn't monogamous marriages make sense?
Native Men, Native women-- Monogamous marriages made little sense in Indian societies where constant warfare killed off large numbers of young males.
Within Indian Tribal relationships, what served as one of the only effective sources of power? And what was the cause of war?
Native leaders were renowned public speakers because persuasive rhetoric was often their only effective source of power. Young warriors attacked neighboring bands largely to exact revenge for a previous insult of the death of a relative, or to secure captives. Fatalities sparked cycles of revenge.
Early 18th century French established small settlements in Louisiana, most importantly ______________
New Orleans
Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria 18 After Columbus' was rejected by Portugal, he asked Spain for financial support for his trip. Using the Spain/Portugal rivalry as part of his argument and was given the ships _____, ________ & ____________. They set sail in August of 1492.
Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria
Which bands of people had no common culture? Why didn't they?
Nomadic Paleo-Indian Culture-There was no common culture because these migrations took place over a long period of time and involved small, independent bands of highly nomadic people.
Who was a skilled general and committed Puritan, governed England as Lord Protector for almost a Decade
Oliver Cromwell
1539, first publication of the Bible in English-What could the first English Bible lead to? What did it make some people think Henry hadn't done?
Ordinary people could read the Bible. It made some people think Henry hadn't sufficiently reformed the English Church.
Indians desired ____________trade. Indians thought they were getting the _______ ________.
Peaceful, better deals
1673 _________ journeyed down the Mississippi River, 9 years later _________________ went to the Gulf of Mexico.
Pere Jacques Marquette and Sieur de La Salle
_________: people who separate themselves from the established Church of England, initially Hoped to make a new life in Leydon.
Pilgrims
Fearful plumed serpent of the Aztecs
Quetzalcoatl
In what papal bull Pope Pius V stripped Elizabeth of her "pretended title to the kingdom"?
Regnans in Exelsis
(The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth) Who was one of the few aging visionaries who kept alive the dream of colonies in the New World. Argued the North American mainland had resources of incalculable value?
Richard Hakluyt
(Dreams of Possession) 's Printed Stories and Their Central Point Who never saw America but interviewed captains and sailors who did and compiled their stories in a massive book called ___________________ , The work appeared to be a straightforward description, but was edited by him to show that England needed American colonies. What did he ignore?
Richard Hakluyt-The Principal Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation (1589)-He ignored the cultural diversity of the Native Americans and different Europeans and the sufferings of Africans in America.
Who Continued his dad's exploration in the Hudson Bay area in 1508-1509?
Sebastian Cabot
Most Native Americans defined their place in society through what?.
kinship
Why did settlers enslave indians, why didn't it work?
Settlers who thought the Indians were an obstruction to progress sometimes enslaved Indians to achieve cultural conversion. It didn't work because they either ran away or died
(English Brutality) Who wrote treatises on geography, explored the coast of North America, and had witty conversations with Queen Elizabeth? But he tolerated no opposition as a colonizer in a strange land. In 1569 he was appointed military governor in Munster, and when the Irish rose up he executed everyone he could catch. He cut off enemy soldiers' heads killed in battle and lined them up leading to his tent. What was the lasting effect?
Sir Humphrey Gilbert -His actions helped generate a hatred so deep that Ireland remains divided to this day
(AN UNPROMISING BEGINNING-Roanoke Mystery) (Fated Roanoke Colony) 1584 Who sent 2 captains to present-day North Carolina to claim land granted to him by Elizabeth, renamed the region Virginia after the Virgin Queen, and finally raised funds for his adventure to the Roanoke colony, but the settlement was difficult to reach? The leader of the expedition destroyed an Indian village because of the suspected theft of a silver cup. He returned to England in fall 1585, leaving the colonists. Spring 1586 Sir Francis Drake visited Roanoke and the colonists climbed aboard his ships and went home. 1587 He launched a 2nd colony. Why wasn't this colony successful?
Sir Walter Ralegh- The Spanish Armada prevented any ship from visiting the Roanoke colonists from 1587-1590. The next time people went to help them, the village was deserted.
What trade involved transactions that were calculated in terms of local African currencies? What did Africans require? African states had respectable armies, outsiders couldn't just use force to get what they want anymore. By 1650 most West African slaves headed to the ___________, not Middle East. ~10.7 million Africans taken to New World as slaves. 1650-1831 more Africans than whites came to Americas
Slave Trade-Europeans to pay tolls and other fees, to restrict foreign traders to conducting business in small forts/castles near the mouths of major rivers. -new world
_________, ___________ and __________ decimated the Native American population. Some tribes suffered a __________ population loss within the first century of European contact. Survivors lost family as well as elders who might have told them what? . What did the death of Indian laborers persuade colonists?
