APUSH Ch. 25
Christian Science
A Christian sect founded by Mary Baker Eddy in the 19th century. They believe that sickness and sin are not ordained by God and can be overcome by praying; hence they are known for refusing to accept medicine or treatment by doctors.
Ida B. Wells
A daughter of two slaves, she was highly anti-lynching and went on a national tour to support it, and so had her newspaper office destroyed as a result. She continued to speak out against lynching and also supported and became a part of civil rights groups and was a supporter of women's suffrage.
Women's Christian Temperance Union
A group of women who advocated total abstinence from alcohol and who worked to get laws passed against alcohol.
Louis Sullivan
A leading architect of skyscrapers in the late nineteenth century, stressed the need for building designs that followed function. His works combined beauty, modest cost, and efficient use of space.
The Metaphysical Club
A philosophical club formed between Holmes, James, and Pierce in which they pursued critical thinking and pragmaticist ideals.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
A pioneer in the women's suffrage movement, she helped organize the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. She later helped edit the militant feminist magazine Revolution from 1868 - 1870.
sweatshop
A shop or factory where workers work long hours at low wages under unhealthy conditions.
Vaudeville
A type of inexpensive variety show that first appeared in the 1870s, often consisting of comic sketches, song-and-dance routines, and magic acts
Jack London
A young California writer and adventurer who portrayed his experiences in the Klondike gold rush and the conflict between nature and civilization in his novels.
Walt Whitman
American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.
Henry James
American writer who lived in England. Wrote numerous novels around the theme of the conflict between American innocence and European sophistication/corruption, with an emphasis on the psychological motivations of the characters.
urbanization
An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.
Atlanta Compromise
Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement
Charles Darwin
Biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival.
Tuskegee Institute
Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper. (promoted growth of such crops as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soy beans)
ghettos
City slum areas inhabited by minority groups living there due to social or economic pressures.
Washington Gladden
Congregationalist minister who followed the social gospel and supported social reform. A prolific writer whose newspaper columns and many books made him a national leader of the Social gospel movement.
Brooklyn Bridge
Designed by John Roebling, this structure combines two structural systems: steel cables (tension) and arches themselves (compression). This structure established the basis for all modern suspension bridges; it also showed the first time steel used in an American structure.
ASPCA
Founded by Henry Bergh. known for defending over worked and abused carriage horses in NY
NAACP
Founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional
Mary Baker Eddy
Founded the Church of Christian Scientists and set forth the basic doctrine of Christian Science.
William James
Founder of Functionalism and Pragmatism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; important emotion theory. Wrote Principles of Psychology.
Henry George
He helped launch an entire generation of economic and social reform with his best-selling book, Progress and Poverty (1880). He advocated a single tax on land as a means of dealing with the wide disparity between enormous wealth and poverty in California.
John Dewey
He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life" and that "the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."
Joseph Pulitzer
His New York World newspaper was the first newspaper to exceed a million in circulation. Filled newspaper with stories of crimes and disasters and feature stories about political and economic corruption.
nativism
Hostility toward immigrants.
New Immigrants
Immigrants who came to the United States during and after the 1880s; most were from southern and eastern Europe. They were unskilled laborers desperate for work, so they filled the jobs in sweatshops and such.
Susan B. Anthony
Key leader of woman suffrage movement, social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation
dumbbell tenements
Low cost apartment buildings designed to house as many families as the owner could pack in. Attempted to increase airflow and safety through their shape but they proved to not work.
Mark Twain
Master of satire. A regionalist writer who gave his stories "local color" through dialects and detailed descriptions. His works combined real depth with a comic genius that exposed the pretentiousness and meanness of human beings.
Frank Norris
Muckraker during the Progressive Era; wrote "The Octopus" (1901) that described the power of the railroads over Western farmers which caused Congress to finally act in favour of the farmers
American Protective Association
Nativist organization created in 1887 that urged to vote against Roman Catholic candidates for office.
Walter Rauschenbusch
New York clergyman who preached the social gospel, worked to alleviate poverty, and worked to make peace between employers and labor unions.
yellow journalism
One of the causes of the Spanish-American War (1898) - this was when newspaper publishers like Hearst and Pulitzer sensationalized news events (like the sinking of the Maine) to anger American public towards Spain.
Chautauqua movement
One of the first adult education programs. Developed into a travelling lecture series and adult summer school which traversed the country providing religious and secular education though lectures and classes.
YMCA
Opened doors for young men to have a place to sleep. Organization which opened libraries, sponsored classes, and provided a place for healthy physical activity.
Ellis Island
Opened in 1892 as a immigration center. New arrivals had to pass rigorous medical and document examinations and pay entry before being allowed into the U.S.
Anti-Saloon League
Organization founded in 1893 that increased public awareness of the social effects of alcohol on society; supported politicians who favored prohibition and promoted statewide referendums in Western and Southern states to ban alcohol.
Pragmatism
Philosophical principle, first expressed by William James, that expressed the evolutionary idea that truth arose from the testing of new ideas, the value of which lay in their practical consequences.
