APUSH all Chapter Book Quizzes

4 The majority of people who came to America prior to 1800 were from: A) Africa B) England C) Spain D) France E) Prussia

A) Africa

5 The development of Pennsylvania was strongly influenced by the: A) Society of Friends. B) Congregationalist Church. C) Ursaline Order. D) Illuminati E) Baptist Church.

A) Society of Friends.

4 One result of slavery in noted colonies was: A) a highly stratified class structure. B) total equality for all adult white males. C) a greater role for some in society. D) a decline in traditional social values. E) the elimination of the bureaucratic elite.

A) a highly stratified class structure.

8 One result of the peaceful transfer of power in 1800 was: A) an expansion in the popular interest in politics. B) the end of the Federalists as a viable political party. C) the creation of the Democratic Party in the United States. D) a general decline in people joining political parties. E) apathy and disinterest in the political issues and candidates.

A) an expansion in the popular interest in politics.

1 The Iroquois Confederacy: A) attempted to control social violence by prohibiting warfare among member nations. B) constituted the most important of the Indian alliances in the western United States. C) included the Algonquin Indians, who were the largest tribe in North America. D) remained a hunting and gathering society until Europeans introduced livestock. E) was established to protect the Iroquois nation against the intrusion of European colonists.

A) attempted to control social violence by prohibiting warfare among member nations.

5 The expansionism of colonies in British North America during the eighteenth century: A) created the potential for competition with the French and with the Indians. B) meant that other European nations no longer played a role in colonial affairs. C) led to numerous direct conflicts with the Spanish settlements in the Caribbean. D) led to an English alliance with the Spanish against French interests in America. E) created a distinct number of colonial regions that sought an alliance with the Dutch.

A) created the potential for competition with the French and with the Indians.

4 In British North America, slavery: A) discouraged economic diversification that characterized the development of industry. B) encouraged Americans to develop factories to process the raw materials slaves produced. C) created a dynamic economy that quickly surpassed that of England, Spain, and France. D) retarded economic growth to such a degree that England had to subsidize most colonies. E) did not generate the sufficient profits needed to secure capital for investment in the economy.

A) discouraged economic diversification that characterized the development of industry.

6 During the 1760s, the main American weapon of resistance to British policy was: A) economic boycotts. B) military action. C) political petitions. D) violent demonstrations. E) diplomatic alliances.

A) economic boycotts.

6 A critical event in the years following 1763 was the: A) emergence of a unique American identity that helped bring about the movement for independence. B) realization by most Americans that they no longer had anything at all in common with the English. C) understanding that the English had created the most tyrannical government in the history of the world. D) insistence that the only effective government was one that gave all the people a direct role to play. E) shared recognition of the equality of all races.

A) emergence of a unique American identity that helped bring about the movement for independence.

7 For most of the Revolution, the United States: A) faced severe economic and financial problems. B) had sound policies that precluded economic problems. C) suffered from falling prices and deflating currency. D) relied heavily on the Bank of the United States for funds. E) recovered early in the war from early economic problems.

A) faced severe economic and financial problems.

6 The battle of Lexington and Concord: A) forecast the violent nature that would characterize the war that followed. B) led to the arrests of most of the important and influential patriot leaders. C) occurred within just two weeks of the Declaration of Independence. D) resulted in a number of American casualties but none for the British. E) elicited little immediate response from militia in surrounding communities.

A) forecast the violent nature that would characterize the war that followed.

3 For the most part, the Chesapeake colonists during the seventeenth century: A) maintained close emotional and political ties to England. B) established a unique identity that was truly American. C) increasingly demanded independence from England. D) advocated closer diplomatic relations with New France. E) Established numerous towns and institutions to model England.

A) maintained close emotional and political ties to England.

7 During the American Revolution: A) of the Indian tribes that became involved, the majority supported Great Britain. B) Indians supported the French position and eagerly sided with the United States. C) about half the tribes fought for the British and about half supported the United States. D) Indians saw the conflict was a "white-man's war", and none of the tribes became involved. E) the Indians traded weaponry and supplies to both sides, but refused to fight in battles

A) of the Indian tribes that became involved, the majority supported Great Britain.

7 In the aftermath of the Revolution: A) some Americans hoped that political changes would lead to other reforms. B) American women were permanently given the right to vote for the first time in history. C) Thomas Jefferson advocated policies of primogeniture and entail in Virginia. D) most Americans hoped to see and established church in the United States. E) African slaves were freed to coincide with freedoms in the Declaration of Independence.

A) some Americans hoped that political changes would lead to other reforms.

1 When using the term "resisted revolution," historians are referring to: A) the refusal of some Indian groups to shift to an agricultural society. B) Indians' effort to prevent Europeans from creating colonies in North America. C) the southwestern tribes' practice of refusing to trade with Europeans. D) an uprising at Cahokia that the power elite brutally suppressed. E) the reluctance of Indian groups to embrace the elaborate systems of kinship that defined the newly hierarchical society.

A) the refusal of some Indian groups to shift to an agricultural society.

2 Critical to the success of the Hernán Cortés expedition: A) were Indian allies and European disease. B) were the French fleet and the Spanish army. C) was the overwhelming number of Spaniards. D) was the Aztec rebellion against Montezuma. E) was the superior Spanish army and horses.

A) were Indian allies and European disease.

2 Regarding expansion, Columbus and the Spanish: A) were driven by the desire to create an empire. B) wanted only to Christianize native peoples. C) had no interests other than developing international trade. D) had completely different objectives than did other nations. E) wanted to compel the native peoples into slavery.

A) were driven by the desire to create an empire.

8 The Americans who wrote the Constitution of the United States: A) were men who represented the ideals of the social and economic elite. B) created a document that ensured equality for all the people in the country C) were a true cross-section that reflected the demographics of the nation. D) were narrow-minded and cared more for themselves than for the republic. E) were equally divided geographic representatives from all states.

A) were men who represented the ideals of the social and economic elite.

29 The incident that ultimately led to the shooting and killing of six college students in 1970 was the: A) American invasion of Cambodia. B) final fall of Saigon and Vietnam. C) institution of a military draft. D) resignation of Spiro Agnew. E) the news of the Tet Offensive.

A. American invasion of Cambodia.

11 During the era of Andrew Jackson: A) Americans began to create a viable national artistic culture. B) most Americans didn't read and write, and literature declined. C) American artists continued to emulate European ideas of culture. D) for the first time American artists produced paintings and books. E) the U.S. influenced European culture with a distinctively American culture.

A. Americans began to create a viable national artistic culture

26 A crucial event that characterized post-World War II tensions was the: A) Berlin Airlift. B) Helsinki Accords. C) Potsdam Conference. D) Vienna Summit Meeting. E) Nuremberg Trials.

A. Berlin Airlift

24 The ecological disaster that devastated the southern Great Plains during the 1930s was the: A) Dust Bowl. B) Missouri River Flood. C) Great Hail Storm of 1933. D) March 1, 1935 tornado outbreak. E) Hurricane of 1932.

A. Dust Bowl.

26 In 1952: A) Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected president and Richard Nixon became vice-president. B) Adlai E. Stevenson Jr. successfully reestablished the New Deal coalition of Franklin Roosevelt. C) the Republicans won the presidency, but the Democrats continued to control both houses of Congress. D) the Republicans promised to undo the New Deal and to gain a military victory in the war in Korea. E) the Democrats won the presidency, but the Republicans gained control of both houses of Congress.

A. Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected president and Richard Nixon became vice-president.

28 During the presidential election of 1960: A) John F. Kennedy and the Democrats quite effectively appealed to African American voters. B) African American voters continued to support the Republicans as the party of emancipation. C) the Democrats' appeal to black voters lost the party the electoral votes of the southern states. D) Richard Nixon openly courted African American voters and their votes guaranteed his victory. E) African American votes did not play a major factor in the outcome of the 1960 presidential election.

A. John F. Kennedy and the Democrats quite effectively appealed to African American voters.

23 The event in 1925 that came to epitomize much of the intellectual debate of the 1920s was the: A) Scopes Monkey Trial. B) Lindbergh Kidnapping. C) Loeb-Leopold Case. D) Dreyfus Affair. E) Sacco and Vanzetti case.

A. Scopes Monkey Trial.

21 The African-American leader who opposed accommodationism and helped create the Niagara Movement was: A) W. E. B. Du Bois B) George Washington Carver. C) Thurgood Marshall. D) Booker T. Washington. E) Frederick Douglass

A. W. E. B. Du Bois

22 A critical element in the events leading to the Great War was: A) a complex and vulnerable system of secret alliances between European nations. B) the collapse of the League of Nations as an effective peacekeeping organization. C) an aggressive American foreign policy that sparked the conflict with Germany. D) the communist uprising in Russia that led Austria to declare war out of self-defense. E) the rise of socialism in Europe that sparked social unrest and anti-nationalist policies.

A. a complex and vulnerable system of secret alliances between European nations.

23 One result of the new importance of mass communication was: A) a greater emphasis on advertising and public relations. B) a sharp increase in independently-owned newspapers. C) a general decline in the overall literacy rate in the nation. D) the opening of the first public libraries in the United States. E) the acceptance and spread of African American folk culture.

A. a greater emphasis on advertising and public relations.

24 During the Great Depression: A) a number of American intellectuals suggested Marxist responses to the crisis. B) the Communist Party in America became a major national political institution. C) Communist sympathizers posed a dire and direct threat to the United States. D) disenchanted workers in Michigan elected a Communist to the U.S. Senate. E) more than 1.5 million Americans formally enlisted in the Communist or Socialist Party.

A. a number of American intellectuals suggested Marxist responses to the crisis.

30 By the late 1970s: A) a taxpayers revolt and a white backlash revealed the emergence of a significant conservative movement. B) Americans believed that politics and religion should remain separate when it came to public policies. C) everybody in the United States accepted the social-welfare legacy of the New Deal and the Great Society. D) the New Right and the Moral Majority were able to get the courts to reverse the Roe v. Wade decision. E) the push for a more liberal and progressive social reform dominated our judicial and executive branches.

A. a taxpayers revolt and a white backlash revealed the emergence of a significant conservative movement.

28 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference: A) advocated nonviolent civil disobedience to end segregation. B) insisted that they gain civil rights by any means necessary. C) were willing to accept a slow movement toward equality. D) encouraged accommodation to protect African Americans. E) promoted a militant and, if necessary, violent means to gain equality.

A. advocated nonviolent civil disobedience to end segregation.

14 President James K. Polk and other expansionists wanted to obtain California: A) as an important step to expanding American commerce into Asia. B) because of all the gold that the Mexicans had discovered there. C) to ensure that Russians would be forced to abandon their colonies. D) to make sure that Great Britain's efforts to purchase the territory failed. E) to spread Christianity to the west, marking a Christian world from sea to sea.

A. as an important step to expanding American commerce into Asia.

18 The Indian Wars: A) began with the Sand Creek Massacre and lasted until the capture of Geronimo. B) were concentrated in the Indian Territory and lasted for just a couple of years. C) involved only a few campaigns against the Sioux tribes in the Dakota Territory. D) resulted in the total militar y defeat of every Indian tribe in the United States. E) began with the assault on white civilians under the protection of Col. Custer.

A. began with the Sand Creek Massacre and lasted until the capture of Geronimo.

10 As a result of large-scale cotton production in the South: A) capital in the region was concentrated in land and slaves. B) most southerners came to own large numbers of slaves. C) a sophisticated infrastructure emerged to help market the crop. D) the region was so wealthy that there were no poor white southerners. E) mass transportation and industry was required and built in the South.

A. capital in the region was concentrated in land and slaves

21 Galveston, Texas, introduced a progressive form of urban government based on: A) city commissioners. B) city managers. C) powerful mayors. D) council members. E) voter referendum.

A. city commissioners.

29 President Lyndon Johnson's domestic policy attempted to: A) create a great society and eliminate poverty in the United States. B) redistribute wealth and make all Americans equal economically. C) reduce the role of the national government in the United States. D) undo the reforms that had been enacted during the New Deal. E) construct an agency to replace the failing Social Security program.

A. create a great society and eliminate poverty in the United States.

30 The Reagan Doctrine: A) declared that the United States would intervene anywhere in the world to fight communism. B) created an effective space-based missile defense system to meet the threat of communism. C) relied on the United Nations and NATO to stop the expansion of communist insurgencies. D) established the idea that the United States would only use economic aid to stop communism. E) asserted that the United States would not give aid or assistance to any nation that has not joined the United Nations.

A. declared that the United States would intervene anywhere in the world to fight communism.

18 The Cattle Kingdom of the American West: A) depended on the presence of unfenced range that provided free feed and open trails for cattle producers. B) originated in the southern state of Texas and cattle producers insisted on hiring only white Americans. C) was truly a male enterprise and women played no role at all in operating ranches or cattle companies. D) grew rapidly only after refrigerated railcars made it possible to ship beef throughout the United States. E) relied upon the manual labor of newly arrived immigrants and freed slaves, who they could pay less.

A. depended on the presence of unfenced range that provided free feed and open trails for cattle producers.

25 World War II: A) dramatically changed the role that women played in the American economy. B) did nothing to improve the economic status of women and racial minorities. C) was the first time that a significant number of factory workers were women. D) provided some job opportunities for women but did not produce lasting changes. E) resulted in no change or improvement for American women.

A. dramatically changed the role that women played in the American economy.

30 During the Reagan administration, the federal government: A) dramatically increased spending on the military. B) dedicated most of the budget to welfare programs. C) raised taxes to the highest level in American history. D) continued the budget policies of previous administrations. E) balanced the federal budget by raising the upper classes' taxes.

A. dramatically increased spending on the military.

16 One result of the Civil War for most Americans was: A) economic difficulties because of inflation. B) they got rich quick selling war supplies. C) rapidly increasing wages for civilian workers. D) the total loss of all of their life savings. E) the economic difficulties cause by deflation.

A. economic difficulties because of inflation.

28 The Voting Rights Act of 1965: A) eliminated discriminatory voting tests and marked a high point in the civil rights movement. B) gave the federal government sole power to determine voter qualifications in the United States. C) was the culmination of the civil rights movement and the end of discrimination in the United States. D) was the first time in history that the national government passed a law against voter discrimination. E) determined that voting rights were entirely under the jurisdiction of the states.

A. eliminated discriminatory voting tests and marked a high point in the civil rights movement.

31 As president, Bill Clinton: A) faced serious challenges from the Republican Party. B) ended most of the differences that divided the nation. C) created an unprecedented era of political cooperation. D) paid very little attention to international concerns. E) struggled political backlash from his military overspending.

A. faced serious challenges from the Republican Party.

23 According to the U.S. census in 1920: A) for the first time more Americans lived in urban areas than lived in rural areas. B) the majority of Americans were living in cities of at least 100,000 people. C) no major demographic changes had occurred since the census of 1890. D) about two-thirds of the American population still lived in rural areas. E) there were ninety-four American cities encompassing over 100,000 people.

A. for the first time more Americans lived in urban areas than lived in rural areas.

17 When Andrew Johnson became president: A) he was often in disagreement with the Reconstruction policies of the Radical Republicans. B) he had the ideal background and temperament to work well with congressional leaders. C) he used his authority to make sure that the southern planter elite quickly regained power. D) he allowed Congress to take the lead in determining how to treat former Confederates. E) he defined Reconstruction as the province of the legislative branch.

A. he was often in disagreement with the Reconstruction policies of the Radical Republicans.

12 The market revolution: A) helped set the stage for conflicts between traditional values and new ideals. B) led to a consensus among Americans that eliminated social differences. C) led all Americans to accept the middle-class values of the industrial age. D) quickly and effectively eliminated old ways of thinking in the United States. E) led to a more evenly distributed income among the classes in American society.

A. helped set the stage for conflicts between traditional values and new ideals.

14 A significant issue in the election of 1848 was: A) how to deal with the issue of the expansion of slavery in the newly acquired territories. B) whether or not the U.S. Senate should accept the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. C) obtaining Oregon from Great Britain without having to fight another war with the English. D) determining the status of slavery in the unorganized areas of the Louisiana Territory. E) how to force the removal of the Native Americans from the newly acquired territories.

A. how to deal with the issue of the expansion of slavery in the newly acquired territories.

15 In her letter to her sister, Florella Adair: A) indicated that free-soil men faced being murdered by pro-slavery ruffians. B) described the brutal attack against free-soil settlers in Lawrence, Kansas. C) told her that the violent image of a "Bleeding Kansas" was not at all accurate. D) gave her an eyewitness account of the atrocities at the Potowatomie massacre. E) described the atrocities of Native American exploitation and abuse.

A. indicated that free-soil men faced being murdered by pro-slavery ruffians.

16 One result of national war-time policies was the: A) issuance of a national currency known as "Greenbacks." B) incorporation of dozens of state banks to issue bank notes. C) determination by the government that all money had to be specie. D) decentralization of the banking industry to keep state banks solvent. E) collapse of national banks so as to require British financial assistance.

A. issuance of a national currency known as "Greenbacks."

19 In the South: A) labor was often provided by children and convicts. B) wages tended to be a little higher than average. C) unions worked to eliminate race discrimination. D) no manufacturing jobs were available at all. E) labor was often completed by poorly paid women.

A. labor was often provided by children and convicts.

19 One noticeable result of the incorporation of America was the: A) leisure time and activities available to middle-class children. B) increasing number of middle-class children working in factories. C) number of poor children who began to obtain a college education. D) insistence that children become self-sufficient as soon as possible. E) number of middle-class girls attending higher-level education.

A. leisure time and activities available to middle-class children.

29 As the 1960s came to an end: A) more and more minority groups became increasingly vocal in their demands for civil rights. B) the United States had created the most compassionate and equitable society ever to exist. C) most Americans finally came to realize that the civil rights movement had failed completely. D) racial groups had obtained social equality but other minorities had not improved their lives. E) the racism against African Americans was eradicated as the civil rights movement was completed.

A. more and more minority groups became increasingly vocal in their demands for civil rights.

15 The law passed in 1850 that generated emotional opposition in the North was the: A) new fugitive slave law. B) admission of California as a free state. C) establishment of the modern border of Texas. D) outlawing of the slave trade in Washington, D.C. E) forced relocation of Native Americans West of the Mississippi.

A. new fugitive slave law.

30 When Gerald Ford became president, he: A) pardoned Richard Nixon and thereby increased the cynicism many Americans felt toward government. B) restored Americans' faith in government by resolving most of the economic problems facing the nation. C) had the Justice Department prosecute Richard Nixon for crimes associated with the Watergate affair. D) negotiated an end to the war in Vietnam and because of that success he was reelected in 1976. E) guaranteed justice to the American people for political wrongdoings, sending Nixon and his staff to the federal judiciary.

A. pardoned Richard Nixon and thereby increased the cynicism many Americans felt toward government.

22 The American war effort: A) reflected and employed many of the concepts of progressive reformers. B) ended progressives' efforts to enact social reforms in the United States. C) dramatically altered the military but had little other domestic influence. D) was financed by enacting higher taxes to avoid expanding the federal debt. E) focused solely on military needs and did little to address American social programs.

A. reflected and employed many of the concepts of progressive reformers.

20 The Populist movement: A) resulted from the discontent felt by many farmers and wage earners. B) was a social movement that appealed primarily to foreign immigrants. C) provided the first national cultural movement since before the Civil War. D) developed because farmers resented government control of the railroads. E) developed because merchants resented government control of shipping.