Smallpox, measles, influenza- 90-95%- who might have told them how to bury the dead and comfort the living- the death of Indian laborers persuaded colonists throughout the New World to seek a substitute labor force in Africa.
How did Spain's rulers mainly regard the American colonies/new world?
Spain's rulers regarded American colonies mainly as a source of precious metal
___________ and _________ colonization sprang from a desire to build a centralized empire in the New World. The ________ crown awarded colonial charters to a wide variety of merchants, Religious idealists, and aristocratic adventurers who established separate and colonies.
Spain, France, and England
What were a model for colonization, after their indigenous peoples were conquered by Spaniards? And provided _______, _________ & __________? Spanish landlords introduced _________, forced ______________to provide labor, oppressive process driven by dreams of great _________.
Spanish Canary Islands-sugar, Slaves, and Wealth- sugar, african slaves, wealth
James I (r. 1603-1625) and son Charles I (r.1625-1649) were what? Both succeeded Elizabeth, they fought constantly with Parliament. 1629 Charles tried to rule without Parliament. 1640, forced to recall Parliament because he was running out of money. Parliament demanded constitutional reforms. Militant Puritans insisted on restructuring the Church. Charles started a civil war, Royalists vs. Parliamentarians. 1649 victorious Parliamentarians beheaded Charles.
Stuart Monarchs
What caused smaller bands to disperse, construct new identities and establish different political structures?
The Breakdown of Mississippian culture (they were the people who first encountered the Europeans and seemed to have lived in the same place forever)
What culture didn't practice intensive agriculture, supplemented with seasonal hunting and gathering? What formed during summer? What forced communities to disperse?
The Eastern woodland culture- Small bands formed villages during summer-Winter food shortages forced communities to disperse Each family lived off the land as best it could)
What was system in which the monarch rewarded the leaders of the conquest with Indian villages? The people who lived in the settlements provided the ____________ with labor tribute in exchange for legal protection and religious guidance.
The Encomienda system- encomenderos
What occurred when a Protestant nation revolted against James' lifting some Catholic restrictions and sent James Into permanent exile? Never again would an English king/queen try to rule w/o Parliament
The Glorious Revolution
(Carried to the New World) The __________ __________ served as models for later English colonies in the New World, just as the Canary Island plantations had done for Spain. English adventurers in the New World compared Native Americans to the "wild" Irish.
The Irish Experiments
(MAKING SENSE OF THE NEW WORLD) What was spurred by Catholic faith of monarchs, and then saw armies of Castile and Aragon waging holy war against the independent states in southern Spain that were captured by Muslims? In 1942 the Moorish (Islamic) kingdom of Granada fell. During it, thousands of Jews and Moors were driven from Spain.
The Reconquista
What occurred when the Stuarts returned to the English throne following Cromwell's natural death? Neither Charles II nor James II (sons of Charles I) could establish political stability.
The Restoration
(Spain v England:) The king believed that with support of England's Catholics, Spanish troops would sweep Elizabeth from power. 1588 a smaller, maneuverable English navy dispersed Philip's ________- __________, and storms finished it off. English protestants thought the ______________ scattered the ships.
The Spanish Armada - "Breath of God"
Describe the Yamasee War (1715):
The Yamasee were forced to migrate from Florida and Georgia into South Carolina. The tribe had become dependent on English manufactured goods and went into debt; Yamasee women and children were enslaved to cover part of the debt. Spring 1715 Yamasee allied with other tribes and struck at white settlement, killing hundreds and causing others to flee. The Cherokee and Virginia supported the Carolinians. The Yamasee were pushed back to Florida and virtually annihilated.
What occurred in response to the disappearance of large mammals and what was the effect on living and population?
The agricultural revolution-in response to the large mammals disappearing the Indians needed different food sources such as small mammals, berries, and crops- This growing of crops was the agricultural revolution. It allowed them to live more stably in one place so they developed cities. As the food supply increased so did the population.
(15th Century Prospering in Europe) Who were the New Monarchs? Why was political centralization important? What happened to the population and what were the effects?
The new monarchs were a group of rulers who centralized political authority, challenged nobles' autonomy, recruited armies and supported them with national taxes, created national courts, brought a measure of peace to local communities weary of chronic feudal war.- Political centralization allowed European countries to get the money and military resources needed for worldwide exploration.-- Slow and steady population growth after 1450. Rise in price of land, landlords got richer, demanded luxury items, economic prosperity created incentives for exploration and trade.
