APUSH 6.1 - 6.4 chapter exam

W. E. B. Du Bois differed in philosophy from Booker T. Washington in that Du Bois believed A. African Americans should pursue immediate and full equality B. economic success would lead to political equality C. job training was ultimately more important than formal education D. civil rights would come through local efforts rather than national organization E. segregation was a southern problem more than a national one

A. African Americans should pursue immediate and full equality

The Ghost Dance, a religious movement that developed in the late nineteenth century, emerged from which of the following? A. American Indians' distress over loss of tribal authority B. African Americans' efforts to cope with Jim Crow laws C. Southern White peoples' reactions to their loss of authority during Reconstruction D. Western migrants' nostalgia for life in the East E. East European immigrants' response to industrial life

A. American Indians' distress over loss of tribal authority

Which of the following developments helps to explain the rise in exports from the West Coast depicted in the graph? A. An expansion in the railroad network led to greater access of western farmers to eastern markets. B. The decline in bison populations created higher demand for fruit and sugar from the West Coast. C. A reduction in labor strikes led to more regular and efficient transportation on existing railroad lines. D. The growth of western United States settlements led to increased trade with American Indian groups.

A. An expansion in the railroad network led to greater access of western farmers to eastern markets.

Which of the following pairs of immigrant groups were most prominent in the construction of the first transcontinental railroad? A. Chinese and Irish B. Irish and Japanese C. Chinese and Japanese D. Italians and Irish E. Chinese and Italians

A. Chinese and Irish

Which of the following developments best explains changes in agricultural production in the United States during the 1880s and 1890s? A. New systems of transportation integrated farming into national markets. B. Farmers established new plantations for commercial crops such as cotton and tobacco. C. The Civil War devastated farms in large portions of the South. D. Commercial farms increasingly relied on labor provided by immigrants

A. New systems of transportation integrated farming into national markets.

"Beginning in the 1930s and lasting into the 1940s, black Chicago experienced a cultural renaissance.... Chicago had become a major destination for black southern migrants.... It was also an urban industrial center. This fact gave a unique working-class and internationalist perspective to the cultural work that would take place there.... "A desire to live freely in 'the metropolis' continued to characterize the aspirations of migrants as second-wave Chicago migrants arrived.... The 1930s and 1940s witnessed a resurgence of black working-class political radicalism that was captured and reflected in the expressive visual and literary productions of Chicago Black Renaissance artists." Darlene Clark Hine, historian, The Black Chicago Renaissance, 2012 Before moving to Chicago, the people described in the excerpt most likely were engaged in which of the following? A. Sharecropping or tenant farming B. Gang labor on the railways C. Mining and other extractive industries D. Manufacturing in urban factories

A. Sharecropping or tenant farming

"Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas—healing and justice.... [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition....But theories of inevitability...are rarely satisfying.... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I." David W. Blight, historian, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 2001 Which of the following most directly supports Blight's argument in the excerpt? A. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson B. The election of seventeen African Americans to Congress between 1869 and 1877 C. The industrialization of some segments of the southern economy in the late nineteenth century D. The emergence of the first national civil rights organizations, such as the Afro-American League and the NAACP

A. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson

Which of the following developments helps to explain the change in agriculture depicted in the graph? A. The extraction of western resources led to the growth of new towns and cities that demanded agricultural goods. B. The growth of an internal slave trade provided an enlarged workforce whose labor helped increase agricultural production. C. Farmers' cooperative organizations reduced consolidation in the agricultural markets in order to increase production. D. Increased migration from the West for industrial jobs in eastern cities led to increased consumption of agricultural goods.

