APUSH - ABSOLUTE COMPLETE MIDTERM!!!!!

Conquistador

A Spanish conqueror of the Americas

diseases

are caused pathogens (virus, bacterium, and fungus)

Middle Passage

the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies. the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade. A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

"elect"

to choose by voting

Nathanial Bacon

twenty-nine-year-old planter who led a 1676 rebellion of frontiersmen (wretched bachelors) against Berkeley's friendly relations with Indians; in Virginia; died suddenly of disease. Bacon was the leader and took over when Berkley wouldn't attack the Indians; Bacon was willing to lead not only against Indians but the govener too; This time was known as Bacon's rebellion

Marco polo

(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.

Amerigo Vespucci

(1454-1512) He was the Florentine navigator that discovered the coast of modern-day Venezuela. In a letter titled Mundus Novus (The New World), he described America as a continent separate from Asia. In recognition of Amerigo's bold claim, the continent was named for him.

1st Great Awakening

(1730s-1740s) a series of religious revivals among Protestants in the American colonies. Led to the division of old congregations and the forming of new ones. Leaders included Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. Spectacular, emotional religious revival of the 1730s and 1740s. This event saw an increase in religious sects in the colonies.

Phyllis Wheatley

(1753-1784); a slave girl brought to Boston at age eight and never formally educated; she was taken to England when, at twenty years of age, she published a book of verse and later wrote other polished poems that revealed the influence of Alexander Pope

Southern Colonies

(Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia) Made money by having slaves grow cash crops on plantations due to rich soil and warm climate.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. A legal contract in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good

Massachusetts Bay

1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government. (New England Colony) It was founded in 1630 by Puritans for religious freedom.

Salem Witch Trials

1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress. Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

New England Confederation

1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness. A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attemp to gain more land

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Pontiac's Rebellion

A 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area. 1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Fort Necessity

A British fort that wasn't built well because it was built too quickly. The fort which George Washington built in the Ohio Valley to protect the English from the French. A hastily built British fort where Washington attempted to defeat the French. However, the French took the fort and forced Washington to surrender.

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

William Pitt

A competent British leader, known as the "Great Commoner," who managed to destroy New France from the inside and end the Seven Year's War. The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Scots-Irish

A group of restless people who fled their home in Scotland in the 1600s to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They left their mark on the backcountry of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. These areas are home to many Presbyterian churches established by the Scots-Irish. Many people in these areas are still very independent like their ancestors.

Paxton Boys

A mob of Pennsylvania frontiersmen led by the Paxtons who massacred a group of non-hostile Indians. They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa. A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

patroonship

A vast Dutch feudal estates fronting the Hudson River in early 1600s. They were granted to promoters who agreed to settle 50 people on them.

navigation acts

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies. Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Metacom

Aka King Philip, Native American ruler, who in 1675 led attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts

Blue Laws

Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. Blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker Pennsylvania. laws designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.

mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

"as a city on a hill"

Biblical ideal, invoked by John Winthrop, of a society governed by civil liberty (where people did only that which was just and good) that would be an example to the world. John Winthrop wanted Massachusetts Bay Colony to be a Puritan model society based on Christian principles. Puritans tried to live perfect lives.

Salutary Neglect

British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. Relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureacrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government. An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Plymouth

Colony settled by the Pilgrims. It eventually merged with Massachusetts Bay colony.

Protestant work ethic

Sociological term used to define the Calvinist belief in hard work to illustrate selection in elite group. way of life based on Biblical teaching that God expects all men to work and all work is a noble duty to be performed toward God

Fransisco Pizarro

Conquered the Incas by capturing their leaders, the empire collapsed. Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.

Fundamental Orders of Carolina

Cooper wanted a well-ordered community; John Locke helped Cooper write a constitution in 1669; created an elaborate system of land distribution and a complex social order

Bartolome de Las Casas

Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans. First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

Separatist

English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers. People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims.

George Whitefield

English clergyman who was known for his ability to convince many people through his sermons. He involved himself in the Great Awakening in 1739 preaching his belief in gaining salvation. Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Sir Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

Roanoke

Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.

Barbados Slave Code

Established in 1661, it gave masters virtually complete control over their slaves including the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions. The harsh system of laws governing African labor, first developed in Barbados and later officially adopted by South Carolina in 1696

John Peter Zenger Case

First case that protected the idea of freedom of press. He was jailed for questioning the governor of New York. His case influenced freedom of speech and freedom of press.

Rhode Island

Founded by Roger Williams, broke away from Massachusetts

Pennsylvania

Founded by William Penn as a Quaker colony

Connecticut

Founded in 1636 by Thomas Hooker after leaving Massachusetts

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

Michelle Guillaume De Crevecoeur

French-born American agriculturalist, writer, and diplomat whose Letters from an American Farmer (1782), a collection of essays on American life, was read widely in France.