Horatio Alger
Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work
Booker T. Washington
Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881.
Jane Addams
Prominent social reformer who was responsible for creating the Hull House. She helped other women join the fight for reform, and influenced the creation of other settlement houses.
Dwight Lyman Moody
Protestant evangelist, proclaimed a gospel of kindness and forgiveness, contributed to adapting the old-time religion to the facts of city life.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Published Women and Economics, classic feminist literature. In the book she called on women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the well being on the community; she also advocated for women to join the work force.
Victoria Woodhull
Radical feminist propagandist whose eloquent attacks on conventional social morality (ie expressing her belief in free love) shocked many Americans in the 1870s. Tried to run for president but the government refused to put her name on the ballot.
Carrie Nation
Radical temperance crusader who worked for prohibition by walking into saloons, scolding the patrons, and using her hatchet to destroy bottles of liquor
department stores
Retailers that carry a broad variety and deep assortment, offer customer services, and organize their stores into distinct departments for displaying merchandise
Hull House
Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood and improved some of the conditions caused by poverty.
Carrie Chapman Catt
She was a leader of the women's suffrage movement. She was not successful in accomplishing her goal, but she did spark a movement that would eventually lead to women's right to vote.
YWCA
Spiritual organization meant to provide healthy activities for young workers in the cities. Provided housing and a day nursery for young women and their children.
birds of passage
Temporary migrants who came to the United States to work and save money then returned home to their native countries during slack season.
accomodationist
Term given to Booker T. Washington's method of solving race issues--he helped blacks by promoting their economic value but not challenging white supremacy
mail-order catalogues
The innovation which brought to isolated farmers the same opportunity to purchase goods from the largest companies as enjoyed in cities.
psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Initiated by William James.
Sister Carrie
Theodore Dreiser's novel; single woman who moved to city and worked in shoe factory but then turned to prostitution due to poverty
Thomas Edison
This scientist received more than 1,300 patents for a range of items including the automatic telegraph machine, the phonograph, improvements to the light bulb, a modernized telephone and motion picture equipment.
Salvation Army
This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality.
normal schools
Two-year institutions developed in the early 1800s to prepare prospective elementary teachers
Comstock Law
United States federal law which amended the Post Office Act and made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail, including contraceptive devices and information. In addition to banning contraceptives, this act also banned the distribution of information on abortion for educational purposes.
Cardinal James Gibbons
Urban Catholic leader devoted to American unity-was immensely popular with Roman Catholics and Protestants. Acquainted with many presidents, he employed his liberal sympathies to assist the American labor movement.
settlement houses
Welfare agencies for needy families which combated juvenile delinquency and assisted recent immigrants in learning the English language and in becoming citizens.
Stephen Crane
Writer who introduced grim realism to the American novel. His major work, The Red Badge of Courage is a psychological study of a Civil War soldier. He had never been near a war when he wrote it, but later he was a reporter in the Spanish-American War.
Edward Bellamy
Wrote Looking Backward; said that captialism supported the few and exploited the many and that socialism would be on top in the end
Bret Harte
Wrote humorous short stories about the American West, popularized the use of regional dialects as a literary device.
social gospel movement
a 19th century reform movement based on the belief that Christians have a responsibility to help improve working conditions and alleviate poverty
New York World
a newspaper Pulitzer owned and wrote for and it was one of the top selling newspaper and they used yellow journalism
rags to riches
a popular belief of the last half of the 19th century derived from the stories of Horatio Alger, who stressed the theme that the poor can become rich and successful in America by working hard; the "American Dream."
Theodore Dreiser
an American novelist and journalist. He pioneered the naturalist school and is known for portraying characters whose value lies not in their moral code, but in their persistence against all obstacles, and literary situations that more closely resemble studies of nature than tales of choice and agency.
WEB Du Bois
fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP
NAWSA
founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in 1890 to obtain the right to vote; supported a state by state strategy to achieve suffrage; they politically supported the democratic party.
Columbian Exposition
held in Chicago in 1893; visited by over 27 million people; raised American artistic standards and promote city planning; was a revival of classical architectural forms, and a setback for realism
circuses
large public entertainments, typically presented in one or more very large tents or in an outdoor or indoor arena, featuring exhibitions of pageantry, feats of skill and daring, performing animals, etc., interspersed throughout with the slapstick antics of clowns.
National Prohibition Party
organized in 1869 in response to the increasing amount of liquor intake by Americans due to Civil War and foreigners used to it
Morrill Act
passed by Congress in 1862, this law distributed millions of acres of western lands to state governments in order to fund state agricultural colleges.
skyscraper
the high rise, architectural development which came from the invention of steel and the Otis elevators
Wild West shows
traveling vaudeville performances in the United States and Europe that used music, dance, comedy, trained animals, and more to tell romanticized stories of the Wild West
Statue of Liberty
what European immigrants first saw when they sailed into the harbor. Became a symbol of hope and freedom for immigrants.