APUSH AMSCO Chapters 12-15

Republican Party

Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery and comprised of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers, in defiance to the Slave Powers

Oregon Territory

Polk convinced Congress to end joint occupation; British proposed divide the territory along 49th parallel; U.S. acquired Puget Sound

free-soil movement

opposed the expansion of slavery in new states (particularly out west) ; subcatagory of the Republican party who were also abolitionists ; popular during the late antebellum period ; Abe Lincoln was the most influential person of this political party

Zachary Taylor

ordered by polk to lead his troops across the Nueces River, defeated mexicans at the battle of Beuna Vista. Later became the 12th President of the U.S.

Texas

Aquired 1845 when Texas declared independence from Mexico and entered the Union

Lincoln's First Inaugural Address

1. No intention of touching slavery where it already exists, only control expansion 2. The South are the aggressors, had no right to secede

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition

Mexican Cession

1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.

Walker Expedition

1853 tried to take baja; took nicaragua in 1855; executed in 1860

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Stephen A. Douglass

A Democratic Senator from Illinois who debated Abraham Lincoln during his run for Senator in the Lincoln-Douglass Debates. He was an avid supporter of the Compromise of 1850, supported popular sovereignty, he rescued Clay's faltering compromise, he divided the compromise into 5 parts to he could mobilize a majority for each issue separately

Benjamin Wade

A Radical Republican from Ohio who endorsed other liberal causes including women's suffrage, rights for labor unions, and civil rights for northern blacks.

due process of law

A clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that prohibits states and local governments from depriving a person of life, liberty, or property without certain steps to ensure fairness.

equal protection under the law

A clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people of its jurisdiction. Previously, such protection was only guaranteed from the federal government.

The Impending Crisis

A controversial book. written by Hinton Helper, that used statistics to argue that the non-slaveholding whites were the ones that were suffering from slavery. This book was banned in the south, but the republican party used it as campaign material in the north

carpetbaggers

A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.

Radical Republicans

A faction of the Republican party that championed civil rights for blacks. This faction was in control of the congressional Reconstruction. This group struggled from 1866-1870 to extend equal rights to all Americans.

scalawag

A nickname southern Democrats gave to southern Republicans who were in control of the government during Reconstruction

Underground Railroads

A system of escape routes to the north. Virtual freedom train that was a chain of "stations" (antislavery homes) through which scores of "passengers" (runaway slaves) were spirited by "conductors" (white/black abolitionists) from the slvae states to the free soil of Canada.

Ku Klux Klan

A white supremacy group founded in 1867 by an ex-Confederate general Nathaniel Bedford Forrest. This group intimidated freemen by burning black-owned buildings and flogging/murdering blacks who tried to vote. The group also intimidated Republicans and any other person who they saw as helping the blacks.

Lincoln's Use of Executive Power

Ab[uses]- summoned troops and authorized spending without approval of Congress, suspended habeas corpus

Thirteenth Amendment (1865)

Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the U.S and all U.S territories

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

Acquired additional land from Mexico for $10 million to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad.

Force Acts of 1870 and 1871

Acts that gave power to federal authorities to stop Ku Klux Klan violence and protect the civil rights of citizens in the South.

Black Codes

After Confederates regained office in southern state legislatures, many formed ____________ which limited African Americans' freedoms. They included: 1) Prohibiting blacks from buying or renting land 2) Forcing blacks to sign work contracts, placing them in semi-bondage 3) Prohibiting blacks from testifying against whites in court When Congress took control of the Reconstruction, they passed amendments in attempt to outlaw these laws.

sharecropping

After slavery was abolished, the South's agricultural economy was in turmoil since there was its source of cheap labor was gone. Thus, planters turned to ____________ where the landlord provided the seed and other needed farm supplies in return for a share of the harvest. While this gave poor whites and black a chance to earn money, it also made them dependent on their landowners and/or in debt to merchants. Thus, _______ was very close to slavery and trapped generations of poor blacks.

Mountain Men

American adventurers and fur trappers who spent most of their time in the Rocky Mountains.

Blanche K. Bruce

An African American Republican senator from the South during the Reconstruction Era

Hiram Revels

An African American from Mississippi who took the Senate seat once held by Jefferson Davis. Revels was a Republican, and many ex-Confederates resented him and other black representatives.