A. resulted from the discontent felt by many farmers and wage earners.

13 The temperance movement: A) resulted in a sharp drop in the per capita consumption of alcohol. B) led to the prohibition of alcohol in most states by the early 1850s. C) had little effect on the social behavior and drinking habits of Americans. D) remained within the middle class and did not attract working-class support. E) was directed at both men and women alike.

A. resulted in a sharp drop in the per capita consumption of alcohol.

31 The presidential election of 2004: A) revealed a nation that was as divided as at any time since the Civil War. B) showed that the George W. Bush administration had eliminated most divisions. C) gave the popular vote to John Kerry, but George W. Bush claimed an electoral victory. D) made it evident that most Americans didn't care one way or another who became president. E) illustrated a nation that was as split about the war in Iraq as many were concerning the Vietnam war in 1968.

A. revealed a nation that was as divided as at any time since the Civil War.

9 The Missouri Compromise: A) revealed deep sectional differences in the United States, especially over issues dealing with slavery. B) established a plan that would gradually emancipate all the slaves over a period of three generations. C) provided a realistic resolution to sectional differences and helped usher in the Era of Good Feelings. D) allowed slavery in Missouri but prohibited any states admitted after 1820 from becoming slave states. E) Permitted slavery in Missouri and all new states that were admitted into the Union from 1820 onward.

A. revealed deep sectional differences in the United States, especially over issues dealing with slavery

22 Warren G. Harding's idea of a "return to normalcy": A) seemed to repudiate Woodrow Wilson in particular and progressivism in general. B) meant that all the changes that occurred during World War I would come to an end. C) succeeded in making sure that life in the 1920s was just the same as life in the 1890s. D) meant that the Democrats would dominate politics the way they had prior to the Civil War. E) appeared to most as the return to life before suffrage and prohibition.

A. seemed to repudiate Woodrow Wilson in particular and progressivism in general.

18 The book A Century of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson: A) sharply criticized the U.S. government for failing to honor its treaties with the Indian tribes. B) detailed the atrocities Indians had committed against white settlers from the beginning of the nation. C) focused on the harsh actions state militias had taken against Indians in order to protect white settlers. D) compared the way white Americans had treated slaves to how they had treated Native Americans. E) meticulously described the tribal practices and shame brought to Americans by co-existing with Native Americans.

A. sharply criticized the U.S. government for failing to honor its treaties with the Indian tribes.

23 During the 1920s: A) some intellectuals accepted modern ideals while others did not. B) all American intellectuals embraced modern ways of thinking. C) most intellectuals encouraged a return to small-town ideals. D) the emergence of mass culture eliminated intellectualism. E) intellectuals focused solely on growing anti-communism protests.

A. some intellectuals accepted modern ideals while others did not.

17 In the 1870s, the Republican Party: A) suffered because of economic problems and scandals within the party. B) continued to dominate national politics as it had during the Civil War. C) lost influence in the South but had no real opposition in the North. D) lost the support of the American people and failed to win any elections. E) was able to gain national support in the face of Democratic corruption.

A. suffered because of economic problems and scandals within the party.

27 In the Middle East during the 1950s: A) tensions continued between the Arab states and the Israelis. B) the United States helped establish a Palestinian homeland. C) the American Navy supported a British invasion of Egypt. D) fundamentalist Muslims forced Americans out of the region. E) the Americans and British refused to support the Nation of Israel.

A. tensions continued between the Arab states and the Israelis.

9 Thomas Jefferson believed: A) that the expansion of the nation was essential to liberty. B) all people should be free and equal in the United States. C) that Indians were not welcome in any part of the nation. D) slavery should not be allowed to expand into Louisiana. E) the Constitution authorized the president to purchase territory.

A. that the expansion of the nation was essential to liberty

12 The revolutionary transportation development of the 1820s was: A) the Erie Canal. B) the Yankee Clipper. C) a transcontinental railroad. D) the creation of the national highway. E) the Soo Locks in Sault St Marie.

A. the Erie Canal.

15 With the election of 1856: A) the Republicans established themselves as a viable political party. B) the Whigs had one last chance to avert the coming of the Civil War. C) it became apparent that the American Party had a powerful constituency. D) the Free Soil Party won the largest number of electoral votes in its history. E) the Liberty Party proved to establish itself as a major political party.

A. the Republicans established themselves as a viable political party.

25 Following the Japanese attack against Pearl Harbor: A) the United States faced serious threats but also enjoyed a number of strategic advantages. B) most Americans were confident that the United States would win the war quickly and easily. C) things went poorly for the Allies in Europe, but the Japanese were not a major threat in the Pacific. D) the United States made a strategic error by declaring war against Germany and creating a second front. E) the Japanese posed a major threat in the Pacific that resulted in the abandonment of U.S. forces on the European front.

A. the United States faced serious threats but also enjoyed a number of strategic advantages.

20 By the end of the1800s: A) the United States had extended itself into the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Basin. B) the United States had granted independence to Cuba, Hawai'i, and the Philippine Islands. C) despite growing influence in the Caribbean, the United States was not yet a global power. D) most foreign powers supported the United States' policy of self-determination of peoples. E) the United States had granted independence to Guam and the Philippine Islands.

A. the United States had extended itself into the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Basin.

12 A critical element in the American Industrial Revolution was: A) the capital produced by southern cotton growers. B) large-scale investment capital from foreign banks. C) the growing availability of inexpensive high-grade steel. D) a reduction in the income tax rate to encourage investment. E) the political rights it allowed women to successfully assert.

A. the capital produced by southern cotton growers.

13 One result of the rapid growth of American cities during this period was: A) the deepening of sharp class differences. B) the virtual elimination of poverty in the nation. C) a cosmopolitan attitude toward newcomers. D) an effort to ensure equal economic opportunity. E) the equalization of urban wealth distribution.

A. the deepening of sharp class differences.

10 Beginning in the 1830s: A) the defense of slavery became the over whelming current in southern society. B) more and more southerners came to see slavery as morally reprehensible. C) an open debate over slavery became the defining characteristic of southern politics. D) an increasing number of southerners sought ways to resolve their differences with the North. E) southern slave owners began emancipating their slaves to appease social pressures from the North.

A. the defense of slavery became the over whelming current in southern society

11 The period called the Era of Good Feelings came to an end with: A) the election of 1824. B) the election of 1828. C) the election of 1832. D) the election of 1836. E) the election of 1840.

A. the election of 1824

16 Two significant events that made 1863 a turning point in the war were: A) the federal victory at Gettysburg and the Union's capture of Vicksburg. B) the occupation of Atlanta and William T. Sherman's March to the Sea. C) the Union's control of New Orleans and the fall of Nashville, Tennessee. D) Ulysses S. Grant's victory at Antietam and Robert E. Lee's retreat to Virginia. E) the Union victory at Fredericksburg and the Battle of the Wilderness

A. the federal victory at Gettysburg and the Union's capture of Vicksburg.

15 The election of 1860 seemed to reveal that: A) the sharp sectional differences over slavery were irreconcilable. B) a political solution to sectional differences might still be possible. C) the nation was not as divided as the events of the 1850s suggested. D) Americans no longer had any faith in the democratic electoral process. E) Americans were no longer "one people."

A. the sharp sectional differences over slavery were irreconcilable.

21 Woodrow Wilson: A) was a progressive who expressed concern over the growing role of government. B) as a Democrat rejected progressivism as being simply a Republican program. C) believed that progressivism threatened the traditional values of American society. D) did everything he could to undo all of the progressive reforms that had been enacted. E) believed that progressivism was too closely tied to the growing socialist movement.

A. was a progressive who expressed concern over the growing role of government.

20 Events at Coeur d'Alene, Homestead, and Pullman: A) were extremely violent episodes in the conflict between labor unions and management. B) were the first times that the national government used its power to protect labor unions. C) showed that if labor and management wanted to, they could resolve their differences. D) indicated that for the most part, the American people supported violent labor activity. E) were peaceful negotiations in which conflicts were settled between labor unions and management.

A. were extremely violent episodes in the conflict between labor unions and management.

21 Fundamental to the progressive movement was the: A) conviction that capitalism was outdated. B) belief that citizens could improve society. C) faith in the role of the individual in society. D) commitment to the ideals of social Darwinism. E) understanding that government only can foster change.

B. belief that citizens could improve society.

1 An extraordinary example of a complex and sophisticated mound-building society was: A) Athapascans. B) Hopewell. C) Lakota. D) Pequots. E) Zuni.

B) Hopewell.

1 When Europeans arrived in north America at the beginning of the sixteenth century: A) the native population was racially homogenous. B) Indians had developed a variety of disparate cultures and languages. C) Indians considered themselves a homogeneous culture with common origins. D) the native population was limited to the warmer regions of Mesoamerica. E) there were only a few thousand Indians and they spoke five basic languages.

B) Indians had developed a variety of disparate cultures and languages.

7 One result of the American Revolution was: A) an overall decline in the public's interest in politics. B) an expansion in the number of people engaged in politics. C) a severe restriction on who could participate in politics D) the belief that African Americans should have a role in politics. E) he belief that Indians should have a role in politics.

B) an expansion in the number of people engaged in politics.

3 The Puritans who settled in North America: A) placed little importance on education beyond the fundamentals of reading and writing. B) believed education was critical and quickly established a sophisticated education system. C) insisted that the only thing anybody needed to know was to be found in the Holy Bible. D) did not have families with them and saw no need to establish an education system. E) believed in education only within the home for fear of sinful influences in a public school

B) believed education was critical and quickly established a sophisticated education system.

3 During the seventeenth century, most migrants to the Chesapeake colonies: A) were slaves taken out of Africa. B) came as indentured servants. C) arrived as members of large families. D) were wealthy landowners and planters. E) arrived with their Protestant congregation.

B) came as indentured servants.

3 In early New England: A) political authority rested entirely in the hands of the directors of the various joint-stock companies. B) colonial practices shaped the development of political concepts that are fundamental to the United States. C) the Puritans established the first civil entities in history that allowed direct political involvement by women. D) religion prevailed over everything else, and the colonists never expressed any interest in political institutions. E) the colonists were split by religious ideologies and to elicit support began proselytizing the Indians.

B) colonial practices shaped the development of political concepts that are fundamental to the United States.

7 The most important element in the victory against Great Britain was the: A) innovative tactics of the state militias. B) commitment of the Continental Army. C) alliances with powerful Indian tribes. D) unequivocal support of all Americans. E) superior weaponry by the Americans.

B) commitment of the Continental Army.

6 In July 1775, the Second Continental Congress: A) declared the the colonies had a right to be, and were now, independent states. B) continued to look for a peaceful resolution between the colonies and England. C) called upon Parliament to depose King George III and thereby avert a war. D) formed a military alliance with France and signed trade agreements with Spain. E) opened with full participation from all of the British mainland colonies.

B) continued to look for a peaceful resolution between the colonies and England.

6 An important task facing the First Continental Congress was: A) defining the issues that would justify a declaration of independence from England. B) emphasizing the common cause Americans had without compromising local identities. C) funding the ongoing war that the patriots were fighting against the British military. D) creating a form of republican government that would ensure a more perfect union. E) creating a strong federal government at the expense of state autonomy.

B) emphasizing the common cause Americans had without compromising local identities.

8 An important goal of Alexander Hamilton was to: A) get the government to repudiate the states' and the nation's debt from the Revolution. B) establish the good credit of the new nation and to protect American manufacturers. C) acquire new territory to be the foundation to create an agrarian empire for liberty. D) make sure that John Adams was elected president once Washington left office. E) locate the nation's capital in Philadelphia in exchange for northern support of his fiscal policies.

B) establish the good credit of the new nation and to protect American manufacturers.

7 The Articles of Confederation: A) created a powerful central government with full authority to sustain and support the war effort. B) established a relatively weak central government that faced numerous challenges during the war. C) were a plan of government that the states used as a model when they wrote their own constitutions. D) proved so inadequate that in 1780, Congress replaced them with the Constitution of the United States. E) forged a strong central government that heavily taxed the states in order to pay debts from the war.

B) established a relatively weak central government that faced numerous challenges during the war.

1 The "miracle crops" that first emerged in North America were: A) cotton and indigo. B) maize and potatoes. C) beans and squash. D) barley and rye. E) wheat and rice.

B) maize and potatoes.

2 The English colony at Roanoke: A) became the model from subsequent European settlement in America. B) mysteriously disappeared within a few years of being established. C) eventually surrendered to Spanish military forces in 1595. D) succeeded only after moving inland to find a healthier climate. E) became profitable with the cash crop tobacco.

B) mysteriously disappeared within a few years of being established.

1 Recent archeological evidence has led some scholars to conclude that early migration in North America: A) relied on dog sleds to carry people over the vast glacial sheets that covered the continent. B) occurred by water as people used boats to travel along the western coastline of the continent. C) could not have taken place as long as the continent was covered by the vast glaciers of the Ice Age. D) was spurred by intense conflict among competing tribes. E) took place as human beings sought fertile lands to ensure the production of abundant food crops.

B) occurred by water as people used boats to travel along the western coastline of the continent.

6 During the mid- to late eighteenth century, many Americans came to believe in republicanism, a form of government that: A) guaranteed all people in America would be treated equally. B) proposed that individuals should have the greatest liberty possible. C) was based on the direct political participation of all white adults. D) advocated that the state should control all forms of economic activities. E) promoted a good society in which a strong state, controlled by a hereditary elite, kept a vicious and unruly people in line.

B) proposed that individuals should have the greatest liberty possible.

5 The Great Awakening: A) created the first true political and social consensus in the North American colonies. B) provided many Americans with their first opportunity to engage in public debate and action. C) introduced for the first time concepts of pietism and humility to the Christian faith. D) strengthened the influence of the social and economic elite in the American colonies. E) allowed for the introduction of women's rights and social advancement.

B) provided many Americans with their first opportunity to engage in public debate and action.

2 As a result of explorations of North America in the 1530s and 1540s, Spain: A) quickly accelerated its settlement of the region. B) showed little interest in the area for about fifty years. C) turned the territory over the English and the French. D) reversed its policy of converting natives to Christianity. E) rerouted its military to strictly mine for gold.

B) showed little interest in the area for about fifty years.

3 One result of the Glorious Revolution was: A) the creation of the Dominion of New England. B) the English Bill of Rights that protected civil liberties. C) the end of all royal colonies in North America. D) the dissolution of the monarchy in England. E) the abolishment of the New York assembly.

B) the English Bill of Rights that protected civil liberties.

5 The intellectual movement that led to a significant transformation in British North America was: A) pan-Americanism. B) the Enlightenment. C) Existentialism. D) the Scientific Revolution. E) the Renaissance.

B) the Enlightenment.

3 One reason the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 failed to drive the Spanish out of New Mexico permanently was: A) a traitor revealed the plot to Spanish authorities, and they were able to arrest rebel leaders before the uprising began. B) the Pueblo Indians had become so dependent on the Spanish for military protection from the Navaho and Apache tribes. C) their superior military allowed the Spanish to hold onto Santa Fé and thus maintain a strong presence in the area. D) in exchange for trade agreements, the Arapahoe and Comanche tribes entered into a military alliance with the Spanish. E) the Pueblo Indians offered the Spanish a white cross to surrender, which they did and the battle was prevented.

B) the Pueblo Indians had become so dependent on the Spanish for military protection from the Navaho and Apache tribes.

5 One striking thing about British North America in the 1700s was: A) that there was no poverty in the colonies. B) the presence of a dynamic middle class. C) how wealthy all the settlers had become. D) the emergence of a classless society. E) that social mobility was highly dejected.

B) the presence of a dynamic middle class.

8 The most important result of Shay's Rebellion was: A) that it guaranteed the independence of the United States of America. B) the response by Americans who wanted a stronger national government. C) the creation of Maine as a state out of territory claimed by Massachusetts. D) the confirmation that the national government could ensue law and order. E) that taxes were cut to ensure growth and expansion across the new nation.

B) the response by Americans who wanted a stronger national government.

4 One reason that South Carolina embraced African slavery early in the colony's history is: A) there were no Indians in the region that could be forced into slavery. B) the role that Africans played in the production of indigo and rice. C) the expansion of tobacco production in the state could not have taken place without corresponding growth in the size of the slave labor force. D) that Europeans could not survive in the heat and humidity of the region. E) the importance of large-scale cotton production in the American South.

B) the role that Africans played in the production of indigo and rice.

8 Jeffersonian Republicans played an important role in establishing a free press in the United States by: A) establishing the first partisan newspaper. B) their actions in opposing the Sedition Act. C) passing the First Amendment to the Constitution. D) creating the position of White House Press Secretary. E) appointing liberal judges to the Supreme Court.

B) their actions in opposing the Sedition Act.

11 The proposals that Henry Clay advocated came to be known as the: A) New Nationalism. B) American System. C) Age of Democracy. D) Industrial Revolution. E) Era of Enlightenment.

B. American System

17 The southern laws designed to keep former slaves in a virtual state of servitude were known as: A) Agricultural laws. B) Black codes. C) Reconstruction Acts. D) Slave codes. E) Jim Crow laws.

B. Black codes.

29 The musician who articulated many of the problems facing American society during the 1960s was: A) Pat Boone. B) Bob Dylan. C) Ricky Nelson. D) Elvis Presley. E) Paul McCarthy.

B. Bob Dylan.

13 The area of upstate New York that experienced numerous waves of reform was known as the: A) Bucktail Region. B) Burned-Over District. C) Empire State. D) Heartland. E) Adirondacks.

B. Burned-Over District.

14 The joint occupation of Oregon was an agreement between the United States and: A) France. B) Great Britain. C) Mexico. D) Russia. E) Spain.

B. Great Britain.

12 As industrial production became more common in the United States: A) Americans began to work longer hours than they had in the past. B) attitudes toward the nature of work and leisure changed profoundly. C) social divisions between the wealthy and the working class disappeared. D) employees found that they never had time to do anything except work. E) workers found it easier to balance their work and leisure time.

B. attitudes toward the nature of work and leisure changed profoundly.

29 In 1968: A) the racial and antiwar violence that had characterized the early 1960s came to an end. B) Martin Luther King, Jr. and presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy were assassinated. C) the success of Lyndon Johnson's programs brought the civil rights movement to an end. D) violent race riots and antiwar demonstrations broke out for the first time in American history. E) President John F. Kennedy and civil rights leader Malcolm X were assassinated.

B. Martin Luther King, Jr. and presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy were assassinated.

13 The first American college to allow African American and female students was: A) Harvard. B) Oberlin. C) William and Mary. D) Yale. E) Bowdoin.

B. Oberlin.

26 The Truman Doctrine was based on the concept that the: A) United States should remain strictly and impartially neutral in international affairs. B) United States should intervene in other nations to stop the spread of communism. C) English and the French should assume responsibility for events in the Middle East. D) Soviet Union no longer posed the military threat that it had at the end of World War II. E) United States would not intervene in global conflicts without United Nations support.

B. United States should intervene in other nations to stop the spread of communism.

26 One intriguing result of cold war tensions may have been: A) a sharp drop in the number of people who went outside at night. B) a dramatic increase in the sightings of unidentified flying objects. C) the first contact between human beings and extraterrestrial beings. D) the overwhelming fear that human beings are all alone in the universe. E) the fears of aliens grew as claims poured in that aliens were Communist.