A. The extraction of western resources led to the growth of new towns and cities that demanded agricultural goods.

"All Indian peoples in the years after the Civil War saw their sovereignty erode. . . . "Reformers regarded Indian nations as legal fictions which the federal government should no longer recognize. . . . [Civilian and military leaders] disdained Indian sovereignty. . . . Reformers pushed the federal government toward direct supervision of the lives of individual Indians. . . . "The reform policy had three basic components. The first was the suppression of Indian norms of family life, community organization, and religion. . . . Reformers tried to educate Indian children in order to instill mainstream American Protestant values in place of tribal values. Finally, reformers sought a policy of land allotment that would break up communal landholding patterns and create private ownership. In the end, Indians would be Christian farmers living in nuclear families on their own land. The remaining lands could then be opened to white farmers. . . . "The strength of Indian communities during this period declined while the power of the federal bureaucracy that supervised them increased." Richard White, historian, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West, published in 1991 "As reformers and federal officials alike recognized, the key to 'assimilation' was 'detribalization,' and the key to 'detribalization' was eradication of the land base and communal practices that sustained tribal culture. . . . "Congress enacted the General Allotment Act (also known as the Dawes Severalty Act) in 1887. . . . The act authorized the president to survey reservation lands, have them divided up into allotments of up to 160 acres, and make them available to Indians family heads. . . . Reservation land that was not subject to allotment . . . would be made available for purchase and white settlement. . . . ". . . While effectively placing all Native Americans under the jurisdiction [control] of the federal government (as opposed to their own tribal laws and institutions), . . . those who remained on the shrinking reservations and maintained their tribal connections . . . continued to be excluded from the 'equal protection of the laws.' . . . ". . .Try as the federal government might to penalize reservation Indians through isolation and dependency, the reservation could in fact become a site of cultural and economic creativity—and of resistance to the projects of the state. Indians regularly traversed reservation boundaries, often in defiance of government regulations and [travel] pass requirements, to visit one another and to exchange labor and goods, extending lines of communication and interethnic relations . . . . In doing so, they deepened their own tribal attachments while developing a sense of pan-tribal Indianness." Steven Hahn, historian, A Nation Without Borders: The United States and Its World in an Age of Civil Wars, 1830-1910, published in 2016 Which of the following is a difference between White's and Hahn's claims in the excerpts about how American Indian societies changed in the late 1800s? A. White claims that reservations reduced American Indian autonomy from the United States, while Hahn claims reservations could be used to resist federal encroachment. B. White argues that federal supervision of American Indians decreased, while Hahn argues that the United States came to control all aspects of their lives on reservations. C. White asserts that American Indians came to be governed directly by the United States, while Hahn asserts that they remained outside the jurisdiction of the United States. D. White contends that American Indians retained possession of much land, while Hahn contends that they lost possession of most of their land to United States settlers.

A. White claims that reservations reduced American Indian autonomy from the United States, while Hahn claims reservations could be used to resist federal encroachment.

The intent of the Dawes Act of 1887 was to A. assimilate American Indians into the mainstream of American culture B. recognize and preserve the tribal cultures of American Indians C. legally establish the communal nature of American Indian landholding D. restore to American Indians land seized unjustly E. remove all American Indians to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma)

A. assimilate American Indians into the mainstream of American culture

In the last half of the nineteenth century, the New South advocates supported A. elimination of convict leasing B. expansion of southern industry C. creation of a southern literature critical of the Old South D. elimination of Jim Crow segregation E. limitation on West Indian migration to the United States

A. elimination of convict leasing

African Americans who fled the violence of the Reconstruction South in 1879 and 1880 to start anew in Kansas were known as A. exodusters B. homesteaders C. scalawags D. jayhawkers E. the Colored Farmers' National Alliance

A. exodusters

The developments depicted on the map most strongly affected American Indians by A. increasing armed conflict with United States citizens and threatening traditional ways of life B. promoting economic growth through new lines of trade with previously isolated communities C. encouraging the federal government to recognize American Indian sovereignty D. reducing contact with White settlers due to the abandonment of old overland routes to the Pacific

A. increasing armed conflict with United States citizens and threatening traditional ways of life

The "Atlanta Compromise" is the name given to the A. proposal that African Americans emphasize making economic progress over the quest for political and social equality B. political concessions southern White politicians made to African Americans in order to win their support against northerners C. southern agreement to supply raw materials to the North and West in exchange for manufactured products D. political deal made by northern Republicans and southern Democrats to pass legislation favoring the gold standard E. agreement expected to forge a new Republican Party of northern moderates and southern conservatives

A. proposal that African Americans emphasize making economic progress over the quest for political and social equality

"So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do.Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn. "I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, GoWest! . . . "On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having mastered these, gather up your family and GoWest!" Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, letter to R. L. Sanderson, 1871 The fulfillment of advice such as that in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following in the late nineteenth century? A. The economic decline and depopulation of eastern cities B. Competition for resources among White settlers and American Indians C. The outbreak of war with Mexico over control of territory D. Restrictions on immigration from eastern and southern Europe

B. Competition for resources among White settlers and American Indians

"Article 2: [T]he United States now solemnly agrees that no persons... shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in... this reservation for the use of said Indians. "Article 6: If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select...a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent. "Article 11: [T]he tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservations . . . but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. . . . They will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains. . . . They will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States." Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868 The conflict between the Sioux nation and the United States was primarily driven by differing A. styles of farming B. claims to land C. forms of government D. family structures