John Brown

An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory

Panic of 1873

An economic disaster at the beginning of Grant's second presidential term that left many northern laborers homeless and without jobs. This occurred because overspeculation by financiers and overbuilding by industry and railroads.

New England Emigrant Aid Company

Antislavery organization in the North that sent out thousands of pioneers to the Kansas-Nebraska territory to thwart the Southerners and abolitionize the West.

Pacific Roadway Act

Authorized transcontinental railroad through the North to link California and Western economies to the North

Grant's War of Attrition

Battle strategy- Union had a more resilient economy, more people, stronger government, and were able to wear down the Confederacy with time. I. Grant wears down Lee to point of collapse, knows Southern resources are dwindling, destroys supply lines (MS River)

Aroostook War

Boundary dispute between settlers in Maine and New Brunswick in 1838 to 1839. Issue settled by Webster Ashburton treaty.

Harpers Ferry raid

Brown's idea to use guns from the arsenal to arm VA slaves whom he expected to rise and revolt; federal troops under Robert E. Lee captured Brown and his band after a two-day siege; Brown and his followers were killed; a martyr to the North, a rebel and radical to the South

mining frontier

California, Colorado, Nevada, Black Hills of the Dakotas, where gold or silver rushes began; boomtowns started up

Trent Affair

Confederate diplomats Mason and Slidell captured en route to Europe to seek foreign aid, released by Lincoln but still refused recognition of Confederacy by Britain and France

"barnburners"

Conscience Whigs and Free-soilers were known as this; their defection threatened to destroy the Democratic Party

Freedmen's Bureau

Created in March 1865, the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands provided food, shelter, and medical aid for blacks and poor whites. It first resettled blacks on confiscated Southern farmlands, but this was stopped when the Confederates got pardoned under Johnson. The Bureau opened many schools including black colleges and taught many blacks how to read.

Samuel F. B. Morse

Created the telegraph to go along with railroads and Morse Code.

New Orleans Campaign (1862)

David Farragut captures New Orleans and control of Mississippi River

Battle of Antietam

Deciding Battle- Lee hopes that a confederate victory of Northern soil would win over support from GB, ends up retreating to VA, not further pursued by McClellan -although technically a draw, prevented Confederates from achieving foreign aid/recognition -Lincoln takes the opportunity to announce Emancipation Proclamation

Franklin Pierce

Democratic candidate that won against General Winfield Scott because the Whigs did not like his opinions and helped the Kansas Nebraska act

Republican Party

Divided between radicals (abolitionists) and free-soilers

Monitor vs. Merrimac, VA

Duel between ironclad naval vessels, Monitor (Union) and the Merrimac (Confed.) -ironclad ships revolutionized naval warfare, wooden ships declared obsolete

Whiskey Ring

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

Morrill Land Grant Act

Encouraged states to use money from land grants to fund agricultural colleges

Impact on Women

Established women in the nursing practice, increased respect from males which increased support for suffrage

John C. Fremont

Explorer and military leader who led the Bear Flag Republic US troops in 1846 took Cali

Panic of 1857

Financial crash brought on by gold-fueled inflation, and excess grain production. Raised calls in the North for higher tariffs and for free homesteads on western public lands.

free soil party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)

GB and US said that neither nation would or could attempt to take exclusive control of any future canal route in Central America

Battle of Fredericksburg, VA

General Burnside (Union) fights reckless, bloody battles against Lee with many Union casualties and is forced to retreat -better weaponry and artillery = more bloodbath, less precision and technique, and less sustainable fighting

Sherman's March

General William Tecumseh Sherman led troops through the South to destroy cities, pillage farms, and assault civilians to wear away their will to fight -1864 Seizes Atlanta, GA, and sets fire to Columbia, SC

Zachary Taylor

General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States. Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but defeated.

Sociology for the South

George Fitzhugh; book supported slavery

Battle of Vicksburg, MS (1863)

Grant captures confederate fort along MS River, cuts off TX, LA, AR from confederacy

Fall of Richmond (1865)

Grant causes Lee's army to collapse around Petersburg, VA, Richmond left vulnerable

Know-Nothing Party

Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.

Lewis Cass

He was nominated as President after Polk and he evolved a doctrine of popular sovereignty. He argued that slavery should be kept out of Congress and left to the people.