B. a dramatic increase in the sightings of unidentified flying objects.

29 The "Watergate Incident" was: A) a rather minor event that the press overemphasized. B) a series of events that led to the downfall of Richard Nixon. C) President Nixon's decision to give up the Panama Canal. D) the first time in history that a president faced impeachment. E) a secret military operation orchestrated by Richard Nixon.

B. a series of events that led to the downfall of Richard Nixon.

27 President Dwight D. Eisenhower: A) enacted policies that undid most of the domestic reforms established during the New Deal. B) accepted the idea that the national government had some responsibility for social welfare. C) greatly expanded the role the national government played in regulating business activity. D) often cut taxes or increased spending in order to ensure a healthy domestic economy. E) rejected ideas that the national government was responsible for social welfare, only defense.

B. accepted the idea that the national government had some responsibility for social welfare.

19 The American Federation of Labor: A) worked to dismantle the factory system and return to artisan production. B) appealed to skilled workers and concentrated on improving their wages. C) advocated a profit-sharing program that would eliminate the wage system. D) proved unsuccessful because it openly supported radical social changes. E) appealed to unskilled workers in hopes of gaining newly arrived immigrants.

B. appealed to skilled workers and concentrated on improving their wages.

22 In 1917, the Bolshevik Revolution: A) established a moderate Austrian government. B) brought radical Marxists to power in Russia. C) overthrew Kaiser William II and ended the war. D) led to the breakup of the Ottoman Empire. E) led to a fascist government in Italy.

B. brought radical Marxists to power in Russia.

27 During the Kennedy administration: A) American military forces defeated the Communist-led insurgency in Vietnam. B) conditions in American-supported South Vietnam deteriorated dramatically. C) Indochina split into Communist North Vietnam and democratic South Vietnam. D) the United States intervened for the first time in the conflict in Vietnam. E) Americans had no stance or influence on the nation of Vietnam.

B. conditions in American-supported South Vietnam deteriorated dramatically.

19 Thorstein Veblen described the wealthy class's extravagance as: A) ostentatious display. B) conspicuous consumption. C) the good life. D) money for nothing. E) vainly ridiculous.

B. conspicuous consumption.

19 An important manufacturing innovation at the end of the nineteenth century was: A) interchangeable parts. B) continuous production. C) division of labor. D) steam power. E) supply-chain management.

B. continuous production.

23 The immigration laws of 1921 and 1924: A) worked very effectively to prohibit all immigration into the United States. B) created complex quota systems to restrict immigration to the United States. C) allowed for the first time the legal immigration of Asians into the United States. D) encouraged people from southern and eastern Europe to migrate to the United States. E) halted all immigration to the United States though the early 1930s.

B. created complex quota systems to restrict immigration to the United States.

9 John Quincy Adams's most successful effort as secretary of state: A) was to bring about a successful end to the War of 1812 against England. B) dealt with Spain over Florida and the American border with Spanish territory. C) was using the Monroe Doctrine to force European powers to give up their colonies. D) guaranteed Americans the right to use the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans. E) was the fixed border with France at the 49th parallel that resolved U.S. claims to Oregon.

B. dealt with Spain over Florida and the American border with Spanish territory

31 The 2000 presidential election was: A) the first to be decided by the U.S. House of Representatives. B) decided by a partisan vote of the U.S. Supreme Court. C) an over whelming popular and electoral victory for George W. Bush. D) ultimately decided in favor of Al Gore, Jr. but by then it was too late. E) determined by the re-casting of votes within the state of Florida.

B. decided by a partisan vote of the U.S. Supreme Court.

15 In the Dred Scott decision, Chief Justice Roger Taney: A) restored the Missouri Compromise line that had been overturned by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. B) declared that African Americans were not citizens of the United States and had no legal rights. C) wrote that only Congress had the authority to prohibit the expansion of slavery into new territories. D) announced that slaves who had lived in a free territory had to be emancipated with all due haste. E) declared that states were to leave the issue of slavery to popular sovereignty, letting the people decide its fate.

B. declared that African Americans were not citizens of the United States and had no legal rights.

27 One important legacy of John F. Kennedy's New Frontier was: A) getting the powerful national government off the backs of the American people. B) dramatically strengthening the power of the executive branch of government. C) diminishing the role the federal government played in stimulating the economy. D) implementing liberal reforms such as creating a national Medicare program. E) creating drastic public policy reform such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

B. dramatically strengthening the power of the executive branch of government.

30 In 1973, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: A) produced more petroleum than they could refine and gasoline prices rose sharply. B) embargoed oil shipments to the United States because of American support for Israel. C) increased production in order to ensure stable oil prices and to encourage economic growth. D) announced that each member could determine how much petroleum to sell to the United States. E) decreased oil production in an effort to consume oil and preserve the environment.

B. embargoed oil shipments to the United States because of American support for Israel.

17 The Reconstruction era: A) guaranteed the freed slaves political and social equality. B) failed to provide former slaves full and complete freedom. C) was more successful than earlier historians realized. D) did nothing to help former slaves as they gained freedom. E) gave birth to the civil rights movement.

B. failed to provide former slaves full and complete freedom.

22 The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution: A) called for the direct election of U.S. Senators. B) gave Congress the authority to enact prohibition. C) established the income tax and created the IRS. D) guaranteed equal social rights for all Americans. E) gave Congress the authority to repeal prohibition.

B. gave Congress the authority to enact prohibition.

31 The 2003 invasion of Iraq: A) is the most widely supported war in the history of the United States B) generated strong domestic and international opposition to the conflict. C) has led to more antiwar demonstrations than any war in American history. D) revealed that the American military was not capable of fighting a land war. E) was fully supported by U.S. allies France, Russia, and Germany.

B. generated strong domestic and international opposition to the conflict.

24 One result of President Franklin Roosevelt's "court- packing" bill was: A) to alter dramatically the organization of the U. S. Supreme Court. B) growing resistance by conservative Democrats to the New Deal. C) direct control of the federal government over the state courts. D) a significant increase in the Senate's support of the New Deal. E) to allow more ethnic diversity in the members of the Supreme Court.

B. growing resistance by conservative Democrats to the New Deal.

27 Between 1950 and 1960: A) the number of men who attended college increased but the number of women declined. B) higher education expanded and began to focus on research work and graduate education. C) the United States placed greater emphasis on technical training than on college education. D) for the first time the number of women attending college was higher than the number of men. E) few Americans enrolled into higher education as it did not convey any immediate or necessary benefits.

B. higher education expanded and began to focus on research work and graduate education.

9 The inauguration of President Thomas Jefferson was a significant occasion because: A) he was the first president to be elected by popular vote of the American people. B) it marked the peaceful transition of power from one political party to another. C) it was such a complete and radical break with the previous administrations. D) he initiated the era in American history known as Radical Republicanism. E) it marked the first slave owner and southern president into the presidency.

B. it marked the peaceful transition of power from one political party to another

16 Crucial to the Union's ultimate victory was: A) the rapid defeat and occupation of Texas. B) its campaigns along the Mississippi River. C) recapturing the Ohio River Valley. D) the early defeat of Stand Watie. E) preventing Confederate forces on the Erie Canal.

B. its campaigns along the Mississippi River.

14 During the California Gold Rush: A) most prospectors struck it rich because of the abundant surface gold. B) large-scale companies came to dominate most of the mining activities. C) the city of Los Angeles quickly became the largest community in the territory. D) most folks found that there were few good economic opportunities available. E) most people found wealth that trickled over into a rich community development.

B. large-scale companies came to dominate most of the mining activities.

24 One result of the Depression in the southwestern United States was: A) the bracero program to use Mexicans as farm workers. B) large-scale deportation of Mexicans and Mexican Americans. C) a sharp increase in the number of Mexicans entering the country. D) the opening of free trade between the United States and Mexico. E) the easing of race relations between Mexican Americans and whites.

B. large-scale deportation of Mexicans and Mexican Americans.

21 The progressive movement: A) did not appeal to American intellectuals because they did not believe society could reform. B) led to changes in intellectual concepts as well as in social ideals and political practices. C) introduced the idea of survival of the fittest into American society, economics, and politics. D) strengthened traditional ways of thinking because intellectuals had always been innovative. E) denounced intellectuals as elitists and morally unethically anti-Christian.

B. led to changes in intellectual concepts as well as in social ideals and political practices.

15 When President-elect Lincoln arrived in Washington, D.C.: A) he had the whole-hearted admiration and the unequivocal support of the American people. B) many people feared that he lacked the leadership skills necessary to meet the developing crisis. C) he ordered a military parade in his own honor. D) most northerners agreed with his announcement that secessionists were enemies of the state and should be treated as such. E) four southern states had already seceded from the Union.

B. many people feared that he lacked the leadership skills necessary to meet the developing crisis.

18 By the late 1800s: A) people in the western United States were so patriotic that they never expressed any dissatisfaction. B) many westerners had become deeply discontented with federal policies and eastern capitalists. C) westerners increasingly resented the influence that the former Confederate states had in the government. D) western farmers appreciated the role that financiers played in protecting the interests of all Americans. E) many westerners had become increasingly impatient with local policies and a lack of concern or address by the federal government.

B. many westerners had become deeply discontented with federal policies and eastern capitalists.

21 During the progressive era: A) American women for the first time gained political and social equality with men. B) many women found themselves assuming a new, more active, role in public life. C) feminists realized that there was no real hope for improving the place of women. D) men dominated the movement and women did very little to bring about reforms. E) women, for the first time, earned the same wages as their male counterparts.

B. many women found themselves assuming a new, more active, role in public life.

20 Creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887: A) was the result of the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment. B) marked an important shift of power to the national government. C) gave the states the power to regulate most business activities. D) had little real influence on the power of the national government. E) had little real influence on the power of the state government.

B. marked an important shift of power to the national government.

24 The Franklin Roosevelt administration: A) was the longest in American history but had little substantive influence on politics in the United States. B) marked the beginning of a forty-year period in which the Democrats were the nation's major party. C) was the first time in American history that the president was able to assert personal influence on policy. D) was not as effective as it might have been since the Republicans continued to control the Senate. E) marked the end of a forty-year period in which the Republicans were the nation's major party.

B. marked the beginning of a forty-year period in which the Democrats were the nation's major party.

25 When the war ended in Europe in May 1945: A) Adolf Hitler was placed on trial as a war criminal. B) millions of people had died as a result of the conflict. C) American forces occupied all of Germany. D) the conflict had produced relatively few casualties. E) Japan quickly surrendered after they saw their ally beaten.

B. millions of people had died as a result of the conflict.

15 As the United States entered the 1850s: A) Americans in both sections of the nation had realistic perceptions of the North and the South. B) northerners and southerners tended to view each other from vastly different perspectives. C) despite differences between North and South, most folks still considered themselves to be alike. D) southerners had a distorted view of the North, but most northerners had an accurate view of the South. E) northerners had a distorted view of the South, but most southerners had an accurate view of the North.

B. northerners and southerners tended to view each other from vastly different perspectives.

21 Between 1900 and 1917: A) reformers paid little attention to education because the United States had the best schools in the world. B) numerous changes occurred in attitudes toward and the implementation of public education in America. C) progressives created a federal department of education to oversee school reforms throughout the country. D) most Americans recognized for the first time the importance of establishing a free public school system. E) no major changes were made in regards to educational reform in the United States.

B. numerous changes occurred in attitudes toward and the implementation of public education in America.

16 During the Civil War, President Lincoln: A) worked to ensure that all Americans enjoyed the constitutional protections of due process of law. B) occasionally violated Americans' civil rights based on what he considered national security requirements. C) ordered that everybody who expressed any sympathy for the South should be drafted or imprisoned. D) totally disregarded the Constitution's guarantee of due process of law and made the nation a dictatorship. E) structured that all slave holders in the border states be imprisoned without trial for the remainder of the war.

B. occasionally violated Americans' civil rights based on what he considered national security requirements.

31 President George Herbert Walker Bush: A) believed that he should continue all of the policies and programs of the Reagan administration. B) offered the promise of a more compassionate administration than that of Ronald Reagan. C) faced economic problems but had very few international concerns during his administration. D) barely won election in 1988 and never had significant support from the American people. E) promised a more liberal administration regarding the economy and social welfare than that of the Ronald Regan.

B. offered the promise of a more compassionate administration than that of Ronald Reagan.

13 Social reformers in the United States: A) insisted that all people should be free to direct their own behavior. B) often felt the need to impose their ideals and principles on Americans. C) believed that deviant people were incapable of improving their lives. D) understood that religious tolerance was crucial to moral behavior. E) ascribed to the belief that human nature was inherently wicked.

B. often felt the need to impose their ideals and principles on Americans.

9 Government policies regarding Indians: A) ensured that Native Americans assimilated easily into American culture and society. B) often led to a cycle of white encroachment, Indian resistance, and ultimately tribal defeat. C) guaranteed the survival of native cultures by guaranteeing Indians western reservations. D) tried to protect native societies by prohibiting national expansion beyond the Arkansas River. E) remained loyal to the Indian Intercourse Act of 1790, despite strong political opposition.

B. often led to a cycle of white encroachment, Indian resistance, and ultimately tribal defeat

24 As a result of the Great Depression: A) Republicans capitalized on Democratic failures to win the support of organized labor. B) organized labor became a primary component of the Democratic Party for a number of years. C) radical unions established the Labor Party to gain the political support of working-class Americans. D) labor unions gained most of their goals and did not have to play an active part in national politics. E) Republicans gained political control against the Democrats in the 1932 presidential election of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

B. organized labor became a primary component of the Democratic Party for a number of years.

23 In the years following World War I: A) labor unions experienced a sharp growth in membership. B) organized labor faced an increasingly hostile environment. C) the majority of American workers joined a labor union. D) the Supreme Court outlawed collective bargaining. E) factory workers saw a drastic deterioration in their working conditions.

B. organized labor faced an increasingly hostile environment.

10 The ideology that southerners developed to rationalize their treatment of slaves was: A) nihilism. B) paternalism. C) rationalism. D) utilitarianism. E) absolutism.

B. paternalism

9 The expansion of the United States across the North American continent: A) had little influence on the nation's history prior to the Civil War. B) profoundly shaped the nation's history between 1800 and 1850. C) was most significant during the Washington and Adams administrations. D) created an empire for liberty that benefited everybody in the United States. E) began with Jefferson's presidency and ended under Jackson's administration.

B. profoundly shaped the nation's history between 1800 and 1850

12 The new focus on sentimentalism in America: A) meant that people were always expected to express their feelings. B) provided a social code of appropriate behavior for the middle class. C) demanded that men be more sensitive to the emotional needs of women. D) was a feminine experience that had little social influence on men or children. E) taught children of all classes their gender and educational expectations.

B. provided a social code of appropriate behavior for the middle class.

17 The Compromise of 1877: A) indicated that the Republican Party remained firmly committed to the ideals of equality. B) rejected the concept that the federal government would protect the rights of all Americans. C) effectively destroyed the Republican Party and ensured the resurgence of the Democrats. D) meant that the Civil War had no real lasting influence on American society and culture. E) marked the beginning of the second stage of reconstruction.

B. rejected the concept that the federal government would protect the rights of all Americans.

16 During the Civil War: A) most northerners protested against conscription laws because they believed the war was immoral and should end quickly. B) resistance to conscription revealed that there were deep class resentments and sharp racial differences in the United States. C) southern patriotism was so strong that folks in the Confederacy never questioned the government's policies on conscription. D) the New York Draft Riots were so successful that they led to a sharp drop in the number of people who supported the war. E) the support of universal conscription demonstrated that the northern patriotism never questioned the fairness of the government's policies on conscription.

B. resistance to conscription revealed that there were deep class resentments and sharp racial differences in the United States.

26 The election of 1948: A) was the first time the Republicans won control of Congress since the election of Franklin Roosevelt. B) returned Harry Truman to the presidency and restored a Democratic majority to both houses of Congress. C) turned out to be the closest and most controversial presidential election in the history of the United States. D) gave the Republicans the presidency but Congress remained under the control of the Democratic Party. E) gave the Democrats the presidency but Congress remained under the control of the Republican Party.

B. returned Harry Truman to the presidency and restored a Democratic majority to both houses of Congress.

20 As the twentieth century began, America's policy toward China was shaped by the violent uprising known as: A) the Manchurian Riot. B) the Boxer Rebellion. C) Fifty-five Days at Peking. D) the Long March. E) Tienanmen Square.

B. the Boxer Rebellion.

17 By the end of Reconstruction: A) the Republican Party had established a power base in the South that lasted until the 1930s. B) the Democratic Party had regained political control over all the former Confederate states. C) most of the southern states had established a viable two-party system for the very first time. D) the vast majority of southerners had been disfranchised and could not vote for either party. E) southern Republicanism proved to demonstrate the advantages of party stability.

B. the Democratic Party had regained political control over all the former Confederate states.

25 Following his reelection in 1940, President Roosevelt proposed a major effort to help the Allies known as: A) cash-and-carry. B) the Lend-Lease Act. C) massive retaliation. D) the Roosevelt doctrine. E) Big Stick diplomacy.

B. the Lend-Lease Act.

10 The organization of slave labor on large plantations came to be known as: A) the three-field system. B) the gang system. C) the task system. D) the American system. E) the feudal system.

B. the gang system

10 From 1790 until the 1840s: A) most southerners owned either a large or small plantation, and the planter class was the largest to own slaves. B) the largest group of slave owners were small independent farmers hoping to improve their economic circumstances. C) although few southerners owned large numbers of slaves, almost all white males owned at least one bondsman. D) most slaves lived on small farms that operated with just a few slaves, who usually worked alongside their owners. E) most large slave owners rented out their slaves to small farmers to assist land cultivation and increase production.

B. the largest group of slave owners were small independent farmers hoping to improve their economic circumstances

30 Between 1970 and 1979: A) women for the first time obtained equal pay for equal work. B) the number of women living in poverty increased dramatically. C) new laws guaranteed economic equity for divorced women. D) poverty among women was eliminated in the United States. E) women were not affected by the economic policies of the time.

B. the number of women living in poverty increased dramatically.

18 A significant change in American agriculture that occurred after 1870 was: A) the rapid growth in subsistence farming as a result of the depressions of the 1870s and the 1890s. B) the shift away from producing primarily for local trade and toward growing for an international market. C) the dominance of small family farms as most agricultural operations began under the Homestead Act. D) a decline in overall agricultural production and an increasing need to import food into the United States. E) the decline in the overall demand for agricultural products as a result of a decreasing American population.

B. the shift away from producing primarily for local trade and toward growing for an international market.

11 During his administration, Andrew Jackson: A) introduced the first use of the presidential veto. B) used the presidential veto quite frequently. C) declared presidential vetoes unconstitutional. D) relied on the veto less than had previous presidents. E) was restricted in his role as president by veto quotas.

B. used the presidential veto quite frequently

28 The foundation for the modern civil rights movement: A) came with the social and political reforms of the progressive era. B) was World War II and the immediate aftermath of that conflict. C) was the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case. D) emerged in 1960 with the presidency of John F. Kennedy. E) came with New Deal legislation and the social issues it presented.

B. was World War II and the immediate aftermath of that conflict.

28 The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965: A) eliminated the use of quota systems to determine who could immigrate to the United States. B) was intended to end some of the problems associated with the immigration laws of the 1920s. C) outlawed legal immigration to the United States and forced people to enter the country illegally. D) was an anomaly since it was in complete opposition to the principles of the civil rights movement. E) halted immigration until the government could solve the problems associated with the civil rights movement.