Why were communicable Diseases not a problem with the paleo-indians and what was the Consequence?
The physical isolation of the bands and the lack of domestic animals such as cattle and pigs, and since Paleo-Indians didn't domesticate animals they avoided the microbes. This caused Native Americans to lose inherited immunities that later might have protected them from many contagious germs.
(Renaissance-"New" Learning) During the Renaissance Europeans rediscovered what, and what did it generate?
They rediscovered classical texts, especially the work of Arab scholars. It generated curiosity about the globe
What divided the entire world along a line located 270 leagues west of the Azores. Any new lands discovered west of the line belonged to Spain. Anything east of the line was Portugal's (included Brazil even though no Europeans had been there yet). What did it fail to do?
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)- The treaty failed to discourage future English, Dutch, and French adventurers from trying their luck in the New World.
Who was one of the captains on trip to Asia, who returned from coast of India in 1498 carrying a fortune of spices and other luxury goods.
Vasco da Gama
(Religion, War, and Nationalism) __________: Elizabeth. ____________- figures such as Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Hawkins who seized Spanish treasure ships in American waters. With each engagement, threat, and plot (the birth of)_______________ took deeper root. By the 1570s the English people were driven by powerful ideological forces
Virgin Queen- and "Sea Dogs"- and the Birth of English Nationalism
In 1531 a new Christian reported a vision of who? And what did this figure serve?
Virgin of Guadalupe: a woman of obvious Indian ancestry- This figure served as a powerful symbol of Mexican nationalism in the wars for independence fought against Spain centuries later
Portuguese 12 1 st Europeans to reach the West African coast by sail. What made it hard to return to Portugal from West Africa, and what did they do to solve this? Portuguese journeyed to Africa in search of what?
Wind-constructed a new ship uniting European hull design with lateen (triangular) sails from the Middle East. Easier if they sailed far to the west on return trips-gold and slaves.
(CHAPTER 2: England's Colonial Experiments: The Seventeenth Century, 1590-1750 Beginning) Winthrop v Berkley New England v Chesapeake-How did theses two regions view each other?
Winthrop thought Chesapeake settlers were Materialistic and deserved the Native American attack that killed ~500 colonists after they Drove out several puritan ministers. Massachusetts didn't give military supplies to Virginia When they asked for help. 1675 Native Americans declared war against the New Englanders. Sir William Berkeley, Virginia's governor, didn't like New England and wasn't Upset about their troubles. Virginia outlawed the export of food to New England.
French wanted to convert Indians to Christianity and viewed them as ____________ ___________ ________. French traders lived among the Indians, often taking native wives and studying local cultures
necessary economic partners
(spanish migration and colonists) 250,000 Spaniards migrated to the New World during the 16th century. 200,000 migrated between 1600 and 1650. Most colonists fit what description?
single men in their late 20s seeking economic opportunities. Almost 40% migrated from Andalusia.
(Mary and Attempt to Reestablish Catholicism) Mary caused hundreds of protestants to be executed and others left to Geneva or Frankfurt. When Elizabeth succeeded Mary, who returned to England, eager to rid the Tudor Church of Catholicism? Mary advanced the cause of Calvinism by making protestant martyrs, celebrated in what?
the "Marian exiles"(The Marian exiles served as leaders of the Elizabethan church.) - the Book of Martyrs.
(Indians discover a new World)"New" Indian ways of life? Contrast the Indian villages located on the Atlantic coast with the inland groups. What effect did conquest have on traditional ways of life?
the Indian villages located on the Atlantic coast came under severe pressure almost immediately; inland groups had more time to adjust. Conquest strained traditional ways of life, and as daily patterns of experience changed almost beyond recognition, native peoples had to devise new ways to survive.
What connected Asia and North America and what was pursued?
the Land Bridge and large Mammals (The receding waters due to freezing created a land bridge connecting Asia and North America. Small bands of spear-throwing Paleo-Indians pursued giant mammals such as woolly mammoths and mastodons across the vast tundra of Beringia)
Describe the Impact of Global Warming, Population Distribution and Large Mammals
~12,000 years ago global warming reduced the glaciers so nomadic hunters could pour into the heart of North America. Within a few thousand years Native Americans migrated from Colorado to South America and had a seemingly endless supply of meat. Their population grew as the population of large mammals dwindled. It could be the hunters' faults or the fault of climatic warming which reduced the water.