Winfield Scott's Union Strategy

I. Anaconda Plan- blockade Southern ports to cut off essential supplies II. Take control of Mississippi River to divide the Confederacy in two III. Take Richmond with army of 500,000

Reasoning behind lack of diplomatic support-

I. Cotton trade expanded to Egypt and India, South no longer fundamental II. Lee's setback at Antietam III. Moral opposition to slavery- support for Lincoln's antislavery Emancipation Proclamation

Southern Advantages

I. Defensive battle II. Idented coastline difficult to blockade III. Prominent military leaders, fight for the 'glorious cause' IV. Hope of financial aid from other countries because of the prominent cotton economy V. Supplies centralized, had to move less VI. Struggle for independence > preserve the Union

Northern Advantages

I. Population 22 million- allowed for a war of attrition II. Immigrant and freed black forces struggling to prove themselves in battle III. Larger, self-sufficient economy- railroads, farms, factories (#1) and a dwindling Southern economy IV. Southern states believed in states rights when a strong central government was necessary for success

Emancipation Proclamation (1862)

I. Proclaimed the freedom of slaves in ten of the rebelling states outside of Union control, border states KY, DE, MD, MO, not included II. Based upon Lincoln's role as Commander in Chief of the Armed forces- allowed for Union soldiers to free slaves as they progressed, authorized free slaves joining Union Army -Enlarged the purpose of the war and bound government to the abolition of slavery

Financing the War

I. Raised tariff (Morrill Tariff) II. First excise and income taxes III. US Treasury issued paper currency (contributed to 80% inflation) IV. Established National banking system to manage the revenue in and out of Treasury

Freeport Doctrine

Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so

Tenure of Office Act of 1867

In 1867, Congress passed this act that prohibited the president from removing a federal official or military commander without the approval of the Senate. Congress passed this act to protect the Radical Republicans in Johnson's cabinet, including Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. Congress used this act as grounds for Johnson's impeachment.

Jay Gould

In 1869 this man and James Fisk obtained the help of Grant's brother-in-law in a scheme to corner the gold market. Although the Treasury Department broke the scheme, ______ had already made a large profit. This was just one example of corruption during the post-Civil War years.

Compromise of 1850

Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War

patronage

In a political sense __________ means for a person in office to give jobs and government favors (spoils) to his supporters. This occurred frequently in the late period of Reconstruction.

Credit Mobilier

In this scandal of 1872, insiders gave stock to influential members of Congress. This was to avoid investigation of the high profits they were making from government subsidies for building the transcontinental railroad.

Republican Economic Program

Included the creation of the National Banking System, Morrill tariff, Homestead Acts, Morrill Land Grant Act, and Pacific Railway Act

Lincoln's Assassination

Infuriated Northerners at a time when South needed levelheadedness and understanding, put South in no place to compromise

Elias Howe

Invented the sewing machine

Irish Mob Riot, NYC

Irish Mob assaults group of wealthy whites and freed blacks over federal draft -Perception that African Americans would replace poor laborers who went off to fight the war, bitter towards upper class

Pottawatomie creek

John Brown rode with 4 sons & 2 others to Pottawatomie Creek; dragged 5 proslavery settlers from beds and murdered them

Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

Lee on the offensive attacks Union forces in PA, Confederate Army damaged beyond repair, Lee flees back to VA -'Pickett's Charge' creates a bloodbath

Appomattox (1865)

Lee surrenders to Grant

Second Battle of Bull Run

Lee takes advantage of unprepared troops during changing leadership from McClellan to Pope, forces Union back to DC

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

Election of 1864

McClellan (Democrat)- drew in anti-war, pro-peace supporters and all opposed to Lincoln's policies Lincoln (Republican/Unionists)- appealed to "war-Democrats"

Peninsula Campaign

McClellan tries to invade VA, stopped by Lee, after four months forced back to the Potomac and replaced by John Pope

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Mexico recognized the area north of the Rio Grande to be America's; trade of CA and NM for $15 million; the US will assume $3 million in debt that Mexico owed

Ex Parte Milligan (1866)

S.C ruling- Indiana had violated civil rights by allowing military court trials of civilians

Democratic Party

Opposed to Lincoln's handling of the war in general, Peace Democrats and Copperheads opposed all conflict

overland trails

Oregon, California, Santa Fe, and Mormon trails. Trails that went to the far west.