B. was intended to end some of the problems associated with the immigration laws of the 1920s.

28 The sit-in movement: A) was the first time that liberal white Americans had supported the civil rights movement. B) was primarily an effort by African American college students to end racial discrimination. C) focused attention on the deep racial and social discrimination that existed in the North. D) turned violent and undermined the effort to end racial discrimination in the United States. E) was mainly an effort by middle-aged northerners to immediately end Jim Crow laws.

B. was primarily an effort by African American college students to end racial discrimination.

6 The English response to rebellious activity in Massachusetts was the: A) Force Bill. B) Declaratory Act. C) Coercive Acts. D) Quartering Bill. E) Townshend Acts.

C) Coercive Acts.

6 As a result of the Seven Year's War: A) Great Britain acquired all of the territory east of the Mississippi River except Florida. B) the French gave up claims to Canada by continued to hold the Mississippi Valley. C) France relinquished to England and Spain all claim to territories in North America. D) Spain obtained Florida, England took Louisiana, and the French kept Canada. E) France relinquished all claims to territories in America, but retained their Canadian provinces.

C) France relinquished to England and Spain all claim to territories in North America.

1 The oldest continuously inhabited communities in the United States are occupied by the: A) Apaches. B) Cherokees. C) Pueblos. D) Shoshone. E) Athapascans.

C) Pueblos.

5 One of the first Americans to advocate religious toleration was: A) William Bradford. B) Cotton Mather. C) Roger Williams. D) John Winthrop. E) John Locke.

C) Roger Williams.

3 The French agent who who helped establish French relations with the huron tribe was: A) Bernard de la Harpe. B) Robert Cavalier, Sieur de LaSalle. C) Samuel de Champlain. D) Denise Diderot. E) John Cabot.

C) Samuel de Champlain.

2 The early French efforts in America were based on commerce, especially the trade in: A) forest products. B) gold and silver. C) animal furs. D) food stuffs. E) tobacco and sugar.

C) animal furs.

2 With the significant international exchange that occurred after 1492, the three important crops transplanted to the New World were: A) chocolate, corn, and tobacco. B) apples, potatoes, and wheat. C) coffee, rice, and sugar. D) cloves, nutmeg, and pepper. E) cotton, vanilla, and pumpkin.

C) coffee, rice, and sugar.

8 Regarding the development of politics in the United States: A) the major political parties are specifically described in the Constitution that created the republic. B) in its original form the Constitution specifically prohibited the establishment of any political parties emerged early in the history of the nation. C) despite the fears that many people felt, political parties emerged early in the history of the nation. D) initially there were a number of parties, but those eventually evolved into the two-party system of today. E) political parties were not formed until the mid nineteenth century regarding the nations division over slavery.

C) despite the fears that many people felt, political parties emerged early in the history of the nation.

8 As the United States entered the 1800s: A) the young republic had entered into an era of unprecedented consensus and unity. B) most of the significant issues that the nation faced in the 1780s remained unresolved. C) despite the successes of the new nation, many issues continued to divide Americans. D) the country was about to face the most severe crisis in American constitutional history. E) the nation struggled to make peace with adversaries abroad and Indians at home.

C) despite the successes of the new nation, many issues continued to divide Americans.

1 Christopher Columbus: A) discovered a truly new world. B) had little real influence on history. C) established contact between two old worlds. D) was the first European to visit North America. E) helped other Europeans understand the history of North America.

C) established contact between two old worlds.

5 The Chesapeake settlements and the colonies of the Lower South were: A) fairly urban with the vast majority of the people living in the major coastal cities. B) populated primarily by imported African slaves working on the large plantations. C) ethnically diverse because of the presence of Africans, Europeans, and Indians. D) for the most part biracial since most of the Indians had been completely wiped out. E) densely populated and shifted movement to the coast to escape Indian attacks.

C) ethnically diverse because of the presence of Africans, Europeans, and Indians.

5 During the eighteenth century: A) the colonies of England, France, and Spain remained similar to each other in their political and social experiences. B) sharp decreases in the populations of all of the European regions of North America retarded political development. C) for a variety of reasons the British colonies began to differ socially and politically from New France and New Spain. D) France's tolerance toward Indians created stability in New France, and that region was the most populated in America. E) English reluctance to deplete their population at home limited the migration of their own subjects in North America.

C) for a variety of reasons the British colonies began to differ socially and politically from New France and New Spain.

8 The Constitution of the United States: A) outlawed slavery in any newly acquired territory. B) did not deal at all with slavery-related issues. C) guaranteed the continuation of slavery in the South. D) prohibited slavery north of the Mason-Dixon line. E) freed slaves for individuals born after 1800.

C) guaranteed the continuation of slavery in the South.

1 The largest Indian populations in North America were: A) dependent on the rich ocean resources of the Pacific Northwest. B) the Plains Indians who benefited from the vast herds of bison. C) in the farming areas of the Southwest, South, and Northeast. D) found in the Great Basin, the Rocky Mountains, and the Sierra Nevada. E) reliant on a hunter-gatherer lifestyle for subsistence.

C) in the farming areas of the Southwest, South, and Northeast.

2 The key to understanding the events that occurred during the generation after 1492 is: A) appreciating how little the discovery of America actually influenced. Europe until the early 1600s. B) realizing that Europe had been stagnant for centuries and how quickly things changed in the 1400s. C) recognizing the transformation Europe experienced in the centuries prior to Columbus's voyage. D) knowing that the discovery of America created a abrupt and total decline in traditional European culture. E) comprehending how insignificantly the discovery of America actually influenced Europe until the reformation in the 1500s.

C) recognizing the transformation Europe experienced in the centuries prior to Columbus's voyage.

2 The military tradition that influenced Spanish attitudes toward expansion was based on the: A) apachería. B) hacienda. C) reconquista. D) zapateca. E) encomienda.

C) reconquista.

3 Following the Stuart Restoration in 1660, King Charles II: A) expressed little or no interesting the colonial affairs of North America. B) continued the colonial policies enacted during the Puritan Commonwealth. C) showed great interest in North America by establishing several proprietary colonies. D) tried to have most colonies re-chartered as joint-stock companies in order to tax them. E) hoped to rid England of the colonies declaring New England "poor, cold, and useless."

C) showed great interest in North America by establishing several proprietary colonies.

7 As the American Revolution was fought in the South: A) slaves were used as laborers but not as soldiers. B) several states emancipated all of their slaves. C) slaves supported the war effort in a variety of ways. D) the English refused to recruit African Americans. E) conditions of slavery improved for fear of a slave rebellion.

C) slaves supported the war effort in a variety of ways.

7 In the years following the Revolution: A) major economic problems led most people to resent any effort to centralize government. B) state governments proved to be ideally suited to face any economic problems that arose. C) the United States faced serious economic problems that severely tested the young nation. D) things went well for the United States and no major crisis occurred until the Panic of 1819. E) the United States was excelling economically, but controversy was ignited over the question of slavery.

C) the United States faced serious economic problems that severely tested the young nation.

4 The fundamental principle of mercantilism is that: A) individuals should be free to pursue their own economic interest to ensure the wealth of the nation. B) free and open trade is the best way to guarantee the economic activity that makes a nation powerful. C) the wealth of a nation is based on the amount of the gold and silver specie that a nation accumulates. D) there is no real correlation between government policies and the economic success of the nation. E) open competition weeds out weaker nations, allowing those superior nations to take control of markets.

C) the wealth of a nation is based on the amount of the gold and silver specie that a nation accumulates.

8 In the early years of the republic, Spain: A) enjoyed friendly relations with the United States. B) initiated a war over American access to the Caribbean. C) took steps to block American expansion to the West. D) recognized American control over the Mississippi River. E) allied with Great Britain to halt competing American trade.

C) took steps to block American expansion to the West.

6 The constitutional debate that arose out of the Stamp Act Crisis was about: A) modern democracy versus traditional republicanism B) separation of power and term limits in government, C) virtual representation and actual representation. D) monarchial rulers versus participatory government. E) the enumerated powers of congress.

C) virtual representation and actual representation.

7 In negotiating an end to the Revolutionary War, American delegates: A) allowed the French to take the lead in diplomatic discussions that ultimately led to a treaty with England. B) entered into a three-party pact with France and Spain to ensure that all the nations' interests were met. C) were quite successful in representing their interests and in gaining a treaty favorable to the new nation. D) found that the English would not meet with them unless representatives from France were also present. E) granted the English may of their requests and humiliated the weaknesses of the new American government.

C) were quite successful in representing their interests and in gaining a treaty favorable to the new nation.

24 Beginning with the New Deal: A) the policy toward Indians was that they should assimilate into Anglo culture. B) the national government closed down almost all the Indian reservations. C) American Indians gained more tribal rights and greater control over tribal lands. D) Congress passed laws allowing all Indians to return to their ancient tribal lands. E) the government stopped legislation to regulate Indian consumption during the Depression.

C. American Indians gained more tribal rights and greater control over tribal lands.

31 Between 1988 and 1993: A) the government prevented any terrorist attack from occurring in the United States. B) the only terrorist threats to Americans were to soldiers ser ving in the Middle East. C) Americans first came to realize that terrorism could pose a direct threat to them. D) the only terrorist danger was from fundamentalist Islamists attacking Americans. E) terrorists attacks were not yet a concern to the American people.

C. Americans first came to realize that terrorism could pose a direct threat to them.

15 The federal legislation that pushed the national party system into crisis was the: A) Dawes Severalty Act. B) Compromise of 1850. C) Kansas-Nebraska Act. D) Gadsden Purchase Act. E) Homestead Act.

C. Kansas-Nebraska Act.

11 The nation's approach to Indian policy rested primarily on the idea of: A) treating the Indians as fairly and humanely as possible since they were the first Americans. B) protecting native culture by creating reservations near the Indians' traditional homelands. C) Native-American assimilation into white culture or the removal of the Native Americans to western lands. D) the racial superiority of white Americans and the extermination of all the Native-American tribes. E) relocating the Native Americans and giving them U.S. land to establish their own self-ruled country.

C. Native-American assimilation into white culture or the removal of the Native Americans to western lands

15 When the territorial government of Kansas submitted the LeCompton Constitution to Congress: A) President James Buchanan promised to veto it if congressmen accepted its pro-slavery position. B) Senator Stephen Douglas supported its passage since it represented the will of the voters in Kansas. C) Senator Stephen Douglas's position led to deep divisions that threatened to destroy the Democratic Party. D) the proposal quickly passed both houses and Kansas was welcomed into the Union as a pro-slavery state. E) President James Buchanan supported the constitution fearing the loss of the support of northern Republicans.

C. Senator Stephen Douglas's position led to deep divisions that threatened to destroy the Democratic Party.

20 The "splendid little war" described by John Hay was the: A) Indian Wars. B) Filipino Insurrection. C) Spanish-American War. D) Bay of Pigs Invasion. E) Cuban Missile Crisis.

C. Spanish-American War.

18 The future president of the United States who symbolized the legendary American West was: A) Grover Cleveland. B) William McKinley. C) Theodore Roosevelt. D) Woodrow Wilson. E) William Taft.

C. Theodore Roosevelt.

30 An important event in 1979 that helped increase concerns for the environment was: A) the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency as a cabinet-level agency. B) the eruption of Mount St. Helens and the air pollution that resulted from the explosion. C) a breakdown in the cooling system at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant. D) a severe drought that created the worst ecological disaster since the Dust Bowl. E) the first scientific discovery supporting the theory of global warming and ozone destruction.

C. a breakdown in the cooling system at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant.

11 During the 1820s and 1830s: A) most Americans came to realize that the United States was now truly one nation under God. B) the sectional differences that existed earlier in the nation's history were completely resolved. C) a sense of national identity coincided with the emergence of powerful sectional differences. D) Americans came to mistrust the ideals of nationalism because of Andrew Jackson's policies. E) sectionalism replaced all thoughts of nationalism that were clearly expressed in the two major political parties.

C. a sense of national identity coincided with the emergence of powerful sectional differences

27 During the 1950s: A) tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union no longer influenced American life. B) a post-World War II depression undermined the economic gains Americans enjoyed in the 1940s. C) an increasingly affluent society and continuing cold war tensions shaped American society. D) Americans came to realize that more money had to be devoted to public needs such as schools. E) Americans began focusing less on international relations and more on issues such as the environment and universal healthcare.

C. an increasingly affluent society and continuing cold war tensions shaped American society.

13 John P. Parker felt tremendous pride because: A) despite being outnumbered, the slaves with him were willing to stand their ground and fight for freedom. B) as he led slaves to freedom they refused to kill white people even though they had the chance to do so. C) an unmarried slave was willing to be captured to allow a married slave to accompany his wife to freedom. D) so many white southerners openly risked their lives to help slaves run away on the underground railroad. E) his grandfather was responsible for creating the Underground Railroad and died for the cause.

C. an unmarried slave was willing to be captured to allow a married slave to accompany his wife to freedom.

21 Early in the 1900s, the American Federation of Labor: A) merged with other unions to form the International Workers of the World. B) lost members because of the prosperity that followed the Depression of 1893. C) became the largest and most influential labor union in the United States. D) increasingly advocated radical reforms such as ending the wage system. E) slowly declined in its membership due to fears of a communist influence.

C. became the largest and most influential labor union in the United States.

10 As the United States approached the 1850s: A) most southerners had lost faith in the Union and were ready to secede from the nation. B) the South regained the political influence it had enjoyed earlier in the nation's history. C) because of its commitment to slavery the South's role in national politics began to change. D) most southerners realized that the slave system was antiquated and would soon end. E) the South began a defense system to protect itself from northern hostility to slavery.

C. because of its commitment to slavery the South's role in national politics began to change

19 By the beginning of the 1900s: A) most American businesses were still family owned and operated. B) federal anti-monopoly laws had retarded the growth of big business. C) businesses, depending on large-scale investments, had organized and formed vast corporations. D) every business enterprise in America was a giant corporation. E) the United States had fallen significantly behind in terms of industrial technology.

C. businesses, depending on large-scale investments, had organized and formed vast corporations.

17 The Depression of 1873 resulted from: A) a collapse in the real estate market that undermined state banks. B) an increase in foreign imports that forced American factories to close. C) commercial overexpansion and speculative investment in railroads. D) the expansion of federal currency in circulation that led to inflation. E) the international decrease in demand for manufactured goods.

C. commercial overexpansion and speculative investment in railroads.

12 An important characteristic of industrial production was the: A) division of profits between owners, workers, and investors. B) seasonal and familial cycles that shaped production. C) concentration and centralization of the workforce. D) number of African Americans employed in factories. E) the effectiveness of the organized labor movement.

C. concentration and centralization of the workforce.

11 The Second American Party System: A) was a political confrontation between Federalists and Republicans. B) strengthened the political environment that had developed during the 1790s. C) created truly national political parties for the first time in American history. D) grew out of differences of opinion over America's role in international affairs. E) was the unification of major political parties in favor of emancipation of the slaves.

C. created truly national political parties for the first time in American history

23 In the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan: A) was outlawed by the federal government and disappeared. B) operated just like the Ku Klux Klan of the Reconstruction era. C) declared itself as the defender of traditional American values. D) focused on race relations and had no support outside the South. E) was limited to a few local chapters in Georgia and Alabama.

C. declared itself as the defender of traditional American values.

18 Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints: A) moved to the Utah Territory where they were completely beyond the control of the national government. B) originally settled in Utah but eventually the church leadership moved the center of the faith to California. C) did not retain all of their practices in the West, but they still became a powerful political force in the region. D) were for the most part urban artisan settlers and the vast majority of them lived in Salt Lake City. E) moved to California where they retained all their practices in West and became a powerful unified coalition in the region.

C. did not retain all of their practices in the West, but they still became a powerful political force in the region.

20 The great test for the Populist Party was the: A) election of 1888. B) election of 1892. C) election of 1896. D) election of 1900. E) election of 1904.

C. election of 1896.

23 In the years after World War I the United States: A) played an active leadership role in the League of Nations. B) withdrew completely from any role in international affairs. C) engaged selectively in diplomatic and international affairs. D) took steps that made it impossible for nations to go to war. E) discouraged any forms of foreign commerce or trade.

C. engaged selectively in diplomatic and international affairs.

25 The War Powers Act of 1941: A) gave President Roosevelt broad power to conduct the war, but the law had no influence after the war. B) was an attempt by Congress to gain control over the executive branch in conducting the war effort. C) established broad executive authority that would shape presidential power even after the war ended. D) specifically declared that the president did not have the power to suspend civil liberties during the war. E) allowed the legislative branch to impose conditions on which the executive branch may only exercise its power.

C. established broad executive authority that would shape presidential power even after the war ended.

24 The Social Security Act of 1935: A) guaranteed that every American would live comfortably once they reached retirement age. B) was a program designed to help the elderly and did nothing for any other Americans. C) established the principle that the nation should play a role in helping vulnerable Americans. D) established a lockbox where workers' contributions are held for them until they retire. E) created a program that would only helped retirees who were born American citizens.

C. established the principle that the nation should play a role in helping vulnerable Americans.

28 During the civil rights movement, the national government: A) continued the New Deal policy of recognizing the total sovereignty of Indian tribes. B) finally ended the Indian problem by terminating completely the authority of the tribes. C) eventually established a policy of unique and limited sovereignty for Indian tribes. D) turned over to the states the authority to establish policies regarding Native Americans. E) returned a portion of the tribes original land in the formation of new reservations.

C. eventually established a policy of unique and limited sovereignty for Indian tribes.

22 For most of the conflict, World War I was: A) quite similar to the American Civil War. B) conducted based on mobility and movement. C) fought as brutal and deadly trench warfare. D) fought by American troops. E) primarily a war on the seas using submarines.

C. fought as brutal and deadly trench warfare.

9 The western expansion that occurred in the early nineteenth century: A) led to the empire of contented yeomen farmers that President Jefferson had envisioned. B) meant that by 1836 the United States had stretched from sea to shining sea. C) fueled a desire among Americans for even more growth and territorial acquisitions. D) marked an end of territorial growth until the issues associated with the Civil War were resolved. E) indicated the growth of the Federalist Party, which fueled an active participation in government.

C. fueled a desire among Americans for even more growth and territorial acquisitions

14 The war against Mexico: A) had the patriotic support of all the American people. B) had the support of northerners but not southerners. C) generated significant opposition in the United States. D) was the first undeclared conflict in American history. E) was supported by the wealthy but not the working-class.

C. generated significant opposition in the United States.

12 The growth of the middle class in the United States: A) eliminated almost all forms of gender discrimination. B) encouraged women to attend college if at all possible. C) helped define new and differing roles for men and women. D) allowed women to gain equal political rights for the first time. E) led most couples to have larger families than their predecessors.

C. helped define new and differing roles for men and women.

30 During the 1980s: A) the government increased its spending on care for mental health patients. B) homelessness was limited to drug addicts and alcoholics who refused to work. C) homelessness became a chronic social problem throughout the United States. D) government welfare programs led to a decline in the number of homeless people. E) homelessness was limited to veterans and illegal immigrants to the United States.

C. homelessness became a chronic social problem throughout the United States.

19 As the United States approached the twentieth century: A) most major American cities lost population as so many people moved West. B) foreign immigrants lived in cities but northern African Americans remained rural. C) internal migrants and foreign immigrants increased the urban population. D) for the first time more than half the population lived in metropolitan areas. E) newly arrived immigrants arrived primarily in the western and southern cities.