William Berkley

Governor of Virginia, who profited from his position and was blamed for a drop in tobacco prices which incited Bacon's Rebellion, after which he was removed from office.

Sir Edmund Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. English explorer

Jeremiads

In the 1600's, Puritan preachers noticed a decline in the religious devotion of second-generation settlers. To combat this decreasing piety, they preached a type of sermon called the jeremiad. The jeremiads focused on the teachings of Jeremiah, a Biblical prophet who warned of doom. a new form of sermon in the Puritan churches in the mid-seventeenth century; preachers scolded parishioners for their waning piety

Albany Congress

Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French. 1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it.

John Cabot

Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498) English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage

Georgia

James Oglethorpe, and English philanthropist and soldier, chartered the colony Settlers included those who paid their own way to receive the best land grants Some settlers were financed by the colony's board of trustees, including bands of prisoners from British jails After wars between the European empires began, the colony served as a bugger between South Carolina and Spanish-held Florida Elaborate and detailed regulations resulted in relatively little settlement

Jamestown Massacre

Powhatans vs. English colonists; Powhatans win; the native americans planned a surprise attack on Jamestown to wipe out all the europeans. they killed about 347 settlers. the settlers retaliated killing as many, if not more native americans.

Line of Demarcation

This was between Spanish and Portuguese territory was first defined by Pope Alexander VI (1493) and was later revised by the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494). Spain won control of lands discovered west of the line, while Portugal gained rights to new lands to the east.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America.

Jonathon Edwards

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. powerful preacher during Great Awakening, his message was of hell and an angry God. 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."

Plains of Abraham

Site of the death of Generals Wolfe and Montcalm, where France's New World empire also perished. a field near Quebec; site of a major British victory over the French in the French and Indian War

Hernando Cortez

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

balboa

Spanish explorer who discovered the Pacific Ocean (1475-1519)

Fort Duquesne

Strategic French stronghold; later renamed after a great British statesman. French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.

New Lights / Old lights

The "New Lights" were new religious movements formed during the Great Awakening and broke away from the congregational church in New England. The "Old Lights" were the established congregational church. division of religion as a result of the Great Awakening. New Lights:emotional salvaton. Old Lights: traditional calvinist principle of rational puritans and limited theocracy

8 Lords Proprietor

The 8 men who were granted control over the Carolina Colony by the English King.

Anne Bradstreet

The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up into America, by a Gentlewoman in such Parts (1647 - First published female Puritan writer; wrote about New England life in perspective of a woman)

Headright System

The Virginia Company's system employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Peter Stuyvesant

The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.

Harvard

The oldest college in America, which reflected Puritan commitment to an educated ministry

Ohio River Valley

The point of contention that sparked the French and Indian War. Both the French and British claimed it. They wanted the area because the rivers allowed for transportation. Controversial land that led to the French and Indian War; British win war and claim this land; region where British fur traders went; rich soil for farming

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Louis de Montcalm

This Frenchman was the commander in charge of the French forces at Quebec, and was defeated in 1759 by General James Wolfe. French general during French Indian War; killed at the Battle of Quebec

French and Indian War

a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by indian tribes). (1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Halfway Covenant

applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs. A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

Battle of Quebec

battle that led to the British victory in the French and Indian War. (1759) British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.

James Wolfe

the British general whose success in the Battle of Quebec won Canada for the British Empire. Even though the battle was only fifteen minutes, Wolfe was killed in the line of duty. This was a decisive battle in the French and Indian War. English general, led troops up steep cliff to capture Quebec which marked the beginning on the end of the French/Indian War

Indentured Servitude

labor under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years, in exchange for their transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities. Often used in the late 19th and early 20th century as a replacement of slave labor, but with fairly similar exploitative working conditions. Laborers were often transported thousands of miles and could not easily afford to return home.

Chesapeake Colonies

made up of Virginia and Maryland; grew tobacco; Church of England; Maryland Act of Toleration; plantation economy w/cheap labor; headright system

Pope's Massacre

occurred in 1680 and it was an indian uprising. This uprising was caused because of the Spanish Roman Catholic's mission in New Mexico began to oppress the natives by attempting to derive them of their religious customs. The rebels raided through the Providence destroying churches, killing priests, and slaughtering spanish settlers along the way. After this attack the Spanish needed almost half a century to regain New Mexico again.

Poor Richard's Almanac

was a yearly almanac published by Benjamin Franklin, who adopted the pseudonym of "Poor Richard" or "Richard Saunders" for this purpose. The publication appeared continually from 1732 to 1758

Leisler's Rebellion

was an uprising in late-17th century colonial New York in which German American merchant and militia captain Jacob Leisler seized control of the colony's south and ruled it from 1689 to 1691. Leisler was arrested by these forces, who tried and convicted him of treason.