Stephen Austin

Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish

Far West

Pacific states that were the focus of Manifest Destiny: California, Oregon, Texas, etc.

Greenbacks

Paper money that was not supported by gold. This money became widely circulated during the Civil War. During the Panic of 1873, debtors sought to increase circulation of this money for an inflationary, easy-money solution. Grant vetoed a bill that would increase circulation of these bills in 1874, siding with hard-money bankers and creditors who wanted money backed with gold.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Passed by Congress over Johnson's vetoes, these acts placed the South under military occupation. They divided the former Confederate states into five military districts and increased the requirements for getting readmitted to the Union. Each ex-Confederate state had to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and place guarantees in its constitution from granting the right to vote for all males. The acts did not include Tennessee, which had already passed the Fourteenth Amendment and was readmitted.

Wade-Davis Bill

Passed through Congress in 1864, this bill was far stricter than Lincoln's 10% Plan and required 50 percent of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-Confederates to vote for a new state constitution. It was backed by the Radical Republicans, who thought Lincoln's plan would allow the southern aristocrats to assume power again and deny equality to blacks in the South.

spoilsmen

People who seek to profit by the spoils system or support it in anyway. In the early 1870s, the early Radical Republican reformers gave way to such political manipulators

Ostend Manifesto (1852)

Polk wanted to buy Cuba for 100 million from Spain, but Spain refused to sell the last part of its former empire

Confiscation Acts

Power to seize enemy property during warfare, expanded to cover the right to free slaves of all people engaged in rebellion

Rio Grande; Nueces River

River America wanted to be the border between Texas and Mexico; A river in south Texas that Mexico claimed was the boundary between Texas and Mexico.

Homestead Act

Promoted settlement of the Great Plains and westward expansion- 160 acres of land offered to families willing to farm the land for 5 years

Wilmot Proviso

Provision that stipulated that slavery be prohibited in any territory the U.S. gained from Mexico. Did not end up passing through the Senate

Morrill Tariff

Raised tariff to increase revenue and protect American manufacturing

Fourteenth Amendment

Ratified in 1868, this amendment: 1) Declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens 2) Obligated the states to respect the rights of U.S citizens and provide them "equal protection of the laws" and "due process of law" 3) Forbid former Confederate political leaders from holding state or federal offices 4) Repudiated debts of the Confederacy 5) Reduced that state's representation in Congress and its electoral votes if it kept any eligible person from voting

Liberal Republicans

Reform-minded Republicans, tired of Grant's scandals broke with the party in 1872 and selected Horace Greeley as their presidential candidate. They advocated civil service reform, and end of railroad subsidies, withdrawal for troops from the South, reduced tariffs, and free trade. The Democrats joined these Republicans in nominating Greeley, but Grant won a reelection.

Fifteenth Amendment

Releasing that the African Americans needed federal protection if their party wanted to maintain control (most blacks were Republicans), Republicans passed this amendment in 1869. It prohibited any state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote "on account of race, color, or previous condition or servitude". It essentially guaranteed male suffrage.

Freedmen Enlisting

Response to the Emancipation Proclamation, caused drastic decline in Southern Economy I. 200,000 blacks served in the Union Army in segregated units like the Massachusetts 54th Regiment

urban frontier

San Francisco, Denver, Salt Lake City created because of gold rush or natural resources

Conscription Act (1863)

Set forth an organized military draft for men between 20 and 45 -avoided by payment of $300 or substitution

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

Set up by Lincoln in 1863, this "ten percent plan" shaped his picture for political Reconstruction that was very moderate: 1) Presidential pardons would be given to southerners (except highly ranked Confederates) who took an oath of allegiance to the Union and accepted the emancipation of slaves 2) When 10% of the voters had taken the oath, the state government could be reestablished and recognized Lincoln meant to shorten the war and add weight to his Emancipation Proclamation. The proclamation was criticized for being too lenient by the Radical Republicans.