C. internal migrants and foreign immigrants increased the urban population.

10 In the years following the American Revolution: A) southerners began to use enslaved Africans to grow the agricultural products that created tremendous wealth in the region. B) the slave system declined until the Louisiana Purchase provided the nation with the area that became the Cotton Kingdom. C) large-scale cotton production and the slave system on which it depended made the South quite different than the North. D) northerners opposed slavery and begin to insist that the government take steps to end the system in the new nation. E) wealthy southern plantation owners were resented for their dominating wealth and power, fellow southerners called for an end to slavery.

C. large-scale cotton production and the slave system on which it depended made the South quite different than the North

28 Between 1945 and 1966: A) a permanent alliance developed between African Americans and white liberals. B) the United States successfully eliminated discrimination in all of American society. C) legal segregation came to an end but other social problems continued to exist. D) racial minorities made relatively few substantive gains toward ending discrimination. E) protests proved effective and the need for affirmative action had ceased.

C. legal segregation came to an end but other social problems continued to exist.

15 By the senatorial campaign of 1858: A) most Americans had given up hope that the political institutions of the United States could provide a resolution to the slavery issues. B) southerners felt that the only recourse they had to protect their institutions was armed rebellion against the government of the United States. C) many Americans believed that the nation's democratic institutions would provide a lasting political solution to the issues associated with slavery. D) the national government had introduced a number of laws that dealt with slavery and for the most part the sectional crisis had been averted. E) it was apparent that Lincoln believed wholeheartedly in the social equality of the races.

C. many Americans believed that the nation's democratic institutions would provide a lasting political solution to the issues associated with slavery.

21 As the progressive era came to an end: A) the United States had fixed all of its social problems. B) most Americans had lost all interest in improving society. C) many social tensions and concerns remained unresolved. D) the United States had established racial equality and harmony. E) the United States saw no improvements to their social problems.

C. many social tensions and concerns remained unresolved.

23 Between 1900 and 1920: A) the emergence of motion pictures and radio changed completely the way all Americans lived. B) mass media influenced young Americans but had little effect on the attitudes of older Americans. C) modern mass communications shaped Americans' perceptions of their society and their culture. D) television came to be the most influential medium of mass communications in the United States. E) television dominated the airwaves and showed reports of the growing American post-war prosperity.

C. modern mass communications shaped Americans' perceptions of their society and their culture.

12 At the beginning of the 1800s: A) the majority of working-class Americans lived in large cities. B) about half the American population was still engaged in agriculture. C) most Americans lived lives that were family- and community-based. D) western expansion meant that family ties were dramatically weakened. E) most workers received money that was required for community exchanges.

C. most Americans lived lives that were family- and community-based.

31 Many American observers believe that Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda are: A) no longer any direct threat to Americans or to American interests. B) simply terrorists who have no real reason for their violent activities. C) motivated by a desire to expel the United States from Islamic countries. D) angry because America supported the Russian invasion of Afghanistan. E) only interested in eliminating American's practice of Christianity.

C. motivated by a desire to expel the United States from Islamic countries.

29 Between 1965 and 1974: A) the various civil rights movements advocated the cultural homogenization of the United States. B) most Americans came to realize that the United States was a true melting pot of different cultures. C) movements for social change highlighted the importance of cultural diversity in the United States. D) a growing awareness of cultural differences broke down all sense of a common identity in America. E) had little if no impact on the cultural diversity or interpretation of long-term American society.

C. movements for social change highlighted the importance of cultural diversity in the United States.

16 One of the guiding principles for Abraham Lincoln during the war was: A) complete and total destruction of the South as punishment for the conflict. B) to pursue the war vigorously despite what any northerners thought about him. C) obtaining reconciliation with the South to ensure the survival of the nation. D) to keep the federal government relatively small as it conducted the war. E) to conquer the South slowly so as to further punish them for their rebellious actions.

C. obtaining reconciliation with the South to ensure the survival of the nation.

19 During the late nineteenth century: A) very little innovation in education occurred in the United States. B) high school graduates increased but college enrollment dropped. C) opportunities for obtaining an education expanded in many ways. D) most Americans would attend at least two years of college. E) most middle-class Americans would obtain a four-year degree.

C. opportunities for obtaining an education expanded in many ways.

26 As a result of the war in Korea, the: A) entire Korean peninsula became Communist. B) Communist regime in North Korea was destroyed. C) peninsula remained divided between North and South Korea. D) Soviet Union was badly weakened militarily and began to break up. E) Chinese government was badly weakened and began to crumble.

C. peninsula remained divided between North and South Korea.

22 World War I: A) provided women with job opportunities but did little else to improve their status. B) marked the first time in American history that women served in the military. C) produced short-term as well as long-term improvements in the status of women. D) did very little to change social attitudes or to improve women's place in society. E) did not give women any new opportunities or freedoms during wartime.

C. produced short-term as well as long-term improvements in the status of women.

17 The Fourteenth Amendment did all of the following except: A) confer American citizenship on all those born or naturalized in the United States. B) repudiate the Confederate debt. C) prohibit slavery in the United States. D) deny former Confederates the right to hold state or national office. E) reduce state representation in Congress for those states disfranchising male citizens.

C. prohibit slavery in the United States.

14 The Wilmot Proviso: A) made it illegal for American settlers to take slaves into new territories. B) prevented the national government from fully funding the Mexican War. C) proposed prohibiting slavery in any territory that might be acquired from Mexico. D) failed to go into force since Congress could not override President Polk's veto. E) allowed slavery into newly acquired territories based upon popular sovereignty.

C. proposed prohibiting slavery in any territory that might be acquired from Mexico.

10 Black Christianity was a religion that: A) didn't really develop until the Civil War and the emancipation of the slaves. B) differed very little from Christianity as practiced by white Americans. C) provided a sense of spiritual freedom that profoundly shaped slave culture. D) emphasized the Biblical teachings of honoring and obeying those in authority. E) promoted a black rebellion and advocated militancy against whites.

C. provided a sense of spiritual freedom that profoundly shaped slave culture

13 During the social reform era from 1820 to 1850: A) most of the major problems in America were eliminated. B) only one or two reform movements attracted any attention. C) relatively few substantive problems were actually resolved. D) America became the most religious nation in the world. E) the aspirations of minority groups complemented the social control agendas of other groups.

C. relatively few substantive problems were actually resolved.

20 The election of William McKinley as president: A) was the only time the Populists won an election. B) was a rather insignificant victory for the Republicans. C) resulted in an expansionist, pro-business administration. D) ensured that the government would protect workers' rights. E) resulted in an isolationist, antiimmigrant administration.

C. resulted in an expansionist, pro-business administration.

9 In 1816, the United States entered a period known as the Era of Good Feelings that: A) experienced no real deep political divisions until the emergence of sectional differences in the 1850s. B) led to a period of twenty years in which there were no contested elections for the office of president. C) seemed to indicate the success of Jeffersonian Republicanism and the end of the Federalists. D) was based on all the former Federalists joining the Republicans and ending political partisanship. E) indicated an end to a sectionalism split in the United States for the next seventy years.

C. seemed to indicate the success of Jeffersonian Republicanism and the end of the Federalists

29 One result of American policy in Vietnam during the 1960s was: A) a fairly healthy economy as long as the war lasted. B) to eliminate funding for the Social Security program. C) severe economic problems in the United States. D) a sharp drop in taxes to gain support for the war. E) a 20 percent surcharge added to individual and corporate taxes.

C. severe economic problems in the United States.

14 The Battle of the Alamo is significant because it: A) marked one of the greatest victories in American military history. B) led directly to the end of the war between Mexico and America. C) shaped events associated with the expansion of the United States. D) is the only major battle the U.S. military has ever lost. E) indicated the superiority of the American army and technology.

C. shaped events associated with the expansion of the United States.

19 Toward the end of the 1800s: A) going to motion pictures had become by far the favorite activity for Americans. B) white Americans became fascinated with the jazz culture of African Americans. C) sports, particularly baseball, became the major form of popular entertainment. D) most middle-class Americans spent their leisure time pursuing the fine arts. E) dances clubs thrived on the youth and excitement of America's middle class.

C. sports, particularly baseball, became the major form of popular entertainment.

13 Free African Americans living in the northern United States: A) were for the most part low-paid agricultural workers. B) enjoyed social equality and had unlimited economic opportunity. C) suffered from significant social and economic discrimination. D) worked together with immigrant groups to ensure job security. E) constituted less than one-third of the total free black population.

C. suffered from significant social and economic discrimination.

27 During the 1950s: A) networks broadcasted television programming, but the new medium was not as important as radio. B) most Americans could not afford to buy a television and movies were the most important medium. C) television came to be the most influential medium of mass communications in the United States. D) television gave way to personal computers as the most important form of mass communication. E) televisions offered entertainment and mass communication but few Americans could afford such a luxury.

C. television came to be the most influential medium of mass communications in the United States.

25 At the wartime conference at Yalta: A) the Allies established a postwar policy based on self-determination of peoples. B) the United States took steps to keep Russia out of the war against Japan. C) the Allies implicitly accepted the idea of postwar spheres of influence. D) the Russians mediated a peace settlement with the Japanese. E) the Allies asserted complete democracy on all of occupied Germany.

C. the Allies implicitly accepted the idea of postwar spheres of influence.

31 By the 1990s: A) the United States had restored the importance of the manufacturing sector. B) more Americans were engaged in agriculture than at any other time in history. C) the American economy was driven primarily by growth in the service sector. D) the agricultural, manufacturing, and service sectors of the economy had declined. E) the economy plummeted from its lack of growth in manufacturing and service sectors.

C. the American economy was driven primarily by growth in the service sector.

25 During World War II: A) Jim Crow discrimination led to policies that prohibited African Americans from joining the armed forces. B) the U.S. Army integrated by allowing African Americans to serve in previously all-white units. C) the U.S. Army took some initial steps that eventually helped end segregation in the armed forces. D) the U.S. Air Force was created and was the first branch of the armed forces to be integrated. E) the United States only allowed African Americans to join the armed forces as cooks and other non-combat duties.

C. the U.S. Army took some initial steps that eventually helped end segregation in the armed forces.

22 Between 1900 and 1917: A) weak presidential leadership diminished the role that the United States played in world affairs. B) Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson favored globalism while William Howard Taft did not. C) the United States employed a variety of policies that made the nation an emerging world power. D) the United States consistently relied on Theodore Roosevelt's "Big Stick" approach to diplomacy. E) the United States resisted all matters concerning European affairs and instead focused on liberal policies on the home front.

C. the United States employed a variety of policies that made the nation an emerging world power.

27 President Eisenhower's fear that if one country went Communist, other nations would follow was called: A) massive retaliation. B) holding the line. C) the domino theory. D) the pyramid affect. E) the bowling pin policy.

C. the domino theory.

18 As the United States expanded to the West in the last half of the nineteenth century: A) the nation took care to protect indigenous cultures as much as possible. B) the region became more heterogeneous as all the ethnic groups assimilated. C) the world, society, and culture of Native American Indians was destroyed. D) very few white Americans migrated to the region and it remained Indian Territory. E) the integration of Native American Indians into American culture skyrocketed.

C. the world, society, and culture of Native American Indians was destroyed.

14 In 1821, the government of Mexico allowed Americans to settle in Texas: A) to help ensure the spread of republican principles. B) if the settlers agreed to develop textile factories. C) to provide a buffer against hostile Indian tribes. D) because there were no Mexicans in the area. E) to learn the American agricultural traditions.

C. to provide a buffer against hostile Indian tribes.

16 General Ulysses S. Grant's approach to conducting the war was: A) to inflict casualties on the enemy but to suffer few losses in his own army. B) to surround enemy positions and then choke them off without a major battle. C) to pursue unconditional victory aggressively despite the cost to his own forces. D) to command the overall effort from Washington, D.C., while other generals led armies. E) to cut off the enemies supply line and lay siege on the army, starving them out.

C. to pursue unconditional victory aggressively despite the cost to his own forces.

21 Leaders of the settlement house movement: A) believed that all government was corrupt and could not be reformed. B) concentrated their efforts on bringing social reform to small-town America. C) understood the need to use politics in order to bring about effective reform. D) wanted to provide economic assistance but had little interest in social reform. E) distrusted individuals and sought reform only through social agencies.

C. understood the need to use politics in order to bring about effective reform.

27 On November 22, 1963, President Kennedy: A) resigned the presidency. B) faced impeachment. C) was assassinated. D) won reelection. E) bombed Cuba.

C. was assassinated.

22 The Fourteen Points: A) reflected a realistic approach to the geo-politics that would shape the postwar world. B) guaranteed peace for all times and ensured that no more major wars would ever occur. C) were deeply rooted in the progressive and moralistic views of President Woodrow Wilson. D) were established and institutionalized by the negotiations that took place at Versailles. E) included the creation of the League of Nations, which was fully supported in the U.S.

C. were deeply rooted in the progressive and moralistic views of President Woodrow Wilson.

5 By early in the 1700s: A) the English colonies all had governments based on theocratic principles. B) the Puritan Church remained the fastest-growing denomination. C) most Americans were secularists who had no interest in religion. D) America was experiencing an apparent decline in religious devotion. E) the growth and principles of the Quakers rivaled that of the Puritans.

D) America was experiencing an apparent decline in religious devotion.

5 The Anglican minister who helped spread the Great Awakening throughout the English colonies was: A) Ethan Frost. B) Washington Gladden. C) John Wesley. D) George Whitefield. E) Calvin Williams.

D) George Whitefield.

7 The most famous African American writer from the revolutionary era was: A) Frederick Douglass. B) W. Dubois. C) Langston Hughes. D) Phyllis Wheatley. E) Benjamin Banneker.

D) Phyllis Wheatley.

3 Which commodity proved to be profoundly important to the history of Virginia? A) Fish B) Rice C) Sugar D) Tobacco E) Cotton

D) Tobacco

7 To many Britons, the world was turned upside-down at: A) Albany. B) Saratoga. C) Trenton. D) Yorktown. E) Bunker Hil.

D) Yorktown.

4 The vast majority of Africans bound into slavery were: A) from the region along the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. B) captured by European raiding parties working on behalf of slave trading companies. C) initially indentured servants who were never given their freedom. D) captured by other Africans who traded their victims to Europeans. E) members of warring factions who were captured by European troops.

D) captured by other Africans who traded their victims to Europeans.

2 According to the journal of Christopher Columbus, the natives he found: A) were the most devout Christian people he had encountered on his entire voyage. B) could easily be Christianized because they were already very religious people. C) were pagan people who would be incapable of ever becoming good Christians. D) could quickly become Christians because they had no religion of their own. E) were highly regimented people who could become devout Christians.

D) could quickly become Christians because they had no religion of their own.

4 In the account of his enslavement, Olaudah Equine states that: A) he knew when he boarded the slave ship that he was going to be carried to a plantation in America. B) most of the slaves were able to escape by jumping off of the ship before it sailed away from Africa. C) the ship's crew did not care one way or the other if the slaves lived or died during their journey. D) he believed that many more slaves would have tried to kill themselves if they had been able to. E) the conditions on the slave ship were surprisingly pleasant.

D) he believed that many more slaves would have tried to kill themselves if they had been able to.

5 The presence of the frontier and the availability of land in the colonies: A) made British North America the first true democracy in the history of the world. B) meant that everybody had an equal opportunity to obtain property in America. C) had little influence on American history since so few people lived on the frontier. D) helped create social assumptions and practices that were not especially democratic. E) assisted in the growth of a heterogeneous and free society in the Americas.

D) helped create social assumptions and practices that were not especially democratic.

4 An important element in the development of the African slave trade was the: A) English occupation of South Africa early in the sixteenth century. B) demand for workers in the new manufacturing cities of Europe. C) European accord with Islamic states to outlaw enslaving Muslims. D) reluctance of the Catholic Church to allow enslavement of Christians. E) immense degree of religious tolerance throughout Europe.

D) reluctance of the Catholic Church to allow enslavement of Christians.

3 Bacon's Rebellion in 1676: A) marked the first effort by Americans to create a government free and independent of England. B) drove Governor Berkeley from office and placed colonials in charge of the Virginia government. C) succeeded in getting King Charles II to agree to divide Carolina into two separate colonies. D) revealed deep conflicts between the settled areas of Virginia and the frontier region to the west. E) indicated the desire of British authorities to begin armed expansion into Indian territory for more land.

D) revealed deep conflicts between the settled areas of Virginia and the frontier region to the west.

1 Scholarly research leads to the conclusion that Clovis technology: A) was limited to the area of eastern New Mexico and the Texas panhandle. B) dramatically improved agricultural production and led to significant population growth. C) was relatively primitive compared to similar artifacts found at European sites. D) spread quickly and influenced people throughout the North American continent. E) did little to influence the development of society in prehistoric North America.

D) spread quickly and influenced people throughout the North American continent.

3 According to the letter the Puritan colonist sent to his father, the best livestock to raise for profit in New England was: A) cows. B) horses. C) sheep. D) swine. E) goose.

D) swine.

2 In the years from 1492 to 1590: A) each of the major European powers developed similar policies for creating American settlements. B) the English were able to establish the most powerful commercial empire in the Western Hemisphere. C) French efforts in America failed while England and Spain enjoyed tremendous success in their colonies. D) the Spanish, French, and English employed different approaches to establishing colonies in America. E) the French succeeded in constructing the world's most powerful empire on the backs of Indian and African labor.

D) the Spanish, French, and English employed different approaches to establishing colonies in America.

2 One critical development in Europe that shaped overseas expansion was: A) monarchs' increasing efforts to undermine the growing political influence of commercial interests. B) the support that the agricultural lower classes provided to the powerful urban bourgeois class. C) the sharp decline in the population of the merchant class that occurred in the years after 1500. D) the close relationships between the emerging national monarchs and the developing merchant class. E) the necessity for resources and innovations that would strengthen Europe's commercial influence.

D) the close relationships between the emerging national monarchs and the developing merchant class.

3 Critical to the early survival of the Jamestown colony was: A) the huge number of English settlers who arrived in Virginia between 1607 and 1610. B) the discovery of extensive gold deposits along the James and Potomac rivers. C) the support the Spanish provided to the settlement during the critical "starting time." D) the policies of the Powhatan Confederacy that allowed the settlement to be established. E) the colonists' ability to self-govern and convert from explorers into agricultural farmers.

D) the policies of the Powhatan Confederacy that allowed the settlement to be established.

6 The primary focus in America that led to conflict between France and England in 1754 was: A) the effort by British Americans to seize East Florida from France's long-time ally, Spain. B) control over the fishing resources of the Grand Banks near the province of Newfoundland. C) disputes between Catholic settlers in Quebec and Congregationalists in New England. D) the vast and wealthy region west of the Appalachian Mountains and along the Ohio River. E) control of the fur trade in the northeastern Canadian provinces.

D) the vast and wealthy region west of the Appalachian Mountains and along the Ohio River.

8 The early years of the new federal government were especially important because: A) the United States was the first successful republican government in world history. B) they marked a shift from the republicanism of the Revolution to an age of democracy. C) most Americans were hoping that the Constitution wouldn't work and would be repealed. D) they set precedences that shaped the way the nation would develop in later years. E) they saw many revisions to the amended Constitution that needed to be revised.

D) they set precedences that shaped the way the nation would develop in later years.