B. claims to land

All of the following contributed to the decline of open-range cattle ranching at the end of the nineteenth century EXCEPT A. excessively cold winters B. federal recognition of American Indian land claims C. a drop in cattle prices at stockyards D. overgrazing E. production of crops for distant markets

B. federal recognition of American Indian land claims

Which of the following helps to explain the development of railroad transportation as depicted in the graph? A. Growth of support from farmers for the business practices of railroads B. Forced relocation of American Indians to work as railroad laborers C. Distribution of federal government subsidies to railroad corporations D. Increase of competition between different railroad companies

C. Distribution of federal government subsidies to railroad corporations

"Yet, after all our years of toil and privation, dangers and hardships upon the ... frontier, monopoly is taking our homes from us by an infamous system of mortgage foreclosure, the most infamous that has ever disgraced the statutes of a civilized nation. ... How did it happen? The government, at the bid of Wall Street, repudiated its contracts with the people; the circulating medium was contracted. ... As Senator Plumb [of Kansas] tells us, 'Our debts were increased, while the means to pay them was decreased.' [A]s grand Senator ... Stewart [of Nevada] puts it, 'For twenty years the market value of the dollar has gone up and the market value of labor has gone down, till today the American laborer, in bitterness and wrath, asks which is the worst: the black slavery that has gone or the white slavery that has come?'" — Mary Elizabeth Lease, speech to the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 1890 In the speech, Lease was reacting primarily to the problems faced by which of the following groups? A. Bankers B. Southern European migrants C. Farmers D. African Americans

C. Farmers

The chart above supports which of the following conclusions regarding economic conditions in the United States during the last third of the nineteenth century? A. Americans with relatively stable incomes found it increasingly difficult to make ends meet. B. Wheat farming became more lucrative. C. Many American farmers struggled financially. D. Cheap foreign goods were the primary cause for the decline in prices. E. Industrial workers refused to demand higher wages due to declining prices.

C. Many American farmers struggled financially.

In his Atlanta Compromise speech, Booker T. Washington called for which of the following? A. African American voting rights B. An end to racial segregation C. Support for African American self-help D. Educational equality for African Americans E. Racial integration of religious organizations

C. Support for African American self-help

"We have conquered many of the neighboring tribes of Indians, but we have never thought of holding them in subjection—never of incorporating them into our Union....To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes.... Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race.... [I]t is professed and talked about to erect these Mexicans into a Territorial Government, and place them on an equality with the people of the United States. I protest utterly against such a project." Senator John C. Calhoun, "Conquest of Mexico" speech, 1848 Which of the following events best represents a continuity of the sentiments expressed by Senator Calhoun in the speech? A. The United States rejection of membership in the League of Nations B. Support for assimilationist policies in the 1880s and 1890s C. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson D. The Great Migration of African Americans out of the South in the 1910s

C. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson

"Article 2: [T]he United States now solemnly agrees that no persons... shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in... this reservation for the use of said Indians. "Article 6: If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select...a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent. "Article 11: [T]he tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservations . . . but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. . . . They will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains. . . . They will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States." Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868 Which of the following was typical of agreements such as the Fort Laramie Treaty between the United States government and American Indians in the post-Civil War West? A. They frequently led to the formation of a common interest between the United States government and American Indians in controlling the activities of White settlers. B. They generally led to the formation of strong, independent American Indian nations. C. They usually lasted a short time before being broken by settlers' incursions onto American Indian reservations. D. They led to the abandonment of most reservations as American Indian families sought economic opportunities in urban areas.

C. They usually lasted a short time before being broken by settlers' incursions onto American Indian reservations.

"Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. . . . The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned . . . where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude." George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870 The settlement pattern described in the excerpt was most similar to earlier settlement patterns in that it was A. discouraged by the federal government through legislation B. motivated largely by the desire to expand Protestant Christianity C. accompanied by conflict with American Indians over landownership D. the source of political divisions over the expansion of slavery

C. accompanied by conflict with American Indians over landownership

In its report for 1890, the United States Census Bureau indicated that A. industrialization was closing the gap in wealth between rich and poor B. the United States had more Catholics than Protestants C. the American frontier could no longer be distinguished from settled areas D. infant mortality was no longer a serious problem E. Boston was the second largest city in the United States