George Fitzhugh

Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society,The most influential propagandist in the decade before the Civil War. In his Sociology (1854), he said that the capitalism of the North was a failure. In another writing he argued that slavery was justified when compared to the cannibalistic approach of capitalism. Tried to justify slavery.

redeemers

Southern conservatives who took control of the states' governments as the Radical Republicans were losing influence, a process completed in 1877. They represent the final phase of Reconstruction. These politicians wanted states' rights, reduced taxes, reduced spending on social programs, and white supremacy. (a lot like the old South)

Confederate Raiders

Southern purchase of British ships for naval advantages, Prime Minister Charles Francis Adams shuts down transaction, GB later repays for damages incurred by the ships

Popular sovereignty

The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government

First Battle of Bull Run, VA

Stonewall Jackson's reserves beat Union forces under Irvin McDowell back to DC in a panic

Millard Fillmore

Successor of President Zachary Taylor after his death on July 9th 1850. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise.

Sumner-Brooks incident

Sumner was an MA senator and unyielding foe of slavery. He was physically attacked by Senator Brooks of SC in retaliation for a two-day speech made denouncing the proslavery Missourians who had crossed into Kansas and Brook's pro-slavery uncle who supported the Missourians- showed the split of the government

James K. Polk

The 11th U.S. President, he led the country during the mexican war and sought to expand the United States

James Buchanan

The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.

presidential Reconstruction

The Reconstruction plans of Lincoln and Johnson who believed it was the executive's power to rebuild the South. It was the first "round" of the Reconstruction, from 1863 to the spring of 1866

Civil Rights Act of 1866

The Congress overrode Johnson's veto for this and the Freemen's Bureau Act. This act pronounced that all African Americans were U.S citizens and tried to prohibit southern black codes. However, fearing that this act would be repealed as soon as the Democrats took control of Congress, the Republicans sought a more permanent solution with the a constitutional amendment.

Andrew Johnson

The Democratic vice-president during Lincoln's second term who became the president in 1865 after Lincoln's death. Although he hated Southern aristocrats, his Reconstruction plans were much like Lincoln's. In addition to Lincoln's terms it denied voting rights to former leaders and office holders of the Confederacy and Confederates with more than $20,000 in property. However, he would grant individual pardons, so many former Confederate leaders returned to office by 1865. After he vetoed Congress' bills, he was impeached in 1867, but was voted not to leave office in 1868.

Horace Greeley

The Liberal Republican and Democrat candidate for the 1872 presidential election who lost to regular Republican Grant (up for reelection)

Rutherford B. Hayes

The Republican president who took office in 1877. He was the governor of Ohio who the Republicans nominated because he was untouched by the corruption of the Grant administration. As part of the Compromise of 1877, Hayes removed the last of the Union troops from the South and the other Republicans, ending Reconstruction.

Edwin Stanton

The Secretary of War who was appointed under Lincoln and aligned with the Radical Republicans. Johnson dismissed Stanton in defiance of the Tenure of Office Act in 1867, believing the act to be unconstitutional. This led to the House impeaching Johnson.

William (Boss) Tweed; Tweed Ring

The boss of the local Democratic Party/ Tammany Hall during the Grant years who masterminded many schemes to get himself and his friends money illegally. He stole $200 million from New York taxpayers before the cartoonist Thomas Nast exposed him and brought about his arrest in 1871

Compromise of 1877

The compromise that ended the era of Reconstruction. It stated that Hayes would be president over Tilden on the condition that he would build a southern transcontinental railroad and remove federal support for the Republicans in the South. Hayes kept his promise and the last of the troops from South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana were removed.

railroads; federal land grants

The expansion of these westward played a key role in opening up the frontier; Federal gov. granted land for railroad companies to build more routes

Charles Sumner

The leading Radical Republican in the Senate from Massachusetts who returned after Preston Brooks canning incident

Thaddeus Stevens

The most famous Radical Republican representing Pennsylvania in the House of Representatives who hoped the revolutionize southern society through an extended period of military rule where blacks could exercise their civil rights, would be educated in public schools, and receive lands confiscated from former plantation owners.

farming frontier

The period of time in which hundreds of thousands of citizens moved west and began to farm the frontier.

impeachment

The political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the Constitution. The House of Representatives may impeach the president by a majority vote for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors."