4 The identity that African Americans developed during the eighteenth century: A) occurred because most of the slaves already spoke the same African language. B) revealed the resilience of human beings in responding to the tragedy of enslavement. C) was truly American because the slaves were completely isolated from African traditions. D) was initially based on the common religion that the slaves brought with them from Africa. E) was based on a universally shared experience regardless of the region.

D) was initially based on the common religion that the slaves brought with them from Africa.

25 On the home front between 1941 and 1945: A) commodity rationing meant that civilians were not much better off than they were during the Depression. B) the fear of Japan and Germany created a unity that eliminated most social divisions in the United States. C) families who had members serving in the armed forces were the only people who suffered from the war. D) Americans enjoyed higher wages, but in other ways they had to make some sacrifices to support the war. E) wartime conditions and factors had no effect on civilians working in the home front.

D. Americans enjoyed higher wages, but in other ways they had to make some sacrifices to support the war.

19 The famous educator who emphasized industrial training for African American students was: A) George Washington Car ver. B) W.E.B. Du Bois. C) Thurgood Marshall. D) Booker T. Washington. E) Frederick Douglass.

D. Booker T. Washington.

31 In the 1980s and the 1990s: A) Democrats and Republicans continued to disagree over the power and size of the national government. B) Democrats continued to insist on big government and Republicans wanted to eliminate big government. C) Democrats and Republicans became more and more alike and no real differences separated the parties. D) Democrats and Republicans often disagreed strongly about the fundamental nature of American values. E) Democrats and Republicans only differed on issues regarding the strength and role of the U.S. military and taxation.

D. Democrats and Republicans often disagreed strongly about the fundamental nature of American values.

22 An immediate cause for America's direct involvement in the war was: A) the German sinking of the luxury ocean liner Lusitania. B) a surprise attack against the United States at Pearl Harbor. C) the Austrian effort to establish a blockade of the United States. D) Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare. E) the German U-boat torpedoed the Sussex.

D. Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare.

14 The "manifest destiny" of the United States was: A) to spread democracy and freedom to all the American people. B) to treat all countries as equals in the community of nations. C) to show mercy and compassion to people of all races and ethnicity. D) God's desire for the nation to dominate all of North America. E) to spread Christianity to all the American people.

D. God's desire for the nation to dominate all of North America.

27 Between 1960 and 1963: A) the United States engaged in an aggressive effort to contain communism. B) defense appropriations reached their lowest point since before World War II. C) an era of unprecedented peace characterized American-Soviet relations. D) President John F. Kennedy hoped to ease tensions with the Soviet Union. E) President John F. Kennedy hoped to take over Cuba and annex it to the United States.

D. President John F. Kennedy hoped to ease tensions with the Soviet Union.

9 The new generation of politicians who openly resisted British influence in North America were called: A) America Firsters. B) Isolationists. C) Patriots. D) War Hawks. E) Jacksonians.

D. War Hawks

11 The political coalition that emerged in opposition to the Jacksonian Democrats was the: A) Bucktail Party. B) Federalists Party. C) Republican Party. D) Whig Party. E) Progressive Party.

D. Whig Party

18 The event that epitomized the fate of Native Americans occurred in 1890 at: A) Adobe Walls. B) Little Big Horn. C) Palo Duro Canyon. D) Wounded Knee. E) Fort Laramie

D. Wounded Knee.

26 Cold war liberalism was: A) an effort to expand dramatically the New Deal programs of Franklin Roosevelt. B) a restoration of a true laissez-faire approach to social and economic policies. C) the recognition that the United States needed to get along with the Soviet Union. D) a combination of moderate domestic programs and hard line foreign policy. E) the reinstatement of pre-World War II foreign policy, reasserting isolationism.

D. a combination of moderate domestic programs and hard line foreign policy.

10 Within the slaves' world: A) everybody was always treated in exactly the same way. B) all the men grew cotton and all of the women cooked. C) the only white person they had contact with was the master. D) a diversity of occupations and circumstances developed. E) pregnant slaves were granted their freedom after childbirth.

D. a diversity of occupations and circumstances developed

29 The phrase "long, hot summers" referred to: A) the influence of global warming on the environment. B) the worst drought since the Dust Bowl of the 1930s. C) the season when most of the fighting occurred in Vietnam. D) a series of violent urban riots in the mid-1960s. E) a span of months in which the Soviets threatened nuclear war.

D. a series of violent urban riots in the mid-1960s.

11 A significant characteristic of popular democracy was: A) that everybody was to think and vote independently. B) the decline in the role that parties played in elections. C) the emergence of a multi-party system in the United States. D) an insistence that voters express loyalty to a specific party. E) the decline in sectionalism candidates and politics.

D. an insistence that voters express loyalty to a specific party

23 Throughout his career, Herbert Hoover advocated the: A) New Nationalism. B) general welfare state. C) New Frontier. D) associative state. E) New Deal.

D. associative state.

20 Between 1870 and 1900, the United States: A) established far-reaching democratic reforms. B) eliminated most of the problems facing the nation. C) created a harmony of interests among Americans. D) became a corporate society and a bureaucratic state. E) eradicated most problems facing immigrants and racism.

D. became a corporate society and a bureaucratic state.

16 President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation: A) shortly after the war began in order to be able to enlist former slaves into the federal army. B) because he had always planned to end slavery in the South as soon as he had the opportunity. C) once federal forces under William Tecumseh Sherman had begun to occupy the Deep South. D) because war-time necessities required that the conflict become an effort to end slavery. E) to encourage Union border states to emancipate their slaves, as stated in the Proclamation.

D. because war-time necessities required that the conflict become an effort to end slavery.

25 During most of the 1930s, President Franklin Roosevelt: A) supported policies that directly involved the United States in efforts to pacify Germany and Japan. B) wanted to keep the United States neutral but could not because of Americans' commitment to war. C) understood that the only way to end the Great Depression was for a major war to break out in Europe. D) concentrated on domestic concerns and did not develop specific policies regarding events overseas. E) shifted his focus from social and domestic problems to the opportunity of U.S. colonization and imperialism.

D. concentrated on domestic concerns and did not develop specific policies regarding events overseas.

30 Between 1974 and 1987: A) the conservative movement had completely reshaped every aspect of life in the United States. B) the United States swung from a very liberal society to a conservative one and then back again. C) the Reagan conser vatives had successfully restored the society of the 1950s in the United States. D) conservatives had achieved most of their economic goals but not necessarily all of their social goals. E) the conservatives dominated both the presidency and congress passing successful movement of social reforms.

D. conservatives had achieved most of their economic goals but not necessarily all of their social goals.

19 One important urban innovation between 1870 and 1900 was the: A) introduction of paved streets to facilitate motor traffic. B) creation of the city-manager form of government. C) use of radios to help fight the growing crime rate. D) development of streetcars and elevated railroads. E) invention of the motor coach and model T.

D. development of streetcars and elevated railroads.

12 The breakdown of traditional systems of production in the United States: A) gave men more power over women since wage earning had come to be so important. B) had little influence on the nature of families and the relations between men and women. C) meant that for the first time children played an important function in supporting their families. D) dramatically altered the role of women in their families and their place in American society. E) allowed women more independence and economic opportunity, while allowing children an education.

D. dramatically altered the role of women in their families and their place in American society.

11 The Nullification Crisis: A) was the first time in American history that one section of the nation expressed strong disagreement with national policies. B) grew out of economic differences between eastern and western states and had little to do with the Constitution. C) revealed that the southern states were more committed to preserving the Union than were the New England States. D) epitomized growing sectional differences and the constitutional questions associated with those differences. E) resulted in all southern states rebelling against federal power and refusing to support the Tariff of 1832.

D. epitomized growing sectional differences and the constitutional questions associated with those differences

29 The feminist movement: A) ensured equality for all American females. B) led to the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment. C) did nothing to improve the lives of women. D) failed to unite women across all social lines. E) was the most successful movement in the United States to date.

D. failed to unite women across all social lines.

16 When President Lincoln called for volunteers following the surrender of Fort Sumter: A) very few men came forward to join in what they viewed as an unnecessary war. B) the Union army enlisted virtually every free African American who volunteered. C) New Englanders responded enthusiastically but other northerners did not. D) four additional slave states declared secession and joined the Confederacy. E) the Confederate army began enlisting every free African American who volunteered.

D. four additional slave states declared secession and joined the Confederacy.

18 As the nineteenth century came to an end: A) most Americans did not care one way or another about the fate of the Native Americans and their culture. B) Native-American culture had been totally destroyed by government policies that led to western expansion. C) all of the Native Americans in the United States were on reservations and their culture no longer faced any threats. D) government policy threatened Indian culture, but artists and scholars were fascinated by native groups. E) most Americans sought compensation and preservation of the Native American cultural identity.

D. government policy threatened Indian culture, but artists and scholars were fascinated by native groups.

30 During his term in office, President Ronald Reagan: A) failed to improve the condition of the economy. B) solved all of the nations' economic problems. C) did not have to deal with any economic problems. D) had mixed results with his economic policies. E) saw success with his domestic economic policies only.

D. had mixed results with his economic policies.

24 The Great Depression of the 1930s: A) was the most important thing ever to happen in the history of the United States. B) was important domestically but had little influence on events outside America. C) turned out to be much less severe than the depression of the 1870s and 1890s. D) had the greatest influence on American life of any event in the twentieth century. E) had only a trivial long-lasting emotional and psychological toll on the American people.

D. had the greatest influence on American life of any event in the twentieth century.

10 One of the most striking things about the southern slave system is: A) just how compassionate most white people really were to slaves. B) that there has never been a more brutal example of human behavior. C) the slaves never expressed any anger toward or resistance to slavery. D) how much humanity survived despite the awful brutality of slavery. E) the open and public information regarding slave family genealogy.

D. how much humanity survived despite the awful brutality of slavery

31 The 1991 war against Iraq resulted from Iraq's: A) possession of nuclear weapons. B) ongoing violent conflict with Iran. C) refusal to overthrow Sadaam Hussein. D) invasion of neighboring Kuwait. E) bombing of the newly established Israel.

D. invasion of neighboring Kuwait.

23 As a result of national prohibition: A) all Americans quit drinking any alcoholic beverages. B) urban crime rates dropped quite quickly and sharply. C) very little change actually occurred in the United States. D) large-scale organized crime grew in the United States. E) 5,000 police officers were diverted to the Prohibition Bureau.

D. large-scale organized crime grew in the United States.

22 World War I: A) eliminated virtually all of the social tensions that had previously existed in the United States. B) had little long-term influence on American society in the years after the war came to an end. C) was an important event but not as significant as most historians have believed in the past. D) led to economic, social, and political changes in the United States that lasted long after 1918. E) stimulated a crucial and strong sense of monitoring and participation of European affairs in U.S. politics.

D. led to economic, social, and political changes in the United States that lasted long after 1918.

31 During the 1990s: A) the end of the Cold War introduced a new era of security for Americans. B) the collapse of the economy created an overwhelming sense of disaster. C) Americans once again began to fear the threat of nuclear destruction. D) many Americans were experiencing deep anxiety about their society. E) many Americans felt comfort and security about their society.

D. many Americans were experiencing deep anxiety about their society.

26 During the cold war, American policy: A) carefully protected the civil rights of all American citizens. B) had little effect on civilian employees of the federal government. C) expanded First Amendment rights to ensure freedom of speech. D) often posed threats to the civil liberties of American citizens. E) often protected the American right to freedom of petition and assembly.

D. often posed threats to the civil liberties of American citizens.

18 The development of the American West: A) had little significant permanent ecological influence on the region. B) led to the widespread reforestation of all of the Great Plains. C) depleted the soil but did not put any stress on the area's water resources. D) often produced devastating results for the area's natural resources. E) had little impact on the native animals and species of the region.

D. often produced devastating results for the area's natural resources.

20 The Uprising of 1877: A) was the most violent event in the domestic history of the United States. B) ended quickly with the resolution of most of the workers' concerns. C) was the last major labor strike to occur in the nineteenth century. D) opened an era of intense conflict between corporations and workers. E) brought an end to an era in which intense conflict arose between unions and owners.

D. opened an era of intense conflict between corporations and workers.

25 The Allied air campaign against Germany: A) was the most important element in defeating the Nazis. B) concentrated entirely on bombing important military targets. C) did very little to help the armed forces defeat the German army. D) provided important benefits to the military campaigns in Europe. E) had no effect on the German blitzkrieg or European campaign.

D. provided important benefits to the military campaigns in Europe.

15 As the secession crisis began, Abraham Lincoln: A) threatened to invade the South in order to abolish slavery. B) seriously considered letting the Confederate states go in peace. C) seemed not to care that states were choosing to leave the Union. D) refused to consider any compromise that allowed the expansion of slavery. E) issued a declaration of war.

D. refused to consider any compromise that allowed the expansion of slavery.

28 The 1963 March on Washington: A) attracted few supporters and did not improve conditions for African Americans. B) turned out to be one on the most violent demonstrations in American history. C) was part of a white backlash that underscored strong resistance to integration. D) revealed how powerful and important the civil rights movement had become. E) showed how weak and uninterested the government was to address racial issues.

D. revealed how powerful and important the civil rights movement had become.

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: A) initially gave the United States most of Mexico, but the U.S. Senate refused to take all the territory. B) gave the United States all of the territory west of the boundary established by the Adams-Oniz Treaty. C) marked the first time that the United States acquired new territory without having to pay anything for it. D) set the Texas border at the Rio Grande and ceded California and New Mexico to the United States. E) allowed the United States to take control and officially annex all territory north of the 30th parallel.

D. set the Texas border at the Rio Grande and ceded California and New Mexico to the United States.

28 In the years following World War II: A) California continued to enact laws that discriminated against Asian Americans. B) the national government extended the relocation program until the early 1950s. C) most Japanese Americans migrated out of the United States to escape racism. D) social conditions for Americans of Japanese ancestry improved dramatically. E) extreme abhorrence continued for people of Japanese ancestry despite legislation.

D. social conditions for Americans of Japanese ancestry improved dramatically.

9 As the United States expanded to the West: A) most Americans strongly supported a powerful and viable Mexico as a neighboring nation. B) Americans moved into parts of Mexico, and the United States purchased the area in 1803. C) most people believed the United States no longer needed to acquire new territories. D) some Americans felt that Mexico provided an ideal opportunity for further territorial acquisition. E) most Americans feared Mexico as a neighbor, fearing the spread of Catholicism to the United States.

D. some Americans felt that Mexico provided an ideal opportunity for further territorial acquisition

28 In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court declared: A) that only the states could pass laws concerning social relations. B) separate facilities were acceptable as long as they were equal. C) all forms of segregation violated the Fourteenth Amendment. D) that in education separate facilities were inherently unequal. E) that in only higher education would segregation be tolerated.

D. that in education separate facilities were inherently unequal.

27 By the mid-1950s: A) very few Americans were still members of labor unions. B) organized labor began an era of unprecedented growth. C) the New Deal had eliminated any need for labor unions. D) the American labor movement had reached an historic high point. E) the American labor movement had reached an historic low point.

D. the American labor movement had reached an historic high point.

25 As a result of World War II: A) the Allies created a world in which there would be very little possibility for future conflicts. B) neither Germany nor Japan would ever again play important roles in international affairs. C) the English quickly reestablished their empire and were once again the world's leading nation. D) the United States emerged as the strongest nation in a world facing continued threats to peace. E) All nations were severely fatigued and no country emerged with the same dominating force as in the pre-World War II era.

D. the United States emerged as the strongest nation in a world facing continued threats to peace.

11 During the early years of the 1800s: A) every country in the Americas moved to embrace the concepts of popular democracy. B) Americans followed the model for democracy that had first emerged in Canada. C) most Americans resisted the ideals of popular democracy as it developed in the nation. D) the United States was unique in the way popular democracy developed in the nation. E) every country in the Americas ended European colonization and imperialistic ventures.

D. the United States was unique in the way popular democracy developed in the nation

10 One result of the slaves' existence was: A) that they never really developed a sense of family or kinship. B) small families that resulted from malnutrition and poor health. C) the emergence of families based solely on African traditions. D) the development of strong familial and non-kinship relationships. E) legalized marriages encouraged slaves to have increased birthrates.

D. the development of strong familial and non-kinship relationships.

13 Between 1820 and 1850: A) the abolitionist movement was made up entirely of northeastern white male social reformers. B) abolitionism failed to become a major movement since most Americans at the time favored slavery. C) the only effective abolitionists were former slaves who had experienced firsthand the evils of slavery. D) the efforts of various abolitionists made their reform effort a dominant political issue of the era. E) Congress passed a series of legislative measures addressing the institution of slavery in the South.

D. the efforts of various abolitionists made their reform effort a dominant political issue of the era.

17 As the age of Reconstruction came to an end: A) the Fourteenth Amendment meant that the national government would protect the rights of minorities. B) the nation for the most part returned to the way things had been in the years prior to the Civil War. C) all of the issues associated with sectional differences were resolved and a true healing had taken place. D) the national government showed an increasing interest in protecting the economic rights of corporations. E) the success of land reform gave birth to a new economically independent African American populace.

D. the national government showed an increasing interest in protecting the economic rights of corporations.

12 The key to achieving the Universal Being of transcendentalism was: A) wealth and power. B) Christianity. C) political authority. D) the natural world. E) within society.

D. the natural world.

16 A fundamental question facing the United States in 1865 was: A) what to do about the localism still present in much of America. B) to make sure that the national government wasn't too powerful. C) whether the United States would ever be a true nation. D) the nature of the peace that would follow the deadly war. E) to make certain that the federal government was not too weak.

D. the nature of the peace that would follow the deadly war.

17 In the North during the 1870s: A) factory production expanded to create the world's largest manufacturing economy. B) the high demand for corn led to a remarkable growth of the agricultural sector. C) the massive immigration of former slaves forced higher wages and lowered profits. D) the number of wage earners surpassed the number of farmers for the first time. E) the success of the manufacturing industry proved to make it the largest economy in the world.

D. the number of wage earners surpassed the number of farmers for the first time.

17 A critical element in the Republican presidential victory in the election of 1868 was: A) the party's decision to re-nominate the incumbent president Andrew Johnson. B) the support of white southerners who were former Whigs and strong unionists. C) Ulysses S. Grant's successful record as the governor of the state of Illinois. D) the overwhelming support that former slaves gave to the party in the South. E) was the overwhelming success of the Republican platform endorsing black suffrage.

D. the overwhelming support that former slaves gave to the party in the South.

12 One unanticipated result of the transportation revolution was: A) a sharp reduction in the average number of hours worked by Americans. B) an infrastructure that tied all regions of the nation directly to New York City. C) a surprising rise in the cost of moving goods from the east to the west. D) the spread of epidemic diseases throughout much of the nation. E) the lack of foreign investments and a U.S. decline in the international market.

D. the spread of epidemic diseases throughout much of the nation.

13 As large numbers of immigrants arrived in the United States after 1820: A) the new arrivals quickly and fully assimilated into traditional American culture and society. B) they broke with traditional culture and embraced completely new ways of living. C) they continued to practice their native religion, but gave up other customs and traditions. D) they often settled in neighborhoods of people who shared their native culture and concepts. E) many native-born Americans embraced and endorsed these newly transmitted cultures.

D. they often settled in neighborhoods of people who shared their native culture and concepts.

26 During the early years of the cold war: A) women for the first time gained true equality in the workplace. B) women were drafted into combat units for the first time in history. C) the status of women remained the same as during World War II. D) tremendous social pressure encouraged women to be homemakers. E) women were pressured into full-time employment to rival Soviet women.