C. the American frontier could no longer be distinguished from settled areas

After the Civil War, some businesspeople and newspaper editors—such as the Atlanta Constitution's Henry Grady—promoted the idea of a New South. Which of the following best describes their vision for the southern states? A. An agricultural region consisting of small farms focused on growing food crops B. An industrial region whose economic mainstays would be the mining and smelting of minerals and metals C. An agricultural region of large plantations growing cotton, tobacco, and rice, worked by sharecroppers D. A mixed economy no longer primarily dependent on cash crops E. A postindustrial region whose economy revolved around health care, insurance, and financial services

D. A mixed economy no longer primarily dependent on cash crops

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which of the following was the principal public opponent of lynching in the South? A. Booker T. Washington B. Theodore Roosevelt C. Robert M. La Follette D. Ida B. Wells E. Susan B. Anthony

D. Ida B. Wells

"Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. . . . The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned . . . where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude." George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870 Which of the following contributed most to the process described in the excerpt? A. The industrialization of urban areas in the Northeast B. The building of new roads and canals C. Increased immigration from eastern Europe D. Legislation that facilitated the distribution of western land

D. Legislation that facilitated the distribution of western land

"So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do.Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn. "I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, GoWest! . . . "On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having mastered these, gather up your family and GoWest!" Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, letter to R. L. Sanderson, 1871 Which of the following most accurately describes a group who acted on ideas such as those in the excerpt? A. Business leaders planning to promote philanthropy B. Activists calling for preservation of the western wilderness C. Southern European immigrants seeking opportunity in urban areas D. Northern European immigrants pursuing mining, farming, and ranching

D. Northern European immigrants pursuing mining, farming, and ranching

"Article 2: [T]he United States now solemnly agrees that no persons... shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in... this reservation for the use of said Indians. "Article 6: If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select...a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent. "Article 11: [T]he tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservations . . . but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. . . . They will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains. . . . They will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States." Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868 Which of the following contributed to reducing the conflict that article 11 and similar provisions of other treaties were designed to address? A. The rerouting of several major railroads to avoid tribal lands B. A decrease in the number of White settlers traveling near reservations C. The implementation of government conservation policies that protected large areas of public land D. The destruction of nearly the entire population of buffalo

D. The destruction of nearly the entire population of buffalo

"The Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. The problem of education, then, among Negroes must first of all deal with the Talented Tenth; it is the problem of developing the Best of this race that they may guide the Mass away from the contamination and death of the Worst, in their own and other races. Now the training of men is a difficult and intricate task. Its technique is a matter for educational experts, but its object is for the vision of seers. If we make money the object of man-training, we shall develop money-makers but not necessarily men; if we make technical skill the object of education, we may possess artisans but not, in nature, men. Men we shall have only as we make manhood the object of the work of the schools—intelligence, broad sympathy, knowledge of the world that was and is, and of the relation of men to it." W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Talented Tenth," 1903 The perspective expressed in the excerpt most directly supported the national expansion of A. vocational job training B. financial aid for college C. exams for civil service jobs D. access to higher education

D. access to higher education

"We are just now making a great pretense of anxiety to civilize the [American] Indians. . . . As we have taken into our national family seven millions of Negroes . . . it would seem that the time may have arrived when we can very properly make at least the attempt to assimilate our two hundred and fifty thousand Indians. . . . "The school at Carlisle is an attempt on the part of the government to do this. . . . Carlisle fills young Indians with the spirit of loyalty to the stars and stripes, and then moves them out into our communities to show by their conduct and ability that the Indian is no different from the white or the colored, that he has the inalienable right to liberty and opportunity that the white and the negro have." Richard H. Pratt, founder, Carlisle Indian Industrial School, "The Advantages of Mingling Indians with Whites," 1892 Many American Indians of the 1890s responded to policies such as those of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School by A. creating new political organizations B. migrating to unsettled territories C. engaging in large-scale armed resistance D. seeking to preserve their cultural and tribal identities

D. seeking to preserve their cultural and tribal identities

In the late nineteenth-century United States, farmers sought federal relief from distress caused by A. low tariffs B. natural disasters C. inflationary monetary policies D. excise taxes on agricultural products E. discriminatory freight rates

E. discriminatory freight rates

According to historian Frederick Jackson Turner, a key factor in the development of American individualism and democracy was A. Puritan theology B. transcendentalism C. the American Revolution D. the Civil War E. the frontier

E. the frontier

All of the following were objectives of W.E.B. DuBois EXCEPT A. the total enfranchisement of all eligible Black citizens B. the establishment of an organization to seek legal redress of Black grievances C. the establishment of Black political power D. cooperation with White people in obtaining Black progress E. the implementation of Booker T. Washington's program for Black progress

E. the implementation of Booker T. Washington's program for Black progress