Samuel J. Tilden

The presidential candidate who was a Democrat from New York. He won the popular vote in the election of 1876, but because in three Southern states the votes were contested, the electoral commission decided Grant had won. Knowing that this commission was Republican, the Democrats threatened to send the election to the House of Representatives. This issue was resolved with the Compromise of 1877, in which Hayes was determined to be president.

congressional Reconstruction

The second "round" of Reconstruction that began after the congressional elections of 1866 when the dominant Republicans in Congress unified and took a more radical stance (fearing that the Democrats would gain power). During this period of reconstruction, the southern states were occupied by the Union army and many steps to guarantee the rights of blacks were taken. The Radical Republicans also had Johnson impeached in 1867.

Great American Desert

The vast arid territory that included the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Western Plateau. Known as this before 1860, they were the lands between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast.

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare.

Amnesty Act of 1872

This Act that removed the last of the restrictions on ex-Confederates, except for the top leaders. This allowed many of these conservative Democrats to retake control of state governments

Stephen Kearney

This Colonel, under the direction of Polk, led a small army that captured Santa Fe with no opposition. He then proceeded to California where he joined a conflict already in progress that was being staged jointly by American settlers

Civil Rights Act of 1875

This was the last of the civil rights reforms passed by Congress during the Reconstruction era. This act guaranteed blacks equal accommodations in public places like hotels, railroads and theaters and prohibited courts from excluding them from juries. However, this act was poorly enforced because Republicans were moving on to other issues and the Southern aristocrats had regained control of the South.

Grant's Mississippi Campaign

Ulysses S. Grant captures Fort Donelson and Fort Henry along Cumberland River, promotes control of MS River by Farragut

Confederate State Constitution

Under Jefferson Davis and Stephens (VP) I. Six-year terms, presidential item veto II. Congress had no power to raise revenue- levy tariffs, fund internal improvements, overprinting of $$$ caused depreciation and inflation III. Prohibited the foreign slave trade

Fort Sumter (1861)

Union resupply of South Carolina fort seen as an attack on the Confederacy, fort captured by Confederate forces. -Northern perception that defense against enemies is necessary for survival

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Winfield Scott

United States general who was a hero of the War of 1812 and who defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican War (1786-1866)

Sam Houston

United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863)

Henry Clay

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states (1777-1852)

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

Hinton R Helper

Wrote The Impending Crisis, a book about slavery. He said the non-slave holding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. He was captured and killed by Southerners

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852. The book persuaded more people, particularly Northerners, to become anti-slavery.

Fugitive Slave Laws

a law enacted as part of the compromise of 1850 designed to ensure that escaped slaves would be returned into bondage

gold rush; silver rush

a period from1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold; Miners rused to Coloroado, Nevado, the Black Hills of the Dakotas, and other western states to search for silver.

"bleeding Kansas"

a sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

California; Bear Flag Republic

acquired from Mexico in 1848 and admitted as a free state in 1850 without ever having been a territory; nickname for California after it declared independence from Mexico in 1846

John C Frémont

an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

Franklin Pierce

an American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States. Pierce's popularity in the North declined sharply after he came out in favor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, repealing the Missouri Compromise and reopening the question of the expansion of slavery in the West.

conscience Whigs

anti-slavery Whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican war on moral grounds.

Mexican War (1846-1847)

armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas. Mexico claimed ownership of Texas as a breakaway province and refused to recognize the secession and subsequent military victory by Texas in 1836.

Roger Taney

chief justice of the supreme court who wrote an opinion in the 1857 Dred Scott case that declared the Missouri compromise unconstitutional

Matthew C. Perry

was the Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854.

John Tyler

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died (1790-1862)

industrial technology

industrialization of 1840s on created shoes, sewing machines, ready-to-wear clothing, firearms, precision tools, and iron products for railroads, etc.

Dred Scott v. Standford

landmark supreme court decision which confirmed that status of slaves as property rather than citizens, and therefore the case was thrown out by Chief Justice Roger B Taney

House-Divided Speech

made by Abraham Lincoln before he was elected stating that the United States will either be all slave or all free because it can't be half and half and still succeed.

"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!"

slogan used in the 1844 presidential election as a call for us annexation of the oregon territory

Lecompton constitution

supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

Manifest Destiny

the belief that the United States was destined to stretch across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

Alamo

the mission in San Antonio where in 1836 Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico

secession

the withdrawal of eleven Southern states from the Union in 1860 which precipitated the American Civil War

foreign commerce; Exports and Imports

trade between the US and a foreign country; regulated by Congress; Goods being shipped world-wide now that railroads had connected the coasts of America.