D. tremendous social pressure encouraged women to be homemakers.

24 The First Hundred Days: A) was the most carefully thought out program in presidential history. B) ended the Depression and restored prosperity to the United States. C) established programs that ended capitalism in the United States. D) was a practical but sometimes contradictory response to the Depression. E) were the harshest days of the Depression in which little was done to aid suffering Americans.

D. was a practical but sometimes contradictory response to the Depression.

9 The American economy in the early nineteenth century: A) was completely dominated by subsistence agriculture. B) depended entirely on large-scale commercial agriculture. C) rested for the most part on manufacturing and commerce. D) was predominately rural and agricultural throughout the nation. E) ended its dependency on foreign manufactured commodities.

D. was predominately rural and agricultural throughout the nation

30 President Ronald Reagan: A) was just a former actor and didn't really understand politics. B) did everything he could to advance New Deal programs. C) believed that the federal government should support civil rights. D) was the most influential president since Franklin D. Roosevelt. E) was always a big opponent of FDR's New Deal programs.

D. was the most influential president since Franklin D. Roosevelt.

21 Initiative, referendum, and recall: A) became federal laws with the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment. B) gave political parties more power than they had ever had in the United States. C) changed the nature of urban government but did not influence state-level activity. D) were political reforms designed to give the people a greater voice in government. E) gave more constitutional rights to state and local governments.

D. were political reforms designed to give the people a greater voice in government.

1 Studies that compare DNA have revealed a close genetic relationship between American Indians and the people of: A) Africa. B) Australia. C) Europe. D) India. E) Asia.

E) Asia.

6 The pamphlet that reshaped American popular thinking about independence was: A) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania by John Dickinson. B) A Seditious Libel by John Peter Zenger. C) Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death by Patrick Henry. D) Letters from an American Farmer by Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur. E) Common Sense by Thomas Paine.

E) Common Sense by Thomas Paine.

7 The first nation to sign a formal treaty of alliance with the United States was: A) Belgium. B) Spain. C) Holland. D) Ireland. E) France.

E) France.

8 The XYZ Affair involved diplomatic relations between the United States and: A) England. B) Spain. C) Germany. D) Russia. E) France.

E) France.

8 As a result of the event of 1794 and 1795: A) George Washington was elected to his second term as president. B) more and more Americans came to admire George Washington. C) Congress requested that George Washington resign as president. D) George Washington advocated a recall for Congressional elections. E) George Washington chose not to run for a third term in office.

E) George Washington chose not to run for a third term in office.

6 The English set aside an Indian Reserve in North America with the: A) Act of Union and Amity. B) Indian Removal Program of 1765. C) Declaratory Act of 1766. D) Treaty of Fort Stanwix. E) Royal Proclamation of 1763.

E) Royal Proclamation of 1763.

2 When France first became interested in establishing colonies in the New World: A) the French kings were able to work cooperatively with the Catholic monarchs of Spain. B) most of its earliest success was in Brazil where the Spanish had no real influence. C) it concentrated on the Caribbean islands because of the valuable natural resources there. D) it immediately sought Spanish approval to colonize the area now known as Florida. E) Spanish policies forced the French to concentrate their efforts on the North Atlantic region.

E) Spanish policies forced the French to concentrate their efforts on the North Atlantic region.

3 During the seventeenth century: A) the European presence north of Mexico was extremely vast, but the Europeans saw little profit in this region. B) English colonies emerged in America, but French and Spanish settlements experienced few changes. C) the European population in North America declined as a result of civil uprisings and wars with the Indians. D) the growing power of England meant that the Netherlands no longer had an interest in international affairs. E) Spanish, French, and English colonies throughout North America experienced profound changes.

E) Spanish, French, and English colonies throughout North America experienced profound changes.

3 In dealing with Indians, the primary concern of New England colonists was: A) attaining native agricultural methods for colonial survival. B) developing a profitable trade in fur and pelts. C) allowing natives to maintain their traditional culture. D) converting the natives to the Church of England. E) acquiring land for the expanding settlements.

E) acquiring land for the expanding settlements.

1 Important to understanding American history is: A) the realization that native society was quite similar to European customs and traditions. B) reading the documents that American Indians wrote prior to the arrival of Europeans. C) keeping in mind that Indian culture was quite primitive compared to other civilizations. D) the willingness to accept European accounts of native peoples as absolute. E) an appreciation for the ways that human beings adapted to geography and climate.

E) an appreciation for the ways that human beings adapted to geography and climate.

6 The Boston Massacre in 1770 was: A) a heinous act of British violence committed against all of the American people. B) the event that led to he most heightened sense of anti-British sentiment prior to the war. C) the most violent act ever committed by American Indians against the British colonies. D) the event that led to an immediate break with England and American independence. E) an unfortunate and tragic incident that developed out of numerous colonial tensions.

E) an unfortunate and tragic incident that developed out of numerous colonial tensions.

26 The United States senator whose ardent anticommunism epitomized the Red Scare was: A) Ethan S. Frost. B) Lyndon B. Johnson. C) Robert Taft. D) Richard Nixon. E) Joseph McCarthy.

E. Joseph McCarthy.

15 Nativist politics in the 1850s were shaped by the: A) America Firsters. B) Amerian Indian Party. C) Republican Party. D) Democratic Party. E) Know Nothings.

E. Know Nothings.

3 French and Spanish American colonies differed from those of England: A) because the English refused slavery on religious principles, while France and Spain were thriving on such practices. B) because natives proved difficult to convert to Catholicism and therefore the Spanish and French enacted brutal policies. C) in that the English were much more tolerant and established policies of inclusion, unlike the exclusion of France and Spain. D) since France and Spain placed greater emphasis on developing agricultural colonies and England created mercantile settlements. E) because the French and Spanish settlements experienced much more cultural mixing between Europeans and natives.

E) because the French and Spanish settlements experienced much more cultural mixing between Europeans and natives.

4 The eighteenth-century plantation economy: A) generated tremendous wealth for some white southerners but had little substantive effects on the American economy. B) allowed for equal economic involvement across disparate socioeconomic lines. C) was regressive and so retarded economic development in the South that the region suffered from endemic poverty. D) began to decline in influence as American attitudes toward freedom led to increasing demands to eliminate slavery. E) created widespread wealth for many white Americans and an unprecedented opportunity for freedom.

E) created widespread wealth for many white Americans and an unprecedented opportunity for freedom.

4 One result of the slave trade was: A) that it prepared the continent to defend itself against further European infringement. B) the creation of powerful and independent nations in Africa. C) the advantage it gave Africa in diplomatic relations with Europe. D) the tremendous wealth it generated throughout the interior of Africa. E) debilitating social and economic dislocation West Africa.

E) debilitating social and economic dislocation West Africa.

2 An important element in encouraging the English interest in the New World was: A) England's military alliance with the French. B) England's effort to gain property for the pope. C) England's desire to spread Catholicism. D) trade agreements made with the Indians. E) economic dislocations throughout England.

E) economic dislocations throughout England.

8 A significant element in the crisis of the 1780s was the: A) anger Americans felt toward the heavy taxes levied by the Confederation government. B) social dislocation associated with the United States' shift toward industrial production. C) political backlash that occurred as states considered giving women the right to vote. D) high tariffs in some states effectively discouraged foreign imports throughout the nation. E) fear by many Americans that state taxes and heavy debt would ruin them economically.

E) fear by many Americans that state taxes and heavy debt would ruin them economically.

6 The Seven Year's War: A) was just the first in a long series of armed conflicts between the French and British. B) marked the first open split between Great Britain and the American colonies. C) resulted in a military defeat that led to the demise of France as a global power. D) came to an end as a result of the Albany Plan that Benjamin Franklin proposed. E) had tremendous implications for the French empire and for British North America.

E) had tremendous implications for the French empire and for British North America.

5 Eighteenth-century America was: A) fairly homogeneous with the exception of the French settlements in the lower Mississippi Valley. B) composed of more English colonists than French or natives combined, leaving the English culture dominant. C) a truly New World as colonists quickly established a new culture with few links to European tradition. D) remarkable in that very few substantive conflicts existed between the disparate cultures present there. E) made up of a wide variety of Indian groups and settlers from a number of European nations.

E) made up of a wide variety of Indian groups and settlers from a number of European nations.

7 The largest number of Loyalists who left the United States during the Revolution: A) traveled to England. B) joined the British army. C) went to the West Indies. D) migrated to the Caribbean. E) moved to Canada.

E) moved to Canada.

1 Indian agriculture flourished in the South because: A) tribes there had superior technology. B) many tribes in the region adopted Spanish farming techniques. C) most native plants would not grow in a cool climate. D) northern tribes remained hunters rather than becoming farmers. E) of mild, moist climate, and rich, fertile soil.

E) of mild, moist climate, and rich, fertile soil.

7 One advantage the United States enjoyed as the American Revolution began was: A) a powerful navy built by the shipping companies of New England and the Chesapeake. B) access to gold mines that provided the foundation for financing the war against England. C) formal diplomatic relations and military alliances with the Dutch, the Prussians, and the Spanish. D) southern cotton and mills that enabled production for the amply clothed Continental Army. E) officers and troops who had gained military experience by fighting in the various colonial wars.

E) officers and troops who had gained military experience by fighting in the various colonial wars.

7 During the 1780s, Congress: A) focused its attention on international affairs and did little regarding any domestic issues. B) passed a homestead law to provide free land in the western territories to anyone who would settle there. C) recognized Spanish claims in the trans-Mississippi region and prohibited all American settlement there. D) acknowledged French claims to lands in the Northwest Territory as repayment of Revolutionary war debts. E) passed important ordinances dealing with the western territories and with the admission of new states.

E) passed important ordinances dealing with the western territories and with the admission of new states.

4 During the colonial era of North America, slavery was: A) limited to the South B) restricted to agriculture. C) on the decline everywhere. D) restricted to rural areas E) present in all areas.

E) present in all areas.

8 Regarding relations with the Indian peoples, the new government of the United States: A) sold Indian land to Americans, but gave much of the proceeds back to the Indian tribes. B) dedicated itself wholeheartedly to protecting the integrity of Indian culture. C) forced all of the Indian peoples to move to reservations west of the Mississippi River. D) established one of the most compassionate programs in American history. E) pursued policies that were confusing and quite often contradictory.

E) pursued policies that were confusing and quite often contradictory.

5 In North America during the eighteenth century: A) the English and French struggled with authority between the governors and assemblies. B) the European nations encouraged the creation of strong local governments in their colonies C) the English and Spanish continued to rely on powerful centralized colonial administrations. D) the European colonies developed similar political institutions based on their common experiences. E) the English colonies began to develop the institution of representative government.

E) the English colonies began to develop the institution of representative government.

2 Portuguese interest in exploring Atlantic trade routes to the Indies was sparked by: A) the discovery of a Christian kingdom in Africa that had trade relations with India. B) the hopes of acquiring a greater profit with sea rather than overland travel. C) the knowledge of how much wealth Spain had acquired from its American empire. D) the discovery in 1448 of a Greek manuscript that proved the world was round. E) the Ottoman Turks' closing of the lucrative overland silk and spice trade in 1453.

E) the Ottoman Turks' closing of the lucrative overland silk and spice trade in 1453.

2 During the 1500s: A) the Indian population dropped so sharply that little native influence remained in Spanish America. B) the Spanish settlements were governed from Spain and had little local autonomy. C) the low number of slaves transported to America limited the role Africans played in Spain's empire. D) so few Spaniards migrated to America that the emerging society there was simply Indian and African. E) the Spanish empire in America created a society based on African, European, and Indian cultures.

E) the Spanish empire in America created a society based on African, European, and Indian cultures.

1 A major event that occurred in North America during the Archaic period was: A) the development of metal weapons and tools. B) human beings developing the use of fire for the first time. C) the emergence of the first settled farming communities. D) the invention of horse-drawn, wheeled vehicles. E) the end of the Ice Age and the retreat of the glaciers.

E) the end of the Ice Age and the retreat of the glaciers.

4 The growth of the African American community was based on: A) the gradual elimination of African culture in favor of European customs and traditions. B) the emphasis masters placed on Christianity and the decline of African religious influence. C) the new compassion masters felt as they came to realize the inherent brutality of slavery. D) the prominence of family life being superseded by an emphasis on the African American community at large. E) the relationship between Creoles and Africans and between the slaves and their masters.

E) the relationship between Creoles and Africans and between the slaves and their masters.

5 In colonial America: A) women made advancements toward equal opportunity, particularly in the church. B) women made quick strides toward equality, especially in their right to own property. C) women were relegated to the domestic sphere and had no social rights at all. D) women were treated as equal to men in social, political, and economic affairs. E) women were generally denied careers or opportunities outside of the household.

E) women were generally denied careers or opportunities outside of the household.

24 An important influence on the very popular music of the " swing era" was: A) hip-hop. B) the delta blues. C) folk music. D) country and western music. E) African American jazz.

E. African American jazz.

16 During the Civil War: A) African Americans served as combat troops for the first time in U.S. history. B) northern racism prevented any African Americans from serving as combat troops. C) on both sides African Americans were only allowed to perform tedious manual labor. D) southern prejudice meant that slaves could not work on the Confederate war effort. E) African Americans and women served in a variety of capacities for the Union forces.

E. African Americans and women served in a variety of capacities for the Union forces.

11 Andrew Jackson ushered in a period of American history known as the: A) Epoch of Reason. B) Era of Good Feelings. C) Second Great Awakening. D) Generation of Gentry. E) Age of the Common Man.

E. Age of the Common Man

29 By the early 1970s: A) Americans took deep pride in creating the Great Society and in winning the war in Vietnam. B) the United States had resolved its domestic problems but not its international challenges. C) the various civil rights movements had finally succeeded in establishing a truly united nation. D) Since Dwight Eisenhower each president has survived his presidency with his honor intact. E) American society seemed to be increasingly characterized by cynicism, division, and futility.

E. American society seemed to be increasingly characterized by cynicism, division, and futility.

29 As a result of the Tet Offensive early in 1968: A) the American military suffered its worst defeat in history. B) the United States won the war against North Vietnam. C) American support of the war in Vietnam dramatically grew. D) the United States lost the war being fought in Vietnam. E) American support of the war in Vietnam dropped sharply.

E. American support of the war in Vietnam dropped sharply.

15 The dramatic event that helped further polarize the nation in 1859 was: A) the publication of the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. B) an attack on free-soil settlers at Osowatomie Creek. C) the firing on Fort Sumter by the South Carolina militia. D) the depression of 1857. E) John Brown's raid on the arsenal at Harpers Ferry.

E. John Brown's raid on the arsenal at Harpers Ferry.

9 The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who established the independence of the federal judiciary was: A) Samuel Chase. B) John Jay. C) James Madison. D) Earl Warren. E) John Marshall.

E. John Marshall

28 The event in 1957 that brought national attention to the civil rights movement was the: A) Albany Movement. B) March on Birmingham. C) March on Washington. D) Montgomery boycott. E) Little Rock crisis.

E. Little Rock crisis.

30 The leader of the Soviet Union who encouraged openness and restructuring was: A) Leonid Brezhnev. B) Leon Trotsky. C) Nikita Khrushchev. D) Joseph Stalin. E) Mikhail Gorbachev.

E. Mikhail Gorbachev.

22 One important legacy of Theodore Roosevelt's administration was the: A) New Deal. B) Good Neighbor Policy. C) trans-China Railroad. D) Dollar Diplomacy. E) Panama Canal.

E. Panama Canal.

20 The U.S. Supreme Court case that established the "separate but equal" doctrine was: A) Brown v. Board of Education. B) the Civil Rights Cases. C) the Slaughterhouse Case. D) Schenck v. the United States. E) Plessy v. Ferguson.

E. Plessy v. Ferguson.

25 A critical turning point in the war in Europe was the: A) dropping of an atomic bomb on Germany. B) Allied invasion of the Balkans in 1942. C) Allied invasion on the beaches of Normandy. D) liberation of Paris by Free-French forces. E) Russian victories at Stalingrad and at Kursk.

E. Russian victories at Stalingrad and at Kursk.

16 An important federal agency that helped the Union soldiers during the Civil War was the: A) American Red Cross. B) Department of Health and Hospitals. C) Food and Drug Administration. D) Center for Disease Control. E) United States Sanitary Commission.

E. United States Sanitary Commission.

26 One result of the cold war was: A) the realization that military spending had very little influence on the domestic economy. B) military spending remained constant or at times dropped, since it had been elevated during World War II. C) a drop in military spending because nuclear weapons were cheaper than conventional weapons. D) the demise of conservatives because they opposed military spending that unbalanced the budget. E) a national commitment to large-scale military spending in order to ensure economic growth.

E. a national commitment to large-scale military spending in order to ensure economic growth.

10 In the cotton-producing South: A) most slaves lived among small groups of slaves on small farms. B) the majority of slaves lived on plantations located near the Ohio River. C) the majority of southerners owned at least fifty slaves per family. D) demand for labor led to the establishment of an international slave trade. E) a viable but often vulnerable African-American community developed.

E. a viable but often vulnerable African-American community developed

14 The "free-soil" movement: A) was an effort to provide equality for African Americans. B) wanted slavery abolished throughout the United States. C) proposed giving former slaves land to support themselves. D) called for dissolution of slavery within a gradual ten-year span. E) advocated outlawing the further extension of slavery.

E. advocated outlawing the further extension of slavery.

31 In 2003, Iraq: A) had the second-largest arsenal of weapons of mass destruction in the world. B) used some of its chemical weapons against the United States and allied forces. C) had almost developed an effective nuclear device and the means to deliver it. D) was caught conspiring a nuclear attack against U.S. forces in the Middle East. E) apparently no longer had large numbers of weapons of mass destruction.

E. apparently no longer had large numbers of weapons of mass destruction.

13 The American labor movement: A) included a majority of the skilled and unskilled working public. B) was a broad-based effort that included men and women from all sectors of the economy. C) experienced rapid early growth as unskilled workers joined unions to protect their interests. D) weakened dramatically as the emerging market economy provided good, high-paying jobs. E) began as workers grew disenchanted with political parties' failure to address important issues.

E. began as workers grew disenchanted with political parties' failure to address important issues.

17 The "crop lien" system: A) transformed most rural towns into diversified locally oriented farm communities. B) provided an effective means of restoring economic growth to the war-devastated areas of the South. C) proved devastating to African American southerners but had little real influence on white farmers. D) created a network of state banks that were encouraged to provide low-interest loans to farmers. E) compelled most southerners to plant cotton, which undermined the economic vitality of the region.

E. compelled most southerners to plant cotton, which undermined the economic vitality of the region.

20 Some Americans advocated international expansion for all of the following reasons except to: A) help the economy by expanding America's overseas markets. B) spread American civilization to the backward areas of the world. C) strengthen the United States' role as an international power. D) spread Christianity to the heathens of the world. E) create an effective international peacekeeping organization.

E. create an effective international peacekeeping organization.

14 The exploration and development of the American West: A) came about primarily through the efforts of rugged American individualists. B) occurred only after the influx of immigrants which necessitated the need for land. C) took place only after a transcontinental railroad made the area accessible. D) relied for the most part on the efforts of the various state governments. E) depended to a great degree on the policies of the national government.

E. depended to a great degree on the policies of the national government.

20 As the United States entered the twentieth century: A) there was no opposition to the nation's new international role. B) it was not well-liked, but was the only powerful and militarily competent nation in the world C) problems associated with international diplomacy led to widespread isolationism. D) it was the most admired and most powerful nation in the world. E) despite some opposition most Americans accepted imperialism.

E. despite some opposition most Americans accepted imperialism.

13 One effective way Americans responded to the market economy was to: A) negate its influence by keeping the nation rural and agrarian. B) accept the negative results along with the positive changes. C) urbanize so that by 1850 most of the population lived in cities. D) exploit labor and resources to maximize profits. E) develop a deep and profound passion for improving society.

E. develop a deep and profound passion for improving society.

15 One warning in 1852 of a coming crisis was the: A) record low voter turnout that occurred in the presidential election that year. B) homogenous and uncompromising group of candidates supported by the Democrats. C) partisan position and divisive platform that the Republican Party supported. D) tremendous landslide victory that the Whigs enjoyed over the Democrats. E) difficulty the political parties had in selecting the presidential nominees

E. difficulty the political parties had in selecting the presidential nominees

15 The Compromise of 1850: A) effectively resolved issues associated with slavery. B) was decidedly pro-northern and very anti-southern. C) angered Americans since it did nothing about slavery. D) was actually two separate bills. E) failed to come to grips with several important issues.

E. failed to come to grips with several important issues.

24 As the economy began to suffer after 1929, President Herbert Hoover: A) accepted foreign aid to improve the living conditions for the American people. B) did nothing at all to try to help the American economy improve. C) used all the resources of the national government to improve the situation. D) took the lead in calling on world leaders to work together to end the crisis. E) failed to take the steps necessary to prevent the crisis from deepening.

E. failed to take the steps necessary to prevent the crisis from deepening.

17 During the years following the Civil War: A) most African American families moved north in search of socioeconomic opportunity. B) former slave males refused to allow their wives and children to work to help support the family. C) most southern states passed laws that made it virtually impossible for former slaves to have families. D) southern African Americans made few changes in their family structure or in gender relationships. E) former slaves were for the first time able to make fundamental decisions regarding familial roles.

E. former slaves were for the first time able to make fundamental decisions regarding familial roles.

11 The American political system developed in such a way that: A) every white person was given the right to vote. B) every white taxpayer over the age of 21 could vote. C) every American could participate in politics in some way. D) all white males and all free black males could vote. E) most adult white males gained the right to vote.

E. most adult white males gained the right to vote

9 As Americans entered the 1800s, they: A) were discouraged by the political conflicts that characterized the 1790s. B) were proud of the international prestige the new republic had gained. C) began an era of colonization in Florida and the Caribbean. D) began an era of unprecedented peaceful relations with foreign powers. E) found that the nation's role in international affairs still remained uncertain.

E. found that the nation's role in international affairs still remained uncertain

10 In the South during the years prior to 1850: A) free African Americans gained equality only by relocating to the Western territories. B) all the African Americans were held as either slaves or indentured servants. C) free African Americans enjoyed social equality but did not have the right to vote. D) the only economic opportunities available to free African Americans were as farmers. E) free African Americans experienced tremendous social and racial discrimination.

E. free African Americans experienced tremendous social and racial discrimination

11 President Andrew Jackson: A) replaced the Bank of the United States national Federal Reserve System. B) tried to resist the efforts by Henry Clay to destroy the Bank of the United States. C) attempted to strengthen the presidency unilateral control of the National Bank. D) had no interest in banks and refused to take a position on the Bank of the United States. E) generally mistrusted banks and so moved to destroy the Bank of the United States.

E. generally mistrusted banks and so moved to destroy the Bank of the United States

31 One of the most controversial ecological issues of the early twenty-first century is: A) mining in Alaska. B) the ban on whaling. C) outlawing asbestos. D) abolishing the EPA. E) global climatic change.

E. global climatic change.

22 The Great Migration of African Americans was influenced by all of the following except: A) the efforts of black families and civic organizations. B) the racial violence and lynchings occurring in the South. C) southern segregation and Jim Crow discrimination. D) acute labor shortages in northern factories. E) guarantees of high-paying skilled jobs in the North.

E. guarantees of high-paying skilled jobs in the North.

13 The emerging market revolution: A) was most noticeable in the rural areas of America. B) coincided with a drop in immigration to the United States. C) changed the American economy but not the society. D) was the result of powerful social reform movements. E) had its most noticeable impact in American cities.

E. had its most noticeable impact in American cities.

12 The emergence of the market economy: A) eliminated poverty in most regions of the United States. B) limited growth and agricultural production outside the South. C) had little influence outside of the manufacturing Northeast. D) spread to all areas of the country within just a few years. E) helped encourage expansion into the western territories.

E. helped encourage expansion into the western territories.

19 Between 1865 and 1900, the growth of big business in America was facilitated by: A) the efforts of the National Association of Manufacturers. B) the creation of the Department of Commerce. C) the low tariffs enacted by the federal government. D) the congressional interpretation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. E) horizontal integration and vertical combination.

E. horizontal integration and vertical combination.

31 William Jefferson Clinton and the Democratic Leadership Council: A) supported the liberal Democratic tradition of Franklin Roosevelt and Lyndon Johnson. B) believed that the Democrats had to be very conservative in order to win elections. C) preserved that the Democratic Party needed to become more liberal to win elections. D) wanted the Democratic Party to remain the same as it had been during the 1980s. E) insisted that the Democratic Party had to become more moderate and centralist.

E. insisted that the Democratic Party had to become more moderate and centralist.

25 The strategy the United States employed in the Pacific was known as: A) hunt and peck. B) total annihilation. C) brinkmanship. D) search and destroy. E) island hopping.

E. island hopping.

23 Between 1920 and 1929: A) Americans recommitted themselves to the progressivism of the early twentieth century. B) the United States became a nation characterized by modern culture, economics, and politics. C) the Democratic Party embraced modernity and thus came to dominate national politics. D) rural America regained its impact and strong moral hold over the nation's cities. E) large cities came to have a profound influence on Americans' thinking and ways of living.

E. large cities came to have a profound influence on Americans' thinking and ways of living.

20 The economic and social conditions of the 1890s: A) created the most prosperous economy and stable society of any period in the history of the United States. B) established for the first time in American history a consensus between the very wealthy and the very poor. C) saw the emergence as the United States as a leading superpower, with the world's most powerful navy. D) were so dismal that American voters rejected the traditional political parties and elected radicals into office. E) led many Americans to insist that the United States needed to play a greater role in international affairs.

E. led many Americans to insist that the United States needed to play a greater role in international affairs.

30 President Jimmy Carter helped create the Camp David Accords that: A) established a homeland for Palestinians by the end of the 1970s. B) created a joint government of Jews and Muslims in Jerusalem. C) ended the Iran Contra incident releasing American hostages. D) ended the violent conflict between Arabs and Israel in the Middle East. E) led to diplomatic relations for the first time between Egypt and Israel.

E. led to diplomatic relations for the first time between Egypt and Israel.

18 Early in the history of the United States: A) most of the Great Plains tribes had been destroyed and few Indians still lived west of the Mississippi River. B) most eastern tribes accepted the new inhabitants of the Americas and assimilated into American culture and government. C) the government had established laws to protect all Indian claims to territory east of the Mississippi River. D) European diseases and alcohol had completely destroyed Indian society everywhere in the new nation. E) many eastern tribes had been relocated into areas of the West thought to be beyond white encroachment.

E. many eastern tribes had been relocated into areas of the West thought to be beyond white encroachment.

19 By the 1890s: A) the economic growth of the 1890s encouraged many Americans to partake in rapid consumer spending. B) the prosperity of the 1880s had eliminated most social and racial divisions in the United States. C) poverty still existed but the vast majority of economic problems in the United States were resolved. D) a severe economic depression caused most Americans to reject the ideals of a capitalistic society. E) problems in the United States caused many Americans to become interested in an overseas empire.

E. problems in the United States caused many Americans to become interested in an overseas empire.

24 The New Deal: A) ended the Great Depression and brought social and political equality to the United States for the first time. B) did more than any other program in the history of the United States to improve the lives of African Americans. C) introduced radical social and economic programs that undermined the traditional values of Americans. D) created long-lasting programs that continue to functionally work in their entirety and exist untouched today. E) produced mixed results in specific areas but also dramatically changed the role of the federal government.

E. produced mixed results in specific areas but also dramatically changed the role of the federal government.

26 By the early 1950s: A) leaders of the Soviet Union enacted policies of openness that led to significant political reforms. B) it had become apparent that the United States was winning the cold war with the Russians. C) it had become apparent that the Soviet Union was winning the cold war with the Americans. D) the intense cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union had come to an end. E) prospects for true world peace were dim but many cold war tensions seemed to have eased.

E. prospects for true world peace were dim but many cold war tensions seemed to have eased.

13 The emergence of public education: A) offered women jobs that paid them the same salary men earned. B) began in the South where people couldn't afford private schools. C) reflected the Puritan ideals that students had to be strictly controlled. D) was devoid of any religious connotations. E) provided one of the early opportunities for women to have careers.

E. provided one of the early opportunities for women to have careers.

14 As Americans approached the 1850s: A) they were all united in their support for the way the nation was expanding. B) the nation faced few real concerns once the war against Mexico had ended. C) most southerners felt that the time had come to withdraw from the Union. D) most northerners called for military action to remove slave states from the Union. E) questions arising from national expansion began to threaten national unity.

E. questions arising from national expansion began to threaten national unity.

12 During the years 1790 through 1840: A) there was no direct correlation between religion and the changes in the social structure of society. B) the social dislocations associated with the Industrial Revolution led to a decline in church attendance in the United States. C) most religious leaders criticized industrialism because the impersonality of the factory system undermined Christian compassion. D) the first religious revival in American history occurred as workers looked for ways to ease the transition to the market economy. E) religion generally strengthened and reinforced the emerging middle-class values characteristic of the market revolution.

E. religion generally strengthened and reinforced the emerging middle-class values characteristic of the market revolution.

18 Crucial to opening the Great Plains to large-scale agriculture was: A) government subsidies to farmers who increased their production. B) the first real effective use of horse-drawn plows and combines. C) prestige and security that farming and land ownership provided. D) the creation of a federal highway system that facilitated marketing. E) significant improvements in transportation and in farm technology.

E. significant improvements in transportation and in farm technology.

19 To justify their wealth, many American businessmen embraced the ideology of: A) totalitarianism. B) utilitarianism. C) Taylorism. D) Marxism. E) social Darwinism.

E. social Darwinism.

9 The Hartford Convention: A) was the first talk of southern secession from the Union based on citizens protest. B) concluded the peace treaty that ended the war with England late in 1814. C) was the first national meeting to nominate a presidential candidate. D) called upon all Americans to fight against the English in 1812. E) strongly expressed New England Federalists' opposition to the War of 1812.

E. strongly expressed New England Federalists' opposition to the War of 1812

21 After 1908, the judicial model for defending progressive reforms was based on: A) due process of law. B) states' rights. C) the Miranda law. D) legal activism. E) the Brandeis Brief.

E. the Brandeis Brief.

29 The Mexican-American effort to establish ethnic identity and pride was: A) Students for a Democratic Society. B) MAFE (Mexican-Americans For Equality). C) Cinco de Mayo. D) el Grito Hidalgo. E) the Chicano Movement.

E. the Chicano Movement.

26 A major event that occurred in 1949 was: A) the formation of a socialist Vietnam. B) the division of Germany and Berlin. C) Fidel Castro's revolution in Cuba. D) the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. E) the Communist takeover in China.

E. the Communist takeover in China.

27 The most serious incident of the cold war was: A) the Bay of Pigs. B) building the Berlin Wall. C) the fall of Saigon. D) the Suez Crisis. E) the Cuban missile crisis.

E. the Cuban missile crisis.

28 Between 1900 and 1950: A) no contact at all existed between white and black southerners. B) Jim Crow segregation had been eliminated by southern legislatures. C) legislation to end racial problems eliminated the need for federal intervention. D) few racial problems existed in the South because most blacks had left. E) the South established strict laws in an effort to separate the races.

E. the South established strict laws in an effort to separate the races.

23 During the 1920s: A) the nation returned to normalcy and restored its economic and social traditions. B) a booming and growing economy guaranteed financial security for all Americans. C) modern concepts led to a total break with traditional ways of thinking in America. D) the economy boomed leading to the eradication of America's lower class. E) the United States experienced profound social and economic transformations.

E. the United States experienced profound social and economic transformations.

30 During the 1970s: A) Americans were more optimistic about their economic futures than at any time since the Great Depression. B) Presidents Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter successfully restored the health of the American economy. C) the American economy suffered from deflation and a shortage of skilled American workers. D) the United States suffered from high unemployment, but inflation was not a major concern for Americans. E) the United States faced a critical situation as economic indicators fell behind those of Europe and Japan.

E. the United States faced a critical situation as economic indicators fell behind those of Europe and Japan.

27 By 1963: A) the American dream was no longer a factor or influencing idea most Americans perceived. B) racial minorities had, for the first time in history, come to enjoy all of the benefits of the American dream. C) the American dream of a good life for most people had been destroyed by the reality of the cold war. D) most Americans believed that the only people who would enjoy prosperity were the economic elite. E) the apparent popular consensus was that the American dream was available to anybody who worked for it.

E. the apparent popular consensus was that the American dream was available to anybody who worked for it.

27 During the Eisenhower administration: A) the former general always used the military to stop communism. B) the Soviet Union collapsed and the cold war came to an end. C) Vietnam was the most critical area in the fight against communism. D) the loss of South Korea to communism shifted Eisenhower's political goals. E) the cold war continued but with a new focus and a new look.

E. the cold war continued but with a new focus and a new look.

25 The "Double V" campaign was: A) President Roosevelt's wartime policy of pursuing total war against both Germany and Japan. B) the cooperation of men fighting on the war front while women stayed to work in factories and provide for their families. C) the realization that victory in the war depended on military campaigns and also on civilian support. D) the strategy of opening up a western front against Germany while the Russians fought from the east. E) the effort by African Americans to help win the war and also to win more civil rights for themselves.

E. the effort by African Americans to help win the war and also to win more civil rights for themselves.

13 As the women's rights movement began: A) the effort was led for the most part by upper-class women. B) all Americans enthusiastically supported the reform effort. C) despite little male support, most women joined the effort. D) the nation moved quickly to give women the right to vote. E) the effort was led for the most part by middle-class women.

E. the effort was led for the most part by middle-class women.

18 Late in the 1800s and early in the 1900s: A) state governments became the primary agencies in the development of the West. B) the federal government decreased its role in the economic development of the West. C) the rugged individualism of the West eliminated the government's role in economic growth. D) national policies regarding the West remained the same as they had early in the 1800s. E) the federal government increased its role in the economic development of the West.

E. the federal government increased its role in the economic development of the West.

17 One result of the Civil War was: A) the recognition of the autonomy and sovereignty of the various states. B) the realization that the Constitution created a voluntary union of states. C) destruction of the tenets of racism. D) an amendment to the Constitution that prevented future secession. E) the growing authority that the federal government had over the states.

E. the growing authority that the federal government had over the states.

22 Once war broke out in Europe in 1914: A) all Americans patriotically and enthusiastically supported the nation's war effort. B) all Americans sought to immediately join the war to assist the Central Powers. C) the United States began to supply the English and the French with weapons. D) everybody in the United States insisted that America should stay out of the war. E) the official policy of the United States was to be a strict and impartial neutrality.

E. the official policy of the United States was to be a strict and impartial neutrality.

12 A major difference between preindustrial production and factory work was: A) that only adult family members worked in the factories. B) workers were organized along strictly patriarchal lines. C) that prior to industrialism, workers never received wages. D) the way workers were given a voice in settling work conditions. E) the precise and unrelenting work schedule in factories.

E. the precise and unrelenting work schedule in factories.

14 A primary proposal by the Democrats in the 1844 presidential election was: A) buying Texas, California, and New Mexico from Mexico. B) the acquisition of territory, modern Arizona and New Mexico. C) expanding to the South to acquire Cuba and Santo Domingo. D) that all territorial expansion should come to an end. E) the re-occupation of Oregon and the re-annexation of Texas.

E. the re-occupation of Oregon and the re-annexation of Texas.

21 An important element in progressivism was: A) the opening of America to immigration to expand its cultural outlook. B) the sense that individuals should make decisions about personal behavior. C) an appreciation for the importance of a multicultural society in the United States. D) a commitment to limiting the role that government played in cultural matters. E) the willingness to impose various forms of social control to improve America.

E. the willingness to impose various forms of social control to improve America.

26 At the end of World War II: A) Americans found true peace and security. B) the American economy collapsed once again. C) Americans proclaimed "eternal peace in our time." D) Americans solemnly celebrated the victory. E) true peace would prove difficult to establish.

E. true peace would prove difficult to establish.

24 As the 1920s came to an end: A) the tremendous growth in big business had created the healthiest economy the nation had ever had. B) the most serious economic problem facing the United States was the dislocation caused by World War I. C) the American population was wealthier than ever, with only a narrow gap in wealth between the rich and poor. D) American farmers had regained the economic prosperity that they had experienced during World War I. E) unequal distribution of wealth in the United States had created a significant problem in the economy.

E. unequal distribution of wealth in the United States had created a significant problem in the economy.

21 The administration of President Theodore Roosevelt: A) marked the final end of the progressive movement. B) was the first expression of progressivism in the country. C) did very little to change the nature of presidential leadership. D) saw a decline in the role and leadership power in the executive branch. E) was a period of unprecedented presidential activism.

E. was a period of unprecedented presidential activism.

29 The Vietnam War: A) grew out of the American desire to create a world-wide empire. B) stemmed from repeated terrorists attacks against U.S. troops overseas. C) was primarily an extension of the Pacific theater of World War II. D) marked the first war fought against religious fundamentalists. E) was rooted in the policy of containment and the Truman Doctrine.

E. was rooted in the policy of containment and the Truman Doctrine.

16 King Cotton Diplomacy: A) was the Union's all-out war effort to destroy all of the South's cotton-producing capability. B) allowed the Confederacy to earn millions of dollars to finance its conduct of the Civil War. C) was successful until 1864 when the Union blockade finally cut off southern commerce. D) allowed the Confederacy to export cotton in exchange for the release of southern slaves. E) was the basis for the South's mistaken belief that England would recognize the Confederacy.

E. was the basis for the South's mistaken belief that England would recognize the Confederacy.

28 The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A) helped African Americans but did little for other minority groups. B) effectively ended prejudice and discrimination in the United States. C) was so effective that it was the last piece of civil rights legislation to date. D) brought the civil rights movement in the United States to an end. E) was the most significant civil rights legislation since Reconstruction.

E. was the most significant civil rights legislation since Reconstruction.

10 A crucial element in the rapid growth of cotton production between 1790 and 1840: A) was the large number of textile mills being built in the southern United States. B) was the development of mechanical reapers to harvest the valuable crop. C) was the expansion of the United States into the huge state of Texas. D) was the production output due to new farming techniques and temperate weather. E) was the technological innovation that occurred in Great Britain.

E. was the technological innovation that occurred in Great Britain

23 During the 1920s: A) very few Americans had any interest in professional sports franchises. B) major league baseball took the lead in integrating professional sports. C) the most popular American spectator sport was the National Basketball Association. D) the most popular spectator sport was the new National Football League. E) white athletes and African-American athletes played in segregated leagues.

E. white athletes and African-American athletes played in segregated leagues.